SAMPLE SENTENCE MONSTER

1001 MOSTLY MODAL, MOSTLY BUSINESS SAMPLE SENTENCES THE FIVE TYPES OF VOCABULARY —

Book talk I’m angry Educated usage I’m irked Colloquialisms He’s ticked off Slang/Vulgarities She’s pissed off Idioms He went ballistic on me

PLUS —

Cognates

Formulaic expressions

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE: Simple Past/Past Participle Forms: Almost everybody has trouble with pronouncing the simple past and past participle verb forms that end with the spelling –ED. Verbs ending in -T and -D ADD one syllable to the past participle; all the other verbs DO NOT add an extra syllable to the verb form.

For all other verbs, there’s no change to the number of syllables; if the infinitive is three syllables, the past forms are three syllables. Students frequently add an extra “-i” sound to those forms, producing an unnatural and, depending on who’s listening, potentially embarrassing sound.

Examples:

New equipment purchases are being discussed; a lot of money’s involved.The new CIO has been promised a generous salary package.He and I have shared the same office for two years. The group approved the parent company’s proposal. The technicians voiced their disapproval in very strong terms.This matter has continued to be a problem for us and the clients.Not much gets accomplished in the office here on Friday afternoons. A lot of topics were discussed at the conference, and in later interviews with the media. All the latest financial figures will have to be analysed in detail for the next several days.

10 The buildings and property have been assessed at approximately $11.5 million.More than 100 universities participated in the international symposium.

Those statistics are going to be checked and examined in great detail.The one manager is friendly and relaxed, the other, cold and abrupt. The new economic statistics have just been published.Questions have been raised about the appropriateness of such actionsShe has been formally asked to step down, and her resignation is expected to be announced soon. Do you think I wouldn’t tell you if I thought it mattered?

In that famous case, the court ruled for the plaintiffs, and the settlement was in the millions. Improved relations with the unions have been a feature of management at the company.

20 All the helplines have been outsourced to India.When pressed for an answer, he’s sure to tell you he was misinformed.The fabric was edged in a thin band of silk. All in all about 20–22 lawyers had to be involved in the transactions. The same mistake has been repeated over and over again; instead of settling their differences, the two brothers are arguing again. Marvin, please get to the point; we’re having trouble staying focused here. She will shortly be asked to resign her position on the board of trustees of the museum. The old house; inherited from their grandparents, is filled with mystery. In fact, I think it’s definitely haunted. The architects chosen for the project were clearly well-qualified to carry out the task, having renovated the former Meunier Chocolate Factory near Paris. We were called into the project after another architect had been dismissed by the clients.

30 He’s faced many obstacles on the way to the presidency. A caterer has been engaged for the company reception. My neighbor’s house is completely solar–powered. I wanted to spend a week on the Italian Riviera, but I was overruled by my better half. He stands accused of insider trading and several other illegal practices. We were approached by at least twelve different investment banks about doing a leveraged buyout. The projects are all organized and arranged around teams of specialized engineers.By now we’re all convinced that negotiation and diplomacy are finished, and the time for decision and action has arrived.In the debate about how to respond to the company’s difficulties, two opposing camps have emerged.The speaker framed the question in this way: can costs continue to be contained? Should the shareholders be appeased?

40 She and I are both practiced, determined negotiators, and we won’t be stopped; I trust you’ve realized this by now.Are we all agreed, then? The policy needs to be changed, and quickly. If asked, he’ll say that it’s clear the costs in this case are far greater than that planned for in the revised budget.

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There is an interesting analysis that has examined the length of bull and bear cycles in the stock market over the past century.If they haven’t realized the implications of what’s been proposed, they’d better be prepared to deal with the consequences as well.I understand they’re leveraged heavily and have risked everything on a greatly improved economy. They’ve devised an effective strategy against any takeover attempts. I’m afraid that, with that group, hope has replaced reality. That issue’s been raised on several occasions before, all to no effect. Ethanol-powered autos are starting to be popularized in the automotive press.

50 Truth be told, the important voices in that company would have preferred to adopt a strategy better-suited toward the long term.The Board has largely downplayed the risks of such a merger; it’s interested in the cost-cutting opportunities presented by such a deal. The differences have been much remarked upon. Sixty-six percent of oil consumed in the United States comes from foreign sources, up from 58 percent in 2000. Americans now spend $200,000 a minute on foreign oil, and more than $25 billion annually goes to Persian Gulf states for oil imports.

silenced wrapped disadvantaged stuffed advancedglobalized

based embargoed praised considered nationalised diminished devised reversed dragged

stalled assured bribed embarrassed vetoed collapsed signalled

envisioned pushed cancelled challenged

asked arrived arranged allowed named belonged crashed failed performed photographed invited preparedplanned organized designed required started formed practiced judged powered imagined decided developed happened completed watched called flowed hoped suggested followed offered processed managed framed researched realized achieved used carried occurred earned liked loved risked rained rushed

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USED TO + Infinitive GET USED TO + Gerund/Noun/Clause BE USED TO + Gerund/Noun/Clause

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That could take some getting used to . . . You’d better start getting used to . . . getting up early

working longer hoursthe language difficulties

I could get used to this, flying business class all the time! Didn’t you used to work for that big accounting firm, KMPG, or whatever it’s called? Did you used to know that executive before he got involved in that scandal? Well, you may not like it, but you’d better get used to itAll those operations used to be done here, in the back office, but they’ve been subcontracted out10 I never used to think that way, but things’ve changed a lot since then . . . He used to be really enthusiastic about his job, but that’s all changed now that they’ve got a new CEO and management team. In the old days we would/used to make three copies of all documents for the files. Our company used to be part of a large multinational. I used to be a Microsoft fan, but I’ve switched allegiances to Macs, and I’ll never go back. You simply must get used to the changed atmosphere around here.Since I’ve been here I’ve definitely gotten used to having my own office. There’s no getting around it, something’ll have to be done about it.I’ve gotten habituated to all the free perks around here . . . the jets, golf matches, company apartment, the interest-free loan, the expense account. Having gotten used to all the tension and arguing over at BBD&O, this place seems calm by comparison. 20 I can’t believe there’s no subway or tramway system here . . . Don’t worry, you’ll get used to it in no time. I’m having a hard time getting used to making presentations every week. I don’t think I’ll ever be able to get used to the way people shop around here. I used to go rock climbing a lot on, in all kinds of weather.I used to do a lot of snowboarding, until it just got too hard on my kneesI used to go in for a lot of underwater diving in caves, but I gave it up and switched to kayaking. Try and get used to the way things are around here, OK? Nothing’s gonna change anytime soon.It takes time to get used to the prevailing attitude here. I finally was able to get used to that, though it took forever. 30 I didn’t use to like olives until I started eating them here. I’m not used to having to share office space with so many people; it’s really cramped in here. You’re going to have to get used to not being the boss’s favorite anymore.

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As far as the noise is concerned, you’ll never get used to it — I never did. As far as the atmosphere here is concerned, you’ll probably never get used to it. Don’t fool yourself into thinking you’ll ever get used to it. It ain’t gonna happen. I haven’t been used to getting all this attention from my co-workers. Apparently everyone thinks I’m a genius, or something. It’ll take some getting used to, no doubt about that. I used to think people possessed a small amount of common sense, but that idea died a quiet death years ago. Now that I’ve gotten used to this new system, I won’t be able to go back to the old stuff/way of doing it. 40 I haven’t at all gotten used to the way people drive around here. It’s tough getting used to the buses here. Have you gotten used to your new work schedule yet? I never liked that new delivery schedule. I could never get used to having to wait until 8 o’clock at night. Sorry, you’ll just have to get used to the way things are done around here, that’s all. It was hard getting used to the new car, but driving it is second nature now. It wasn’t easy at first, but eventually it got to be second natureI used to have to get up at all hours of the night in my old job. What kind of English instruction did there used to be in schools here in the past. I’ll never get used to the way the banks operate here.50 The hard thing to get used to, he said, was having to think on your feet so much. It won’t be hard getting used to my new office, I can tell you that! Never having gotten used to his first wife, he had even more trouble with the second . . . After his marriage to the wealthy heiress, he couldn’t get used to the idea of having servants around; it always made him uneasy.

COMPLEX VERB FORMS

1. It wasn’t supposed to have turned out like that. The test results didn’t turn out too bad, did they? I had misgivings about the affair at first, but I suppose you could say everything turned out all right in the end. Things didn’t turn out the way I was hoping they would. 5. None of us meant for that to happen; it just turned out that way. The way things turned out, it was the opposite of what they had expected. Things might have turned out differently if they had had a bit more luck. It might not have been a suitable time and place to ask such a question, but this particular newspaper reporter seemed oblivious. That may have been true on the father’s side of the family, but not the mother’s side.

10. Because of her state of mind, she was off her guard and confided in me things which perhaps in her ordinary state she would not have wanted known. It might not have been felt suitable while conditions were as they were. But now that things are changing back I thought I might try once more. I’m trying to remember how long it’s been since I last visited the seashore all by myself, with no one else to have to pay attention to.

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What’s the story on that dinner party you said you were going to have? I should think those two would’ve been able to work it all out with a marriage counselor. 15. I should think that’d be possible, with a little luck I’d like to think they can have the renovations to the apartment taken care of by year’s end, at the latest. Are they going to be able to get that done on time on their own? I wouldn’t do that if I were you; things like that have a habit of blowing up in your face. I wouldn’t have done that if I had been you.

20. I could never have done what he did.Why couldn’t we have been notified sooner?Shouldn’t we have been told a little sooner? Shouldn’t someone have told us all that a little sooner? A lot sooner, in fact?Shouldn’t that’ve been done already? 25. Shouldn’t that’ve been taken care of already?Shouldn’t that’ve been clear to everyone at the beginning?Who would have guessed the weather would turn so quickly?Who would have guessed the weather would be so miserable?Who would have guessed the weather would be so unpredictable?

30. There should have been some other way to approach this matter, some other way to resolve thingsThere should have been some other way to get these things done, and not put them off for so long. The least you could’ve done would have been to admit you made a mistake, no? Wouldn’t you have liked to have been there, to have seen that? Wouldn’t you have liked to have been there, when they gave her the news? 35. What would you have done if he hadn’t believed your story? Weren’t you at all surprised? I begged them to reconsider, I pleaded, but . . . did anybody listen?Am I correct in assuming this deal isn’t about to happen anytime soon?It’s as if I were talking to a stone wall.

40. What does any of that have to do with me?Why couldn’t you have thought this all out a bit better?Shouldn’t we have agreed, instead of complaining?How could I have known he was going to change his mind completely?Who among us could’ve predicted an outcome like that? 45. There should have been some other way to get around her objections, other than outright lying. Would you have liked to have been born in the 19th century, or maybe the Middle Ages?What would you have done if I hadn’t stepped in and calmed things down? You should’ve seen the look on her face when I gave her the news!I could’ve told you he’d say something like that.

50. Don’t you think I have better things to do than to hang round with the likes of him? It would’ve been two years that we’d have been married now . . . That was to have been abandoned earlier this year. We're not used to seeing such sharp swings in the prices of these commodities.

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Those costs are going to have to be absorbed by the twelve member banks. 55. For that training class, I think you could have made use of additional computer exercises, in my estimation. From what I've already seen, he's got the makings of an excellent plan.They're said to be discussing how to accelerate production in many of the eastern oil fields.Access to the refinery and terminal areas has had to be temporarily restricted. On their tour of the new airport, the ministers were supposed to have been accompanied by extra security staff.

60. The important question is, "How could it have been accomplished any other way?" Those missing files appear to have been located. He's to be asked to formally defend the accuracy of these latest financial figures. Better results might have been able to be achieved had there been more money invested at the beginning. Independent analysis has shown the report to contain numerous inaccuracies.

65. The oil and gas leases are thought to have been acquired by a group of anonymous investors. He's had to adapt his style of management to please the new Board of Directors of the company. A company spokesperson said the fire which occurred couldn't have been due to inadequate safety controls. For the past 12 months the company has had no end of difficulties following the new European Union regulations. Hadn't they better try developing some of the areas, not next to these existing oil fields, but a good distance away?

70. Those changes to the project schedule couldn't have come at a worse time, you know? Have you thought about how much better it would've been had they been begun in March? That's when all that really should've been done. Speaking about this work schedule ― don't you think you might want to go and try getting it adjusted sooner, like in two weeks' time, say?Don't you think her speech may have been seen as being much too critical, much too harsh?These data have been being computerized since late '81. 75. By week's end they'll have had all of two months to consult with each other over reforming the company structure.That engineering firm's rumored to have had a complete corporate shakeout.I'd estimate her chances at no better than even. I would think she'll have to have gotten that agreement inked and operable by March, at the latest. I agree with your point about the need for fresh capital, but don't you think that got emphasized enough at the board meeting?

80. Your note about the rescheduled trip dates ― wasn't it to have been added to yesterday's memo?

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Shouldn't those architectural drawings they've been working on for weeks have gone out already?That company's managerial problems could definitely be said to have contributed to its eventual bankruptcy.As far as that book we're doing together is concerned, don’t you think he should have been able to get that chapter finished in time for the presentation?Recently he's taken on the job of being the company spokesman for environmental issues. 85. "It's too bad Rachid and Imane weren't able to make the editor's meeting." "I know. I really would've liked for them to have been there."I really have to insist on you being in on this conference call tonight. His criticism of the company will surely have been taken as being excessively strong, wouldn't you say?The company spokesmen have been reported as holding contradictory views of the matter.That conference was certainly full of surprises and antithetical viewpoints, wasn’t it? We could hardly have known what was about to take place, could we? 90. “Did you get a chance to speak to Jumila at all, Edgar?” “No, not yet. Could she have been at all serious, when she let out that she might

be quitting? There's speculation around the office . . .” “His response to the firm's money and credibility problems was typical, wouldn't

you agree?” “I would indeed. That could hardly have been called a solution, could it?”

Dear me, have you ever seen such arguing? Those two have been at it day and night! People are starting to whisper . . . That, I think, would be a mistake ― I definitely wouldn't do that if I were you. Why couldn't we have been told about this sooner?95. Shouldn't we have been laying off employees, instead of hiring more?Shouldn’t we have been selling companies off, instead of acquiring them?There should have been some other way to get that done, instead of delaying it for so long. There should have been some other way to get that done, other than putting it off for so long. The least they could have done would have been to tell us about it before it happened.

100. The least they could have done would have been to declare the debt, and not hide it off the books. Wouldn't you have liked to have been there, to have seen that? What would you have done if they hadn't made you an offer? What would you have done if they hadn’t made a counteroffer? Weren't you at all surprised about what happened? They seem to have thought that he might have been induced to accept some sort of compromise. I was beginning to think that wasn’t ever going to happen.Where does he get off speaking to me like that?105. The agency’s been being flooded with telephone calls since the news story.He’s taken on the entire media after the news was leaked.

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They’re reported to have been holding secret talks . . .The secret letter is rumored to have been sent . . . It wasn’t supposed to have been done that way . . .

110. I don’t want you to think anything’s changed . . . Wasn’t that to have been kept secret?It wasn’t intended to have had that effect . . . The trading operations were supposed to have been suspended as of late May. Things like that may have been said at one time, but no longer, certainly. 115. What’s the story on that project report I was supposed to have had on my desk by now?I should think they would’ve been able to get that done today. I’d like to think they can have that taken care of themselves.Are they going to be able to get that done on time on their own? Independent analysis has shown the report to contain numerous inaccuracies.

120. What would you have done if they hadn't made you an offer? Weren't you at all surprised about what happened? They seem to have thought that he might have been induced to accept some sort of compromise. And exactly what is it that makes you certain they won't try it?

SUPPOSED TO Aren’t you supposed to be packing for Dubai? It not supposed to be raining this early in the fall.Wasn’t that supposed to have been done already?I’m not supposed to tell you this, but . . . That’s not supposed to be officially announced until the first of the year.This is supposed to remain strictly confidential, I must warn you. Supposing the economy were to collapse — what would the worldwide fallout be?

130. He’s supposed to be in line for a promotion.They were supposed to have completed that report by last Thursday, weren’t they? She’s supposedly in line for the top spot at that brokerage firm.

WILL Sooner or later I’ll probably have to start working longer hours; how else will I be able to keep up at work?

As I see it, one of the two buildings across the street will eventually be sold and then demolished, to be replaced by the inevitable hi-rise. In the future we’ll be using a lot more portable machines and appliances, a lot more broadband, and a lot more wireless.In the not-too-distant future there’ll be colonies on the ocean floor, and colonies on the moon; it’s inevitable, don’t you think? A lot of jobs will become obsolete, and a lot of new ones will be created. It’s clear many cities will have become unliveable. New medicines will be invented, which will save and prolong many lives. It is to be hoped that the cost of many services will decrease as technology improves.

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140. I’d give my right arm to know what those two are thinking . . . What might they be thinking right now . . . ? We’d like to have that done in a month’s time.We absolutely must have delivery by the end of next week. If I have to get that finished in one month, I’ll need to have an extra web designer.That could be all right — as long as I get some money in advance.We’d prefer to pay you a fixed amount.This is hardball corporate finance; what else would you expect from people like this? It’s unfortunate, but we have no choice; it’ll have to be handled by forensic accounting. We’re going to have to roll out the red carpet for these visiting bigwigs. 150. If you’re hoping for a response from them soon, I wouldn’t be too optimistic. We’re dealing with simple types who have real trouble with anything deeper than sports and one–liners.

