fichamento mankind and terror

7/26/2019 Fichamento Mankind and Terror

1/13

CAPTULO ouTEMA

OBSERVAES SOBRE ATEMTICA

E/OU CONTEDO A SERDISCORRIDO

REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS CITAO DIRETA E/OU INDIRETA

Mankindand Terror

As diversas formas de terror:apresentao.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"#.

HISTORY TEACHES US that terror as a means of frightening

people into submission can appear in an extraordinar !ariet of

forms and can be closel lin"ed #ith a large number of political

and part sstems that ha!e become familiar to us$ The terror of

trants% despots% and dictators is documented from ancient timeson% the terror of re!olutions and counter&re!olutions% of ma'orities

againstminorities and of minorities against the ma'orit of

humanit% the terror of plebiscitar democracies and of modern

one&part sstems% the terror of re!olutionar mo!ements and the

terror of small groups of conspirators$

Mankindand Terror

Diferena entre terror$%om&m' e tota(it)rio

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*.

The "e difference bet#een totalitarian terror and all other forms

of terror #e "no# of is not that it existed on a (uantitati!el larger

scale and claimed a larger number of !ictims$

& na mesma p)gina* +asiatic indifference,- +superfluit of human

beings,$

Mankindand Terror

Terror + &sado para destr&iras (eis e a proteo da(ierdade.


.here!er #e find terror in the past% it is rooted in the use of force thatoriginates outside the la# and in man cases is consciousl applied to

tear do#n the fences of la# that protect human freedom and

guarantee

citi/ens0 freedoms and rights$

Mankindand Terror

Terror revo(&%ion)rio e terrortir-ni%o en%ontram &m $m'.


If #e single out the t#o forms of terror that ha!e been historicall the

most effecti!e and politicall the bloodiest&the terror of trann and

the terror of re!olutione soon see that the are directed to#ard an

end and find an end$ The terror of trann reaches an end once it has

paral/ed or e!en totall dispensed #ith all public life and made

pri!ate indi!iduals out of all citi/ens% stripping them of interest in and

a connection #ith public affairs$ And public affairs are concerned% of

course% #ith much more than #e generall circumscribe #ith the term

1politics$1 Trannical terror has come to an end #hen it has imposed a

gra!eard peace on a countr$ The end of a re!olution is a ne# code

of la#s&or counterre!olution$ The terror finds its end #hen the

opposition is destroed% #hen nobod dares lift a finger% or #hen the

re!olution has exhausted all reser!es of strength$

Mankindand Terror

/ terror tota(it)rio 0ores%e1&ando a oposio a%aa, eno dimin&i, %omo nos o&tros%asos.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*2!"".

The turning point that decides #hether a one&part sstem #ill

remain a dictatorship or de!elop into a form of totalitarian rule

al#as comes #hen e!er last trace of acti!e or passi!e opposition in

the countr has been dro#ned in blood and terror$ 2enuinel


2/13

CAPTULO ouTEMA




totalitarian terror% o#e!er% sets in onl #hen the regime has no more

enemies #ho can be arrested and tortured to death and #hen e!en the

different classes of suspects are eliminated and can no longer be

ta"en into 1protecti!e custod$1

& logo abaixo +that it does not shrin" but gro#s as the opposition is

reduced,$

Mankindand Terror

D&as o&tras %ara%ter3sti%asdo terror tota(it)rio.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. !"*2!"".

Terror that is directed against neither suspects nor enemies of the

regime can turn onl to absolutel innocent people #ho ha!e done

nothing #rong and in the literal sense of the #ord do not "no# #h

the are being arrested% sent to concentration camps% or li(uidated$

The

second "e factor follo#s from this% namel% that the gra!eard peace

that spreads o!er the land under pure trann as #ell as under the

despotic rule of !ictorious re!olutions% and during #hich the countr

can reco!er% is ne!er granted to a countr under totalitarian rule$

There

is no end to the terror% and it is a matter of principle #ith suchregimes

that there can be no peace$ As totalitarian mo!ements promise their

adherents before the come to po#er% e!erthing #ill remain in

permanent flux$

Mankindand Terror

/ terror vai a(+m de &ma(egis(ao dra%oniana. E(eage fora da (ei. As (eis doregime so to respeitadas1&anto as (eis anteriores.4mportante: %om esse

desrespeito pe(a (ei, vem a%&(pai(i5ao massiva deino%entes.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 677.

