Final April 2010

3.34

Fig. 3.1. PEMD deployed in the intertidal zone.

Final April 2010

3.35

Fig. 3.2. Photographs of the different types of subsurface oil observed in 2008 on the oiled

zones. A) Moderately oiled residue from 0-5 cm at HMP-05B; B) Coat/cover on individual clasts from 0-10 cm at KFP-01E; C) Tarball from 55-60 cm at SKN-05A; and D) Coat/cover/pooled oil from 15-40 cm at MKS-16B. The number indicates the pit number.

Final April 2010

3.36

75 a f

50

g e

25

0 600

f

500

400

300

200 g

100 e

0 800 c

700 f

600

500

400

300

200 g

100 e

0 200 d

f 100 e g

0 Reference

Chernofski

Oiled area Fig. 3.3. Geometric mean PAH concentrations in mussels (panel a) and PEMDs (panels b – d)

by area [reference, historical impact (Chernofski Harbor), and oiled] and zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Error bars are ± SE. Within each zone, all estimates were significantly different, signified by different letters.

Sub

tidal

TP

AH

W

ater

TP

AH

(ng/

devi

ce)

Inte

rtida

l TP

AH

(ng/

devi

ce)

Mus

sel T

PA

H (n

g/g

dry)

b

Final April 2010

3.37

Fig. 3.4. Total PAH distribution in mussel tissue (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu spill

area, historically contaminated, and reference areas. Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.

Final April 2010

3.38

Fig. 3.5. Source distribution of PAHs in mussel tissue (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu

spill area, historically contaminated, and reference areas. Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.

Final April 2010

3.39

2 a

1

0

1

4 b

3 2 1 0 1

4 3 c

2 1 0 1

-

-

-

4

3

2

1 d

0

-1

Reference Chernofski Oiled area Fig. 3.6. Mean PAH source model scores in mussels (panel a) and PEMDs (panels b – d) by area

[reference, historical impact (Chernofski Harbor), and oiled] and zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Potential model scores range from -6 (pyrogenic) to +6 (petrogenic); scores close to 0 indicate ambiguous sources. Error bars are ±SE. Asterisks indicate significant differences within each zone.

Sub

tidal

PA

H m

odel

sco

re

Wat

er P

AH

mod

el s

core

In

terti

dal P

AH

mod

el s

core

M

usse

l PA

H m

odel

sco

re

Final April 2010

3.40

b

10 a

8

6 Oiled

4

Chernofski

2

0

-2

-4 Reference

-6 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9

First component 10

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

-7 -5 -3 -1 1 First component

Fig. 3.7. First and second principal components from correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in mussel tissue. Panel a includes data from all sources: oiled sites are illustrated with circles, reference with squares, Chernofski Harbor with triangles. Panel b repeats oiled samples only (identified by oil source model scores ≥2), color coded by percent naphthalenes as a surrogate for weathering.

% Naphthalenes <80 <70 <60 <50 <40 <30 <20 <10

Sec

ond

Com

pone

nt

Sec

ond

Com

pone

nt

Final April 2010

3.41

Fig. 3.8. Total PAH distribution in passive samplers (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu

spill area, historically contaminated (Chernofski Harbor), and reference areas by zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.

Final April 2010

3.42

Fig. 3.8, continued

Final April 2010

3.43

Fig.3. 8, continued

Final April 2010

3.44

1000

100

10 1 10 100 1000

TPAH in mussels (ng/g dry) Fig. 3.9. Total PAH in passive samplers (PEMDs) versus that in mussels. Regression “a”

includes all data points and indicates 95% confidence bands. Regression “b” excludes leverage point 1 and regression “c” excludes both leverage points.

2

a 1

b

c

TPA

H in

PE

MD

s (n

g/de

vice

)

Final April 2010

3.45

Fig. 3.10. Source distribution of PAHs in passive samplers (2008) within the previous

Selendang Ayu spill area, historically contaminated (Chernofski Harbor), and reference areas by zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.

Final April 2010

3.46

Fig. 3.10, continued

Final April 2010

3.47

Fig. 3.10, continued

Final April 2010

3.48

14

12

10

8

6 Chernofski

4

2

Oiled

Subtidal

0

-2

-4 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

First component Fig. 3.11. First and second principal components from correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in

passive samplers (PEMDs) by zone (intertidal, surface water, and subtidal).