TEST 1: Modals and Complex Verb Forms (Answers on page 17)

1. Why (COULDN’T YOU / DIDN’T YOU) have thought this all out a bit better?

2. (SHOULDN’T WE HAVE / DIDN’T WE HAVE) agreed, instead of complaining?

3. How (COULD I TO KNOW / COULD I HAVE KNOWN) he was going to change his mind completely?

4. I (WOULDN’T DO / WOULDN’T DONE) that if I were you.

5. I (COULD / COULDN’T) never have done what they did.

6. Who would’ve guessed the weather (WILL / WOULD) be so changeable?

7. There (MUST TO / SHOULD) have been some other way to get around that problem, other than lying. 8. The least you (WERE / COULD) have done would have been to call the Supervisor.

9. Would you have liked (TO HAVE BEEN / HAVE BEEN) born in the Middle Ages, or the Renaissance?

10. What (WOULD YOU DO / WOULD YOU HAVE DONE) if I hadn’t stepped in and calmed things down?

11. You should’ve seen the look on her face when I (GIVE / GAVE) her the news!

12. I could’ve told you (HE’D SAY / HE SAID) something like that.

13. (DON’T / DIDN’T) you think I have better things to do than to waste time with people like him?

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14. It would’ve been two years that (WE’RE / WE’D HAVE BEEN MARRIED) now, if we (WERE ABLE / HAD BEEN ABLE) to stay together . . .

15. That factory (IS / WAS) to have been abandoned earlier this year.

16. We're not used to (RECORD / RECORDING) such temperatures in experiments of this type.

17. Those costs (ARE / ARE GOING TO) have to be absorbed by the company, not the contractor.

18. For that training class, you should (TO MAKE / HAVE MADE) use of additional computer exercises, in my estimation.

19. From what I've already (SEEN / BEEN SEEN), he's got the makings of an excellent plan.

20. They're (SAID / SAYING) to be discussing how to accelerate production in the "Navajo" and "Mississauga" oil fields.

21. Access to the terminal (IS / HAS) had to be temporarily restricted.

22. The ministers were supposed to (ACCOMPANY / HAVE BEEN ACCOMPANIED) by extra staff during their visit to the refinery.

23. The important question is, "How (COULD / IS) it have been done any other way?"

24. Those missing files appear to have (LOCATED / BEEN LOCATED), according to the secretary.

25. He's to be (ASKED / ASKING) by management to defend the accuracy of these latest financial figures.

26. Better results might have been able to (ACHIEVE / BE ACHIEVED) had there been more money invested at the beginning.

27. Tests (DONE / DOING) at the "Laurentian" well have shown it to contain high levels of acidity.

28. The leases to the land are thought to (BE / HAVE BEEN) acquired by a group of anonymous Middle Eastern investors.

29. He's (HAD TO / HAVE TO) adapt his style of management to please the new Board of Directors of the company.

30. A company spokesperson said the fire (COULDN'T HAVE BEEN / WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN) due to poor safety controls.

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31. For the past 12 months the company (HAS HAD / IS HAD) ne end of difficulties trying to follow the latest European regulations.

32. (HADN’T THEY BETTER TRY / DIDN’T THEY’D BETTER TO TRY) developing some of the areas, not next to these existing oil fields, but a good distance away?

33. Those changes to the project schedule (COULDN'T HAVE COME / ) at a worse time,

you realize?

34. Have you thought about how much better it (HAD / WOULD'VE) been had they begun in March? That's when all that really should've been done.

35. Speaking about this work schedule — don't you think you might want to (GOING / GO) and try getting it adjusted sooner, like in two weeks' time, maybe?

36. Don't you think her speech may have been seen as (BEING / TO BE) much too critical and unfriendly?

37. These data have been (MADE / BEING) computerized since late '81.

38. By week's end they'll have (HAD / BEEN) two full months to consult with each other over changing the company structure.

39. That engineering firm's rumored to (BE / HAVE) had a complete corporate shakeout.

40. I'd (ESTIMATE / ESTIMATING) her chances at no better than even.

41. I (WOULD / AM) think she'll have to have gotten that agreement signed and operable by March, at the latest.

42. I agree with your point about the need for fresh capital, but don't you think that got (DISCUSSED / DISCUSSION) enough at the board meeting?

43. Your note about the rescheduled trip dates — WASN’T IT TO HAVE BEEN / DIDN’T IT HAVE BEEN) added to yesterday's memo?

44. Shouldn't those plans they've been working on for weeks (HAVE / HAVE BEEN) gone out already?

45. That company's managerial problems could definitely be said to (HAVE CONTRIBUTED / CONTRIBUTED) to its eventual bankruptcy.

46. As far as that book we're doing together is concerned, shouldn't he have been able to (GOT / GET) that chapter finished in time for the presentation?

47. Recently he's (TAKING / TAKEN) on the job of being the company spokesman for environmental issues.

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48. "It's too bad Giancarlo wasn't able to (DO / MAKE) the manager’s meeting yesterday." "I know. I really would've liked for him to (HAVE BEEN / BEING) there."

49. I really (WILL HAVE / HAD) to insist on you being in on this conference call later.

50. His criticism of the company (IS / WILL) surely have been taken as being excessively strong, wouldn't you say?

51. The British Prime Minister has been reported as (HELD / HOLDING) a contradictory view of the matter.

52. That conference was certainly full of surprises and antithetical viewpoints, wasn’t it? We could hardly (KNOW / HAVE KNOWN) what was about to take place, could we?

53. “Did you get a chance to speak to Jumila at all, Edgar?” “No, not yet. Could she (BE / HAVE BEEN) at all serious, when she said that she

might be (QUITTING / QUIT)? There's talk around the office ... ”

54. “His response to the firm's money and credibility problems was typical, (DO / WOULDN’T) you agree?”

“I would indeed. That could hardly (HAVE / HAVE BEEN) called a solution, could it?”

55. Dear me, have you ever (BEEN SEEN / SEEN) such arguing? Those two have been at it day and night! People are starting to whisper . . .

56. The drilling operations (ARE / WERE) supposed to have been suspended as of late May.

57. That, I think, would be a mistake — I definitely wouldn't do that if I (AM / WERE) you.

58. Why couldn't we (HAVE BEEN / HAVE) told sooner?

59. Shouldn't we have been laying off employees, instead of (HIRE / HIRING) more?

60. There should have been some other way to get that done, rather than (DELAY / DELAYING) it for so long.

61. The least they could have done would have been to (TELL / SAY) us about it before it happened.

62. Wouldn't you (HAVE LIKED / LIKED) to have been there, to have seen that?

63. What would you have done if they (DIDN’T MAKE / HADN'T MADE) you an offer?

64. Weren't you at all surprised by what (HAPPENED / HAS HAPPENED)?

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65. They seem to have thought that he (CAN / MIGHT) have been persuaded to accept

some sort of compromise.

66. I was beginning to think that (ISN’T / WASN’T) wasn’t ever going to happen. 67. Who does he think he (IS / CAN), speaking to me like that?

68. It wasn’t intended to have (BEEN / HAD) that effect . . .

69. The secret letter (IS / HAS) rumored to have been sent by one of his inner circle . . .

70. It wasn’t (SUPPOSE / SUPPOSED) to have been done that way . . .

71. I don’t want you to (THINK / THINKING) anything’s changed . . .

MODALS TEST 2 (Answers on page 10)

1 I couldn’t have known that, now, (COULD / CAN) I? 2 I shouldn’t have done that, I (COULD / CAN) see now . . .

3 What must he have been (THOUGHT / THINKING)? 4 She oughtn’t to (HAVE TOLD / TOLD) him.

5 Now the truth’ll all (COMING / COME) out.

6 He’ll have to (BE / HAVE) it done now.

7 She couldn’t very well just walk in and (ASK / ASKING) for it, could she? 8 How soon (DID / WAS) that supposed to have been done?

9 Hadn’t (YOU’D / YOU) better get permission first?

10 Surely he can’t (BEING / BE) serious . . . or can he?

11 In a situation like that, I might not be able to (HAVE HELPED / HELP) you, actually, if you must know the truth.

12 I should very much like to (CONTINUE / CONTINUING) this conversation sometime soon.

13 Wouldn’t it (HAVE BEEN / BE) better to have had that done first, instead of last?

14 What will she say if it (DIDN’T / DOESN’T) happen?

15 That couldn’t’ve been his reason, (COULDN’T / COULD) it?

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16 What might she have (SAID / BEEN SAID)?

17 What might he have done, if he (HAD LEARNED / LEARNED) of it sooner? 18 That shouldn’t have (HAD / BEEN) a problem.

19 Shouldn’t you (THOUGHT / BE THINKING) about how you’re going to answer this, instead of staring into space?

20 It wasn’t to (ANNOUNCE / HAVE BEEN ANNOUNCED) until close of business on Friday . . .

21 His reaction was certainly to (EXPECTED / HAVE BEEN EXPECTED), under the circumstances.

22 Hadn’t (WE /WE’D) better try another approach?

23 Last Friday — that’s when all that really (SHOULD / SHOULD’VE BEEN) done.

24 Don’t you think you might want to try (GET / GETTING) it adjusted sooner?

25 The agency’s been flooded with telephone calls (UNTIL / SINCE) the news story.

26 I would say, they’ll (MUST / HAVE TO HAVE) gotten the request approved by March.

27 It could definitely (BE / HAVE) said to have contributed to the company’s downfall. 28 They’re reported to (HAVE / HAVE BEEN) holding secret talks . . .

29 I really would have liked for him to (BEEN / HAVE BEEN) there.

30 Shouldn’t that have (BEEN SENT / SENT) already?

31 (ISN’T / WASN’T) that to have been kept secret? 32 I would (THOUGHT / THINK) she will have to have gotten it done by then . . .

33 Shouldn’t that diagram you’ve been working on for the old man (WENT / HAVE GONE) out days ago?

34 Ultimately he did go back to his wife, whom he should have had the sense never to (BE / HAVE) left in the first place . . .

35 What’s it going to be? You’ll (MUST / HAVE TO) decide soon.

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TEST 1 ANSWERS

1. COULDN’T YOU 2. SHOULDN’T WE HAVE3. COULD I HAVE KNOWN 4. WOULDN’T DO5. COULD 6. WOULD 7. SHOULD 8. COULD9. TO HAVE BEEN10. WOULD YOU HAVE DONE 11. GAVE12. HE’D SAY 13. DON’T14. WE’D HAVE BEEN MARRIED / HAD BEEN ABLE 15. WAS 16. RECORDING17. ARE GOING TO 18. HAVE MADE 19. SEEN20. SAID21. HAS 22. HAVE BEEN ACCOMPANIED 23. COULD 24. BEEN LOCATED 25. ASKED 26. BE ACHIEVED 27. DONE28. HAVE BEEN 29. HAD TO 30. COULDN'T HAVE BEEN 31. HAS HAD 32. TRY33. COULDN'T HAVE COME 34. WOULD'VE 35. GO

36. BEING 37. BEING 38. HAD 39. HAVE40. ESTIMATE 41. WOULD 42. DISCUSSED43. wasn't it to have been 44. HAVE 45. HAVE CONTRIBUTED46. GET47. TAKEN 48. MAKE / HAVE BEEN49. WILL HAVE 50. WILL51. HOLDING52. HAVE KNOWN 53. HAVE BEEN QUITTING 54. WOULDN’T / HAVE BEEN 55. SEEN56. WERE 57. WERE 58. HAVE BEEN 59. HIRING60. DELAYING 61. TELL62. HAVE LIKED 63. HADN'T MADE 64. HAPPENED 65. MIGHT 66. WASN’T 67. IS 68. HAD 69. IS 70. SUPPOSED 71. THINK

TEST 2 ANSWERS 1 COULD 2 CAN 3 THINKING 4 HAVE TOLD 5 COME 6 HAVE 7 ASK 8 WAS

9 YOU10 BE 11 HELP 12 CONTINUE 13 HAVE BEEN 14 DOESN’T15 COULD16 SAID

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17 HAD LEARNED 18 BEEN19 BE THINKING 20 HAVE BEEN ANNOUNCED 21 HAVE BEEN EXPECTED 22 WE 23 SHOULD’VE BEEN 24 GETTING25 SINCE26 HAVE TO HAVE

27 BE . . . 28 HAVE BEEN 29 HAVE BEEN30 BEEN SENT31 WASN’T32 THINK33 HAVE GONE34 HAVE 35 HAVE TO

MOSTLY MODALS TEST 3

1. A: “My car (ISN’T WORK / DOESN’T WORK).” B: “Ask Khalid to look at it. (HE’LL / HE’S GOING TO) help you.”

2. A: “(COULD I / WILL I) speak to Samira Raghdan, please, Chairman Klosterburg’s personal assistant?”

B: “I’m afraid (SHE’S / SHE’LL BE) out at the moment. I’m not sure when (SHE’LL BE / SHE’S BEING) back in the office.”

3. (I’LL NEED / I’LL BE NEED) that report by Thursday, (PREFERABLY / MAINLY) before noon.

4. At the last minute we had to (CANCEL / COLLECT) a big business deal, because not enough money was (AVAILABLE / UNUSABLE) from the banks. The financing just could not be worked out.

5. (I ACCIDENTALLY / I TRULY) told the boss something that was (SUPPOSED / SUPPOSE) to be a secret.

6. A: “What (DO YOU LIKE / WOULD YOU LIKE) to do on the next holiday?” B: “Stay home and (DO / MAKE) nothing. By the way, your last holiday ― what (WAS THAT LIKE / DID THAT LIKE)?”

7. (YOU’RE HAVING / YOU’RE DOING) a surprise birthday party for Fatima? Well, then, (AM I INVITED? / DO I INVITE)? I would really (LOOK FORWARD TO / REALIZE) a party.

8. Can (I ASSUME / I DEAL WITH) you’ll be ready to start your new job in Beirut on the

1st of the month?

9. During a normal work day at the office (I REGULARLY / I THOROUGHLY) get interrupted by phonecalls and faxes ― at least 25 or 30 a day. That means I often have to stay late; also, I am often (REQUIRED / MANAGED) to work on Saturdays. This means that, (INSTEAD OF / UNLESS) looking forward to Saturday, I have to deal with it as just another workday.

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10: “I’ve got this (TREMENDOUS / TREMENDOUSLY) bit of news. It’s about (SOMEONE / ANYONE) in the office. If I tell you what it is, (DO YOU / WILL YOU) make sure you (DO / MAKE) nothing, and (TELL / SAY) no one? When you hear what it is, you (WON’T / WILL) believe it, but it ’s true. I only know (ABOUT / ON) it because I heard (SOMEBODY / ANYBODY) talking (ON / AT) the phone last night ― I was (ON / IN) the office late. They (WERE SPEAKING / SPEAK) Spanish, which I (CAN / I CAN TO) understand. If people learn about this secret, someone’s life will be (RUINING / RUINED). So ― (MAKE / DO) me a favour: promise me you (WILL / WON’T) breathe a word to anyone ― OK?”

11. I (ADMIRE / CONVINCE) people who can speak two or three languages well.

12. Your friends (MUST NOT HAVE SEEN / COULD HAVE SEEN ) my note, because they

haven’t called us.

13. I have to tell my boss all day long about his meetings and phonecalls ― he’s very forgetful and (HAS TO BE REMINDED / I HAVE TO REMIND).

14. (EVEN THOUGH / DEFINITELY) mobile phones are getting more and more necessary, I (REFUSE / DEPEND ON) to own one. Now, people (NOTICE / EXPOSE) it if you don’t have one. One person said to me, “Oh, no mobile? You (MUST NOT HAVE / WOULD HAVE) a job. Have you been (UNUSABLE / UNEMPLOYED) for a long time?”

15. What (COULD SHE BE THINKING / COULD SHE HAVE BEEN THINKING) about last night, when she said she wanted to go away on a long holiday ― alone? She (MUST NOT HAVE REALIZED / SHOULDN’T REALIZE) how this would make me worry.

16. The (CIRCUMSTANCES / AMOUNTS) under which that big business deal collapsed

are still not clear to everyone, and, actually, we (MAY / WON’T) never know the complete story.

17. I don’t know why, but I haven’t been able to (THINKING / THINK) clearly at work over the last few days. It’s probably because (I’VE BEEN WORKING / I’M WORKED) too hard.

18. You smoke 40 cigarettes a day? That’s too many. If I (AM / WERE) you, I wouldn’t be smoking (AT ALL / AS MANY AS).

19. A: “How many aspirins do you want for your headache?” B: “About 12.” A: “That’s (HOW MANY / TOO MANY). You mustn’t take (AS MANY / TOO MANY ) as

that! 20. I think cigarettes should be (DONE / MADE) illegal. Smoking anywhere in public

places is, to me, completely (UNACCEPTABLE / UNFORTUNATELY). And people who smoke should not be able to receive free health care, but should be (FORCED / WISHED) to pay for doctors themselves.

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21. I hope that taking computer courses at night will (ENABLE / CREATE) me to become a supervisor eventually.

22. (I TOLD / I WAS TELLING) my boss that, for Christmas, our store (SHOULD / SHOULDN’T TO) have advertised more.

23. I think many things (WILL CHANGING / ARE GOING TO CHANGE) in the 21st century. I’m sure that cigarettes and cars that need petrol, for example, will all (BE DISAPPEAR / DISAPPEAR). And paper money won’t (BE USED / IN USE); electronic money will replace it.

24. I’d love (TO BE ABLE / TO CAN) start a business in China; the population (HAS GROWED / GROWS) by 25 million every year, and, because so many people there speak English, you (DON’T HAVE TO / MUST NOT) learn Chinese.

