field survey and analysis of nationwide awareness on climate change in turkey
DESCRIPTION
FIELD SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF NATIONWIDE AWARENESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN TURKEYTRANSCRIPT
ENABLING ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPERATION OF TURKEY’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
FIELD SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF NATIONWIDE AWARENESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN TURKEY
February 2012 | Ankara
Index
2
Index Slide No
General Frame ………………………… 5-6
Research Frame ……………………….. 7-9
Demographic Structure of the Research ………………………… 10-12
Climate Change ………………………… 13-24
Adaptation & Mitigation ………………………… 25-36
Willingness to pay ………………………… 37-45
Result ………………………… 46-49
General Frame Purpose and Scope
4
General Frame Purpose and Scope
• With this research;
• Level of awareness of public on climate change,
• Mitigation and adaptation activities carried out by public,
• The willingness to pay to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have
been examined.
• The research has provided findings that will shape the action plans of
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning on climate change.
Research Frame Method and Sampling
• At the beginning of the study, a brainstorming meeting was realized. During the brainstorming meeting, a matrix was designed according to possible hypotheses and assumptions related to the purpose of the research. The questionnaire was formed based on this matrix. After the pilot study, the questionnaire was finalized.
Research Frame Questionnaire Preparation
Climate Change Adaptation Mitigation Willingness to Pay
Perception
What is climate change? Description. Would it create new
jobs? Should lessons about it be given in the schools?
Whether the struggle against climate change will create new
professions and employment? Its positive and negative
impacts on poverty and economic growth? And why?
Awareness/
Knowledge
Level
Is it seen as a problem? How serious is this problem? Where
does this problem stand compared to other issues? What are
its most important causes? What are its most important
consequences?
(Spontaneous and assisted
recall) Which ones are ways to
struggle?
(Spontaneous and assisted recall)
Which ones are ways to struggle?
Source What are the sources of information? How much do you trust
in those sources?
Approach Climate fund (the ones who are negatively affected by the
climate change)
Most effective ways. How
effective are the indicated
ways?
Most effective ways
(Hydroelectric plants, Renewable
Energy, Nuclear Plant). How
effective are the indicated ways?
Labelling of products – Interest
and Follow Up
Considering that each product you buy
emits greenhouse gasses, would you
voluntarily pay a nominal amount of
money to reduce these impacts? How
much would you pay for a shopping of
100 TL? Would you pay more for
climate-friendly products? If not, why? Action What kind of vital changes? Which ones are appropriate?
Being open to education (the question of h2)
What are the actions you carry
on?
What are the actions you carry
on? Labeling of products.
(Preference)
Roles
Individual / Social
Among the given options, selected attributed
duties/responsibilities for each institution structure
Public
Private sector
NGO
Research Frame Method and Sampling
• The target audience is composed of individuals between the ages of 15-69 and live within the
boundaries of Turkey.
• The universe of the research is Turkey.
• The sampling element is households.
• The survey unit is randomly selected individuals (according to the Kish selection table) living in
households which are in accordance with the interview.
• Sampling is selected in the settlements which include NUTS 1 Regions and 26 Water Basins.
• Considering the negative situations such as insufficiency of households in the determined
street/main street/village, inexistence of determined street/main street/village, refusal etc., in
total 3.600 interviews were selected from the address list as 2.340 interviews in urban and 1.260
interviews in rural areas.
• 3.166 interviews were conducted as 2.036 interviews in urban areas, 1.130 in rural areas.
7
Demographic Structure of the Research
9
24,6
9,2
9,0
6,7
6,1
5,7
5,1
4,8
4,8
4,2
3,7
3,3
3,1
2,8
2,6
2,6
1,7
Istanbul
Ankara
Izmir
Konya
Antalya
Bursa
Samsun
Adana
Balıkesir
Aydın
Gaziantep
Erzurum
Kütahya
Sivas
Bitlis
Isparta
Artvin
Urban-Rural Breakdown of Interviews
Provinces of Realized Interviews
Base : 3166
Demographic Structure of the Research
20,1 8,1 7,3
6,1 4,8 4,6 4,6 4,5 4,0 4,0 3,8 3,4 3,3 3,3 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 1,9 1,6 1,2 1,2 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8
MarmaraErgene
SakaryaKonya-Kapalı
KızılırmakKuzey Ege
SusurlukFırat
Küçük MenderesGediz
Büyük MenderesDoğu Akdeniz
AntalyaCeyhanSeyhan
YeşilırmakDoğu Karadeniz
ÇoruhBatı Akdeniz
AkarçayBatı Karadeniz
ArasDicle
BurdurVan-Kapalı
Asi
Basins of Realized Interviews
According to the general census of TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) in 2000; in Turkey 68% of households live in urban areas, 32% live in rural areas. Proportion of visited households in urban and rural areas has almost the same proportion of Turkey.
Urban;
64,3 Rural;
35,7
10
Age Distribution of Interviewees
Gender Distribution of Interviewees
Demographic Structure of the Research
According to the general census of TUIK(Turkish Statistical Institute) in 2010; the gender distribution in Turkey is even. The gender distribution of the research has almost the same proportion of Turkey’s gender distribution.
The average age of interviewees is 40.7. Since people over age 15 are included in the study, the average age of interviewees is higher than the average of TUIK.
