FTTx Market OverviewFTTx Market Overview

• What is FTTx?– Covers a wide variety of cabling/data applications:

• FTTH – Home Fiber• FTTB – Business (also called FTTE or FTTP)• FTTC – Provisioning to the curb (hybrid fiber/copper

networking)

Fiber to the Home Fiber to the Curb Fiber to the Business

Why Residential FTTx?Why Residential FTTx?

– Bandwidth capabilities:• Support for Broadcast quality or HD quality TV (IPTV) and

high speed data access– QoS:

• Provisioning of VoIP services– Distance support:

• MMF can be up to 2Kms, SMF can be up to 120Km’s (typical SMF FTTx is normally max 20Km)

– Triple play:• One provider, one invoice – for three services

Bandwidth RequirementsBandwidth Requirements

• Delivering FTTH services requires bandwidth:– “Acceptable” high speed Internet – 8 to 10Mbps– Video over IP (broadcast quality MPEG2) – 3Mbps (required per

set-top box)– Video over IP (HD-TV MPEG2) – 12Mbps (required per set-top

box)– Video over IP (HD-TV MPEG4) – 6 to 8Mbps (required per set-

top box)– VoIP – 128Kbps (QoS is more important)

Why Business FTTx?Why Business FTTx?

• Bandwidth Capabilities: Offer 10, 100 or 1,000Mbps connectivity

• Provide QoS at the edge: Traffic grooming via layer 2 (VLAN), or layer 3 (TCP/UDP) services, prioritization

• Upgrades: As bandwidth demand increases, open up the pipe

• Management: proactively manage the network

FTTx - Point to PointFTTx - Point to Point

• Typically an Ethernet deployment:

CE

CE

CE

Metro Ethernet Network

CE

Multipoint-to-Multipoint Ethernet Virtual Circuit

(EVC)

UNI

UNI

UNI

UNI

IP PBX

Servers

Data

Data

Data

IP Voice

IP Voice

IP VoiceCE

CE

CE

Metro Ethernet Network

CE

Multipoint-to-Multipoint Ethernet Virtual Circuit

(EVC)

UNI

UNI

UNI

UNI

IP PBX

Servers

Data

Data

Data

IP Voice

IP Voice

IP Voice

Point to pointPoint to point• Fiber runs are specific:

– Fiber links end point (CPE), directly to CO• Run lengths:

– MDU/FTTH = approx 300m to 600m– Estate/FTTH = approx 2Km to 15Km– FTTB = approx 2Km to 20Km

• Cable types:– MDU/FTTH, typically 50 micron MMF– Others, typically SMF

Types of FiberTypes of Fiber• Multi-mode Fiber (MM)

– Typically 50 or 62.5 micron core– Will work with low cost optics (LED)– High loss, low bandwidth, short distance– Relatively easy installation

• Single-mode Fiber (SM)– Typically 9 micron core– Single strand of silica core– Works with LASER based optics– Low loss, high-bandwidth– Higher skilled installers needed

Types of Fiber (cont.):Types of Fiber (cont.):Single-Strand Fiber*Single-Strand Fiber*

• Normally, IT equipment uses TWO strands – one to receive light, the other to send

• Now, advances in optics allow users to send/receive using only ONE strand

• Why do this?– Double the data capacity of cable– Mix protocols over the existing fiber plant: e.g. Ethernet over one

strand, DS3/E3 over the other• Single-Strand versions are now available for most of IMC Networks’

products

* Now standardized by the IEEE as 100Base-BX (BiDi)

Single-Strand Fiber (cont.)Single-Strand Fiber (cont.)

• How does it work?– Light is transmitted at TWO different wavelengths (think Wave

Division Multiplexing, or think TWO different colors)– In one direction light @ 1310nm is used, in the return direction

light @ 1550nm is used

Point to PointPoint to Point

• Access Method is normally Ethernet - Why?– Ubiquitous technology– Compatibility– Low cost– Fully understood– Traffic grooming/QoS available– IEEE 802.3ah – “Ethernet in the First Mile”, creating

new cabling and OAM standards

Ethernet Point to PointEthernet Point to Point

• For the installer:– Since it’s Ethernet, you already understand it

• For the operator:– Lower capex, Ethernet is available from many vendors

• For the user:– High bandwidth (10Mbps, or 100Mbps), allows

multiple services

Ethernet in FTTxEthernet in FTTx

• Ethernet was never ‘designed’ for FTTx applications• Bandwidth control is not reliable (CIR, EIR*)• Physical layer management and fault detection is poor – only

‘standard’ is the Link Integrity Test• More fault diagnostic features can be ‘added’ via SNMP e.g.

packet monitoring, loopback– Only issue: you need physical layer connectivity for