25. Listen, George, (I PAY / I’LL PAY) you back the money (WHEN / IF) I next see you.

26. A: “What a beautiful picture this is!” B: (“DO YOU / DID YOU) like it? (I’LL BUY / I BUY) it for you.”

27. (UNTIL / IF) I win a lot of money, I’ll buy you a big present. 28. (I MIGHT / I AM) travel to Rome later this month on business.

29. A: “We’ve decided (HAVING / TO HAVE) that meeting later today, after lunch.” B: “(IS / WILL) it take a long time?” A: “Don’t worry. I promise (IT’LL / IT MIGHT) be short.”

30. I don’t have (MUCH / SUCH A) time this week; (I’LL / I MIGHT) be very busy.

31. That restaurant has (SO / SUCH) good food. Every dinner there is an (ADVENTURE / AMAZING). If you (DON’T / DIDN’T) take me there every week, (IT’LL / I’LL) be very disappointed!

32. Congratulations! You’ve had another baby! (HOW MUCH / HOW MANY) is that now ― 14? (I’VE FORGOTTEN / I’M FORGETTING). If I (WERE / AM) you, I’d think about relaxing now ― maybe go out more, find a hobby.

33. A: “What are you (DOING / GOING) tonight? B: “I don’t know. Perhaps (I’LL / I MIGHT) stay home, watch some videos.”

34. If this laptop (WAS / WEREN’T) so old, (I’D / I WON’T) still be using it.

35. What (WOULD / DO) I do if I (DIDN’T HAVE / HAD) my family’s love, sympathy and support?

36. New products like the IPhone will continue (TO BE / BE) invented every year.

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37. It (HASN’T BEEN ANNOUNCED / DIDN’T ANNOUNCE) yet, but people at work are saying that the company (MIGHT BE / WILL) moving to new offices. If and when I (HAD / HAVE) any more information, I’ll tell you.

38. I have to travel to Khartoum, and I don’t want to go. I really wish someone else (COULD / DIDN’T) go.

39. People in my office smoke. I don’t like it. If I could, (I’D / I’LL) have my own office.

40. If only all of us (HAD / HAVE) enough time for a quiet, relaxing lunch, I know more work (WOULD BE DONE / IS DONE) in the afternoon.

41. If I had a choice, I’d rather be (WORK / WORKING) 4 days a week instead of 5.

42. I like to travel, but until I get married I (CAN’T/ CAN) move away from Casablanca.

43. A: “The compressor (ISN’T WORKING / HASN’T WORK).” B: “Ask Khalid to look at it. (HE’D BETTER / HE SHOULD BE ABLE) to help you.”

44. A: “If you’re (FEEL / FEELING) sick, (SHOULD / SHOULDN’T) you be in bed?” B: “I know, but (I CAN’T / I CAN) stay home; if (I DO / I DON’T) go to this meeting,

(I’LL LOSE/ I LOSE) a week’s work.”

45. (WE’LL / WE’RE) going to try this new restaurant tonight. If the food is good, (WE / WE’LL) go there often.

46. What (SHOULD I DO / MUST I HAVE TO DO)? I have 2 cars, 3 wives, 4 jobs and 5 kids; something (HAS TO / SHOULD) change! This (CAN’T / COULDN’T) continue!

47. Ibrahim, it was nice (TALK / TALKING) to you. (I’VE GOT TO GO / I SHOULD GOING) now.

48. How long IT WILL TAKE / IS IT GOING TO TAKE to drive from Casa to Meknes?

49. Hussein, why are you watching videos? You (SHOULD BE STUDYING / MUST TO STUDY) for the test!

50. I like my new job, but, really, I’m not (EARN / EARNING) enough money there. What do you think? (SHOULD I / MUST I) change jobs, or stay?

51. I’d like CHANGING / TO CHANGE jobs sometime in the future, but it’s hard FIND / TO FIND a good one. Right now, my job is very TIRED / TIRING.

52. “What? You WON’T / WILL get to the airport until midnight Thursday? OK, listen if you don’t arrive on time, I WON’T / I’M NOT waiting.”

53. Can you DO / MAKE me a favour, Ilhame? Please DO / TAKE a photo of me and my wife.

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54. Ugh! Cigarettes are disgusting! You know, your clothes smell and you’re always coughing. You (DO HAVE TO / SHOULDN’T) smoke; why (CAN / CAN’T) you stop?

55. It took time, but I finally was able to (HIRE / CONVINCE) the staff that a four-day week was (PREFERABLE / REGULAR) to a five-day one.

56. Operations at the factory are expected to (RESTORE / RESUME) after the Eid holiday. Inspections will be (COPIED / DELAYED) only in the case of bad weather.

57. The company feels that the current economic (CIRCUMSTANCES / EXPLANATIONS) will require stronger control over costs and expenses. The Chairman’s (STATEMENT / ASPECT) was very clear on this point.

58. I understand the company will be (MAKING / DOING) a very important (ANNOUNCEMENT / DISCOVER) in the very near future, (REMINDING WITH /

DEALING WITH) policies and plans for the next five years.

59. That used equipment is being (STORED / PROVEN) in the desert, where the dry climate will help maintain its condition.

60. 160 students will be (GRADUATING / COLLAPSING) today, the last day of classes. (Answers: page 18)

TEST 4

1. A: “You look tired! What (DO YOU DO / HAVE YOU BEEN DOING)?” B: “(I’M CLEANING / I’VE BEEN CLEANING) the house, from top to bottom.”

2. I don’t know why, but I haven’t been able to (THINKING / THINK) clearly at work over the last few days. It’s probably because (I’VE BEEN WORKING / I’M WORKED) too hard.

3. The economic situation in the USA (HAS GOT / IS MADE) many people worried; unemployment is growing, and the dollar has suddenly begun to (COLLAPSE / THREATEN). Other countries (AT LEAST / AS WELL) are having problems; in Australia, for example, money has become a big problem ― farming is not as (SUCCESSFUL / DISCOVERED) as it used to be.

4. Congratulations! You’ve had another baby! HOW MUCH / HOW MANY is that now ― 14? (I’VE FORGOTTEN / I’M FORGETTING). If (I WERE / I AM) you, I’d think about relaxing now ― maybe go out more, take up a sport, or find a hobby.

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5. Ali, how long (DID YOU TELL ME YOU’VE HAD / DO YOU TELL ME YOU HAVE) your present job? Was it 2 ½ years?

6. How long (ARE YOU LIVE / HAVE YOU LIVED) in Casablanca?

7. I’ve never really been (SUCCESSFUL / ACCEPTABLE) at learning Arabic. But, (NOWADAYS / NEARLY), it’s become extremely important to speak one or more foreign languages ― wouldn’t you (ADVICE / AGREE)?

8. Before my present job as a manager, (I WORKED / I HAVE WORKED) as an interpreter for the United Nations. I lived in Brussels while (I WAS WORKING / I’VE WORKED) for them.

9. (WERE YOU / HAVE YOU BEEN) surprised by what took place in the meeting yesterday? 10. (DID YOU WORK / HAVE YOU WORKED) last weekend?

11. Between 2000 and 2004, the company’s share price (INCREASED / HAS INCREASED) by 35%. But since then, things (HAVEN’T BEEN / WEREN’T) very good.

12. Over the last few years, (WE’VE SEEN / WE SAW) a recession slowly begin in that African country.

13. Globalization (SPREAD / HAS SPREAD) rapidly between 1995 and 2005.

14. At the last minute we (HAD / HAVE HAD to cancel a big business deal, because not enough money was (AVAILABLE / UNUSABLE) from the banks.

15. Here’s an announcement: (WE’VE ARRANGED / WE ARRANGED) a big business dinner for all the managers, and (WE’VE RECOMMENDED / WE RECOMMENDED) Tuesday as the best day for the (EVENT / EFFECT).

16. When I have a choice for holidays, my (PREFERENCE / PURPOSE) is for someplace warm, sunny, and far away. (GENERALLY / WIDELY), I’d rather take a vacation in the winter than in the summer, and for the last few years it’s been the countries in South America that have (PARTICULARLY / NEARLY) interested me. I try, when I travel to a country, to become interested in every (NETWORK / ASPECT) of that country ― its ancient history, its beer, football teams ― everything.

17. I think possibly the worst trip in my life was when I (HAVE GONE / WENT) to France for the first time. I remember trying to (SPEAKING / SPEAK) French, and how often the people there (MISUNDERSTAND / MISUNDERSTOOD) me.

18. The (STANDARD / ILLUSTRATED) work week at that European company is now 35 hours, not 40 any more.

19. My wife was (FURIOUS / DAMAGED) with me when I totaled her car. I tried to (APOLOGIZE / SETTLE), but she has (REFUSED / CANCELLED) to speak to me. Now, all she (DOES / MAKES) is write me (MESSAGES / REVISIONS).

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20. It takes a lot of hard work and (SKILL / SUFFER) to become a good doctor. Most people choose this (CAREER / CUSTOM) not to become wealthy, but because they truly enjoy (HEALING / CONFIRMING) sick people. 21. The Hejaz Railway was a tremendous engineering (ANNOUNCEMENT / ACHIEVEMENT).

22. That meeting’s been (TENTATIVELY / POSSIBILITY) scheduled for the 21st of the month.

23. Metals and plastics are the materials most often (UTILIZING / UTILIZED) in engineering.

24. The first pipeline ever (TO BE / BEEN) constructed (WAS / IS) made of wood.

25. Changes and developments in transportation have greatly (AFFECTED / INCLUDED) the petroleum industry.

26. Brass (IS CONSIST OF / CONSISTS OF) copper and zinc.

27. A very big (POPULATION / NETWORK) of underground reservoirs has recently been (DISCOVERED / ILLUSTRATED) in the southwestern desert.

28. For many years car components (HAVE BEEN / ARE) made of plastic, which (SAVES/SAVING) weight and money for the car manufacturers.

29. The field of Electrical Engineering includes many different (SPECIALTIES / SPECIALZED) areas.

30. Traveling in the desert one afternoon, we (HAVE COME / CAME) upon some (ABANDONED / INSPECTED) oilfield equipment. It had (CLEARLY / CURRENTLY) been left there many years ago by some engineering team.

31. On my next (TRIP / EVENT) to London I’m going to (DELAY / COMBINE) business with pleasure and stay a few extra days to see the city. I’m very (CURIOUS / ADMIRE) about it, and want to (RECOGNIZE / DISCOVER) it for myself, instead of living mostly in hotels.

32. It takes time to (GET USED TO / USED TO) the way people here like to (COPE / STARE) at foreigners; they will look at you, and (HOLD / REGARD) that look for minutes, it seems.

33. All the instrument tests and inspections are carefully (MONITORED / THREATENED) by a group of engineers.

34. While I was working at my computer, (I WAS INTERUPTED / I INTERRUPTED); it was my secretary, calling from Hong Kong. She (HAD / WAS HAVING) some important news for me: she (CONFIRMED / REALIZED) to me that the expected deal with the Chinese (HAD BEEN ARRANGED / HAD ARRANGED) and that the papers and contracts (HAD ALL

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BEEN SIGNED / HAD ALL SIGNED).

35. We’re not (ORDERED TO / ACCUSTOMED TO) seeing such high temperatures that far below the surface.

36. My boss told me TO BE / BE more careful when working outside in bad weather.

37. My partners and I began TALKING / TALK about next year’s holiday last weekend.

38. Whose (RESPONSIBILITY / EVENT) is it to check in with the London office every day

at 5 p.m.?

39. The company factory and offices are (SITUATED / INCLUDED) in the industrial part of the city.

40. Darling, I don’t mind (DO / DOING) the cooking; didn’t you say you (WANTED / WANT) to (MAKE / DO) your exercises, anyway?

41. We’ve ARRANGED / REMINDED a big business dinner for all the managers, and we’ve (CONSISTED / RECOMMENDED) Tuesday as the best day for the (EVENT / EFFECT).

42. That new computer factory is truly (UNIQUE / DIFFICULT); everything is done by machines and robots ― there are no workers.

43. A lot of good software was (INCLUDED / EXTENDED) with the new computer I bought.

44. I (THOROUGHLY / USUALLY) enjoyed that football (MATCH / PLAY) yesterday;(DO / DID) you?

45. During Ramadan I finally stopped (SMOKING / TO SMOKE). It wasn’t easy, but somehow (I DID MANAGE TO / I MANAGE TO) do it.

46. The news today reported that the economy did (SLIGHTLY / INCREASED) better this month than last month.

47. Last year I was (PROVIDED / HIRED) by a company that makes digital cameras; they needed someone to (RUN / COLLECT) the accounting department.

48. In my company, April and May are (PARTICULARLY / AMAZING) busy months; everybody (IS ASKED / HAS ASKING) to work overtime.

49. My wife and I (DEFINITELY / EXTREMELY) want to move to a big city in the future. We’re (TIRED OF / TIRING TO) living in the country.

50. What sort of music do you like to (LISTENING / LISTEN) to?

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51. I’m sorry (I WOKE / I AM WAKING) you. What (WERE YOU DREAMING / DID YOU DREAM) about? 52. Massara, what (WERE YOU DOING / DID YOU DO) at nine last night, when I (CALLED / WAS CALLING) you? 53. I really didn’t learn Spanish very well (UNTIL I / UNLESS) I went to Spain, where (I LIVED / I WAS LIVING) for 3 years. (EVENTUALLY / ABSOLUTELY), my Spanish (BECAME / WAS BECOME) very good. 54. English (IS / HAS BEEN) the #1 world language for many years now. 55. I like to relax (BEFORE / WHILE) I’m on holiday.

56. Every year I TRY / I’M TRYING to visit a different country when I go on holiday.

57. I started STAY / STAYING up all night studying once a week. I MANAGE / I’M MANAGE to do it easily ― I LISTEN / I’M LISTEN to music and DRINK / DRANK a liter of coffee.

58. I’M FEEL / I’M FEELING lonely. I need SOMEBODY / ANYBODY to talk to.

59. A: “Last night I MET / I’VE MET a famous politician.” B: “Really? How EXCITING / EXCITED were you?”

60. I love my neighbours’ parties. We’ve had SO / SO MANY nice times there.

61. DO YOU HEAR? / HAVE YOU HEARD? My brother’s GO/ GOING out with a film star!

62. Those new office buildings downtown ― why WERE / DO they built so quickly?

63. Did you hear? Oil IS / HAS BEEN discovered under the Royal Palace Hotel!

64. Why AREN’T I / DON’T I told about these problems every time they happen?

65. ARE YOU / DID YOU know that a billion cigarettes ARE SMOKED / ARE SMOKING every hour around the world?

66. Have you finished WRITING / TO WRITE that letter yet?

67. I refuse GOING / TO GO out in the sun if it’s too hot, especially in the summer.

68. Ali, how long (DID YOU TELL ME YOU’VE HAD / DO YOU TELL ME YOU HAVE) your present job? Was it 2 ½ years?

69. How long (ARE YOU LIVE / HAVE YOU LIVED) in Casablanca?

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70. To (APPLY / APPROVE) for this journalist’s job, you have to be (SUCCESSFUL / FLUENT) in French and German. In addition, your (EMPLOYEES / EMPLOYERS) expect that you have travelled widely, and to have some (KNOWLEDGE / CHOICE) of Spanish. (EVENTUALLY / ESPECIALLY), after a period of time working in the company’s London office, you will (JOIN / HOLD) the paper’s Geneva office.

71. I’ve never really been (SUCCESSFUL / ACCEPTABLE) at learning Arabic. But, (NOWADAYS / NEARLY), it’s become extremely important to speak one or more foreign languages ― wouldn’t you (ADVICE / AGREE)?

72. Do you remember the first time you (STARTED / HAVE STARTED) studying English? (IS IT / WAS IT) in Primary School?

73. Before my present job as a manager, (I WORKED / I HAVE WORKED) as an interpreter for the United Nations. I lived in Brussels while (I WAS WORKING / I’VE WORKED) for them.

74. A: “Are you free to go on holiday with us, (AS / FOR) we had talked about?” B: “Well, (ACTUALLY / NEARLY), I’m not; I can’t really (AFFORD / RELEASE) a holiday

right now. I know, it’s (ESPECIALLY / UNFORTUNATE), but there’s nothing I can do.”

75. After working in the banking industry (FOR / SINCE) many years, I’m finally ready for (RETIRE / RETIREMENT). I’ve had a long and very interesting (CAREER / AMOUNT).

76. I got married seven years (SINCE / AGO), but it is only now that I (REALIZE / CONFIRM) that I made the right (CHOICE / DEMAND).

77. My father (INSISTED / ACQUIRED) that I go to journalism school, and now I’m glad that he (HAS / DID), for I truly love this (CAREER / PURPOSE).

78. I’ve always enjoyed (TO LIVE / LIVING) abroad, and this time I’ve (ESPECIALLY / WIDELY) enjoyed it, as (I’VE BEEN LIVING / I’VE LIVED) in Istanbul.

79. My wife and I first met (IN / SINCE) June of last year.

80. Two months (AGO / SINCE), I was 55. In all my life, I haven’t (EVER / ALREADY) learned to drive a car. I’ve never even (APPLIED / HANDLED) for a driver’s license.

81. Coffee has been (PROVIDED / PRODUCED) for about 1,000 years. Most people like it because of the (EVENT / EFFECT) it has on them ― it keeps them alert and awake. 82. A: “What ARE YOU DOING / ARE YOU DO in those old clothes?” B: “I’M GOING / I’VE GOT TO paint the living room.”