Female
48,5
Male;
51,5
6,7
9,3
11,2
11,6
10,2
9,6
9,8
10,4
7,8
6,8
6,8
15-19 years
20-24 years
25-29 years
30-34 years
35-39 years
40-44 years
45-49 years
50-54 years
55-59 years
60-64 years
65-69 years
Base : 3166
Climate Change
• The climate change is mostly associated with the change in seasons. • There is a small segment which associates the climate change with global warming.
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
Description of Climate Change What is climate change?
Climate Change Perception
Values under 1.8% are not included in the chart.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
39,5
13,5
9,3
7,0
6,0
3,9
2,7
2,6
2,5
2,2
2,0
1,8
Change in seasons
Drought/Waterlessness
Disturbances on weather conditions
Air pollution
Global warming
Non-existence of winter season
Degradation of the natural balance
Decrease in rainfall
Depletion of ozone layer
Temperature increase
Environmental pollution
Non-existence of four seasons
Climate Change Perception
Opinions Related to Economic Aspects of Climate Change I will show you some expressions related to economic aspects of struggle against climate change. Would you please indicate the expression you strongly agree?
• It is seen that the perception of struggle against climate change is high among the public. • However, the economic growth should not be ignored, too.
43,2
21,0
20,0
3,0
The struggle against climatechange and the economy areboth important. However; the
struggle against climatechange should have the
priority.
Even it's a damage to theeconomy, the struggle againstclimate change should have
the priority.
The struggle against climatechange and the economy areboth important. However; the
economy should have thepriority.
Even it causes climate change,the improvement of economy
should have the priority.
34,7
29,2
25,4
28,0
28,9
24,9
20,2
9,1
11,9
39,5
43,1
46,4
43,1
39,7
42,5
38,1
24,3
20,1
8,8
6,7
10,2
9,9
11,1
11,6
14,2
12,5
13,8
1,1
3,5
1,4
1,9
3,2
3,6
6,6
21,1
21,4
0,4
1,0
0,3
0,3
0,2
1,1
0,5
14,2
14,6
15,5
16,4
16,2
16,9
16,9
16,3
20,3
18,8
18,2
Lessons about climate change should be given in primary andhigh schools.
Climate change can be prevented by taking precautions.
The people should definitely participate in struggle againstclimate change.
Climate change affects economic growth negatively.
Climate change creates poverty.
Struggle against climate change is a duty of the state.
Struggle against climate change creates new professions andemployment.
Effects of climate change are exaggerated.
Climate change cannot be prevented even though precautionsare taken.
Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree No idea
14
Level of Agreement on Expressions about Climate Change Please indicate your level of agreement by looking at the card and reply as “1 Strongly disagree, 5 Strongly agree” on each of the expressions about climate change
which I am going to read.
Climate Change Perception
Base : 3166
• It is observed that the wish that lessons about climate change should be given in primary and high schools is very high.
Mean Line %61,0
Total of Positive Values
Index
74,1
72,4
71,9
71,0
68,6
67,5
58,3
33,4
32,0
60,7
59,3
58,9
58,2
56,2
55,3
47,8
27,4
26,2
52,2
52,2
52,9
49,9
49,2
46,9
45,8
47,1
46,9
43,5
43,4
41,8
44,2
43,8
45,3
45,6
43,6
35,8
2,5
2,6
3,3
3,8
5,0
4,9
5,8
5,1
3,0
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,1
1,4
1,4
1,7
3,2
13,7
The spread of epidemicdiseases
Depletion of food andbeverage resources
Waterlessness/Drought
Wars between countries
Global warming
Rapid increase in worldpopulation
Global economic crisis
Proliferation of nuclearweapons
Climate change
Very importantImportantNeither important nor unimportantUnimportantNot important at allNo idea
52,6
52,4
51,8
51,5
51,5
51,3
51,3
50,3
49,7
49,0
47,9
46,8
44,2
51,9
51,9
51,4
51,0
50,4
50,0
49,6
49,2
44,8
Various Problems’ Importance Level for Turkey Now, I am going to read you some other problems. Would you please indicate how important
the problem of ………………… (READ THE EXPRESSIONS ONE BY ONE) is for Turkey; in other words, would you please indicate its importance level by looking at the card?
Various Problems’ Importance Level for the World
Now, I am going to read you some problems. Would you please indicate how important is the problem of ………………… (READ THE EXPRESSIONS ONE BY ONE) for the world; in other
words, would you please indicate its importance level by looking at the card?
The Climate Change
Awareness/Information Level
Those who do not have any idea is the most for climate change.
