Fig. 3-1

Fig. 3-2

Hydrogenbond

–H

+H

O

——

——

+ +

+

–

–

–

Fig. 3-3

Water-conductingcells

Adhesion

Cohesion150 µm

Directionof watermovement

Fig. 3-4

Fig. 3-6

Hydrogenbond Liquid water

Hydrogen bonds break and re-formIce

Hydrogen bonds are stable

Fig. 3-6a

Hydrogenbond Liquid water

Hydrogen bonds break and re-formIce

Hydrogen bonds are stable

Fig. 3-7

Cl–

Na

Cl–

+

+

+

++

+++

––

––

––

––

Na+

––

–

+

Fig. 3-9

Neutral solution

Acidic solution

Basic solution

OH–

OH–OH–

OH–

OH–OH–OH–

H+

H+

H+

OH–

H+ H+

H+ H+

OH–

OH–

OH–OH–

H+

OH–

H+H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+OH–

Neutral [H+] = [OH–]

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

[H+ ]

> [O

H– ]

In

crea

sing

ly B

asic

[H+ ]

< [O

H– ]

pH Scale0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Battery acid

Gastric juice,lemon juice

Vinegar, beer,wine, cola

Tomato juice

Black coffee

RainwaterUrine

SalivaPure waterHuman blood, tearsSeawater

9

10Milk of magnesia

Household ammonia

Householdbleach

Oven cleaner

11

12

13

14

Fig. 3-10

Moreacidic

0

AcidrainAcidrain

Normalrain

Morebasic

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