field research methods and ethnography 27-01-2014
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Aftab Ahmed Chaudhry (Anthrpologist)
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Types of Field Research
Particularistic field research Research focus on social issues and situation, with particular reference
to primary contexts such as culture
Holistic field research Research focuses on cultures as whole entities, their structure and
characteristics per se as well as in comparison with other cultures. it may look at modern cultures or subcultures and compare them with
others.
Mixed model It is combination of particularistic research and holistic
research model.
Two research model by expanding the particulars type
of research and including elements of the holistic
model in its theory and design. Although in most
cases the focus remains the same (i.e. aspect of social life)
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Design of field research
In the quantitative model it is relatively rigid a deterministic,
while in a qualitative paradigm it is relative open and flexible.
1. Topic and methodologya. the researcher will state which topic will be studied, and within
which methodology it will be constructed and researched.
2. Methodological definition of the topica. When quantitative methodology is employed, the topic will be
clearly defined, reduced, and specified
b. In qualitative research, such specification will be rather generaland flexible.
3. Sampling procedures
a. In quantitative; sample will be determined precisely before thestudy commences.
b. In qualitative; it may be less rigid and may be left partly open to becompleted during the study.
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Design of field research
4. Data collection
a) Entering the fieldi. Going native. Important task to be completed at this stage of research are
gaining entry and acceptance, establishing the research environment, and
building up contacts and rapport
b) Gathering data
i. Data collection begins with an exploration which might simply involve
identification and description of issues related to the research subject.
c) Taking notes
i. Observation, interaction and communication are constantly transformed
into notes of kind that are systematically organized for future use.
d) Leaving The field
i. When data collection is done the researcher leaves the fieldii. When relations have been impersonal, exit from the field is easy
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Design of field research
5. Data Analysis
a. In qualitative research of the flexible kind
6. Writing report
a. Have much greater freedom in writing than is permitted to other
qualitative researchers,
b. not to mention quantitative researchers.
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Ethnographic Research
Ethnography has been seen as the science of
cultural description.
a descriptionand interpretationof cultural
group with the purpose of understanding them
from the native point of view
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Criteria of ethnographic research
The main criteria of ethnographic research donot differ from those encountered in field
research.1. Ethnographic research is form of a field research that studies
cultures
2. Employs a holisticapproach; it studies cultures and
interprets life in a cultural context
3. Is conducted in naturalsetting and entails a total sinking in
the field of study
4. Constructs culture through in-depth studies and the
meanings of the participants.
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Methodology in ethnographic research
The methods employed in ethnographic research are oftwo kinds, descriptiveor critical. Critical ethnographicresearch is common in social sciences.
In general the overall deign of ethnographic researchfalls within the parameters of field research in thiscontext, ethnographers use field work of many kinds,for instance,
personal participant observation,
interviews, document analysis,
filming and recording. This is of tern assumed to entail arejection of positivist thinking and research.
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Strengths and weakness of Ethnographic Research
Strengths Holistic perspective
Use of the socio cultural context as the explainingsource
High degree of flexibility
Capacity to identify contradictions and inconsistencies
High quality of the research participant relationship
Closeness to the participants
High external validity
Capacity for longitudinal study; studying issues overtime
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Strengths and weakness of Ethnographic Research
Weaknesses
Inability to provide evidence supporting causality
Inability to ensure validity and reliability
Lack of replication\inability to ensure objectivity
Difficulty with going native which often affects studies
and leads to problems
Interviewer effect that causes obvious distortions
Distortion of the natural setting by the very presence of
the research
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A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context when
the boundaries between phenomenon and context are notclearly obvious
Case Studies
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Types of Case Studies
Intrinsic case study
conducted for its own sake, to learn about the case
only (Generalized for same cases)
Instrumental case study
use to inquire into a social issue or to refine a theorywith wider applications beyond the study itself
Collective study
includes several instrumental studies or number ofsingle studies investigated jointly to inquire an issue
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