Mean Line %92,2 Total of Positive Values Index
51,1
55,3
57,3
49,8
46,6
46,6
50,7
47,3
41,9
43,6
41,7
40,4
45,0
44,9
40,3
37,3
44,2
47,4
47,1
43,0
44,4
48,8
45,9
45,8
45,1
35,7
2,5
2,9
2,9
4,3
4,1
4,3
4,5
5,6
6,6
7,6
9,3
10,2
4,9
1,0
1,0
1,8
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,0
1,9
1,7
1,3
1,2
2,2
13,8
Poverty
Unemployment
Terror
Waterlessness/Drought
Economic crisis
Inadequacy of education
Environmental pollution
Global warming
Corruption
High crime rate
Traffic
Political instability
Climate change
Very importantImportantNeither important nor unimportantUnimportantNot important at allNo idea
Mean Line %91,3
Total of Positive Values
Index
95,7
95,7
94,7
94,1
93,0
92,2
91,4
90,7
82,7
96,0
95,6
94,6
94,0
94,0
93,7
93,6
91,8
90,7
89,5
87,5
85,5
80,7
Base : 3166
1,6
1,0
1,5
4,4
10,9
10,1
9,3
6,1
16,1
13,3
14,8
16,5
41,3
34,3
34,6
38,9
30,1
41,3
39,9
34,2
About causes of climate change
About adaptation to climate change
About struggle against climate change
About effects of climate change on our lives
Very good Good Neither good nor poor Poor Very poor
16
Level of Knowledge about Climate Change Please indicate your level of knowledge as “1-Very poor, 5-Very good” about the issues I am going to read.
.
Climate Change Awareness/Information Level
• It is observed that the public has some idea about climate change, however the knowledge is insufficient.
Mean Line %11,2
Total of Positive Values
Index
12,5
11,1
10,7
10,5
55,8
49,6
47,8
46,9
Base : 3166
Climate Change Awareness/Information Level
Causes of Climate Change In your opinion, what are the causes of climate change?
14.2% of the interviewees do not have any idea about the causes of climate change.
Values under 1.6% are not included in the chart.
• It is observed that the public does not know the real causes of climate change. • Awareness related to real causes of climate change is low. • Air pollution, which is a result of climate change is seen as the most important cause.
Benchmark
England
22,7%
10,5%
8,7%
-
-
-
-
-
11,2%
-
-
-
16,2%
52,6
33,7
33,0
28,7
18,9
14,7
13,9
13,7
11,8
11,6
10,5
3,8
1,6
Air pollution
Deforestation
Increase in the number offactories and plants
Waste water mixing instreams, rivers and seas
Population growth
Increase in number ofautomobiles
Increase in fuel consumption
Increase in individualconsumption
Increase in greenhouse gases
Migrations
Unplanned urbanization /squattering
Increase in air travel
Depletion of ozone layer
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
18
Impacts of Climate Change on Various Natural Phenomena Now, I am going to read you some natural phenomena. Please indicate the impact level of climate change on these natural phenomena by looking at the card and
evaluating between 1 and 5 points?
Climate Change Awareness/Information Level
Base : 3166
• It is observed that the most important indicators of climate change are increase in temperatures and drought. • The least observed impact of climate change is the sea level rise.
33,7
39,4
35,6
33,1
35,2
31,1
45,3
39,3
39,2
41,5
39,3
40,9
4,7
5,1
7,8
7,9
6,8
9,3
1,0
0,9
0,7
0,8
2,7
1,1
0,4
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,7
0,5
14,8
14,7
16,3
16,4
15,3
17,1
Temperatures above seasonal averages
Increase in drought
Melting of glaciers
Water reduction in water basins
Increasing frequency of heavy rainfall
Sea level rise
Highly effective Effective Neither effective nor ineffective
Ineffective Highly ineffective I don't know
Mean Line %75,6
Total of Positive Values
Index
79,0
78,7
74,8
74,5
74,5
72,0
52,2
52,1
49,5
49,3
49,3
47,6
46,7
43,9
28,6
24,2
19,5
17,0
15,7
11,4
8,0
7,6
5,7
5,7
4,4
3,9
3,5
3,4
0,5
TV programs
TV news
Family members
Acquaintances like friends, neighbours
Newspaper reports
Universities and scientists
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning
Teachers
Chaplains
Advertisements
Internet news and webpages
Radio news
Statements made by political authorities
Non-governmental organizations or associations
Village headmen
United Nations
Magazines
19
Climate Change
Source
Sources of Information Related to Climate and Environmental Issues Now, I am going to show you the sources of information related to climate and environmental issues on a card. Please indicate the first 3 effective sources of information from
which you get information about climate change?
Base : 3166
13.2% of those who were interviewed, have no knowledge about sources of information related to climate and environmental issues.
The source which information is mostly taken from is television.
Level of Trust in Sources of Information About Climate and Environmental Issues
Please indicate your level of trust in information source of ………………………. about climate and environmental issues by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points ?
Climate Change Source
52,9
48,6
37,6
51,3
44,4
50,1
42,3
39,0
30,7
42,3
20,4
22,2
33,6
35,5
26,2
26,0
25,7
47,1
46,8
55,8
41,4
47,5
40,1
46,8
48,0
54,0
41,9
63,5
61,1
48,6
46,4
55,5
54,1
46,1
4,6
6,0
6,6
7,2
9,3
9,9
12,2
13,8
15,4
11,6
14,4
13,8
13,0
16,8
17,6
20,3
0,3
0,6
0,8
0,6
0,9
0,8
1,3
0,4
3,9
2,2
3,3
4,3
1,4
2,0
7,1
0,3
0,2
0,6
0,7
0,7
0,2
0,4
0,8
Magazines
United Nations
Family members
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning
Teachers
Universities and scientists
Village headmen
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning
Newspaper reports
Chaplains
Internet news and webpages
Radio news
Immediate surroundings
Statements made by political authorities
TV news
TV programs
Advertisements
Very high Somewhat high Neither high nor low Somewhat low Very low
Total of Positive Values Base
Mean Line %86,7
*Not statistically significant
Index
100,0
95,4
93,4
92,8
91,9
90,2
89,2
87,0
84,8
84,2
84,0
83,3
82,3
81,9
81,7
80,1
71,8
17*
109
907
497
360
539
111
123
618
253
181
180
767
138
1391
1480
241
57,7
55,0
53,9
53,5
53,0
52,0
51,4
50,2
48,9
48,6
48,4
48,0
47,5
47,2
47,1
46,2
41,4
Base : 3166
21
Level of Climate Change Impact on the World and Turkey
Now, I am going to read you some expressions about the level of climate change impact on the world and Turkey. Please indicate the expression you strongly agree.