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

Intertidal

Oiled Chernofski

Reference

14

12

10

8

6

Surface water 8

Oiled 4 0

Chernofski

-4 Reference 4

2

0

-2 -4

Oiled Boat

Boat -8

Reference Chernofski

Sec

ond

Com

pone

nt

Sec

ond

Com

pone

nt

Sec

ond

Com

pone

nt

Third

com

pone

nt

Final April 2010

3.49

14 Subtidal

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

First component

Fig. 3.11b. First and second principal components from correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in passive samplers (PEMDs) by zone (intertidal, surface water, and subtidal) for oiled samples only (where score ≥2), color coded by percent naphthalenes as a surrogate for weathering.

14

12

10

8

6

4

2 0

-2

-4

Intertidal

% Naphthalenes <80 <70 <60 <50 <40 <30 <20 <10

14 Surface water

12

10

8

6 4

2

0

-2

-4

8 5 2 -1 -4

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 First component

Seco

nd C

ompo

nent

Se

cond

Com

pone

nt

Seco

nd C

ompo

nent

Third

com

pone

nt

Final April 2010

3.50

Fig. 3.12. Source distribution of PAHs in sediment (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu spill area. Sediments were not collected from the reference area and Chernofski harbor. Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.

Final April 2010

3.51

Weathering Undefined

<0 0-1

1-2 2-3

3-4 4-5

5-6 6-7

Sites MKS16 MKS14 HMP05 PTN03 KFP01 SKN15

SKN11 SKN05 SKS12 SKS04

14

12

10

8

NOO 6

a 4

2 b

0 c

d -2

e -4

f

-6 r 2= 0.874 NOO

-4 0 4 8 12 16 C1

Fig. 3.13. Summary of PAHs in oil or oiled sediment, 2008. First and second principal

components from the correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in sediment in 2008 color- coded by weathering coefficient (w). Filled symbols indicate samples where PAH composition modeling did not identify oil (score < 4); no oil was observed (NOO) in any of these samples at the time of collection. Symbol size is related to total PAH concentration (see key). The fitted curve describes the weathering pattern and includes only data where total PAH > 8000 ng/g. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.15.

TPAH conc. < 100 ng/g 100 - 2200 > 8000

C2

Final April 2010

3.52

Sites MKS16 MKS14 HMP05 KFP01 SKN15 SKN11 SKN05 SKS12 SKS04

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 C1

Fig. 3.14. Regressions by oiled site of the first and second principal components from the

correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in sediment. These data are a subset of those illustrated in Fig. 3.13.

C2

Final April 2010

3.53

Fig. 3.15. Relative polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composition in representative

sediment samples collected in 2008 from least weathered (a) to most weathered (f). See Table 3.4 for abbreviations. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.

20 KFP01-F (pit 1); w = 6.8 f

15 10

5

0

20 KFP01-G (pit 10, right); w = 5.1 e

15 10

5

0

20 KFP01-G (pit 3, right); w = 3.1 d

15 10

5

0

20 KFP01-F (pit 19); w = 2.0 c

15 10

5

0

20 KFP01-G (pit 23, left); w = 0.8 b

15 10

5

0

20 KFP01-G (pit 19, right); w = -0.1 a

15 10

5

0

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

N0

N1

N2

N3

N4

BP

AC

A

E F0

F1

F2

F3

F4

D

0 D

1 D

2 D

3 D

4 P

0 P

1 P

2 P

3 P

4 A

N

FL

PY

R1

R2

R3

R4

AA

C0

C1

C2

C3

C4

BB

BK

BE

BA

PE

IC

DB

Final April 2010

3.54

Sites Selendang Ayu

MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15 SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 PMN20 PMN20 near PMS15 outside Chernofski

16

12

8

reference

4

0 MDO

IFO

oiled

r 2 = 0.839

-4 -8 -4 0 4 8

C1

Fig. 3.16. Summary of PAHs in oil or sediment shortly after the Selendang Ayu spill. First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in 2004 to 2005 sediment color coded by weathering coefficient (w). Solid symbols indicate samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu. No oil was observed in reference samples. In some cases the same area contributed both reference and oiled samples (e.g., MKS05); reference samples were collected upstream above oil influence, oiled samples were collected downstream or intertidally.