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83. How long DO YOU HAVE / HAVE YOU HAD this car? DID YOU BUY / HAVE YOU BOUGHT it new, or is it used?

84. Before you LEAVE / ARE LEAVE, take these letters to the post office, OK?

85. I’ve taken a lot of tests, but the one last week IS / WAS the most difficult.

86. I’M LIVING / I’VE LIVED in Morocco now for three months.

87. MAKE / GET sure all the lights and equipment IS / ARE off before you leave. TEST 3 ANSWERS 1. DOESN’T WORK / HE’LL 2. COULD / SHE’S / SHE’LL BE 3. I’LL NEED / PREFERABLY 4. CANCEL / AVAILABLE 5. I ACCIDENTALLY /SUPPOSED 6. WOULD YOU LIKE / DO / WAS THAT LIKE 7. YOU’RE HAVING / AM I INVITED / LOOK FORWARD TO 8. I ASSUME 9. I REGULARLY / REQUIRED /INSTEAD OF 10: TREMENDOUS / SOMEONE / WILL YOU / DO / TELL / WON’T / ABOUT / SOMEBODY /

ON / IN/ WERE SPEAKING/ CAN / RUINED / DO / WON’T

11. ADMIRE 12. MUST NOT HAVE SEEN 13. HAS TO BE REMINDED 14. EVEN THOUGH / REFUSE / NOTICE / MUST NOT HAVE / UNEMPLOYED 15. COULD SHE HAVE BEEN THINKING / MUST NOT HAVE REALIZED

16. CIRCUMSTANCES / MAY 17. THINK / I’VE BEEN WORKING 18. WERE / AT ALL

19. TOO MANY / AS MANY 20. MADE / UNACCEPTABLE / FORCED

21. ENABLE

22. I TOLD / SHOULD 23. ARE GOING TO CHANGE / DISAPPEAR / BE USED 24. TO BE ABLE / GROWS / DON’T HAVE TO 25. I’LL PAY / WHEN 26. DO YOU / I’LL BUY 27. IF 28. I MIGHT 29. TO HAVE / WILL / IT’LL30. MUCH / I’LL

31. SUCH : ADVENTURE : DON’T / I’LL

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32. HOW MANY / I’VE FORGOTTEN / WERE 33. DOING / I MIGHT34. WEREN’T / I’D 35. WOULD / DIDN’T HAVE 36. TO BE 37. HASN’T BEEN ANNOUNCED / MIGHT BE / HAVE) 38. COULD 39. I’D 40. HAD / WOULD GET DONE

41. WORKING 42. CAN’T 43. ISN’T WORKING / HE SHOULD BE ABLE44. FEELING / SHOULDN’T / I CAN’T / I DON’T / I’LL LOSE45. WE’RE / WE’LL 46. SHOULD I DO / HAS TO / CAN’T 47. TALKING / I’VE GOT TO GO 48. IS IT GOING TO TAKE 49. SHOULD BE STUDYING50. EARNING / SHOULD I

51. TO CHANGE / TO FIND / TIRING. 52. WON’T / I’M NOT 53. DO / TAKE 54. SHOULDN’T / CAN’T

55. CONVINCE / PREFERABLE 56. RESUME / DELAYED 57. CIRCUMSTANCES / STATEMENT 58. MAKING / ANNOUNCEMENT / DEALING WITH59. STORED 60. GRADUATING

TEST 4 ANSWERS

1. HAVE YOU BEEN DOING / I’VE BEEN CLEANING2. THINK / I’VE BEEN WORKING 3. HAS GOT / COLLAPSE / AS WELL / SUCCESSFUL 4. HOW MANY / I’VE FORGOTTEN / I WERE 5. DID YOU TELL ME YOU’VE HAD 6. HAVE YOU LIVED 7. SUCCESSFUL / NOWADAYS / AGREE)? 8. I WORKED / I WAS WORKING

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9. (WERE YOU 10. DID YOU WORK

11. INCREASED / HAVEN’T BEEN 12. WE’VE SEEN 13. SPREAD 14. HAD / AVAILABLE 15. WE’VE ARRANGED / WE’VE RECOMMENDED / EVENT16. PREFERENCE / GENERALLY / PARTICULARLY / ASPECT 17. WENT / SPEAK / MISUNDERSTOOD 18. STANDARD 19. FURIOUS / APOLOGIZE / REFUSED / DOES / MESSAGES 20. SKILL / CAREER / HEALING

21. ACHIEVEMENT22. TENTATIVELY 23. UTILIZED 24. TO BE / WAS 25. AFFECTED 26. CONSISTS OF 27. NETWORK / DISCOVERED. 28. HAVE BEEN / SAVES 29. SPECIALZED30. CAME / ABANDONED / CLEARLY

31. TRIP / COMBINE / CURIOUS / DISCOVER 32. GET USED TO / STARE / HOLD 33. MONITORED 34. I WAS INTERUPTED / HAD / CONFIRMED / HAD BEEN ARRANGED / HAD ALL BEEN SIGNED 35. ACCUSTOMED 36. TO BE 37. TALKING

38. RESPONSIBILITY 39. SITUATED.40. DOING / WANTED / DO

41. ARRANGED / RECOMMENDED / EVENT 42. UNIQUE

43. INCLUDED 44. THOROUGHLY / MATCH / DID45. SMOKING / I DID MANAGE TO 46. SLIGHTLY 47. HIRED / RUN 48. PARTICULARLY / IS ASKED 49. DEFINITELY / TIRED OF 50. LISTEN

51. I WOKE / WERE YOU DREAMING 52. WERE YOU DOING / CALLED

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53. UNTIL / I LIVED / EVENTUALLY / BECAME 54. HAS BEEN 55. WHILE56. I TRY 57. STAYING / I MANAGE / I LISTEN / DRINK 58. I’M FEELING / SOMEBODY 59. I MET / EXCITED60. SO MANY

61. HAVE YOU HEARD / GOING 62. WERE 63. HAS BEEN 64. AREN’T I 65. DID YOU / ARE SMOKED 66. WRITING 67. TO GO 68. DID YOU TELL ME YOU’VE HAD 69. HAVE YOU LIVED

70. APPLY / EMPLOYERS / KNOWLEDGE / EVENTUALLY / JOIN 71. SUCCESSFUL / NOWADAYS / AGREE 72. STARTED / WAS IT 73. I WORKED / I WAS WORKING74. AS / ACTUALLY / AFFORD / UNFORTUNATE 75. FOR / RETIREMENT / CAREER 76. AGO /REALIZE /CHOICE77. INSISTED / DID / CAREER 78. LIVING / ESPECIALLY / I’VE BEEN LIVING 79. IN

80. AGO / EVER / APPLIED 81. PRODUCED / EFFECT 82. ARE YOU DOING / I’VE GOT TO 83. HAVE YOU HAD / DID YOU BUY 84. LEAVE85. WAS 86. I’VE LIVED87. MAKE / ARE

MORE MODALS — MOSTLY

1. I can think of at least three good reasons why this idea of yours won’t work. I’ll have to leave as soon as the meeting is concluded.I’m sorry, I can’t agree with any of your analysis, and I have a feeling the otherswill agree. Shouldn’t they all have been informed of the changes to the report?

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I couldn’t function at all without my executive assistant. She’s amazing, and she’ll be getting a big fat raise from me very soon. You don’t have to attend the meeting, but if you can, it’ll be very interesting, I’m sure.She might be sorry later on she laid those researchers off; where would companies be without R & D? I expect the economy won’t be doing much growing this year; there may even be a globalrecession.You can talk to him ‘till you’re blue in the face, but he’ll never change his mind on that.10. That memo had to have been written before she became acting CEO, wouldn’t you agree?

We ought to close the whole place down for a week; everybody would certainly feel refreshed after a break like that. Surely you can’t be serious about leaving the company now, can you? Couldn’t you just explain things to the suits, and ask for a raise? It can’t hurt, can it?Analysts welcomed the La Farge buyout, saying it would simplify its structure and allow it to increase profits. A lot of that work will have to be delegated; who will they choose, I wonder?. General Motors has had to lay off 30,000 workers recently, and Ford has had to do the same.In the case of Ford, 14 plants have had to be closed. In the next decade at least, a unified European Union could be a far more formidable opponent than China. I could get to like Moroccan food. I’d have to hire a good cook, or eat only in restaurants, but it wouldn’t take long.You might want to look into that company’s financial history a little bit more deeply; I’d be willing to bet there are a lot of crooked numbers hiding around in the books.It’d be hard to find a better location for a school than that area, in my humble opinion.

20. He thinks he can do anything, and he’ll do anything to prove it. He made the case that the new laws would increase our costs and slow everything down.I’d have to say that that was true far more so then than now.If the present Antarctic ice sheet were to melt, it would raise the levels of the oceans by 200 feet. By the end of March, close to 30,000 people would have visited Antarctica this austral summer alone.She might have been better off leaving out the criticism in her speech, all the finger-pointing, and just deliver the facts. He may have had to be spoonfed as to what to say.All that’ll have to be carefully worked out way in advance, in my humble opinion.We ought to close the whole place down for a week; everybody would certainly feel refreshed after a break like that. Surely you can’t be serious about leaving the company now, can you? Couldn’t you just explain things to the suits, and ask for a raise? It can’t hurt, can it?

30. Analysts welcomed the La Farge buyout, saying it would simplify its structure and allow it to increase profits.

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Just as we would not outsource duties, we should be very careful before we outsource such a thing as our national currency.Of course, it could be argued that tying our currency to the dollar will help in the long run.And it could be argued that numerous other Latin American countries will follow our lead. And it could be argued that tourism here will pick up — what's wrong with that, either?Those certainly are valid arguments. But if so, aren't they arguments that someone ought to have made openly to the shareholders by now?This can be considered as an indirect attack on the policies of her predecessor. Company performance has been dismal, if I may so phrase it. One wonders how he would feel about possibly being asked step down.It would have been absorbing to see him have to answer those shareholder questions.

40. They must always be aware that their enemies will continue to outpoint them economically.She really wanted a complete renovation of the company offices. He could perfectly well have done without it.We probably will not be able to strike a deal on this issue now because there is disagreement among their own executives on how to proceed.They are not likely to be able to reach agreement during this trip on a so-called Fair Trade Agreement to lower tariffs. I’ll give that project 8 months before it all falls to pieces. That’ll have to be put off for another time. We won’t get to that phase until much later. Will they be able to reach their target estimates? You couldn’t pay me to do what he has to doYou can't solve a problem until the majority of the people believe you have a problem that needs to be solved.

50. I’ve had to wash my hands of the whole affair. Should you ever find yourself in Düsseldorf, be sure and give us a call.May I just come in here for a sec?Can you believe that? We might have lost our chance for (there’s a 40% chance we lost it)He should have come (it was advisable; it would have been a good idea)Would she have seen We shouldn’t have agreed so quicklyIt might not have been completed yet I ought to have used more tact when speaking to him

60. The negotiations could’ve come off successfullyThey must’ve made a pile of money on that transaction.We shouldn’t have paid them so many compliments — they don’t deserve any of them.I ought to have asked him to take part in the meetings.He might have been the one that leaked the news to the press.She may have been the one who leaked the news. (IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMETHING

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It could have been them who leaked the sensitive information. HAPPENED/HAS HAPPENED)We might not/may not have missed the last train. (IT IS POSSIBLE SOMETHING HAS NOT HAPPENED) He should have got home by now.She must have gotten the messages by now. (I AM ALMOST SURE THIS HAS OCCURRED)

70. They will have received the news by now, certainly.He couldn’t have been at the office at that hour, surely. (it is not possible that this occurred; OR She can’t have been serious, can she? it’s hard to believe this occurred)By the time the Chinese delegation arrives, we will have finished the preparations. (things supposed to In all, three new banks will have participated in the financing. happen at some time in the future)

If I had seen her, I would’ve told her the news.If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn’t have been so late. (sth. depends on sth. else happening)If she hadn’t made the recommendation, it wouldn’t have gotten any support.

I think we really should have bought that car. (regret; better idea; it’s a pity)We really ought to have bought that car.

80. They should have checked the contract much more carefully.You might have told me the dates had been changed! (to complain, criticize, accuse) The officials could have given us a bit more time to finish the job.

You didn’t need to have bought so many magazines — I’ll never have time to read them all. You needn’t have worked so hard on this — no one will appreciate it, other than me. (84) (it wasn’t necessary)

PRESENT PERFECT/PAST SIMPLE

REMEMBER THAT THE PRESENT PERFECT IS MORE OF A PRESENT TENSE THAN IT IS A PAST TENSE. ITS PURPOSE IS TO EXPLAIN, ANNOUNCE, COMMENT ON, QUESTION, ETC. SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IN RELATION TO THE PRESENT, IN TERMS OF NOW.

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WHAT IS THE CONTEXT? WHAT ARE THE SEMANTICS OF THE VERB BEING USED? WHAT IS THE STORY BEING TOLD, ESPECIALLY THE SEQUENCE OF ACTIONS AND THOUGHTS? The Present Perfect deals with a passage of time; a period of time; an activity that began in the past and continues now, in some form. (I LIVED / I AM LIVING) Which one of these two answers could be used as a replacement? THE PRESENT-TENSE ONE.IF YOU’RE NOT SURE WHEN TRYING TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE SIMPLE PAST, ASK YOURSELF: CAN I USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT IN ITS PLACE?

I haven’t been able to get anyone on the phone today . . . it’s been very frustrating. Where have you been getting your hair cut? Have you been having any luck with those old email addresses I gave you? How have you been getting on with the new accountants? How have you been getting on with your in-laws? Do you get along OK with your new in-laws? Are you getting along with your new neighbors? “I’ve made a living out of this business for 44 years,” he said, and I’m not yet ready to

retire.” Have you had a lot of rain here recently? It sure looks like it.

10 Has this class and its meeting time changed your schedule in any way? Have you ever tried studying three languages at the same time? Have you ever seen the movie Chinatown? What did you think of it? Have you ever forgotten who you were? So far, more than 100 Western schools and universities have set up in China, and the number is expected to grow. They’ve slowly been renovating that old villa across the street all year long now. Have you ever wanted to own your own hotel somewhere in a big city? Become a hotelier? When I first heard of the plan, I had a very bad feeling about it. That feeling has turned out to be even more accurate than I ever thought possible. Having finally decided on the right combination of colours for the studio and office, we were ready to begin thinking about the rest of the villa. What have you been doing since I saw you there?

20 What were you doing when I saw you there?The situation at work’s been getting more difficult every day, hasn’t it?The situation at work’s gotten more difficult, hasn’t it?The situation there’s getting out of hand, isn’t it? The situation there’s getting difficult. My boss has been avoiding me lately; I have no idea why. My car has been giving me trouble recently. Building a tramway system in Casablanca ― Rabat, too ― is an idea whose time has come.There should have been some other way to approach this matter, some other way to resolve thingsShouldn’t we have agreed with them, instead of disagreeing?

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30 Have the changed circumstances affected your relations with your brothers? “I believe a solution to the problem has, in fact, just been found,” the vice-president declared. Have you decided which of the lies you’re going to use to explain away this latest scandal? “That plan, to succeed, had to have been thought out very carefully, very cleverly, and very thoroughly,” he stated.

Having recently been promoted to full partner at the law firm, he felt it was his right to have two secretaries. Bangladesh, once part of Pakistan, has for some years been a country in its own right. “I hope I have made myself crystal clear in this matter,” the Chairman concluded. I’ve been living at that address for three years. Have you adjusted to the new, higher prices? Paul Bowles, the famous American writer, waz a resident of Tangier for a long time, almost fifty years.

40 Extensive use of native materials and techniques, including tadelakt and local woods, have been a feature of the young architect’s style. “The merger of these two great institutions,” the chairman said, “is an idea whose time has come."What angers me the most about the affair is that he could have supported me, but chose instead not to. It does not seem as if the administration has made up its mind to do any of the things that have so far been proposed.

The US has effectively been exporting inflation to China, much like it did to Europe after WWII. The game essentially goes like this: China buys US debt; China awash in hard-currency reserves; Chinese invest the dollars, make profits, spend, then inflation in China grows. The report has not been able to convince us of the need for action at this time, the email said.What have been the most important issues in politics during the last two decades?Techniques like that have not been in use since the 18th century. There’s no question that top management has grown complacent over the last three years. The most important--and unfortunately the least debated--issue in politics today is our society's steady drift toward a class-based system, the likes of which we have not seen since the 19th century. America's top tier has grown infinitely richer and more removed over the past 25 years.

SMALL TALKExcuse me — you look like you might know the answer to this — do you have any idea where there’s a good pharmacy nearby? Do you know if there’s a quiet restaurant somewhere around here, someplace to talk in peace and quiet?