Climate Change
Approach
Base : 3166
%26,8 of those who were interviewed, have no knowledge about the impacts of climate change.
Level of Concern about Climate Change Problem
Please indicate your level of concern about climate change problem in Turkey by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points.
15,2
50,8
12,8
6,9
1,5
Very concerned
Quite concerned
Neither concerned
nor unconcerned
Quite unconcerned
Very unconcerned
29,2
24,6
19,4
Climate change
impacts in Turkey
are less than other
countries
Climate change
impacts in Turkey
are the same with
other countries
Climate change
impacts in Turkey
are more than other
countries
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
22
Level of Perceived Seriousness of Climate Change Now, I am going to read you some expressions about the level of seriousness of climate change. Please indicate the one you strongly agree.
Climate Change
Action
• The rate of people who think that immediate action against climate change must be taken is 68.9% • %12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
34,6
34,3
16,7
1,5
Climate change is a serious
problem and immediate
action must be taken.
There is enough evidence to
prove climate change and to
take some precautions
would be beneficial.
We do not know enough
about climate change and
more research should be
done at first
I think that climate change
isn't happening at all.
Benchmark
İngiltere Amerika
41,0% 17,0%
33,0% 36,0%
18,0% 24,0%
4,0% 7,0%
Adaptation & Mitigation
30,4
30,8
30,2
30,0
28,0
26,9
30,4
25,9
26,6
24,9
26,7
27,1
24,1
43,5
41,6
41,9
41,9
42,1
43,0
39,1
43,1
42,1
43,2
41,3
40,9
42,6
9,5
9,5
10,2
10,7
12,1
11,0
11,3
12,3
12,6
13,9
12,2
12,4
12,1
1,6
2,1
1,4
1,6
1,7
2,5
2,5
1,8
1,6
2,0
2,3
3,2
3,8
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,0
0,3
0,1
14,7
15,8
16,2
15,5
16,1
16,5
16,5
16,7
17,0
15,8
17,4
16,2
17,3
To unplug electronic appliances when not in use
To use public transport more
To use energy saving light bulbs
To reduce waste
To buy low energy white goods
To make thermal insulation
To sort waste according to their types
To buy products labeled as environment friendly
Not to raise home's temperature too much
To consume fruits and vegetables in their season
To install double glazed windows
To prefer to walk or bicycle for short distances
To use fuel efficient cars
Highly effective Effective Neither effective nor ineffective Ineffective Ineffective at all No idea
Effectiveness Level of Various Practices to Struggle against Climate Change Would you please indicate how effective you find the practices, which I am going to read you, regarding the struggle against climate change?
Adaptation & Mitigation
Awareness/Knowledge
Base : 3166
Total of Positive Values
Mean Line %69,9
73,9
72,4
72,1
71,9
70,1
69,9
69,4
69,0
68,6
68,1
68,1
68,0
66,7
Energy saving are considered to be the most efficient practices. On the other hand, practices related to transportation are below the average, except the practice of “To use public transport more”.
Index
52,9
51,8
51,6
51,4
50,1
50,0
49,6
49,4
49,1
48,7
48,7
48,6
47,7
25
8,8
23,2
24,4
18,2
12,6
I always pay attention
I mostly pay attention
I sometimes pay
attention
I rarely pay attention
I never pay attention
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
Level of Attention Paid to Environment-Friendly Labels While Buying Products Would you please indicate by looking at the card, whether you would pay attention, when there is a label emphasizing that the product you are about to
buy is produced through less harmful and environment-friendly methods?
Adaptation & Mitigation
Approach
Base : 3166
• Although 66.0% is very concerned about the climate change, only 32.0% pays attention to environment-friendly labels while buying products. • That is to say, although the interest in climate change is high, the level of realized actions is low.
17,4
8,7
7,5
5,7
5,4
4,8
3,7
2,7
2,0
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,2
1,1
I make energy savings
I make water savings
I keep my environment clean
I use energy saving lightbulbs
I sort waste
I use public transport / I driveless
I do afforestation
I have thermal insulation
I use natural gas
I do not use any aerosolproducts
I use recycled products
I protect the nature
I buy environmental-friendlyproducts
I use high quality coal
69,1
65,9
64,4
60,8
60,7
59,2
58,7
57,0
52,9
52,4
52,2
52,2
44,2
18,0
21,2
22,8
26,3
26,5
27,9
28,5
30,1
34,2
34,7
34,9
35,0
43,0
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
12,9
To unplug electronic appliances when not in use
To use energy saving light bulbs
To consume fruits and vegetables in their season
To buy low energy white goods
To prefer to walk or bicycle for short distances
To reduce waste
To use public transport more
Not to raise home's temperature too much
To sort waste according to their types
To install double glazed windows
To make thermal insulation
To buy products labeled as environment friendly
To use fuel efficient cars
I do I don't do No idea
26
• %38,2 do not do any practice,
• %12,9 has no idea about climate change.
