fighting jim crow
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Fighting Jim Crow. African Americans and the Struggle for Civil Rights 1870-1930. Reconstruction. 14th and 15th Amendments guarantee equality for freed slaves Northern occupation of South helps enforce new laws Many black men begin to vote and hold office Compromise of 1877 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Fighting Jim Crow
African Americans and the Struggle for Civil Rights
1870-1930
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Reconstruction
14th and 15th Amendments guarantee equality for freed slaves
Northern occupation of South helps enforce new laws Many black men begin to vote and hold office
Compromise of 1877 End of Reconstruction, Northern troops leave
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Origin of Jim Crow
Character created by whites Minstrel, buffoon
Symbolizes keeping blacks “in their place”
South begins to create new laws to enforce Jim Crow ideas
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Jim Crow in Practice
Segregation Public accommodations Schools
Miscegenation No marriage between
blacks and whites
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Jim Crow in Practice
Disenfranchisement (withholding the vote) Limits on registration
Poll taxesLiteracy testsGrandfather clause
Terror
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Strange FruitSouthern trees bear strange fruitBlood on the leaves and blood at the rootBlack bodies swinging in the southern breezeStrange fruit hanging from the poplar trees
Pastoral scene of the gallant southThe bulging eyes and the twisted mouthScent of magnolias, sweet and freshThen the sudden smell of burning flesh
Here is fruit for the crows to pluckFor the rain to gather, for the wind to suckFor the sun to rot, for the trees to dropHere is a strange and bitter cry
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Jim Crow in Practice
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) “Secret” organization
formed to kill and terrorize blacks
Lynching Mob rule Over 3,700 killed,
1889-1930
Lynching of Lige Daniels, Texas 1920
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Jim Crow Upheld
Supreme Court upholds “separate, but equal” Plessy v. Ferguson
In reality, separate far from equal No black public high schools in many Southern
states
Federal government fails to pass anti-lynching law
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Black Methods of Survival
Masking Play the part in public Don’t challenge white superiority openly
Accommodationism Accept segregation, pursue separate goals
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Black Methods of Survival
Escape “Great Migration”
of blacks to Northern cities
1.6 million between 1910 and 1930
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Booker T. Washington
Believed in gradualism Stressed education
Vocational
Tuskegee Institute
“I will permit no man to narrow and degrade my soul by making me hate him.” - 1901
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Mary Church Terrell
Founder and first President of National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
Opposed segregation in education and lynching
“Lifting as we Climb”
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W.E.B. DuBois
Rejected gradualism Blacks must demand equality
Founder Niagara Movement, NAACP
“To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships.” - 1903
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Ida Wells-Barnett
Friend a victim of lynching Co-founder NAACP Tried to get anti-lynching law
passed
“One had better die fighting against injustice than die like a dog or a rat in a trap.”
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Marcus Garvey
Jamaican immigrant Black pride and self-help Founded Universal Negro
Improvement Association (UNIA)
"Up, you mighty race, accomplish what you will."
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Other Forms of Resistance
Religion Black churches as supportive communities Nation of Islam
Black nationalism
Culture Ragtime, Jazz, Blues, Literature, Sports Harlem Renaissance
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Justice Delayed isJustice Denied
For all the efforts of black leaders, very little progress made in laws Segregation further entrenched Voting rights denied No lynching law passed
But, social and economic gains of African Americans promises better future
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
Born January 15, 1929 “Men often hate each other
because they fear each other; they fear each other because they don't know each other; they don't know each other because they can not communicate; they can not communicate because they are separated.” - 1958