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I’m looking for a cyber café ― any idea where one might be?I need to use an ATM machine ― any idea where I could find one?I hope you’re enjoying this weather as much as I am . . . This is a great place to work, isn’t it?It’ll be a nice day if it doesn’t rain, don’t you think?Did you happen to read the news today? I don’t know about you, but I’m having a terrible day.You don’t happen to know a nice quiet café within walking distance, do you?Did you happen to catch that movie on TV last night . . . what was it called?Are you going to be able to get away at all for the holiday weekend?Do you have to work over the weekend?That’s a good–looking outfit the boss is wearing, isn’t it? Oh, you’ve gotten your hair done!A. Well, I don’t know about you, but sooner or later I’ll probably have to start working longer hours; how else will I be able to keep up at work? B. Do you know anything about those two buildings across the street? They look like they’ll probably be sold and then demolished, and then replaced by another ugly hi–rise.C. I can’t wait for the future ― can you? Labour–saving robots, smart houses, everything done by remote control . . . A. And there’ll be colonies on the Moon . . . mining’ll probably make a big comeback. Cities underwater, too. I’m sorry, I’d rather choke to death in Casa than risk drowning in some underwater box . . . B. Of course your job and mine will no doubt be obsolete, although our kids will all have new ones, titles we’ve never heard of.C. Speaking of cities, of course lots of them will have become unliveable.A. I’m always looking forward to new medicines and medical techniques ― you know, nanotechnology, self–treatment, all that.B. Let’s hope costs all go down ― isn’t the cost of all these services supposed to go down as technology improves? Do you have a mobile I could use for half a minute?Could I use your mobile to make a call? I’d really appreciate it.I couldn’t help noticing you’ve got one of those new Ipods. How do you like it? I love mingling at those breakfast get-togethers they have; you never know who you’re going to meet. Wouldn’t it be great if there were a couple days off coming up this weekend? Wouldn’t it be great not to have to work anymore? It’d be great to be retiring now, wouldn’t it? Who’s that guy over there? Do you know him? He keeps looking at me, as if he knew me or something.Why don’t you go over and talk to him?Excuse me, but I noticed you were looking over in my direction; have we perhaps met before somewhere?

REQUESTS I’ve got a big favour to ask you . . . Could I ask you a big favour? Could you do me a big favour? I need a small favour, if you possibly could . . .

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I need you to do something for me, if you could . . . Do you have a minute free, you could send a fax for me?(To a new employee:) There’s something you always have to do first thing in the morning, and that’s to remember to get all the morning newspapers from the mailroom. If you have a minute, I’d like to discuss something . . . Could I ask you to check those figures one more time? I know it’s a pain, but I’d really appreciate it. Do you have any idea how to get the internet working again on this computer?I’d really like to have a window seat, if at all possible. Do you think you could help me with these bags?I’d really appreciate it if you could change this Dh 200 bill for me. I must ask you to drive more slowly.Would you happen to know if there’s somewhere I could charge my laptop battery?Sorry, I have to ask if I can get three separate receipts . . . Could I ask you for the time, please?Any idea how far it is to the Plage des Nations from here?George, might I have a word with you?

(IN COMPANY INT. 2 UNITS 4–5)

I’m sorry, I fail to see what you’re getting at; could you say all that another way? Maybe, for starters, you could simplify the contents of these 15 pages down to the basic ideas. I have to say I’m having trouble making sense out of all this material here — could you enlighten us a bit on some of the more essential points, Mr. Greenfield? Sorry, George, could you run that by me again? So, if I understand you correctly, what you’re saying is that your client wants to back out of any formal arrangement with us, until further notice? Now, Alan, I’ll ask you to kindly repeat what you’ve said to us to Mr. Colfax, who’s just gotten off a plane from Singapore. Can you give us all a sense of just what such a consortium could hope to accomplish within, say, twelve or fifteen months? I suggest we put aside the last three of the proposals and concentrate on the first two; they’re the most important ones, can we all agree on that? Said another way, the argument boils down to this, in essence: we’ll have to have more participation from the banks. So, we’re all agreed, then, to better keep track of these proceedings, everything will be recorded, with access restricted to senior members of the two firms. The essential thing for us today is to try and separate fact from rumor, and to do it quickly. Is everyone comfortable with what’s been presented and commented on so far? These proceedings are, and will remain, off the record.

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVESBy far the more interesting of the two summaries is the one written by chief counsel for the plaintiff. .

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The more you study this subject, the more you see how much there is yet to learn. The evidence so far uncovered in that corporate espionage case is mostly circumstantial. Further to our phone conversations of the 23rd and 24th, I’ve emailed copies of all the necessary documentation. I recommend we not proceed any farther in this matter until all the responsible parties are present. To put everything into perspective, I’ll make use of a number of important statistics. As far as that arrangement is concerned, the sooner, the better. The sooner that arrangement is concluded, the better it’ll be for all of us, myself included. These latest market research results are much more in line with what we had hoped for. They confirm that the market for a product such as ours is far more developed, and far less well-served, than we had estimated. It was one of the revealing statements he made during the press conference. My new store sells clothes for the well–educated, more independent–minded young urban professional. Sorry for being in such a bad mood — this has been one of my unluckiest days. The best–case scenario is this: the worst–case scenario goes like this: The Alhambra Jazz Bar is one of the better–run establishments in town. They couldn’t have been kinder of more gracious to us during our weekend visit to that firm. The more time you spend looking for good store locations, the more clearly you see how well–planned the downtown area is. 1. I’m busier than ever these days — new job, I just moved again, I started going to the gym again . . . This is the busiest I’ve been in months; if any more work gets handed to me, I’ll collapse under the load! What keeps me busy these days is the book I’ve been working on; I’ve been trying to finish it for months now. With any luck it’ll be done by year’s end. Cosmopolitanism is a black-and-white attribute; either a city has it, is cosmopolitan, or it doesn’t — it isn’t and probably won’t ever be. There’s no more important quality to have than thriftiness — you have to agree with that, wouldn’t you? Some people maintain there are only a few truly cosmopolitan cities in the world — that you can count them on the fingers of one hand: there might be a half-dozen in all, they say. To me, that sounds snobbish. The more cosmopolitan you are, the less you have to talk about it, or show it off. Right? 5. Cosmopolitan or not, all big cities have one thing in common: they’re all much too crowded, dirty, noisy, and dangerous. The longer things continue like this, the worse everything will be later on. The hotel’s golf course is narrow, hilly, of medium length, with fast, difficult greens; a true test of golf. It’s one of the better clubs in the area — a good place to take clients for an outing. The hilly western part of the state is best for hill and rock climbing. It’s become quite common for residential buildings to be put up in formerly industrial districts

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According to the newspaper article, Bomako has a lively, flourishing club and music scene. 10. We like taking vacations in the uninhabited, picturesque hill country of northern Pennsylvania. My business–school classes are full of bright, smartly–dressed, super-ambitious students. My officemate Martine is probably the smartest-dressed person in the company. Royal Air Maroc is spending millions more for this year, advertising romantic getaways for two to Corsica and Sardinia, or trips to Djibouti, for example. They’re an architectural team better known for their highly unorthodox ideas than for their tight budgets. They’re guaranteed, however, to produce brilliant solutions to unique design problems.15. In most countries the divide between the wealthy classes and the poor is becoming increasingly greater. Cannes, St. Tropez and the other towns of the Côte d’Azur were just sleepy fishing villages until discovered by wealthy European vacationers in the ‘20s and ‘30s. The so-called “lively arts” — dance and ballet, theatre, too, are suffering from neglect and lack of interest among the general public. Her parents are both the most old-fashioned things you could imagine, stuck in their ways forever, much to her regret. 20. I’m going to prepare this dish the old-fashioned way — cooked outside over a wood fire. Is there anything better in life than watching movies?41

Drawing Conclusions; Comparatives/Superlatives

Just for once I’d like to be in charge around here . . . just for once I’d like to be running the show here. I’d like to be kept better informed about this project, if you would . . . What I’d like to see happen is nothing short of a complete store makeover. One of the downtown retail shops always has the worst–looking window displays imaginable. Could he have been at all serious when he said that he might turn a clothing store into an antiques shop bar? She mustn’t have had all the facts in front of her when she made that decision. You must be desperate if you’re talking about closing the store and going out of business. You couldn’t have thought about that for very long before deciding, could you? He must be serious about that then, or he wouldn’t have spent $10, 000 on lawyers already. They must be getting ready to open that new store — it looks almost finished. I might be a little late for dinner, so don’t wait for me. The most important thing at this firm, the colleague told me, was to stay alert, stay

out of office politics, keep your head down and don’t complain about things. By far the more interesting of the two financial reports is the longer one, possibly written by outside consultants. The more you study this subject, the more you see how much there is yet to learn. The evidence so far uncovered in that corporate espionage case is mostly hearsay.

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Further to our phone conversation of the 23rd, we are emailing copies of all the necessary documentation. I recommend we not proceed any further in this matter until all the responsible parties are present. To put everything into better perspective, I’ll make use of a number of important statistics. As far as that arrangement is concerned, the sooner, the better. The sooner that arrangement is concluded, the better it’ll be for all of us, myself included. It seems there are a lot more tourists here in the warmer weather; they seem to prefer the sun and heat. Kenitra is more of an industrial and maritime center, not that interesting Not the least of your problems is that you need to sell that car of yours. There are a lot fewer headaches in being an employee than in trying to run your own business. I’m going to have to get used to working longer hours around here after the December break. If he said it, you had best believe it, then. Better use might have been made of your time if more planning had taken place beforehand.

The idea for a fast–hair salon is related to my other idea — for a bookstore on wheels. They all look a lot similar to each other, don’t they? The more I think about it, the more disinclined to participate in this project I become. Are you sure this is the best idea you could come up with?

In order to better serve customers, our check–cashing store is open extra hours — until midnight on weekends, for example. If you’re looking for verification, Stanley’s your man — he’s far better equipped than I to answer your questions.

My allergies have been acting up again, ever since the warmer weather. In the long run it’s almost always easier to buy the required office space than to rent or lease it. That café’s got to be the quietest place in town to have a nice, quiet, undisturbed business meeting. I think if I knew her better I’d be better able to judge her motives as well as her future potential.The temperature and rainfall statistics for this year are worse than expected. I myself would prefer someplace quieter and more subdued, but my business partner likes holding meetings in these big, noisy cafes. We know those two really well — probably better than anyone else does. I expected a lot more people at the meeting — it was surprisingly full of empty chairs. 80

That was the most ridiculous movie I’ve ever seen. Why? What didn’t you like about it? I thought it was great! Wooden acting, terrible music, clueless director — have you heard enough?

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The best movie I’ve seen all year was _______________, in my humble opinion. I’ve been downloading most of my movies, ever since I got that new laptop. That’s the most crying she’s done in quite a long time. Well, she’s really upset this time; not like the other times — that was just acting. This is for real. “What’s the most you could spend in an afternoon of shopping? $15, 000?” What’s the first store, and what’s the last store, you would visit? I believe it’s safe to say the worst of the cold weather is behind us. Anything can happen. It’s still only March, don’t forget. What’s the least you pay for an apartment here/there in _____________? What, respectively, are the biggest and most expensive SUVs on the market? What’s the longest you could go without sleep? What’s the strangest dream you’ve ever had? What’s the most reasonable estimate of the amount of money you would need to retire right now? That was the worst case of seasickness I’ve ever seen.

Would You Mind . . . ?

Would you mind it if we finished up a little early tonight? Would you mind it if we began a bit early next class, say at a quarter to six, instead of at six? That would be a big help.Would you mind it if I asked you to spend 90 minutes each week watching English-language programs on TV? Is that something you could accomplish each week for the length of the course?Would you mind if I opened the window a bit? It’s getting a little stuffy in here.Would you mind if I asked you a personal question? Would you mind if I borrowed your cellphone for a minute? I need to make a local call.Would you mind if we took a later train, not the eleven o’clock one? Would you mind if I invited the boss and his wife over for dinner some weekend evening? It would really help things at work if we got to know each other better.Do you mind if I asked some of you to work on Saturday? Would you mind not taking any phonecalls during this meeting? I need your complete attention, and I promise we’ll try to finish as quickly as possible.Would you mind my asking you a favor? Would you mind it terribly if I didn’t drink any booze with you tonight? I’ve got an early day tomorrow.Would you mind my not attending that meeting?Would you mind waiting until after I’ve finished before asking any questions? I hope you won’t mind if we take a short break after the first hour; it’ll give us all a chance to make some phonecalls, have something to eat, smoke a cigar, or something. Do you mind having to work all those long hours at the office?

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Mind you, this warm weather we’re all enjoying will have dangerous consequences later on. I hope you won’t mind my asking, but where did you get that laptop from?I hope you won’t mind my asking, but I couldn’t help noticing your wristwatch — where did you get it? Is it from a store around here? 20 I don’t mind the weather here so much, but there’s no heating in any of the apartments; I can’t get used to that at all! —Would you mind if I smoked? —Actually, I’d mind it a great deal, so please don’t light up in here if you can help it.

Why not just go downstairs, by the front door? I mind it a lot when I get passed over for promotions. I assume no one will mind if we rearrange the office setup in here? We need to free up some space in here pretty soon.Would you mind putting off your vacation plans for a couple of months, until things in the office quiet down a bit? Do you mind all the extra responsibility you’ve had to take on since your colleague’s been out sick? Do you mind the way this new teacher talks, her accent and rate of speech? Do you mind it all when half the class is absent? Would you mind lending me a couple hundred dirhams ‘till we get paid? I’d really appreciate it. Would you mind it terribly if I told you the whole truth? You’re not going to like what you hear. I don’t mind this warm weather we’re having, not at all.

—Do you mind if I ask you a personal question? —Actually, I’d mind it a lot.

Would anyone mind giving me a ride home tonight?Would anyone mind working overtime this weekend? I don’t think anyone will mind if you ask a lot of questions at the meeting. I don’t think anyone will mind if you come in a little late tomorrow. I used to mind getting up early a lot, but I’ve become used to it over the last year.What is it that you mind the most about this new job of yours, being responsible for the whole of North Africa?I wouldn’t mind in the least if I was asked to relocate to someplace difficult, like Ethiopia or Zimbabwe ― I’d look at it like a challenge.Do you mind having to work with a large group of people, all of whom are a lot less intelligent than you? Would you mind a lot if I kept the music on while we work on this?

I wouldn’t say no to a steak dinner somewhere. I’m sure he wouldn’t have minded in the least if you had asked him. 44

Conditional Sentences: Past Perfect + Present Perfect Modals IN COMPANY INTERMEDIATE 4 ― Unit 16:

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If it weren’t for the bank rolling over the loans, we’d have gone out of business long ago; it’s thanks to them that we’re still surviving, and able to grow. If it weren’t for those bank loans, we’d have gone out of business long ago; it’s thanks to them that we’re still surviving, and able to grow.

What would we have been able to do about that, even if we had been told the truth? had had more time to deal with it? What would we have been able to do on our own if we hadn’t had help from the venture capitalists?

If it hadn’t been for the dockworkers’ strike, the locomotives would’ve been unloaded and delivered already. If it hadn’t been for the bad weather, our plane would’ve arrived on time.If it hadn’t been for the freight-train derailment, our train would’ve arrived on time. If it weren’t for having to work overtime, I’d be lying around on the beach right now . . . If a woman had been chosen as CEO, that would have advanced women’s rights everywhere.If the economic situation had been any better, we wouldn’t have lost so many customers.

If he’d have finished his MBA, he’d have had more opportunities.If management had responded more quickly to the crisis, we wouldn’t have had to sell off that business just to generate cash.If only we hadn’t decided to invest so heavily in China, spending all that money for nothing; we would’ve been in a lot better position now, much stronger financially . . . If only we hadn’t decided to invest so heavily, betting the market would go southIf I had thought anyone would listen, I would have told you this was a bad idea, but nobody ever listens to me anyway . . . If I had known she was contemplating doing that, I would have tried to get her to change her mind. If we had known you were going to spend the weekend by yourself, we would have invited you along with us. Don’t you wish you had studied law, instead of computers?

If the atmosphere in that meeting hadn’t been so tense, I’d have spoken up, tried to contribute, but we were all too embarassed to say anything.If you hadn’t turned down their offer, you’d be sitting pretty now; just think what the stock options would be worth now, after the IPO and all the media attention. You’d probably have been able to retire!If only we had been able to contact her earlier, we might have been able to save her a lot of trouble; as it is, she went into the meeting unprepared for the surprise.If they had had any experience at all working in the Middle East, they wouldn’t have made those mistakes, and the company’s rep wouldn’t have suffered. If they hadn’t taken the trouble to develop a sound business plan, none of their plans would have succeeded. If they had offered lower prices to begin with, we’d be doing business with them, instead of with someone else.

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If I had been able to get to know him sooner, I’d have been able to speak to him on a more personal level; I’m sure that would have helped the situation.Had we had more time, and more information, of course, things would’ve turned out much differently. Who knows what would’ve happened if they had had more luck? If the breaks had gone their way? If it had’na / hadn’t’ve been been for that, everything would’ve been different. If it hadn’t had been for his stubbornness, that deal would have been concluded by now.

IN COMPANY UNIT 2 — MAKING CONTACTS; SMALL TALK & POLITE REQUESTS

Politeness and Courtesy Are ContagiousManagement this year is asking for input as to where the company could hold its next in-company conference. What would be your first choice? Barcelona would be at the top of my list.London doesn’t hold much interest for me, actually.Rio would be great, but it’s just too far away, don’t you think?I wonder what the weather’s like in Hong Kong at that time of year.It may sound funny to say it, but Paris wouldn’t be my choice; we need someplace a little more exotic, someplace like Prague, or Venice, wouldn’t you agree? I mean, everybody’s been to Paris, no? Have you ever been to Prague? It’s fantastic! I’d go back there in a minute!I’ve never been to Tokyo; let’s have it there! The cost of taking everyone to New York would be enormous. Buenos Aires is out; the cost would be exorbitant.What have you got against London? It’s close, and it’d be an English-speaking environment. So what if the weather is usually terrible?