SNMP to operate• Telco customers expect ‘more’ from the physical layer

protocols

*CIR = Committed Information Rate, EIR = Excess Information Rate

IEEE802.3ahIEEE802.3ah

• IEEE EFM physical standard:

802.3ah – Ethernet road map

802.3ah802.3ah• 10Pass-TS/2Base-TS:

– Copper based standard, designed to offer a ‘quick fix’ to EFM, FTTC application (e.g. Belgacom ‘Broadway’)

• 100Base-LX10*:– 100Mbps over maximum of 10Km SMF

• 100Base-BX10*:– BiDi (Single strand), WDM utilizing 1550 and 1310 nm

(1550 always the core lambda)

* Power budgets and attenuation requirements also defined

802.3ah802.3ah• Also offers OAM (Operations, Administration and Maintenance)

– Ethernet’s weakness – not connection based, therefore, what’s happening at the other end of the cable?

• Provisioning of statistics, Link status etc.

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• OAM (Operations, Administration, Maintenance):– A peer to peer management system offering link

management. Both devices on the link must support OAM to work.

– Management data exchanged via OAMPDU’s (Protocol Data Units), OAMPDU’s carried by standard Ethernet frame

Link management via

802.3ah OAMPDU’s

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• OAMPDU’s do not ‘travel’ from the CO device (MAC to MAC), therefore, the CO needs an SNMP agent with OAM capability

• OAMPDU’s – a “slow” protocol with a unique EtherType

OAM ‘stack’: can be implemented in hardware or software

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• Dest Address: multicast• EtherType 8809: ‘slow protocol’• Subtype 3: 802.3ah traffic

– Dest Address/EtherType ensure that OAM traffic is not propagate further than the MAC layer i.e. OAM traffic stays within the link

– Slow protocol = +/- 10 frames per second (other example: link aggregation control protocol (LACP) )

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

OAMPDU: Within the OAMPDU data is represented via type-length-value

(TLV) format.

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• Functionality:– Discovery (initial stage). Identify if the other device is

OAM compliant also establish if certain functionality is available (e.g. loopback)

– Remote loopback. Enable/disable remote loopback.• Note: loopback is ‘dumb’, however loopback traffic

stays within the link

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• Functionality (cont..):– Remote Failure.

• Link Fault: This flag is raised when a station stops receiving a transmit signal from its peer.

• Dying Gasp: This flag is raised when a station is about to reset, reboot, or otherwise go to an operationally down state.

• Critical Event: This flag indicates a severe error condition that does not result in a complete re-set or re-boot by the peer entity.

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• Functionality (cont..):– Event Conditions. OAM also defines a set of standard

event conditions that Ethernet links should monitor in normal operation, and if detected, should be signaled to a peer entity:

• Errored Symbol Period Event e.g. 1,000 symbols out of 1,000,000 had errors

• Errored Frame Period Event e.g. 10 frames out of 1000 had errors

• Errored Frame Event e.g. 10 frames in 1 second had errors

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• Functionality (cont..):– Vendor specific TLV’s can be developed:

• Fiber power measurement• Enhanced error monitoring e.g. oversized frames,

congestion, link flap– However, vendor specific means both ends of the link

need to be from the same vendor.

802.3ah - OAM802.3ah - OAM

• What’s missing? Quite a lot:– 802.3ah OAM is designed to provide enhanced link

monitoring– 802.3ah OAM is NOT designed to act as a configuration

protocol e.g. enable/disable features, configure specific functionality etc..

– If you’re using ‘active’ CPE’s that supports VLAN tagging, 802.3ah is no use whatsoever in configuring the VLAN’s

– VLAN tagging, prioritization, rate limiting etc.. – you still need to use SNMP

OAM - conclusionsOAM - conclusions

• OAM is needed – Ethernet is perceived as being weak with link fault monitoring

• OAM also defines a ‘standard’ loopback and also last gasp functions

• OAM does NOT replace SNMP if you’re using intelligent CPE devices

Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)

• Industry body developing Metro Ethernet Standards:– 802.1ag: Connectivity Fault Management

• An enhanced OAM standard (compatible with 802.3ah), to manage an entire end to end link

– MEF standards currently under development:• Resilient Rings• Service Provisioning models• MPLS/Ethernet connectivity

Point to Multipoint (PON’s)Point to Multipoint (PON’s)

• Passive Optical Networking* (PON’s)– New development when compared to Ethernet– Represents point to multipoint architecture– Based on active and passive equipment– Cell or ATM like behavior, with an element of TDM– Offers link management (OAM functionality)

* Driving force is ITU/FSAN

PON’sPON’s

• A PON is constructed using active equipment and passive equipment:

OLT - Optical Line Terminator (active)Splitter(s) - Up to 32 fibers “out” (passive)ONT - Optical Network Terminals (active)

OLTONT’s

PON’s – architecture:

Source: Corning

PON’sPON’s

• How does data travel on a PON?– PON’s are shared media:

• Downstream data is broadcast from the CO, each CPE will recognize it’s own data

• Upstream data is via TDM– Up to three lambdas are normally used:

• 1550nm ‘downstream data’• 1310nm ‘upstream data’’• 1470nm for CATV ‘overlay’

PON’s – Installer perspectivePON’s – Installer perspective

– PON’s = multiple hubs and spokes– Much more thought is required for the cabling layout:

• Placement of splitters is critical– Often it’s vendor specific, installation normally

will be single source (not good)– Only operates on SMF– Once the PON is in place, what protocol will you use?