Individual Practices to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change (Spontaneous Recall)
Would you please indicate the individual practices you make in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change with or without a purpose of financial gain or savings?
Adaptation & Mitigation
Action
Base : 3166
Individual Practices to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change (Assisted Recall)
Now, I am going to read you some practices. Would you please indicate the individual practices you make in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change with or without a
purpose of financial gain or savings?
Mean Line %57,7
27
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
Future Attitudes Towards Climate Change Now, I am going to show you some expressions about attitudes which might be adopted in the future against climate change. Please indicate the expression
you strongly agree by looking at the card?
Adaptation & Mitigation Action
• It is observed that the public accepts the climate change problem, and will tend to change their way of living in the future.
Base Turkey England United States
3166 1056 1200
Benchmark
England United States
27,0% 32,0%
26,0% 21,0%
13,0% 17,0%
21,0% 24,0%
3,0% 7,0%
34,1
22,9
16,6
11,3
2,2
We will have to changeour way of living, in orderto mitigate the impacts of
climate change.
New technologies willemerge, in order to
mitigate the impacts of
climate change.
We will learn to live in awarmer climate.
Although climate changeis a major problem, I
believe that people will
take no action about thisissue.
Since climate change isnot a major problem, Ibelieve that people will
take no action about thisissue.
75,1
7,9
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Television
Schools
Newspaper
Radio
Internet
Magazines
Seminars / Meetings
Mosques
Ministry
Village headman's
office
28
Most Effective Channel for a Future Awareness Campaign of Government Which channel would be the most effective one, when the government conducts an awareness campaign about climate and environmental issues?
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles
Base : 3166
• It is observed that the television is considered to be the most effective channel of communication for climate and environmental issues. • To indicate names of trusted institutions in a campaign on television would increase the effectiveness of the campaign.
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
17,2
4,6
3,9
3,6
2,3
2,1
1,4
1,1
1,0
0,8
0,8
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
To raise the public awareness
To plant a tree
To teach at schools
To increase controls
To apply penal sanctions
To bring laws into action
To protect forests
To filter wastes
To make announcements through…
To provide energy savings
To care environmental cleanliness
To come up with projects
To make notifications on TV
To encourage agricultural irrigation
To protect nature
To provide financial support
14,4
10,1
9,4
5,0
3,0
2,0
1,8
1,8
1,6
1,6
1,5
1,2
1,1
1,0
1,0
1,0
Not to pollute the environment
To make energy and water savings
To create awareness
To plant a tree
To sort wastes
To protect forests
I use environmentally harmless products
To pay attention to air pollution
To use recyclable products
To take care of the nature
To use public transport
To obey the rules
To teach at schools
To restrict the use of products such as…
To use natural gas instead of coal
Not to cut down trees
29
Most Important Duties of Public in order to Struggle against Climate Change
What are the most important duties of public in order to struggle against climate change?
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles
Base : 3166
• 39.6% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 3.6% indicated that the public does not have any duty about this subject.
Most Important Duties of Public / Governmental Organizations in order to Struggle against Climate
Change What are the most important duties of public/governmental organizations in order to struggle
against climate change?
• 47.6% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject;
• 2.4% indicated that the public / governmental organizations do not have any duty about this subject.
Values under 0.9% are not included in the chart.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
Values under 0.7% are not included in the chart.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
9,9
1,5
1,2
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,2
To visit households to raise publicawareness
To organize seminars
To organize trainings
To advertise / To makeannouncements
To organize meetings
To organize more events to lead thepublic
To increase activities
To conduct campaigns
To plant a tree
To protest
To distribute brochures
Not to pollute the environment
To act together with government andpublic
5,4
1,9
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,1
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,8
0,8
To filter waste
Not to pollute the environment
To advertise / To make announcements
To be conscious
To work without harming theenvironment
The chemicals should be controlled
Not to throw factory waste to the nature
To produce products harmless to thenature
To provide financial support
To obey laws
To use qualified personnel
30
Most Important Duties of Private Sector Establishments in order to Struggle against
Climate Change What are the most important duties of private sector establishments in order to
struggle against climate change?
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles
Base : 3166
Most Important Duties of Non-Governmental Organizations in order to Struggle against Climate
Change What are the most important duties of non-governmental organizations in order to struggle against
climate change?
• 78.3% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; and
• 4.4% indicated that the non-governmental organizations do not have any duty about this subject.
• 70,9% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 4,0% indicated that the public does not have any duty about this subject.
Values under 0.8% are not included in the chart.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
Values under 0.2% are not included in the chart.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
31
The Most Effective Institution In Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts
Which institution is the most effective one in mitigation of climate change impacts?
Awareness of Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate
Change Do you know any practice carried on by the government to struggle against climate
change?
Base : 3166
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles
• Ministries are considered to be the most effective institution in mitigation of climate change impacts. • Practices carried on by the government to struggle against climate change are not known by the majority of public.