Weathering Undefined <0 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7

C2

Final April 2010

3.55

Fig. 3.17. Relative polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composition in each Selendang Ayu oil sample collected between December 19, 2004 and January 5, 2005 from least weathered (a) to most weathered (d). Vertical bars indicate ± 1 standard error (2 ≤ n ≤ 3). See Table 3.4 for PAH abbreviations. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.

20 IFO, Selendang Ayu; w = -0.68 d

15 10

5

0

20 IFO, Selendang Ayu; w = -0.71 c

15 10

5

0

20 IFO, Selendang Ayu; w = -0.82 b

15 10

5

0

20 MDO, Selendang Ayu; w = -3.08 a

15 10

5

0

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

Per

cent

of t

otal

PA

H

Per

cent

of t

otal

PAH

P

erce

nt o

f tot

al P

AH

N0

N1

N2

N3

N4

BP

AC

A

E F0

F1

F2

F3

F4

D

0 D

1 D

2 D

3 D

4 P

0 P

1 P

2 P

3 P

4 A

N

FL

PY

R1

R2

R3

R4

AA

C0

C1

C2

C3

C4

BB

BK

BE

BA

PE

IC

DB

Final April 2010

3.56

Sites Selendang Ayu

MKS16 MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15 SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 PMN20 PMN20 near PMS15

outside Chernofski

15

12

9

6 MDO IFO

3

0

-3 r 2 = 0.788

-6

-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 C1

Fig. 3.18. Summary of PAHs in oil or oiled sediment (excluding references). First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in all oiled sediment samples (2004 to 2008) color coded by weathering coefficient (w). Solid symbols indicate samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu. Samples collected in 2004 to 2005 are illustrated with small symbols. The fitted regression does not include the four stray samples where w was undefined.

Weathering Undefined <0 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7

C2

Final April 2010

3.57

Sites Selendang Ayu MKS16 MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN03 or PTN06 KFP01 or nearby SKN15

SKN11 or nearby SKN05 ( in 2005) SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski

6

volcanic ash

3 Reference

Anchor tar

0

MDO

b c

S. Ayu

oil

a

d -3 Oiled

beaches e

f

-6 -6 -3 0 3 6 9

C1

Fig. 3.19. Summary of alkanes in sediment. First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized alkanes in all oil and sediment samples collected in 2004 or 2005 (solid symbols) and 2008 (open symbols). Samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu are illustrated in red, oiled samples in blue, and background samples in black. Two other interesting reference samples were also included, volcanic ash from a contemporaneous eruption and anchor tar from an unknown origin. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.20. The first component explained 40% of the variance and C2 explained 16% of the variance.

C2

Final April 2010

3.58

c1 = 4.48

c1 = -3.65

c1=-4.96

25 b

20

15

10

5

0 25

c1 = 2.51 20

15

10

5

0 25

c1 = -0.41 20

15

10

5

0 25 e

20

15

10

5

0 25 f

20

15

10

5

0

Fig. 3.20. Relative alkane composition in oil collected from the Selendang Ayu and oil or oiled sediment from beaches, 2004 to 2008. See Table 3.5 for abbreviations. C1 is the first principal component in the analysis illustrated in Fig. 3.19.

25

20

15

10

5

0

c1 = 7.66 a

Perc

ent o

f tot

al c

alib

rate

d al

kane

s Pe

rcen

t of t

otal

cal

ibra

ted

alka

nes

Perc

ent o

f tot

al c

alib

rate

d al

kane

s

C9A

LK

C10

ALK

C

11A

LK

C12

ALk

C

13A

LK

C14

ALK

C

15A

LK

C16

ALK

C

17A

LK

PRIS

C

18A

LK

PHY

C19

ALK

C

20A

LK

C21

ALK

C

22A

LK

C23

ALK

C

24A

LK

C25

ALK

C

26A

LK

C27

ALK

C

28A

LK

C29

ALK

C

30A

LK

C31

ALK

C

32A

LK

C33

ALK

C

34A

LK

C35

ALK

C

36A

LK

c

d

Final April 2010

3.59

Sites Selendang Ayu

MKS16 MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15

SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski

10

Anchor tar

5

S. Ayu oil IFO

MDO

0 ash

oiled

Not oiled

-5

-10 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

C1 Fig. 3.21. Summary of biomarkers in sediment. First and second principal components from the

correlation matrix of normalized biomarkers in all oil and sediment samples collected in 2004 or 2005 (solid symbols) and 2008 (open symbols). Samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu are illustrated in red, oiled samples in blue, and background samples in black. Two other interesting reference samples were also included, volcanic ash from a contemporaneous eruption and anchor tar from an unknown origin. The first component explained 72% of the variance and C2 explained 11% of the variance.