Any hotel I stay in has absolutely got to have a fitness center, and it’s got to be open 24/7.It’s also good if room service is available round the clock.

For me, the lobby is extremely important; is it comfortable, and quiet enough? Can I get some work done there, when I get tired of using my room, or if I’m waiting for someone? Or if I want to do some people-watching?

I appreciate hotel lobbies with a fountain. I like the sound of water. It had also better have comfortable chairs, tables you can do paperwork on, a good café with waiters who are both alert and who leave you alone, and the right mix of interesting people to look at.

For me, an excellent restaurant is the most important thing a hotel can have — other than a business center, and high-speed internet service in the rooms, of course. I’ve got to be able to relax there, do deals there if necessary, get a meal late at night, have the wait staff do little extra things to please an important client, things like that . . .

I’m a generous tipper. I carry a pocket full of 10-dollar bills, and I try never to touch my luggage.

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A hotel is my home away from home, so it had better have everything I need. The company keeps a permanent suite at that hotel. I’ve used it dozens of times, and you can always rely on the staff there; they’re top-notch. I love that hotel; it’s got sunny rooms, great views, and beds you can get a good night’s sleep on. I always stay on the lower levels of a hotel; I’m scared to death of fires. How are the conference facilities in a hotel — that’s my major concern. Q: Which hotels in town are blessed with good, or ideal, locations? Which hotels would you recommend to visiting clients?

That hotel is starting to show its age.Somebody should buy that hotel out; it really needs a change of management.That hotel will be closed for renovations for 3 months, so we’ll have to look elsewhere.

MLL IDIOMS AND COLLOQUIALISMS 1. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word or words from the list of answers below. Answers should be used more than once:

LIKE OF IN TO UPSIDE FOR AT OFF

ABOUT BEFORE DOWN WITH ON

My office is always so messy it looks like a hurricane hit it.

To anyone else, everything seems to be in total, utter confusion.

It’s a hodgepodge of strange objects and knick-knacks.

Its order is apparent only to myself, and makes absolutely no sense to anyone else.

Nevertheless, there is order in the apparent chaos. I know where everything is, and never have to turn the place upside down to find anything.

ALL ABOUT MEETINGS

At the meeting, which I had to chair myself, I didn’t know what to do for openers. For starters, there’s always stage-fright to deal with.

I decided, first off, to bring up the chairman’s proposal.

I also managed to work in one of my own suggestions, but the group was quick to see the flaws in that particular argument.

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“Aren’t you putting the cart before the horse?” they said. In the end, they all refused right down the line.

One of the managers is especially garrulous, and always likes to butt in. True to form, he did so numerous times at this meeting.

I can’t account for the animosity and contentiousness which seem to prevail at these get-togethers whenever I pinch-hit for the CEO.

* * * * *

One of the company VPs gave the keynote speech at the convention.

My tenure as spokesperson for the group is drawing to a close.

On whose authority are you intervening in this matter?

That manager’s erratic behavior has given rise to many wild rumors.

What excuse did he come up with to explain his missing the meeting?

On what grounds did they refuse the appropriation?

How were you able to bring that decision about?

My office is always so messy it looks ____________ a hurricane hit it.

To anyone else, everything seems to be ____________ total confusion.

It’s a hodgepodge ____________ strange objects and knick-knacks.

Its order, which is apparent only ____________ myself, makes absolutely no sense ____________ anyone else.

Nevertheless, there is order ____________ the apparent chaos. I know where everything is, and never have to turn the place ____________ down to find anything.

At the meeting, which I had to chair myself, I didn’t know what to do ____________ openers. For starters, there’s always stage-fright to contend ____________.

I decided, first ____________, to bring up the chairman’s proposal.

I also managed to work ____________ one of my own suggestions, but the group was quick to see the flaws ____________ the argument.

“Aren’t you putting the cart ____________ the horse?” they said. In the end, they all refused right ____________ the line.

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One of the managers is especially garrulous, and always likes to butt ____________. True ____________ form, he did so numerous times at this meeting.

I can’t account ____________ the animosity and contentiousness which seem to prevail at these get-togethers whenever I pinch-hit ____________ the CEO.

* * * * *

One of the company VPs gave the keynote speech ____________ the convention.

My tenure as spokesperson for the group is drawing ____________ a close.

____________ whose authority are you intervening in this matter?

That manager’s erratic behavior has given rise ____________ many wild rumors.

What excuse did he come up ____________ to explain his missing the meeting?

____________ what grounds did they refuse the appropriation?

How were you able to bring that decision ____________?

MLL IDIOMS AND COLLOQUIALISMS 2. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word or words from the list of answers below. Answers should be used more than once:

FOR INTO TO AT OFF

BY UP WITH ON FROM

In that company, voicing your opinions leads to nothing; it only gets you ____________ hot water.

____________ the strength of his recommendation, an outsider was brought into the company for the first time to assume the Treasurer’s position.

The controversial report was credited ____________ an outside consultant, but company officials are being very hush-hush about it.

As a manager, she leaves a lot ____________ be desired, in my humble view. She’s never less than taciturn and tight-lipped about everything, and so you never really know where you stand ____________ her.

I hate to say it, but remodeling the offices is going to run ____________ a lot of money money that could best be spent elsewhere.

He was excoriated for his alleged indiscretions, but he’s still in charge and none the worse ____________ it.

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I hate playing office politics here as I do everywhere, but it comes ____________ the territory.

Your initiative created a sensation, but be ____________ the lookout for repercussions.

Who’s going to foot the bill ____________ these expensive junkets he’s planning? I can tell you right off, the board will have none of it.

This latest discovery stems ____________ earlier research by the company’s scientists.

Her remark at the meeting touched off a shouting match between two of the managers; they were practically ____________ each other’s throats.

The entire success of the venture hangs ____________ the committee’s decision.

The OPEC threat to cut production has jacked ____________ oil prices again.

The ins and the outs of that agreement are very hard ____________ piece together.

____________ a strange quirk of fate, the swine who had me fired from my last job has just been given a position here working under me. The revenge factor is there, of course, but I’m not about to indulge in settling old scores.

His chance remark set ____________ a violent controversy.

The future of the company is ____________ stake in these coming merger talks.

IDIOMS AND COLLOQUIALISMS 3. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word or words from the list of answers below. Answers should be used more than once:

IN AGAINST INTO OF WITH OFF DOWN FOR

The general consensus at that company is that investment ____________ R & D will need to be beefed up.

The press has launched a full-scale offensive ____________ this latest project.

You will need to put some muscle ____________ that proposal if it to have any chance ____________ succeeding.

I can’t bear the thought ____________ going head to head with the President over his downsizing plans; to me, they’re a disaster waiting to happen.

After a week at the office, I’m all done ____________.

The former CEO’s word carries a lot of weight ____________ the Board.

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Her angry remarks at the meeting caught us all ____________ balance; we weren’t at all prepared for them.

If I may make a suggestion, I believe you should try to tone ____________ your demands when you submit your final proposal; it’ll get a much better reception that way.

We’re not buying ____________ his argument that nothing can be done to stave off the company’s bankruptcy.

After ramming through a controversial merger with Compaq that cost 18,000 workers their jobs, the Hewlett-Packard President Carelton Fiorina was finally fired. But her generous severance package has people up in arms, claiming she got away ____________ murder.

The company's board, which had brought Ms. Fiorina in with great fanfare in 1999, had begun discussing ways to limit her power and give more day-to-day authority to several of the operating executives. She was told point-blank by three directors at a Jan. 12 meeting in San Francisco that she had to change her style.

"The board told her in no uncertain terms that she needed to open up the office of chief executive and share operational responsibilities," said a longtime Hewlett observer. "She adamantly refused and drew a line ____________ the sand."

The average tenure of Chief Executive Officers today is three years.

China and India are making a naked grab ____________ oil and natural gas fields, and it’s making investors worry and causing anxiety around the world as oil prices remain high. China trails only the United States ____________ energy consumption; India has moved into fourth place, behind Russia. China is the world’s second-biggest greenhouse-gas emitter, after the U.S. China and India are global competitors, and partners, ____________ energy.

It seems that, whenever that CEO has to speak extemporaneously, he manages to put his foot ____________ his mouth; his entourage always has a hard time repairing the damage he causes.

Note: Regarding conversation classes and questions teachers ask you in class, remember the reason they ask you questions is for you to practice speaking, and not because they’re looking for information. Teacher questions are a MEANS, a way to get you to speak, and to be corrected. Normally, in class, students are shy about speaking up ― take advantage of this by participating, and by always trying to answer teacher

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questions. Remember: in class, silence is a waste of time ― a waste of language−learning time. CONVERSATION AND WRITING QUESTIONS

There are two very useful techniques for giving answers (especially long answers), for making statements, or for giving short speeches or presentations. The first organizes your ideas― instead of just one idea, you produce three:

1) STATEMENT: "I believe small, one−person electric cars will become (your opinion) the major source of transportation in the 21st century."

2) DEVELOPMENT: "Traffic, and with it pollution, will become impossible. (why) People will demand something cheaper and better than heavy, dirty, gasoline−powered vehicles."

3) CONCLUSION: "These little cars will be built at home, cheaply, with basic parts; they will not need to be imported from Asia,

or Stuttgart, and my country's economy will benefit."

We’ll call this technique the SDC trick (statement, development, conclusion). It will help you to think differently, to think more deeply about what you’re going to say, and will push you into making longer and making longer sentences.

The second technique organizes your vocabulary: as you prepare to speak, as you’re trying to make a point, describe something, state an opinion, etc., your idea is in terms of not one, but two or three related words ― 2 or 3 adjectives, or 2 adjectives plus a phrase, 2 or 3 verbs, 2 or 3 nouns. We’ll call this the 3−to−1 trick. It’s pretty clear these are excellent techniques for use in school. Here are some examples:

S China will have the world’s biggest economy by the year 2050. D It has the population, the resources, and the determination.C The rest of the major world economies should take note. For some countries, this is not good news.

S Jazz music is, to me, a distinct, completely original languageD It’s urbane, intellectual, and capable of expressing emotions in ways a spoken

language cannot. C I simply could not live without it ― for the things it can say, for the pleasure it

provides.

I don’t know why that’s true, but it is. There may not be a rational explanation. I think all of us will just have to accept it, and leave it at that.

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3 to 1: A nation’s foreign trade and relations depend on daring, wisdom, and political

will. The weather? It’s cloudy and chilly, but not windy . . .

The man/woman I marry will have to be filthy rich, handsome, and able to make me

laugh.

QUESTIONS

There’s a European Union that’s been in existence since 1999 will there ever be its African counterpart, an African or North African Union?

How do you know when it’s time to leave your job? What are the signs?

1. What would it be like to be a chef in an important four-star restaurant, in a big city?

2. Would you prefer to work long hours at one job, or the same number of hours at two different jobs?

3. If you had to choose another job or career, something completely different from what you're going to be doing, what would it be?

4. What are some of the hardest jobs in the world?

5. How would you tell a friend or a spouse that they're overweight and that they should do something about it?

6. Would you like to have lived in another era, another century?

7. Is there anything about your present job you don’t like?

8. Is there anything about being retired at age 30 you wouldn’t like?

9. What are the major problems in the world today, in your opinion? Can solutions to them be found, or are they unsolvable?

10.What are some of the things you want to do in life, both short-term and long-term, before you get old?

11.Do you believe in the theory of global warming, as proposed by many scientists? Or are you not as yet convinced?

12.Are you SUPERSTITIOUS at all? In what ways?

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13.Would you suffer at all from CULTURE SHOCK if you had to move to England or Ireland to study or work?

14.Are you a big-city person, or would you really rather live in the country, away from the crowds and noise? Does the idea of living in a MEGALOPOLIS scare you? Will there ever be megalopolises in the Middle East or North Africa?

15.Oil has been discovered right in town under this building. Where should this organization be RELOCATED?

16.When you walk down the street, do you notice details about the buildings, or the shop windows, or other FEATURES of the land or city? Do you look at people at all, notice their features, their facial expressions, what they're wearing?

17.Do you like the desert? And do you have a PREFERENCE for one type of desert over another - for example, the HOGGAR (Algeria) over the EMPTY QUARTER (Saudi Arabia)?

18.What will life be like in the 22nd century? Will anything remain the same? Do you think it will be less ENJOYABLE?

19.Who were some of the powerful COLONIAL countries of the 18th, 19th and 20th

centuries?

20.What’s your opinion of the movie industry. Can you think of ways it has changed in the last 50 years?

21.Speaking of water is there enough for everybody on the planet? Are we running out of it? And what about wood? As a fuel, it's very convenient and popular, especially in places like Africa, but... are we cutting down tress and burning down forests so fast that there won't be any wood left?

22.How many large deserts around the world can you name? The Sahara, for example, in northern Africa — is it increasing in size, or decreasing, and should we be worried about it?

23.How many important scientific inventions can you think of that occurred in the 20th century? Can you name any famous scientists from this period?

24.What are some of the most important history-making events of the 20th century?

25.Do you have any suggestions for dealing with the extreme summer heat?

26.What, in your opinion, are some of the great pleasures in life?

27.Describe the perfect dinner to us.

28.What's your favorite season of the year, among the four?

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29.Do you think you have a good memory, or a poor one, and what ideas do you have for improving one's memory?

30.How long does a typical wedding ceremony take in your country? How many people are invited?

31.Do you normally wear any jewelry?

32.Who invented football? Any idea?

33.What famous people, from the present or the past, would you like to interview? What kinds of questions would you like to ask them?

34.Where did melody come from? Music? Song? And where did speech come from?

35. Do you believe in the theory of global warming, as proposed by many scientists? Or are you not as yet convinced?

36. How many large deserts around the world can you name? The Sahara, for example, in northern Africa — is it increasing in size, or decreasing, and should we be worried about it?

37. Would you prefer to work long hours at one job, or the same number of hours at two different jobs?

38. If you had to choose another job or career, something completely different from what you're going to be doing, what would it be?

39. You've got a good position at ABC Company, with a good salary and lots of responsibility. However, your spouse wants to get a job too – he/she is bored staying at home all day, every day. What do you say to him/her?

40. What are some of the hardest jobs in the world?

41. How would you tell a friend or your spouse that they're overweight and that they should do something about it?

42. What other job or career would you like to try, if you couldn't do what you're doing now? What CAREER would you NOT want to try?

43. What are the five worst things for your health, do you think, and why?

44. How would you describe yourself, your personality and personal characteristics?

45. Have you ever thought about owning your own business? What type would it be?

46. What important qualities would you look for in a future husband or wife?

47. What other countries would you be interested in living in, and why?

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48. What is the best time of day for you? The best time to study? Do you have a favorite room in your house or apartment?

49. Can you think of any possible alternatives to oil as a future energy source?

Interview Q & A

If and when you find yourself being interviewed for a job, here are some of the things you should prepare for:

What would it take to get you to change companies and come work for us?

Where do you see yourself in 5 years with this firm? In 10?

Why should I give you the job?

What other benefits and perks might there be?

What do you know about us?

What were your reasons for leaving the ABC job/company?

Would you be willing to work overtime?

Exactly how good are your foreign–language skills?

When can you start?

Why do you want this job?

What kind of salary would you be looking for?

What are your reasons for seeking a new position at this time?

