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Fig.2.6 High E: High freq. & low Low E: Low freq. & high

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Fig.2.6. Low E: Low freq. & high l. High E: High freq. & low l. (most damaging!). (most intense). (most abundant). Radiation from the Sun (Fig 2.7). Not between. Energy. Radiation exists only at these energy levels. Frequency. (2.5) Radiation and Matter. “Particles” of Energy. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Fig.2.6

Fig.2.6

High E: High freq. & low Low E: Low freq. & high

Page 2: Fig.2.6

Radiation from the Sun (Fig 2.7)

(most intense) (most abundant)

(most damaging!)

Page 3: Fig.2.6

(2.5) Radiation and Matter

“Particles” of Energy

Max Planck:Radiation is quantized – exists only at certain energy levels

Frequency

Energy

Radiation exists onlyat these energy levels

Not between

Page 4: Fig.2.6

Einstein: One “step” = photon“bundle of light energy”

New way of thinking about light:Light is a particleHas no massMoves in waves

Page 5: Fig.2.6

Calculating the Energy of Light:

Unit of energy: joule (J)

Accelerate a 1 kg mass

from 0 to 1 m/s

over a distance of 1 m

(1 heartbeat)

Equation: E=h

Planck’s Constant: 6.63 x 10-34 J·s

Page 6: Fig.2.6

What is the energy of UV light with a frequency of 1.00 x 1015 s-1

E = h = (6.63 x 10-34 J·s)(1 x 1015 s-1)

E = 6.63 x 10-19 J

Compare to radio wave of 3 x 109 m

E = hc = (6.63 x 10-34 J·s)(3.00 x 108 m/s) 3 x 109 m

E = 6.63 x 10-35 J

Can also calculate energy from

E = hhc (since = c)

UV has 10 quadrillion times more energy!

Page 7: Fig.2.6

What happens when light hits matter?

IR – molecules vibrate, matter heats up

Visible – excite electrons, chemical reactions can occur (photosynthesis)

UV – knock electrons off charged particles

High freq. UV – break covalent bonds (!)(disrupt biol. processes, damage tissues, cancer)

Page 8: Fig.2.6
Page 9: Fig.2.6

Fig.02.11≤

+

≤

+

Fig. 2.9:Chapman Cycle

(Ozone = steady state)

Page 10: Fig.2.6

UV Absorption by O2 and O3

Oxygen: 200-242 nm

Ozone: 200-320 nm Why does ozone absorb a broader range?

It’s more reactive!

O O

O

O

O

“Bond-and a half” weaker than double bond Lower energy light can react

Page 11: Fig.2.6

Fig. 2.10

DNADamage

Page 12: Fig.2.6

Cause for Concern

• Short = massive DNA cleavage

• 280 nm is 100,000X more damaging than 320nm

• Ozone conc. has been dropping More short light gets thru More damage to organisms

1% decrease in O3 = 2% increase in skin cancer

Page 13: Fig.2.6

Skin Cancer

• Awareness: increased

• Treatments: improved– Early detection

• Trend: on the rise!

Page 14: Fig.2.6
Page 15: Fig.2.6

Reasons

• Ozone depletion – partly responsible

• Geographic location

• More people in outdoor activities?

• Tanning beds?

Page 16: Fig.2.6

Tanning

• Cosmetic benefit vs. cancer risk

• Cancer can occur after exposure has stopped

• Advance ageing process

• Highest risk: Fair hair & skin

• Winter– Snow-blindness, cataracts from UVB

Page 17: Fig.2.6

Other facts

• Geographical location – big factor!• Sunblock helps

– Not immune!• UVB harms other organisms

– Plants– Marine life (phytoplankton)

• Ultimate food source for ocean life

• Absorb 80% of man-made CO2

–Greenhouse gas

Page 18: Fig.2.6

Fig. 2.13

Page 19: Fig.2.6

O3 Decline – Our Fault?

• Natural fluctuations:

– Seasonal variation in UV intensity

– Sunspot activity cycles (1-2% effect)

– Wind

– Random fluctuations


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