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On the platform, the diver has more potential energy. Fig. 5-01 On the platform, the diver has more potential energy. Climbing the steps converts kinetic energy of muscle movement to potential energy. Diving converts potential energy to kinetic energy. In the water, the diver has less potential energy.

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-00

Page 2: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-01

Climbing the stepsconverts kineticenergy of musclemovement topotential energy.

On the platform,the diver has morepotential energy.

Diving convertspotential energyto kinetic energy.

In the water, thediver has lesspotential energy.

Page 3: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-02

Fuel rich inchemicalenergy

Energy conversionWaste productspoor in chemicalenergy

Gasoline

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

WaterEnergy conversion in a car

Energy for cellular work

Energy conversion in a cell

Heatenergy

Heatenergy

Carbon dioxide

Water

Food

Oxygen

Combustion

Cellularrespiration

Kinetic energyof movement

ATP

Page 4: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-03

(a) Food Calories (kilocalories) invarious foods

(b) Food Calories (kilocalories) weburn in various activities

Cheeseburger

Spaghetti with sauce (1 cup)

Pizza with pepperoni (1 slice)

Peanuts (1 ounce)

Apple

Bean burrito

Fried chicken (drumstick)

Garden salad (2 cups)

Popcorn (plain, 1 cup)

Broccoli (1 cup)

Baked potato (plain, with skin)

Food Calories Food

295

241

220

193

181

166

81

56

189

31

25

Activity Food Calories consumed perhour by a 150-pound person*

979

510

490

408

204

73

61

245

28

Running (7min/mi)

Sitting (writing)

Driving a car

Playing the piano

Dancing (slow)

Walking (3 mph)

Bicycling (10 mph)

Swimming (2 mph)

Dancing (fast)

*Not including energy necessary for basic functions, suchas breathing and heartbeat

Page 5: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-03a

(a) Food Calories (kilocalories) in various foods

Cheeseburger

Spaghetti with sauce (1 cup)

Pizza with pepperoni (1 slice)

Peanuts (1 ounce)

Apple

Bean burrito

Fried chicken (drumstick)

Garden salad (2 cups)

Popcorn (plain, 1 cup)

Broccoli (1 cup)

Baked potato (plain, with skin)

Food Calories Food

295

241

220

193

181 166

81

56

189

31

25

Page 6: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-03b

(b) Food Calories (kilocalories) we burn in various activities

Activity Food Calories consumed perhour by a 150-pound person*

979

510

490

408

204

73 61

245

28

Running (7min/mi)

Sitting (writing)

Driving a car

Playing the piano

Dancing (slow)

Walking (3 mph)

Bicycling (10 mph) Swimming (2 mph)

Dancing (fast)

*Not including energy necessary for basic functions, such as breathing and heartbeat

Page 7: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-04

Triphosphate Diphosphate

Adenosine Adenosine

Energy

ATP ADP

P P P P P P

Phosphate(transferred to

another molecule)

Page 8: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-05

ATP

ATP

ATP

ADP

ADP

ADP

P

P

P

ADP P

P P

P

PX X YY

(a) Motor protein performing mechanical work

(b) Transport protein performing transport work

(c) Chemical reactants performing chemical work

Solute

Solute transported

Protein moved

Product madeReactants

Transportprotein

Motorprotein

Page 9: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-05a

ATP ADP PADP P

(a) Motor protein performing mechanical workProtein moved

Motorprotein

Page 10: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-05b

ATP ADP P

P P

(b) Transport protein performing transport work

Solute

Solute transported

Transportprotein

Page 11: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-05c

ATP ADP P

P

PX X YY

(c) Chemical reactants performing chemical workProduct madeReactants

Page 12: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-06

Cellular respiration:chemical energyharvested fromfuel molecules

Energy forcellular work

ATP

ADP P

Page 13: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-07

(a) Without enzyme (b) With enzyme

Reactant Reactant

Products Products

Activationenergy barrier Activation

energy barrierreduced byenzyme

Enzyme

Ener

gy le

vel

Ener

gy le

vel

Page 14: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-07a

(a) Without enzyme

Reactant

Products

Activationenergy barrier

Ener

gy le

vel

Page 15: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-07b

(b) With enzyme

Reactant

Products

Activationenergy barrierreduced byenzyme

EnzymeEn

ergy

leve

l

Page 16: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-08

Gene for lactase

Mutated genes(mutations shown in orange)

Mutated genes screenedby testing new enzymes

Gene duplicated andmutated at random

Genes coding for enzymesthat show new activity

Genes coding for enzymesthat do not show new activity

Genes duplicated andmutated at random

Mutated genes screenedby testing new enzymes

After seven rounds, somegenes code for enzymes that canefficiently perform new activity.