28,3
26,8
19,1
3,3
2,0
1,8
1,6
0,9
0,8
Prime ministry
Ministry of Environment and
Urban Planning
Municipalities
United Nations
Non-GovernmentalOrganizations
Media
Developed countries
Scientists and universities
Other
Yes, I
know; 10,8 No, I don’t
know; 89,2
7,7
3,7
2,4
2,2
2,2
2,1
1,9
1,8
1,6
1,5
1,3
1,2
1,0
To recycle waste and garbages
To use less water at agricultural production by improving agricultural irrigation systems
To encourage buildings for practices providing energy efficiency like thermal insulation
To promote energy sources like solar and wind energy
To encourage practices of organic farming
To promote recyclable energy sources
To promote public transport
To promote hydroelectric energy sources
To promote nuclear energy
To make afforestation
To arrange workshops and campaigns to increase consumer knowledge
To encourage investments which will create less environmental pollution
To promote bicycling
32
Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change You have indicated that you know some practices made by government to struggle against climate change. Would you please indicate these
practices?
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles
Base : 3166
89.2% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know any practice to struggle against climate change.
Values under 1.0% are not included in the chart.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
35,0
31,2
29,7
30,1
29,7
27,0
28,2
31,2
30,4
26,6
25,0
22,9
42,5
42,8
40,7
39,7
39,4
41,9
40,2
36,7
35,9
38,4
34,7
31,9
4,4
7,6
10,5
10,3
10,6
10,4
10,8
10,4
9,7
11,6
11,4
11,6
0,5
1,1
1,6
1,1
1,3
2,4
2,1
1,5
3,3
1,4
2,8
5,1
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,3
0,1
0,3
0,4
0,6
2,1
0,4
2,7
5,2
17,3
17,2
17,4
18,5
18,9
18,0
18,3
19,5
18,6
21,6
23,4
23,4
To recycle waste and garbages
To arrange workshops and campaigns to increase consumerknowledge and change their habits
Government should encourage investments which will create lessenvironmental pollution
To use less water at agricultural production by improvingagricultural irrigation systems
To encourage practices of organic farming
To promote public transport
To encourage buildings for practices providing energy efficiency likethermal insulation
To promote energy sources like solar and wind energy
To promote bicycling
To promote recyclable energy sources
To promote hydroelectric energy sources
To promote nuclear energy
Highly effective Effective Neither effective nor ineffective Ineffective Ineffective at all No idea
33
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles
Base : 3166
Level of Effectiveness of Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change Now, I am going to read you some practices which might be realized by government. Please indicate how effective you find these practices regarding mitigation of climate change
impacts by looking at the card?
Mean Line %67,7
77,6
74,0
70,4
69,8
69,0
68,9
68,4
68,0
66,4
65,0
59,7
54,8
57,3
54,7
52,0
51,6
51,0
50,9
50,5
50,2
49,0
48,0
44,1
40,5
Total of Positive Values Index
40,4
37,2
37,8
33,8
33,8
33,8
32,3
30,5
39,5
41,2
39,6
42,4
40,3
38,6
35,3
36,5
4,1
4,9
5,5
6,0
8,7
8,0
9,4
10,5
0,3
0,6
0,5
0,8
0,4
1,1
2,0
2,2
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,4
0,6
0,6
15,7
16,0
16,4
16,8
16,7
18,2
20,3
19,6
To protect clear water resources
To struggle against flood and overflow
To make agricultural production according to
changing climate conditions
To raise awareness about health impacts of
extreme hot and cold weather
To protect species of plants&animals, and their
habitat
To struggle against contagious diseases
Natural disaster insurance
Agricultural insurance
Highly effective Effective Neither effective nor ineffective Ineffective Ineffective at all No idea
34
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles
Base : 3166
Level of Effectiveness of Various Practices to Struggle Against Climate Change Would you please indicate how much effective you find the expressions I am going to read you about struggle against climate change by looking at the card?
Mean Line %74,1
79,9
78,4
77,4
76,2
74,1
72,4
67,7
67,1
53,9
52,9
52,2
51,4
50,0
48,9
45,7
45,3
Total of Positive Values Index
Willingness to Pay
1,3
49,9
25,3
5,3
8,8
2,5 4,5 2,4
More than 50 TL
25,01 TL - 50 TL
20,01 TL- 25 TL
15,01 TL - 20 TL
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
1 TL - 5 TL
Less than 1 TL
Willingness to Pay More For a Product Produced with Environment-Friendly Methods If you know that a product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods,
would you pay more for this product?
Willingness to Pay
Base : 3166
Base : 1051
The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL You have indicated that you would pay more
for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a
product worth 100 TL?
12,1 TL Average
• The average value that will be paid by the whole target audience is 4.0 TL.
36
Yes; 33,2
No; 53,9
No idea about
climate
change; 12,9
17,0 15,4 18,5 17,3 15,1 18,6 16,8 15,5 18,5
8,4 7,6
9,2 6,0
4,4 7,0 9,7 8,8
10,8 1,8
2,4 1,2
1,1 0,9
1,1 2,2 3,0 1,2 6,0 6,7
5,4
4,2 3,5
4,6 7,1 8,0
6,0
66,8 67,9 65,7 71,5
76,1 68,7
64,2 64,8 63,5
Overa
ll
Fem
ale
Male
Rura
l O
vera
ll
Fem
ale
Male
Urb
an O
vera
ll
Fem
ale
Male
Do not want to
pay added value
15,01 TL and
more
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
5 TL and less
Overall Male Female
Overall 3166 1631 1535
Rural 1130 699 431
Urban 2036 932 1104
The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL You have indicated that you would pay more for
a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?