The initial terror is replaced b draconian legislation that establishes

in la# #hat #ill be considered 1transgressions1& interracial sexual

relations or arri!ing late for #or"% i. e$% insufficient grasp of the

3olshe!ist sstem% in #hich the #or"er belongs bod and soul to a

production process guided b principles of political terror&and so

retroacti!el legali/es the initial reign of terror$ This retroacti!e

legali/ation of conditions created b re!olutionar terror is a natural

step in re!olutionar legislation$ The ne# draconian measures #eresupposed to put an end to the extra&legal terror and establish the ne#

la# of the re!olution$ .hat is characteristic of totalitarian regimes

is not that the too pass ne# la#s of this "ind% such as the 4uremberg

la#s% but that the do not stop there$ Instead% the retain terror as a

po#er functioning outside the la#$ Conse(uentl% totalitarian terror

pas no more attention to the la#s decreed b the totalitarian regime

than it does to those in effect before the regime0s assumption of

po#er$ All la#s% including the 3olshe!ist and 4a/i la#s% become a

fa8ade #hose purpose is to "eep the population constantl a#are that


3/13

CAPTULO ouTEMA




the la#s% no matter #hat their nature or origin% do not reall matter$

Mankindand Terror

/&tra %ara%ter3sti%a do terrortota(it)rio.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 67!.

This feature is a modern form of mind control that is not so much

interested in #hat is actuall going on in the mind of the prisoner

as it is in forcing him to confess crimes that he ne!er committed$ This

is also the reason #h pro!ocation plas practicall no role at all inthe

totalitarian police sstem$ .ho the person to be arrested and

li(uidated

is% #hat he is thin"ing or planning&that is alread determined b the

go!ernment in ad!ance$ Once he is arrested% his actual thoughts and

plans are of no conse(uence #hate!er$ His crime is ob'ecti!el

determined% #ithout the help of an 1sub'ecti!e1 factors$ If he is a

5e#% he is a member of the conspirac of the Elders of 6ion- if he has

heart

disease% he is a parasite on the health bod of the 2ermanic people-

if

he is arrested in Russia #hen an anti&Israeli and pro&Arab foreign

polic is in force% then he is a 6ionist- if the go!ernment is intent oneradicating the memor of Trots"% he is a Trots"ite$ And so on

MankindAnd Terror

Di%&(dades de$&nderstanding'.Nota: a%9ar &ma trad&opra $&nderstanding'.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 67!.

7ifficulties that are at the same time proof #e are indeed up against

something ne# and not 'ust a !ariant of trann&is that not onl are

all our political concepts and definitions insufficient for an

understanding of totalitarian phenomena% but also all our categories of

thought and standards for 'udgment seem to explode in our hands the

instant #e tr to appl them here$ If, for example% #e appl to the

phenomenon of totalitarian terror the categor of means and ends% b

#hich terror #ould be a means to retain po#er% to intimidate people%

to ma"e them afraid% and so in this #a to cause them to beha!e in

certain #as and not in others% it becomes clear that totalitarian terror

#ill be less effecti!e than an other form of terror in achie!ing thatend$ 8ear cannot possibl be a reliable guide if #hat I am constantl

afraid of can happen to me regardless of anthing I do$ Totalitarian

terror can

be gi!en a free hand onl at that point #hen the regime has assured

itself b means of a #a!e of the most extreme terror that opposition

has indeed become impossible$$

Mankindand Terror

Terror a%aa %om a %ategoriade $meios e ns' na po(3ti%a.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 676.