Ribbon model showing the polypeptidechains of the enzyme lactase

Page 17: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-08aGene for lactase

Mutated genes(mutations shown in orange)

Mutated genes screenedby testing new enzymes

Gene duplicated andmutated at random

Genes coding for enzymesthat show new activity

Genes coding for enzymesthat do not show new activity

Genes duplicated andmutated at random

Mutated genes screenedby testing new enzymes

After seven rounds, somegenes code for enzymes that canefficiently perform new activity.

Page 18: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-08b

Ribbon model showing the polypeptidechains of the enzyme lactase

Page 19: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-09-1

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Sucrase can accept amolecule of its substrate.

H2O

Page 20: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-09-2

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Sucrase can accept amolecule of its substrate.

Substrate (sucrose)

Substrate bindsto the enzyme.

Page 21: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-09-3

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Sucrase can accept amolecule of its substrate.

Substrate (sucrose)

Substrate bindsto the enzyme.

The enzymecatalyzes thechemical reaction.

H2O

Page 22: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-09-4

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Sucrase can accept amolecule of its substrate.

Substrate (sucrose)

Substrate bindsto the enzyme.

The enzymecatalyzes thechemical reaction.

H2O

Fructose

Glucose

The productsare released.

Page 23: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-10(a) Enzyme and substratebinding normally

(b) Enzyme inhibition bya substrate imposter

(c) Enzyme inhibition bya molecule that causesthe active site to changeshape

Substrate

Substrate

Substrate

Active site

Active site

Active site

Inhibitor

Inhibitor

Enzyme

Enzyme

Enzyme

Page 24: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-10a

(a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally

Substrate

Enzyme

Active site

Page 25: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-10b

(b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter

Substrate

Active site

Inhibitor

Enzyme

Page 26: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-10c

(c) Enzyme inhibition by a molecule thatcauses the active site to change shape

SubstrateActive site

Inhibitor

Enzyme

Page 27: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-11

Cell signaling

Attachment tothe cytoskeletonand extracellular

matrix

Enzymatic activity

Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Transport

Fibers ofextracellularmatrix

Intercellularjoining

Cell-cellrecognition

Page 28: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-12Molecules of dye Membrane

(a) Passive transport of one type of molecule

(b) Passive transport of two types of molecules

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Page 29: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-12a

Molecules of dye Membrane

(a) Passive transport of one type of molecule

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Page 30: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-12b

(b) Passive transport of two types of molecules

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Page 31: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-13-1

Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution

Sugarmolecule

Selectivelypermeablemembrane Osmosis

Page 32: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-13-2

Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution

Sugarmolecule

Selectivelypermeablemembrane Osmosis

Isotonic solutions

Osmosis

Page 33: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-14

Animal cell

Plant cell

Normal

Flaccid (wilts)

Lysing

Turgid

Shriveled

Shriveled

Plasmamembrane

H2OH2O H2O H2O

H2OH2OH2O H2O

(a) Isotonicsolution

(b) Hypotonicsolution

(c) Hypertonicsolution

Page 34: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-14a

Animal cell

Plant cell

Normal

Flaccid (wilts)

H2OH2O

H2O H2O

(a) Isotonicsolution

Page 35: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-14b

Lysing

Turgid

H2O

H2O

(b) Hypotonicsolution

Page 36: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-14c

Shriveled

Shriveled

Plasmamembrane

H2O

H2O

(c) Hypertonicsolution

Page 37: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-15

Page 38: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-16-1

Lower solute concentration

Higher solute concentration

ATP

Solute

Page 39: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-16-2

Lower solute concentration

Higher solute concentration

ATP

Solute

Page 40: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-17

Outside of cell

Cytoplasm

Plasmamembrane

Page 41: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-18

Page 42: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-19

Outside of cell Cytoplasm

Reception Transduction ResponseReceptorprotein

Epinephrine(adrenaline)from adrenalglands

Plasma membrane

Proteins of signal transduction pathway

Hydrolysisof glycogenreleasesglucose forenergy

Page 43: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-19a

Outside of cell Cytoplasm

ReceptionTransduction ResponseReceptor

protein

Epinephrine(adrenaline)from adrenalglands

Plasma membrane

Proteins of signal transductionpathway

Hydrolysisof glycogenreleasesglucose forenergy

Page 44: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-20

Page 45: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-UN01

Energy for cellular work

Adenosine

AdenosinediphosphateEnergy from

organic fuel

Phosphate

ATPcycle

ATP ADP

P P P P P PAdenosine

Adenosinetriphosphate

Page 46: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-UN02

Reactant Reactant

Products Products

Enzyme added

Act

ivat

ion

ener

gy

Page 47: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-UN03

Passive Transport(requires no energy)

Active Transport(requires energy)

Diffusion Facilitated diffusion OsmosisHigher solute concentration

Lower solute concentration

Higher water concentration(lower solute concentration)

Lower water concentration(higher solute concentration)

Solute

Higher soluteconcentration

Lower soluteconcentration

ATP

Solu

te

Solu

te

Wat

er

Solu

te

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Page 48: Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-UN04

Exocytosis Endocytosis


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