BIG-WORD LISTHere is our list of big, important, hardtopronounce words.

unrealizable interruptionunrecognizable uninterruptedinconsequential irreplaceablefruitless unsuitablesuperfluous unjustifiableopportunity principallytemperature unmodifiedabnormally permissiblereasonably withdrawalunreasonable uncompromising

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virtually needlesslyheadquarters superiorityextraordinary substantialinvariably unparalleledirritable similarlyirritability irksomeauthorization pathologicalprerequisites circumstantialperquisites impracticabletergiversation indefatigableup-to-the-minute unprofitableirremediable conflagrationcomfortable vegetableuninteresting anticipatorysimplistic expeditiousfraudulent casualtyperoration requisitioningexemplary demonstrablelogistical replenishmentcharacterization formidableimpoverished inconsequentialinfrastructure insignificantimpetuous disinclinationretribution pleasurableliberalization commemorativecommensurate peripheralveterinarian circuitousinconspicuous deliberatelyamphitheater anonymityimperceptible prodigiouslyantithetical arguablyirreversible inevitabilitycontingency unilateralistenvironmental irrelevancyuncertainty unconstitutionalcounterproductive unsubstantiatedrestructuring specificityefficacy inconspicuouslyretaliatory contributoryincontrovertible indubitablyinconsistent reiteratepreeminent unintentionallynon-threatening preemptorymagnanimity mythologicalkaleidoscopically virtuallymathematician unprepossessinguncharacteristically quintessentiallyparticularly continuityconceptualization irregularityindistinguishable phenomenally

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concurrently incrementalismmarginalia integumentexpeditious

inchoatedraconiansui generis (Latin)proscribebatheticagitpropjeremiad bowdlerizemoribundfebrileautocthonousrecrudescencerecensionemendationsalientphtisicdoggerelphilippicheuristicunfetteredgeomancygriffinportentoushomologousdemoticextrudeintertwinedisenfranchisedcosset diametricallyassiduousiconicfeistyapocryphalfactiousaffadavitburgeoningdeftaddledputativegermanemanifoldrail v.still v.immutable

appositeattenuatedmissiveappurtenancemendaciousaggregateemblematiclevityspuriousaddenduminvectiveurbaneartfulartlessmusingsalternantinvolutedarchparsebetokenrubriccogencymienconcisionderogationindicessalientvulgatestasisprolixelisionarmatureuncannyentropyconcomitanttropepetulantcollocationcoterminustrenchantdiachronicsynchronictaxonomyconundrumheraldryrestivevenery

congruentcorrelate adj.penumbramoothomonymssubstantivehelixreductiverebarbativephenomenologicalindissolublepostulate n.exegesisdisparitystrataelisionenmeshedclandestineobeisantclottedfeignedpilfernormativedisparatescatologicaltenaciousirreconcilablefilchedbrusqueparleyconstrueloquaciousgarrulousspoorordurecomelypidginunequivocalvolitionconundrumsclerotichieraticcruceshermeticontologicalagonisticpoiesis

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subornedshibbolethrisiblepercipiencepolysemymillenarycoitionoptativeagglomerate n.overweeningfissivefissiparousmorganaticeponymoussomaticTheosophyspleneticgnosisparlousdisjectedmoperyplinthanagogicconcatenationreticulativeveridicalpace (Latin)mimeticnascentrecursiveaphasiamarginaliaepistemologybedrockmagmatangentialsymbioticmonismhagiographymonikerfacileperditioncongruentidiolectpatent adj. gamutexigence

moribundtaxonomicguiseramifiedsimilitudeprovenanceneologismsaccruedmediate adj.moronicprodigalityturgidtorsionsarcaneimpalpableantinomyvagariesmelismaticlogorrheicretrenchmentmegalomaniatenableparochialismpreponderantpolycentricwarrantimplausibleavoweddeconstructionmalaisemessianicCartesianincessantartificersvexatiouscursoryconjecturalmandarinexciseluminarycrucibleacrimoniousspatesummarilyquintessenceperegrinecircumscribed

meliorismennuiArcadiawantonByzantinecongeriesscissionosmoticallysemiologicalsalientadducedfarragorunnelreconditeaccretivepost hoczigguratchiromancereruditeextantmyriadsensateallusivealbeitimport n. positparlancedissociatetenuousferret outlineamentattenuatelatentvouchsafepedanticlibertinerequisitesservilepre-emptmonographmorphologicaltripartiteconfiscatoryrecalcitrantHellenismsymbiosis

transmutationparanomasianeologism

intersemioticsynonymydichotomy

irascibleplenitudeprotracted

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methodologicalquerulousunremunerativeprecepthermeneuticreversionsynapsephilologynuminousexcursuspneumapostulate n. tawdry

ostensivemalevolentpungentplangentperennialpermutationshamelegiacphilistineeclogueosmoticcomminglingimbroglio

daubfratricidalepistolaryeffusionsidyllicthwartcounterpoisemetempsychosis incommensurableaccretionsiconoclastictechnocracycoruscating

SAY VS. TELL

A. TELL = used with objects: a story; the truth; a lie; a person; the office, him/her. He’s told that story a dozen times, and it always makes us laugh.

You can introduce a question with " Tell me something . . . , " which is a polite way to get, or hold, someone's attention (choose the correct answer) —

Tell me something ... is it just my imagination, or (THERE ARE/ARE THERE) actually ten million people in Casablanca? It certainly (SEEMS/SEEMING) that way.

Tell me something . . . are there right ways and wrong ways (OF ADDRESS/OF ADDRESSING) people here in Casa, and in northern Morocco?

I need you (TO TELL/TELLING) me something ... what's the correct way to propose marriage to someone in good, respectful, romantic Arabic?

B. TELL = explain, reveal, indicate, show; for example, machines & instruments: INDICATE = SHOW = TELL Please tell the boss the copy machine (IS/WILL BE) up and running again in ten minutes.

Can you (TO TELL/TELL) me how to ask someone, in good Arabic, for a job with his company?

How can you tell if something ____________________ (NOT WORK) right in the BMW?

By _________________ (LOOK) closely at the figures and the math, you can tell they’ve been cooked to hide the company’s losses.

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This computer room is equipped with an alarm. If it goes off, that tells you that heat ____________________________ (BEGIN) building up and the room’s gotten too hot.

You see the graph here ... the price ______________________ (RISE) steadily for the last two months — what does that tell you?

Tell him what you ____________ (TELL) me earlier today.

Tell the driver for me that there__________(BE) three of us ___________ (GO) to the airport tomorrow.

Nobody told me there _____________ (BE) a meeting yesterday; what ___________ (TAKE PLACE), exactly?

I have to tell myself over and over again, "Patience. These things always _______________ (TAKE) time."

Something tells me the weather ______________ (GET) worse later today.

The look on his face told me everything I __________ (NEED) to know; he _____________ (NOT HAVE TO) say anything.

I'm (GOING TO TELL/TELL) you right now, don't quit your job. And, later on, after you (DID/DO) quit and you're sorry that you did, I'm going to say "I told you so!"

He told a big one in front of a dozen people and (GOT/GET) away with it.

I don't (BELIEVE/BELIEVED) what he did — he just told the boss off, right to his face.

SAY — refers to no direct object except sentences and statements; requires preposition TO when used with people, pronouns:

Say that again, DO/WOULD you?

What DOES/DID he say when you told him that whole group of managers needed to be replaced?

I said, "These new tires ARE WEAR OUT/WEAR OUT too quickly — they'll only last another 5,000 kilometers."

What made you say THEM THAT/THAT TO THEM? Those two don't like direct criticism; you have to say what you want to say indirectly.

What did he say about the meeting? IS/WAS it a success? DO/DID it go over well?

Wait — don't say anything — you're going to SAY/TELL me you can't work overtime this weekend, right?

Who can say what the real reason was for their decision? We MAY/ARE never know.

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Don't say NOTHING/ANYTHING to anyone — promise?

What did the report say about the repair manual? I understand THERE WERE/THERE IS a lot of mistakes in it.

What he said RING/RANG false somehow . . .

Question: What's the difference between these two sentences? I need to know exactly what you said to him. I need to know exactly what you told him.

Can you tell the difference between a poorly ________________ (LUBRICATE) piece of equipment and one that ______________ (BE) properly lubricated? You can often tell by the amount of noise the equipment ___________ ___________(MAKE) as well as the pitch – high or low – of the noise.

I could tell the engine was overheating — the temperature gauge WAS/IS all the way over in the red. I like these BMW company cars, but, I’ll tell you something: they’re high-maintenance.

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MEETINGS AND PRESENTATIONS: TRANSITION PHRASES (These are one of the more important phases of a presentation, or for guiding a meeting. These are the phrases used to conclude a topic and move to the next one. Good transition phrases serve three purposes:

They signal to the audience an appropriate time for questions; They make sure the last topic — its premises, conclusions, and any followup (future action) —

has been fully understood; They provide a opportunity for the presenter to introduce the new topic with

the proper opinions, comments, or judgements. (A very important part of any presentation, transition phrases do not receive enough

attention.)

I With the subject of interest rate changes somewhat tamed, I want next to move to the subject of gold, and its many price fluctuations.

I propose that as a somewhat general treatment of the Standard and Poor 500; I am going to turn next to the issue of Sarbanes Oxley . . .

Well, that concludes our look at the year’s major market moves; what concerns us next are the commodities markets . . .

I think we can put that topic safely to bed; what I want to focus on next is the role in all this of the London Metals Market . . .

I want to take up next the subject of Enron, and its use of mark-to-market accounting rules

And now, the section I’m sure you’ve all been waiting for, . . .

Next up is the subject of the M2 and M3 money–supply statistics. . .

So, there you have a look at WorldCom, circa 1999. What happened to them next is the subject of the third segment of our presentation . . .

. . . and that brief bit of background history takes us to part three of the presentation . . .

. . . and so with that concluded, it’s logical to consider next the fourth cause of the bank’s collapse

Connect the dots and what do you have? Well, in a word, our next topic — the first federal indictment, and the start of the slide downwards into eventual, and very painful, bankruptcy.

I think that covers enough of a look at the US housing market for that two-year period. What I want to look at next were interest rates for that same period . . .

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II In case you’re in need of further documentation, I can refer you to the following sources:

For further citations, your programs have the references, on page 12, to be exact; . . . it wouldn’t hurt to pause and ask a few of the more obvious questions:

And, lastly, I give you the answer to the question that hasn’t been asked yet, namely:

That leaves us with one, final topic: the next reserve currency — is it a myth, or a

distinct possibility?

As the meeting is running ahead of time, may I suggest we break off now for coffee, before we come to the main point on the agenda, instead of in thirty minutes’ time as arranged.

Seeing as the conference is running a bit behind schedule, I’m going to pass over the next subject, the one concerning the Asian currency crisis, and concentrate on the next issue, the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO . . .

I’ll skip these next two points, having to do with global management of energy, and instead continue on to the next point, the market for oil in Euros . . .

Let me just say by way of summary of this particular issue . . . I think the point here is that . . . (21)

Let me just say in passing that . . . . . . the point I made there was that . . . . . . the point that was made there was that the world trade regime was used to push commodity prices down and open up markets to the two main things the US still sold — intellectual property and certain agricultural items . . .

III Be that as it may, the long and the short of it is that the whole plan backfired . . . the whole plan was finally exposed for what it really was —

True it may once have been, but the fact remains that, had it not been for the oil producers’ losing pricing power, we would have seen stratospheric oil prices.

I think with that topic covered in sufficient detail, I want next to talk about the great internet gamble, and the bet the Clinton administration lost,

Item four is just a question — and here it is:

What if interest rates hadn’t begun rising, and house prices hadn’t started dropping?

The shortest item on the agenda is next, and it consists of a single question: can — could — should — the dollar be replaced as the world’s reserve currency?

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So, I trust we’ve answered that question to everyone’s satisfaction. Now, to our next topic–in–the–form–of–a–question: What is wrong, or what can go wrong, what is the problem with outsourcing and offshoring?

So, to conclude then, I think we’ve seen / I think we’ve proven conclusively that higher prices do function as a kind of tax increase that raises the cost of doing business (with the proceeds effectively going to foreign exporters). But the size of this tax is too small to create a meaningful slowdown on its own.

So, with the subject of gold’s fluctuating safely put to bed, as they say, I’d like to turn now to the third topic to be covered, namely, the status of, and the situation with, silver.

Well, I think that about covers our treatment of the

To put everything into better perspective, I’ll make use of a number of important statistics. _________________________

MORE TRANSITION PHRASES

Now we've come to the third subject of this presentation/discussion, namely, the concept of theso-called "IPOD Economy."

With our look at the country's GDP now taken care of, we’ll move next to the GDPs of its neighbors . . .

So much, then, for the economic consequences; with your permission, I'll move on to our nexttopic, which concerns the geopolitical consequences . . .

Having described the transportation infrastructure in, I hope, sufficient detail, the country’s workforce is next on our list.

I believe that covers all the relevant information there, having to do with the general market trends; what I intend to cover next will be some of the specific market indicators . . .

All of the above is just a prelude, really, to the more important issue of post-Castro Cuba, the real heart of the matter ― and, really, the main reason for this colloquy. (20) Fourth on the list of topics, the prospects for economic growth in the region, is important for several reasons, the chief one being the need to attract investment into the area . . .

With regard to levels of aid to the Sahel in that period, if I may explain a bit . . .

We’ll leave that topic now and move on to the next, which concerns predictions over the next five years.

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Now that we’re done looking at a brief history of German reunification, we’ll proceed next to the question of its effects on Germany as a whole, our fifth of eight topics.

That’s all we have to say for the moment on the subject of these new proposed pipelines; what concerns us now is the issue of political stability in the area — what are the prospects?

Let’s move on, if you will, to our last subject area. That has to do with the status of the various proposals for high−speed rail systems . . .

We’ve now finished dealing with past attempts at negotiating with the unions over this sticky situation; it remains for us to cover the last subject, namely, the current negotiations underway.

Allright; with the question of the company’s financial condition now completed, we’ll proceed to the question of the factories and plants which will need to be closed, under the proposed restructuring plan . . .

Next in the sequence is a look at why we consider biofuels and other “green” technologies to be a major money−making opportunity in the long run . . .

Next up is a treatment of how the correct number of staff necessary for the offices in Paris and Brussels has been arrived at . . .

Having covered the subject of the running costs at our offices in Germany and Italy, I want to turn your attention next to this topic: our presence in Eastern Europe, the sixth and last of the presentation.

Moving on, we’re going to cover some of the currently successful truck−rail partnerships . . .

That concludes our treatment of Japan’s defense budget; I’m going to turn next to the implications of this for European defense contractors . . .

I trust that’s been a comprehensive-enough look at the prospects for Turkey’s membership in the EU; let’s move on to what prospects there might be for any of the North African countries . . .

So, as we’ve seen, this group of stocks has underperformed the market through all of 2005 and the first quarter of 2006; however, when we turn to the futures market in these commodities, we see vastly more positive results . . .

What’s up next is our soft drinks division; I’d like to draw your attention to the results in the last quarter. . . To sum up, what we have is this large, extensive highway system, reaching all corners of the Italian peninsula, and with approximately 300 kms of tunnels to deal with . . .

Having gone through an examination of past marketing strategies, we need next to go over aspects of the current campaign . . .

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With this treatment of the inverse relation between sleep amounts and salary out of the way, it’s time now to deal with the question of the implications of this for executive stress

HURRY UP!

. . . all right, so for the sake of brevity — and to help out our esteemed fellow presenters, I’ll To provide a little time support for those to come, OK, now that we’re back from the break I’ve been asked to cut short the second half (20)

I’ve been asked if I could shorten the presentation somewhat, on account of time constraints, and of course I’ll oblige

I’ll only be too happy to accommodate those with material to present

In the interest of saving time, why don’t I try to elide these next two parts and abridge their content somewhat . . .

In order to save time and give my co–presenters a bit more space, I’m going to leave items five and six for another time, and instead move on to item seven . . . I’ll just say in passing that the main point I intended to make there was simply that the last twenty years had seen the amount of oil required to support a dollar of constant GDP drop significantly, and that this trend had to be continued. I had wanted to cover topic three, on how labor arbitrage helps keep inflation under control, but I can see by my watch we’re running a little behind, so . . . I suggest

I’ll roll over it for now

That should free up some time . . . perhaps to be used in the question-and-answer period later on . . .

SUMMARIES/SUMMATIONS These latest market research results are much more in line with what we had hoped for. They confirm that the market for a product such as ours is far more developed, and far less well-served, than we had estimated. Some labor economists in the United States argue that technological innovation has been much more damaging to manufacturing workers than foreign competition. The data in the UNDP report suggests that the same process is working its way through the economies of the developing world.

Where that will end is anyone's guess.

Among all the news coming out of Europe lately, all the controversies and troubling economic data, let’s not be distracted from the most dramatic fact about the continent

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in the early 21st century: Europe is committing demographic suicide, and has been doing so for some time.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the world is still full of natural resources. Europe, however, is running out of the most crucial resource—people.

What’s your opinion of that country’s foreign policy? Come on, give me your honest opinion — will he be able to stay on as Director? What’s his real position on the merger? What do you think of her professionally? I’d like to hear your views on the economy during the next two quarters.

Could I ask for your reaction to a counteroffer, namely that we allow you to buy us out? Could I just butt in here for a sec, George? Could I just get your reaction to their latest series of offers?

I was wondering where you stood on the question of severance pay to the laid-off employees: what we had in mind was something generous, on the order of $11,000 per worker. I wonder if you’d like to comment on the Minister’s remarks, Mrs. Berrada? (22)

I firmly believe that the moon will have to be mined for its minerals; it may also serve as a dumping ground for the earth’s waste. I can see it happening . . .

She’s absolutely convinced you’re going to be offered a job by Hodgins and Wheekweld. Her belief is that such an offer would come now . . .

As far as I’m concerned, that policy is out the door when I take over.

As far as I’m able to judge, they may have lost as much as $28 million last quarter.

I think it’s fair to say they won’t be reducing their bid, not in the near future.

(Page 20)

I would like to begin the proceedings tonight by introducing our corporate sponsors and hosts, the I wish to begin these hearings with a summary of At this time I should like to open the discussion to questions from the audience. I would like to make a few remarks with regard to There are three points that need to be stressed here: one, that I was never in favor of outsourcing any of the operations overseas, and certainly not to some sweatshop island prison like Indonesia; two, that

What would you say to quitting your job here and coming to work for me/us?

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I must insist on that date, and no other. We might be able to make it on the 23rd, provided a suitable neutral ground can be agreed upon. What did you have in mind? I was thinking of a nondescript motel, somewhere on the outskirts of town, maybe out by the airport. Someplace completely anonymous. We slip quietly in, and slip just as quietly out. Wouldn't that be in the best interests of all involved? How would the 17th suit you? Any problems with that date? I’m afraid I can’t agree with you there. I don’t think you’ll get many people to agree with you there . . . What I don’t understand is why you insist on having your way. You should try to consider other people’s point of view as well. There’s more here than meets the eye, I’ll grant you that . . . How far in advance are you scheduled ? I’m not kidding; Mr. Voss is pretty much booked solid through January! Well, that’s certainly a valid point, but what is being overlooked here is

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this meeting are :In terms of objectives, what can we propose for consideration? I thought what I’d do would be to establish several objectives tonight:I thought I would stick to a few critical objectives, namely So . . . what can we hope to achieve this evening, during the next 30 or so minutes? I should like to propose the following: So, what’s the game plan for tonight’s session? I’ve centered the presentation around three major issues: (34)

RECOMMENDATIONS

He’s a real workhorseHe works like a Trojan. C’est un boeuf pour le travailHe is to be highly recommended.

CROOKS & LIARS He went to great lengths to have the scandal hushed up Il s’est beaucoup employée pour obtenir . . .