If the means ha!e become the ends% if terror is not 'ust a means to

sub'ugate people b fear but is an end for the sa"e of #hich people

are sacrificed% then the (uestion of the meaning of terror in


4/13

CAPTULO ouTEMA




totalitarian sstems has to be put differentl and ans#ered outside the

categor of means and ends$

Mankindand Terror

/&tros dois fatos ne%essariespara se entender o terrortota(it)rio.

ARENDT, H. Essays in Understanding. 676 e 67.

THe authorities beha!ed identicall in both the cases of totalitarian

rule #e "no# of$ 4ot e!en #ord of deaths is released$ E!er effort is

made to create the impression not onl that the person in (uestion hasdied but also that he ne!er existed at all$ An efforts to learn anthing

about his fate thus become utterl pointless$ The often maintained

!ie# that the 3olshe!ist concentration camps are a modern form of

sla!er and are therefore fundamentall different from the 4a/i

death camps% #hich #ere operated li"e factories% is therefore

mista"en on t#o counts$ 4o sla!eholders in histor e!er used up their

sla!es #ith such incredible speed$ 7ifferent from other forms of

enforced labor% too% is a mode of arrest and deportation that cuts off

its !ictims from the #orld of the li!ing and sees that the 1die off1

under the pretext that the belong to a ding class- that is%

exterminating them is 'ustified because their death% though perhaps b

other means% is foreordained anho#$

The second factis the stri"ing one repeatedl !erified% particularlin the 3olshe!ist regime% that no one except for the leader in po#er at

the moment is immune from terror% that the people #ho are the

executioners toda can easil be transformed into the !ictims of

tomorro#$

9ogo abaixo* 7a!id Rousset has called concentration camps the 1most

totalitarian societ%1 and it is true that the camps ser!e% among other

purposes% as laboratories in #hich human beings of the most !aried

"inds are reduced to an al#as constant collection of reactions and

reflexes

;ampos de %on%entrao e a

e


5/13

CAPTULO ouTEMA




indi!iduals to different acts$ Totalitarian go!ernment0s failure or

success therefore ultimatel depends on its abilit to transform

human beings into per!erted animals$ Ordinaril this is ne!er

altogether possible% e!en under the conditions of totalitarian terror$

Spontaneitcan ne!er be entirel eradicated% because life as such% and surel

human life% is dependent on it$ In concentration camps% ho#e!er%

spontaneit can be eradicated to a great extent- or% at an rate% the

most

careful attention and effort is expended there on experiments for that

purpose$ If that is to be accomplished% people ob!iousl ha!e to be

robbed of the last traces of their indi!idualit and transformed into

collections of identical reactions- the ha!e to be cut off from

e!erthing that made them uni(ue% identifiable indi!iduals #ithin

human societ$ The purit of the experiment #ould be compromised

ifone admitted e!en as a remote possibilit that these specimens of

the species homo sapiens had e!er existed as real human beings$

Terror tota(it)rio e o m danoo de%&(pa>responsai(idade.

67=

3 confessing to crimes that the ne!er committed and in most casesne!er could ha!e committed% the publicl proclaim that the people

#hom #e thought #e #ere seeing for so man ears reall ne!er

existed at all$

Terror tota(it)rio e a $(ei' 1&e

o rege. 67=, 67?.

Totalitarian terror% then% is no longer a means to an end- it is the

!er essence of such a go!ernment$ Its ultimate political goal is to

form and maintain a societ% #hether one dominated b a particular

race or one in #hich classes and nations no longer exist% in #hich

e!er indi!idual #ould be nothing other than a specimen of the

species$ Totalitarian ideolog concei!es of this species of the human

race as the embodiment of an all&per!asi!e% all&po#erful la#$

.hether it is seen as a la# of nature or a la# of histor% this la# is

actuall the la# of a mo!ement that rages through man"ind% that findsits embodiment in human"ind% and is constantl put into action b

totalitarian leaders$

:;

fichamento mankind and terror

Documents