Willingness to Pay Gender
Overall Turkey Rural Areas Urban Areas
Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female
Overall Public 4,00 TL 4,05 TL 3,95 TL 3,22 TL 3,99 TL 1,96 TL 4,44 TL 4,09 TL 4,73 TL
People willing to pay added value 12,05 TL 11,81 TL 12,33 TL 11,29 TL 12,74 TL 8,21 TL 12,39 TL 11,21 TL 13,42 TL
38
17,0 16,4 25,3
18,8 17,9 16,3 16,3
8,4 6,6
2,8 8,3 9,8
6,8 7,5 1,8
1,4 2,6 1,7 1,0
1,4 2,1 2,9
2,8 1,2 4,1 2,6
3,1 1,9 3,1
2,3 2,9 2,3 3,6
3,0 2,6
66,8 70,4 65,1 64,8 65,1 69,4 69,7
Overall 15-19 Age 20-29 Age 30-39 Age 40-49 Age 50-59 Age 60-69 Age
Do not want to pay added
value
More than 20 TL
15,01 TL - 20 TL
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
Less than 5 TL
Willingness to Pay Age
Overall Turkey
Overall 15-19 Age 20-29 Age 30-39 Age 40-49 Age 50-59 Age 60-69 Age
Overall Public 4,00 TL 4,54 TL 4,65 TL 3,79 TL 4,36 TL 3,39 TL 3,39 TL
People willing to pay added value 12,05 TL 15,36 TL 13,34 TL 10,78 TL 12,49 TL 11,07 TL 11,20 TL
The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL You have indicated that you would pay more for
a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?
Base Overall 15-19 years 20-29 years 30-39 years 40-49 years 50-59 years 60- 69 years
3166 213 648 688 613 575 429
17,0 16,2 17,5 21,8 17,3 16,8 17,7
32,1
16,8 15,7 17,5 20,8
8,4 7,2 11,0
11,4
6,0 5,4 8,1
17,9
9,7 8,6 11,8
10,7 1,8 1,3 2,1
4,7
1,1 0,8 2,4
3,6
2,2 1,6 2,0
4,8 2,9 2,6
3,6
4,1
2,3 2,1 3,2
3,6
3,3 2,9
3,7 4,2
3,1 2,1
3,8
8,8
1,9 1,5
3,2
7,1
3,8 2,5
3,9
9,0
66,8 70,7 62,0
49,2
71,5 73,3 65,3
35,7
64,2 68,6 61,2
50,5
Genera
l
Prim
ary
education
Hig
h s
chool
Univ
ers
ity
degre
e a
nd
above
Rura
lG
enera
l
Prim
ary
education
Hig
h s
chool
Univ
ers
ity
degre
e a
nd
above
Urb
an
Genera
l
Prim
ary
education
Hig
h s
chool
Univ
ers
ity
degre
e a
nd
above
Do not want to
pay added value
More than 20 TL
15,01 TL - 20 TL
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
Less than 5 TL
3166 2215 634 317 1130 978 124 28 2036 1237 510 289 Base
Willingness to Pay Education
Overall Turkey Rural Urban
Overall Primary
education High school
University and above
Overall Primary
education High school
University and above
Overall Primary
education High school
University and above
Overall Public 4,00 TL 3,06 TL 5,32 TL 7,92 TL 3,22 TL 2,76 TL 5,58 TL 8,89 TL 4,44 TL 3,31 TL 5,26 TL 7,82 TL
People willing to pay added value 12,05 TL 10,44 TL 14,00 TL 15,59 TL 11,29 TL 10,33 TL 16,09 TL 13,83 TL 12,39 TL 10,51 TL 13,55 TL 15,81 TL
The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL You have indicated that you would pay more for
a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?
4,0
52,7
27,7
4,0 6,6 1,9 2,6 0,6
More than 50 TL
25,01 TL - 50 TL
20,01 TL- 25 TL
15,01 TL - 20 TL
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
1 TL - 5 TL
Less than 1 TL
Yes; 22,0 No; 65,1
No idea
about climate change;
12,9
40
4,0
52,7
27,7
4,0 6,6 1,9 2,6 0,6
50 TL'den fazla
25,01 TL - 50 TL
20,01 TL- 25 TL
15,01 TL - 20 TL
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
1 TL - 5 TL
1 TL'den az
Willingness to Pay
Base : 3166
Average
Base : 697
• The average added value of the whole target audience is 1,9
TL.
The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of
Climate Change Impacts If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay
more for the electricity bill each month?
Willingness to Pay Higher Electricity Bills If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate
Change Impacts Would you pay higher electricity bills, if the revenues are used for mitigation of climate
change impacts?