C2

Final April 2010

3.60

f

e

r 2 = 0.896

d

c

b

a

IFO

MDO

Sites Selendang Ayu

MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15

SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski

Least weathered Most weathered 15

10

-5

-10

-3 0 3 6 w PAH

Fig. 3.22. Relationship between weathering of PAHs (wPAH) and the first principal component

for all biomarkers (C1) in sediment. Symbols are colored by wPAH as indicated. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.23. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.

Weathering Undefined <0 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7

C1

Final April 2010

3.61

20

a 15

10

5

0

20

b 15

10

5

0

20

c 15

10

5

0

20

d 15

10

5

0

20

e 15

10

5

0

20

f 15

10

5

0

Fig. 3.23. Relative biomarker composition in oil collected from the Selendang Ayu and oil or oiled sediment from beaches, 2004 to 2008. See Table 3.6 for abbreviations. See also Fig. 3.22. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.

w = -3.1

w = -0.7

w = 0.6

w = 3.0

w = 1.8

w = 6.9

Per

cent

of t

otal

bio

mar

kers

P

erce

nt o

f tot

al b

iom

arke

rs

Per

cent

of t

otal

bio

mar

kers

TR23

TR

24

TR25

a TR

25b

TET2

4 TR

26a

TR26

b TR

28a

TR28

b TR

29a

TR29

b Ts

Tm

H28

N

OR

25H

H

29

C29

Ts

M29

O

L H

30

Nor

30H

M

30

H31

S

H31

R

GA

M

H32

S

H32

R

H33

S

H33

R

H34

S

H34

R

H35

S

H35

R

S22

D

IA27

S

DIA

27R

C

27S

C

27bb

R

C27

bbS

C

27R

C

28S

C

28bb

R

C28

bbS

C

28R

C

29S

C

29B

BR

C

29B

BS

C

29R

Final April 2010

3.62

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-

-

0 1 2 C1

3 f

e

0 d c

Reference Oiled sediment

r 2 = 0.855 AT

- b

S. Ayu IFO

a

-

Sites Selendang Ayu MKS16 MKS14 HMP05 or nearby PTN03 KFP01 or nearby SKN15 SKN11 or nearby SKN04 and SKN05 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski

-

-12 S. Ayu MDO

-15

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 C1

Fig. 3.24. Summary of persistent biomarkers in oil and sediment. First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized persistent biomarkers (hopanes and steranes) in all oil and sediment samples collected in 2004 or 2005 (solid symbols) and 2008 (open symbols). Samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu are illustrated in red, oiled samples in blue (2008) or solid green (2004 – 2005), and background samples in black. Anchor tar (AT) from an unknown origin is also included. The first component explained 51% of the variance and C2 explained 20% of the variance. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.25.

C2

C2

Final April 2010

3.63

Fig. 3.25. Relative persistent biomarker composition (hopanes and steranes) in sediment

collected from the Selendang Ayu and oil or oiled sediment from beaches, 2004 to 2008. See Table 3.6 for abbreviations. See also Fig. 3.24.

15 C2 = 2.55 f

10

5

0

15 C2 = -0.55 d

10

5

0

15 C2 = 1.00 e

10

5

0

15 C2 = -5.13 a

10

5

0

15 C2 -4.15 b

10

5

0

15 C2 = -1.06 c

10

5

0

Per

cent

of h

opan

es +

ste

rane

s P

erce

nt o

f hop

anes

+ s

tera

nes

Per

cent

of h

opan

es +

ste

rane

s

Ts

Tm

H28

N

OR

25H

H

29

C29

Ts

M29

O

L H

30

Nor

30H

M

30

H31

S H

31R

G

AM

H

32S

H32

R

H33

S H

33R

H

34S

H34

R

H35

S H

35R

S

22

DIA

27S

D

IA27

R

C27

S

C27

bbR

C

27bb

S

C27

R

C28

S

C28

bbR

C

28bb

S

C28

R

C29

S C

29B

BR

C

29B

BS

C

29R