fig. 28-03a
DESCRIPTION
Fig. 28-03a. Diplomonads. Excavata. Parabasalids. the 5 supergroups. Euglenozoans. Dinoflagellates. Apicomplexans. Alveolates. Ciliates. Chromalveolata. Diatoms. Golden algae. Brown algae. Stramenopiles. Oomycetes. Chlorarachniophytes. Rhizaria. Forams. Radiolarians. Red algae. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Fig. 28-03a
Gr een
algae
Am
oeb
ozo
ans
Op
istho
kon
tsA
lveolates
Stram
eno
piles
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
OomycetesE
xcavataC
hro
malveo
lataR
hizaria
Chlorarachniophytes
Forams
Radiolarians
Arch
aeplastid
a
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophyceans
Land plants
Un
ikon
ta
Slime molds
Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
(Plantae)
the 5supergroups
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 28.6: Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
• The supergroup Unikonta includes animals, fungi, and some protists
• This group includes two clades: the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists)
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 28-UN5
Amoebozoans
Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Un
ikon
ta
Excavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
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Fig. 28-23
Commonancestorof alleukaryotes
DHFR-TSgenefusion
Unikonta
Excavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Fungi
Amoebozoans
Diplomonads
Euglenozoans
Alveolates
Stramenopiles
Rhizarians
Red algae
Green algae
Plants
RESULTS
Stechman and Smith, 2002
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Amoebozoans
• Amoebozoans are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia
• They include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and slime molds
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Slime Molds
• Slime molds, or mycetozoans, were once thought to be fungi
• Molecular systematics places slime molds in the clade Amoebozoa
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Plasmodial Slime Molds
• Many species of plasmodial slime molds are brightly pigmented, usually yellow or orange
Video: Plasmodial Slime Mold StreamingVideo: Plasmodial Slime Mold Streaming
Video: Plasmodial Slime MoldVideo: Plasmodial Slime Mold
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Plasmodial “sporangia”
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• At one point in the life cycle, plasmodial slime molds form a mass called a plasmodium (not to be confused with malarial Plasmodium)
• The plasmodium is undivided by membranes and contains many diploid nuclei
• It extends pseudopodia through decomposing material, engulfing food by phagocytosis
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Cellular Slime Molds
• Cellular slime molds form multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes
• Cells feed individually, but can aggregate to form a fruiting body!
• Dictyostelium discoideum is an experimental model for studying the evolution of multicellularity
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Fig. 28-25-1
Spores(n)
Emergingamoeba(n)
Solitary amoebas(feeding stage)(n)
Aggregatedamoebas
Migratingaggregate
Fruitingbodies(n)
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
600 µm
200 µm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
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Fig. 28-25-2
Spores(n)
Emergingamoeba(n)
Solitary amoebas(feeding stage)(n)
Aggregatedamoebas
Migratingaggregate
Fruitingbodies(n)
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
600 µm
200 µm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Amoebas(n)
Zygote(2n)SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Gymnamoebas
• Gymnamoebas are common unicellular amoebozoans in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments
• Most gymnamoebas are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists
Video: Amoeba PseudopodiaVideo: Amoeba Pseudopodia
Video: AmoebaVideo: Amoeba
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Problem Amoebas
• Entamoebas are parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
• Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery in humans
• Acanthamoeba Water born eye pathogen - contact wearers beware! (spiny)
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Opisthokonts
• Opisthokonts include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Fungi
Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Un
ikon
ta
Slime molds
Am
oeb
ozo
ans
Op
isth
ok
on
ts