8,8 TL
12,5 12,4 12,6 12,9 10,9 14,2 12,2 13,0 11,4
6,1 6,2 6,0 5,1 4,6 5,4 6,6 6,8 6,4
0,9 0,8 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,9 0,9 0,9 1,0 2,6 2,2 2,9 1,7 1,2 2,0 3,0 2,6 3,5
78,0 78,4 77,6 79,5 82,6 77,5 77,2 76,7 77,7
Overa
ll
Fem
ale
Male
Rura
l O
vera
ll
Fem
ale
Male
Urb
an O
vera
ll
Fem
ale
Male
Do not want to pay addedvalue
15,01 TL and more
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
5 TL and less
Willingness to Pay Gender
Overall Turkey Rural Areas Urban Areas
Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female
Overall Public 1,93 2,07 1,79 1,61 1,73 1,41 2,11 2,33 1,94
People willing to pay added value 8,79 9,26 8,26 7,84 7,72 8,09 9,26 10,42 8,32
The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts
If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?
Overall Male Female
Overall 3166 1631 1535
Rural 1130 699 431
Urban 2036 932 1104
12,5 13,6 12,2 12,6 14,4 11,7 10,5
6,1 5,2 8,0 6,5 6,2 4,3 5,1
0,9 1,4 1,2 1,2 0,3 0,9 0,5
1,5 1,4 0,8 1,2 1,8 2,3 1,4
1,1 1,4 1,9 0,9 0,7 0,7 1,4
78,0 77,0 75,9 77,6 76,7 80,2 81,1
Overall 15-19 Age 20-29 Age 30-39 Age 40-49 Age 50-59 Age 60-69 Age
Do not want to pay added
value
20 TL and more
15,01 TL - 20 TL
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
5 TL and less
Willingness to Pay Age
Türkiye Geneli
Overall 15-19 Age 20-29 Age 30-39 Age 40-49 Age 50-59 Age 60-69 Age
Overall Public 1,93 TL 1,93 TL 2,48 TL 1,72 TL 1,86 TL 1,76 TL 1,79 TL
People willing to pay added value 8,79 TL 8,39 TL 10,30 TL 7,68 TL 7,99 TL 8,86 TL 9,51 TL
The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts
If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?
Base Overall 15-19 years 20-29 years 30-39 years 40-49 years 50-59 years 60- 69 years
3166 213 648 688 613 575 429
12,5 11,4 13,4 18,3
12,9 12,5 15,3 17,9 12,2 10,5 12,9
18,3
6,1 4,8 6,2
14,8
5,1 4,4 5,6
28,6
6,6 5,2
6,3
13,5
0,9 0,6
1,6
1,6
0,8 0,8 0,8 0,9
0,4 1,8
1,7
1,5 1,4
1,9
1,3
1,2 1,1 2,4
1,6 1,5
1,8
1,4
1,1 0,6
1,9
3,2
0,4 0,3
1,6 1,5
0,8 2,0
3,5
78,0 81,3 75,1
60,9
79,5 80,9 74,2
53,6
77,2 81,6 75,3
61,6
Genera
l
Prim
ary
education
Hig
h s
chool
Univ
ers
ity
degre
e a
nd
above
Rura
lG
enera
l
Prim
ary
education
Hig
h s
chool
Univ
ers
ity
degre
e a
nd
above
Urb
an
Genera
l
Prim
ary
education
Hig
h s
chool
Univ
ers
ity
degre
e a
nd
above
Do not want to
pay added value
20 TL and more
15,01 TL - 20 TL
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
5 TL and less
3166 2215 634 317 1130 978 124 28 2036 1237 510 289 Base
Willingness to Pay Education
Overall Turkey Rural Urban
Overall Primary
education High school
University and above
Overall Primary
education High school
University and above
Overall Primary
education High school
University and above
Overall Public 1,93 TL 1,49 TL 2,48 TL 3,91 TL 1,61 TL 1,44 TL 2,48 TL 3,68 TL 2,11 TL 1,54 TL 2,48 TL 3,93 TL
People willing to pay added value 8,79 TL 7,98 TL 9,96 TL 9,99 TL 7,04 TL 7,53 TL 9,63 TL 7,92 TL 9,26 TL 8,35 TL 10,04 TL 10,24 TL
The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts
If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?
Conclusion
Conclusion
It is observed that although the interest level of public is high, the knowledge level is low. The
public has some idea about climate change, however the knowledge level is insufficient.
● The causes of climate change, the precautions to be taken are not known enough.
The most important problems of climate change impacts in the world are; the spread of
epidemic diseases, depletion of food and beverage resources, waterlessness/drought.
However this issues are the impacts of climate change. If the communication activities can
associate the concerns of public with climate change; some improvements would be realized
in terms of struggle.
Conclusion
In general climate change is perceived as change in seasons. Another important perception,
the increase in drought and waterlessness is more emphasized by rural residents.
The public mostly tends to do practices related to energy saving. To emphasize practices
related to savings would be more effective in communication.
Conclusion
● The communication with the public opinion should not be restricted with the aim of raising the
given importance to climate change through the impacts of climate change. The public is aware
that both public and government have duties in struggle against climate change. However, the
support given to participation of public is higher than the expectations from government.
Therefore, concrete precautions should be suggested to public opinion, and understandable, clear
projects should be made with government.
● It is observed that the most effective channel in communication is television programs and
news. Also village headmen are an important channel in rural areas. By raising awareness of
village headmen, the rural part of communicational activities might be carried on.