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She was chosen for this job because she’s a real go–getter

He’s as lazy as the day is long Il est paresseux comme une couleuvre

That one’s a real busybody . . . don’t tell her anything you don’t want the whole world to knowHis boss accused him of lying down on the job

Yup, it’s true; they double–crossed us, and him, him they sold him down the river.He wondered whether their offer was on the up and up. He’s been playing fast and loose with company funds.You have to learn to put up with a boss like that.Kickbacks are the rule in this business, I’m afraid.Reluctantly she stepped down from her position as managing director.

MORE SAMPLE SENTENCES

(BLS, Unit 10) High oil prices have been a boon to producer countries, if not to the net importing ones.

The personnel now is in flux; the complete team’s not been fully decided upon, and there have been threats and rumours about people leaving.

To be able to play office politics in that company requires some nimble footwork.

He’s got a very nimble mind — full of ideas and responses to anything you propose.

The smart money’s on the company’s finding a turnaround specialist to bring it back from the brink.

After 60 hours on the job, hardly leaving the office, my brain is fried.

MAY A bailout may have to be arranged to save that company from going under; at least, that’s the thinking of virtually everyone I’ve spoken to.

He has a reputation as a very efficient manager of people, and an excellent manager of his time — organised, prepared, and full of good ideas.

There have been extensive layoffs at that company, and more are expected in the coming months.

The tactic of outsourcing of monetary policy is known as dollarization, or euro-ization.

Ecuador and El Salvador, in 2000 and 2001, respectively, abandoned their own currencies, adopted the dollar, and placed their monetary policy in the hands of the Federal Reserve.

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(22)

EFIp 182

I was going over some cases from the late 80’s in the law library. Do you remember the AvCom–Burlington Industries merger? How could I forget? That turned out to have been some deal, didn’t it? You’re telling me. Whatever became of old Henry Farthington, anyway? The last I heard, he had retired and was taking on occasional consulting jobsSince the merger, we haven’t crossed paths again. Our paths haven’t crossed since the negotiations ended.

She was dead set against going on the trip with us. He took exception to my arguments. His work systematically demolishes all the established theoriesI hear they’re poaching traders from that firm that’s involved in all the litigation. The new taxes provoked a chorus of protestsHe wanted to pull the rug out from under usMy optimism is that the governments have authorized the digital transfer of the documentsThat would not have happened if they didn’t intend to ratify.

Although marred by an unnecessarily unflattering cover portrait, Time magazine voted Vladimir Putin its 2007 Man of the Year, thereby acknowledging Russia’s global influence and importance. Russia’s new class of business tycoons, helped immeasurably by his policies, must be celebrating. Who can forget the Russian financial crisis of 1998? The question is, will Russia once again become a superpower? In the Russian financial crisis of 1998, SBS–Agro, the second–biggest bank in the country, crashed.

The worth of a piece of industrial equipment is determined by what it can earn, and its value is less than the value of a tool that can earn more.

“The system,” as people call it, is, among other things, an arrangement, a scheme, whereby taxpayers pay bureaucrats to study and then write about things and situations that are already clear to everyone else ― like global warming, like traffic congestion, like overcrowded cities.

Any competent division superintendent can point out such opportunities to his or her bosses, but division superintendents seldom have management’s ear and they don’t write the glossy reports.

We as a company are not waiting for miracles, but, all the same, I have to ask: Is this a

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fair fight?

Be careful and watch what you say around that manager ― I hear he’s something of a head case.(23)

Elle eût été parfaite She/It would have been perfectLe temps nous atoujours manqué There’s never been time

Il ne faut jamais que tu confondes tes sentiments et tes devoirs. You must never confuse your feelings with your duties.

He would never hurt me. Jamais il ne ferait du mal. De quoi aurais–je honte ? What have I to be ashamed of ? J’en ferais autant. I would do the same. Tu te sens d’y aller? Do you feel up to it ? Ne vous aviser point, monsieur, de présumer les secrets de mon cœur. Do not presume to know the secrets of my heart. Pourquoi n’as–tu rien vu venir? Why didn’t you see this coming ? (a crisis, disaster, etc.)On aurait aussi bien pu la lui donner! We might as well have just given it to him! Tu n’aurais pad dû! You shouldn’t have! (when given a gift, etc.)Qui en aurait envie? Who would ever want to?

You’ll never get within a hundred feet of him. Jamais tu l’approcheras. What’ll it be, folks? (Bartender or waiter/waitress) Whe will you get the results back? When will the results be in? (tests)Will we ever see each other again after tonight, Darling? So, I’ll see you all tomorrow, as usual. What’ll you do if it rains all week? I wonder if it’ll rain again before October. I bet it’s going to rain this month. What will it take to get you to come work for us? What will it be worth in ten years, I wonder. When will the tramway be finished?

When are you going to come on time? When are you coming around for a visit? Will you have time to look at this today? What will the price of gold be a year from now? Will there be a sequel to this movie?

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The MLL 2000. You’re not finished studying English until you know, and can use, these 2000 important verbs:

A

abandon

abateabbreviate abductabhorable to abolish abortabridgeabsorb abstainabuse accelerate accentaccept access accommodate accompanyaccomplishaccount foraccumulateaccuseaccustomacheachieveacknowledgeacquaintacquireacquitactactivate actuateadapt addaddictaddressadhere

adjournadjustadministeradmireadmitadmonishadoptadoreappropriateadvanceadvertiseadvise advocateaffect affirmaffordaggravateageagitateagonizeagreeaidaimairalarmalertalignalleviateallocateallotallyallowalternateamazeambushamendamountamplifyamuse

anaesthetizeanalyzeanchorangleannexannihilateannotateannoy announceannulanswerantagonizeanticipateapologizeappallappealappear appeaseappendapplaudapplyappointapportionappraiseappreciateapprehendapproachapprovearbitratearguearisearmarousearrangearrestarrivearticulateascendascertain

ascribeaskaspireassailassassinateassaultassembleassertassessassignassimilateassistassureassumeassociateastonishastoundatrophyattachattackattainattemptattendattractattributeauctionauditauditionaugmentavengeaverageavertavoidawake awardawaitawe

B

babble back badger bag

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balkbanbangbarbargainbarterbasebashbatbathebatterbeatbecomebefriendbegbehavebelievebelongbendbenefit

betbetraybidbindbisectbiteblameblastbleedblendblessblinkblockbloomblossomblotblowbluffblunderblur

boardboastbog downboilbombboomboostboreborderborrowbotchbotherbouncebowbragbranchbrandbreakbreathebreed

bribebriefbringbrokerbroodbruisebrushbudgetbugbuildbulgebumpbundlebungleburstburybuttonbuzz

C calculatecalmcampaigncancancelcanvasscapcapitulatecarecarrycarvecashcastcataloguecatchcatercautionceasecelebratecementcensurecertifychallengechangechargechartchase

chatcheatcheckchewchoosechopcite claimclampclapclearclinchclingclipclotheclustercoaxcoercecoherecoincidecollaboratecollapsecollectcollidecolludecombinecommand

commencecommendcommentcommissioncommitcommunicatecommutecomparecompensatecompetecompilecomplaincomplementcomplicatecomplimentcomplycomposecomprehendcompresscomprisecompromisecomputeconcealconcedeconceiveconcentrateconcern

concludeconcurcondemncondenseconductconferconfessconfideconfineconfirmconformconfrontconfusecongestcongratulateconnectconquerconserveconsiderconsistconsolidateconspireconstituteconstrictconstructconsultconsume

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contactcontaincontaminatecontendcontestcontinuecontractcontradictcontrastcontributecontrolconveneconverge

converseconvertconveyconvictconvincecooperatecoordinatecopecorrelatecorrespondcorrodecorruptcost

counselcountcourtcovercrackcramcrampcrashcratercrawlcreatecreditcripple

criticizecrosscrushcultivatecurbcurecurlcursecushioncurtailcutcycle

D

dabbledamagedangledaredashdatedazedazzledealdebasedebatedebitdecaydeceasedeceivedescenddecidedeclaredeclinedecreasededicatedeductdefaultdefeatdeferdefinedeflatedeflectdeformdefrauddefraydefydegradedelay

delegatedeletedeliberatedelightdeliverdeludedemanddemolishdemonstrate demotedenouncedentdenydepartdependdeploredeposedepositdepreciatedepressdeprivederail derivedescenddescribedesertdeservedesigndesignatedesiredespairdestroydetachdetail

detain detectdeterioratedeterminedetestdevaluedevelopdeviatedevisedevotedevourdiagnosedictatedifferdigdigestdigressdilutediminishdipdirectdisabledisagreedisappeardisappointdisapprovediscarddisarm disband dischargedisclosedisconnectdiscontinuediscourage

discoverdiscredit discriminatediscussdisgracedisguisedisintegratedislikedislocate dislodge dismissdisobeydispensedispersedisplacedisplaydispleasedisposedisputedisqualifydisregarddisruptdissentdissolvedistinguishdistributedistort distract disturb distrust dive diverge divide divorce

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document donate double doubt

draft drag drain draw

dream dredge drift drill

drown dump duplicate dwell

E

earn ease ebb echo edge educate elaborate elate elect elevate eliminate elude embargo embark embarrass embellish embezzle embitter embrace emerge emigrateemit emphasize

employ emulate enable enact enclose encounter encourage endorse endow endure enforce engage enjoy enlarge enlighten enlist enter entertain entitle entrust envy equal equate

equip erase erect erode err escalate escape escort establish estimate evacuate evaluate evaporate exaggerate exceed excel exchange excite exclude execute exempt exercise exert

exhale exhaust exhibit exile exist exonerate expand expect expel expend experiment expire explain explode exploit explore export expose extend extinguish extort extract eye

F

face factor fade fail faint fake fall fascinate fashion fasten fault favor fear feature

feel fight figure file fill finance find fine finish fire fit fix flatter flee

fling flipfloat flood flourishflow fluctuatefold follow fool forbid force forfeit forgive

form foster found fracture frame freeze frown frustrate fry fulfill function furnish

G

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gain gamble gather gauge generate generalize get give glance glare

glide gloat glow glue go gossip gouge govern grab grade

graduate grant grasp grease greet grimacegrin grind grip groan

groom ground group grow grumbleguarantee guard guess guide

H

hack hail hallucinate halt halve hammer hamper hand over handle hang happen harangue harbor harm harness harass harvest

hash out hassle hatch hate haul haunt have head heal heap hear heat heave hedge heed help herd

hesitate hewhibernatehiccup hide hijack hike hinge hinder hint hire hiss hit hitch hoard hobnob hog hoist

hold honor hook hop hope horrify house howl hug hum humiliate hunt hurry hurt hypnotize

I

identify ignite ignore illuminate illustrate imagine imitate immerseimmigrate immobilize impair impede impersonate implant implement implicate

import impose impress imprison improve improvise inaugurate incapacitate incline include incorporate increase incur indent index indicate

indict induce indulge infect infer inflameinflate inflictinfluence inform infuriate ingratiate inhabit inhale inherit inhibit

initiate inject injure inquire inscribe insert insinuateinsist inspect inspire install institute instruct insulate insult insure

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intend interact intercept interchange interest integrateinterfere interpret

interrogate interrupt intersect intervene interview intimidate intoxicate intrigue

introduce intrude invade invent invert invest investigate invite

invokeinvolve irritate isolate issue itch itemize

J K L

jail jar jeer jerk

jingle jog join joke

jolt judge juggle jumble

jump justify

keep key kidnap

kill kindle knead

kneel knife knit

knock knot know

label labor lack lag land lapse lash last laugh launder lay

lead leak leap learn lease leave lecture legalize legislate lend let

level liberate lick lie lift light like limit limp line linger

link list listen litigate litter load lobby lodge lock log

M

magnify mail maintain make malfunction manage manipulatemaneuver manufacture map out march mark market massage master match

matter mature maximize mean measure meddlemediatemeditate meet melt menace mend mention merge mesh migrate

mingle mind mine misapply misappropriate misbehave miscalculate misdirect mishandle misinform misinterpret misjudge mislay mislead mismanage misplace

mispronounce misquote misread misrepresent miss mistake misunderstand misuse mix moan mock model modernize moderate modify mold

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monitor monopolize mop mope

mortgage mount mourn move

muddle muffle mumble murder

mutate mutilate

N

nabnag nail name narrate narrow navigate

near necessitate need negateneglect negotiate net

nibble nip nix nod nominate normalize note

notice notify nourish nudge nurse

O

obey object oblige obliterate obscure obsess observe obstruct obtain obviate occupy occur

offend offer oil omit open operate oppose oppress option orbit orchestrate order

orient originate oscillate ostracize oust overchargeovercomeovercookoverdevelopoverdooverestimate overhang

overhaul overheat overload overpay overrule overstay overtake overwhelm overworkowe own

P–Q

pace pack pad pair panic parallel pardon participate part withpasspat patch pattern pause pay peel peep peer

penetrate perceive perfect perform perish perjure permit persecute persevere persist persuade peruse petition phase phone pick pierce pile

pin pinch pit pitch pity place plan plant play plead please plot plow pluck plug pocket point poison

poke polish pollute pool populate pose possess pour practice praise pray precede predict prepare prefer preoccupy prescribe present

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preserve presume prevent print proceed procure produce profit progress

project prolong promote pronounce propose prosper protect protest prove

provide publish pull pump punch punish purchase pursue push

put quadruplequalifyquarrelquestionquitquizquote

R

race raid rain raise rally range rank ransom ratify rave raze reach react read ready realize rearrange reason rebel rebound recover recruit rectify recuperate recur recycle redeem redirect redoredouble reduce refer refine

reflect reform refresh refund refuse regard register regret rehearse reign reject rejoin relate relax relay release relent remain remake remark remember remind remit remove render renew renovate rent reopen repair repay repeal repeat

repel replace reply report represent reproduce request require rescue research resemble resent reserve reside resign resist resort respect respond rest restore restrain restrict result resume retain retire retrace retract retrieve reveal reverse revert

review revise revive revoke revolt revolve reward rhyme rid ridicule rig rinse rip rise risk rival roar roast rob roll rotate round off round out rub ruin rule run rupture rush

S

sacrifice salute

sample sanction

sandwich satisfy

save scald

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78

scale backscale downscan scare scatter scavengeschedule schemeschool scoff scold scoopscore scourscoutscowlscrap scrape scratch scrawlscream screen screw scribble scrub scrutinize scufflescuttle seal search secure seduce seek seem seize select send sense separate serve set settle sever shadeshake shameshape share shave sharpen

shatter shelter shelve shield shift shine ship shiver shock shoot shop should shoulder shout shove show shower shred shrink shrug shudder shun shut shuttle side with sift sigh sign signal signify silence simmer simulate sin sing single outsink sip sit situate skate sketch ski skid skim skimp skip skirt slam slander

slap slash slaughter slay sleep slice slide slight slip slot slump smack smash smear smell smoke smooth over smother smudge smuggle snag snap snare snarl snatch sneak sneer sneeze sniff snipe snoop snooze snort snub soak soar soften solicit solidify solve soothe sort space span spank spare spark sparkle spawn speak

specify speculate speed spend spill spin spit spite splice split spoil sponsor sport spot spout sprain sprawl sprayspread spring sprinkle sprint sprout spur spurn spy on squander squeak squeeze squirm squirt stab stack staff stage stain stake stall stamp stampede stand standardize star stare start startle starve state stay steady

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79

steal steer stem step stick stifle stimulate sting stink stipulate stitch stir stock stomach stoop stop store straddle strain strangle stray

strengthen stress stretch stride strike string strip strive stroke structure struggle study stuff stumble stun stutter subcontract subdivide subdue subordinate subscribe

subside subsist on substitute subtract succeed suck suffer suffice suffocate suggest summon sum up supervise supplement supply support suppress surge surmise surmount surprise

surrender surround survey survive suspect suspend sustain swallow swap sway swear sweat sweep sweeten swerve swim swindle swing switch swivel sympathize

T

tackle tailor taint take talk tame tamper tangle tap tape taper target taste tax teach team up tear tease tell tempt tend terrify test testify

thank thaw thicken thin think thread threaten thrive throb throw thrust tick tickle tie tighten tilt time tip tire toast toil tolerate topple torment torture

toss total touch tour tow trace track trade traffic trail train tranquilize transact transcend transcribe transfer transform translate transmit transpire transplant transport transpose tread treat

treasure tremble trespass trick trigger trim trip triple triumph trot trouble trust try tug tumble tune turn tutor twirl twist type typecast typify

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80

U

unbutton uncover undercharge undercut underestimate undergo underline undermine underrate underscore

understand understate undertake undervalue underwrite undo undress unearth unfasten unfold

unhookunify unite unleash unload unlock unnerve unpack unravel unroll

unsettle untie unwind unwrapup urge use usher utter

V–W–X–Y–Z

vacate vacillatevalue vanish vary vault veer veil ventilate venture verbalize verify vetovibrate victimize vieview vindicate

violate visit visualize voice void volunteer vote vouch for vow wade wager waffle wait waivewake walk wander want

warn warrant wash waste watch water wave waver weaken wear weather weave wed wedge weep weigh weld welcome

welsh out on wield whack whet wheedle whimperwhine whip whisper whistle whittlewiden will win wind wink wipe wire

wish withdraw wither withhold worry worsen worship would wrangle wrap wreck wrenchwrestle

wring wrinklewrite writhex-ray yank yawn yell yield zigzag zip zoom

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81

66

66