B-PON, A-PON, G-PON, E-PON??

Splitter suggestions from one vendor

Source: Corning

PON’sPON’s

• The bandwidth is shared– A-PON/B-PON = 622Mbps

• Divide the above between 32 customers = 19Mbps per customer

– G-PON’s/E-PON’s = 1gig• Divide the above up between 32 customers = 32Mbps

– How do you provide IPTV?• Simple, you cannot

Some examples - FTTHSome examples - FTTH• Sweden- Vällingby-net• 20,000 homes passed / 6,500 subscribers

(TUR = 33%)• Infrastructure owed by the housing

association (Svenska Bostäder – 55k apartments in Greater Stockholm)

• Infrastructure management/ provisioning by Telia

• Data/IPTV connectivity provided by 8 different ISP’s

• Local peering agreement– 70% of all traffic handled by peering

Some examples - FTTBSome examples - FTTB• City of Ried (Austria)• Networks owned by Energie Ried, managed

by Infotech (ISP)• Enegrie Ried provides ‘right of way’,

Infotech the active equipment• Currently 75Km of core fiber (main rings are

48 pair)• Providing 100Mbps connectivity for the city

and it’s institutions (town hall, police, fire services)

• Offering FTTB access (currently, 300 businesses)

• Planning on FTTH upgrade to offer data, voice and video in 2005

Utfors (Telenor), SwedenUtfors (Telenor), Sweden

• Provisioning FTTB services:– 2Mbps (PRI-ISN)– 10Mbps, 100Mbps & 1,000Mbps

(Ethernet)• IMC Equipment in use:

– iMediaCenter/18x (DC) – POP– McBasic TX/FX – CPE

• Upgrading currently to AEL/4• Approx 1,500 customers served by IMC

equipment• Also using FiberWay on optical backhaul for

‘3R’

BT Exact, SwedenBT Exact, Sweden

• Competitive pan-Nordic telecoms provider– Offering FTTB services over the

whole of Sweden– Direct competitor to Utfors/Telenor– Provisioning via:

• iMediaCenter/18x (POP)• AEL/4 (CPE)• Plans to upgrade CPE links to

Gigabit Ethernet in 2006

Brutélé, BelgiumBrutélé, Belgium

• CATV, Competitive fiber carrier in the Brussels region– FTTB offering is “Brutélécom@profibre”

• LAN extension services (ELine), managed shared access (EAccess)

– System built around FiberLinX-II-II and Access EtherLinX-II-II

• Core switching provided by Cisco– YTD: Approx $120k of kit

Vodatel, CroatiaVodatel, Croatia

• Croatian telco operator, currently deploying FTTB in Zagreb (Croatian market liberalized in 2005)– Currently, 350+ business customers– Core switches from Nortel– Business CPE = AEL/4

• Several other competitors to Vodatel are also starting to buy the AEL/4

Other UsersOther Users

• USA:– Time Warner Inc. Delivering business fiber services

using IMC’s FiberLinX-II-II CPE– Atrica. OEM customer for 100Mbps and Gigabit

versions of FiberLinX-II-II• UK:

– Currently tendering to supply FTTC solution for British Telecom

• Others:– Teledis (Belgium), Lattelekom (Baltic's), Chilean PTT,

ntl: (UK), Slovenian Telecoms, T-Online, CzechCom etc..

Core Product Focus: Core Product Focus: FTTx – Fiber To The “x”FTTx – Fiber To The “x”

• Fastest growing subset of the Media Conversion market• Two types:

– Fiber to the neighborhood, curb or business (FTTN/FTTC/FTTB)

– Fiber to the premises or home (FTTP/FTTH)• Incumbent local exchange carriers • Competitive or emerging carriers • Municipalities, utilities, real estate developers and other

operators • CATV operators

FTTx Access Products: Intelligent Solutions for FTTx Access Products: Intelligent Solutions for the Network’s Edgethe Network’s Edge

• FiberLinX-II– Point to Point Optical Ethernet Connection– Provision high-speed Internet, Ethernet

Private Line and Transparent LAN services – SNMP Managed

• Access EtherLinX– Layer-2, VLAN based secure Multi-user

Optical Access Edge Device– Performs a conversion from fiber to twisted

pair LAN– Rate limiting/bandwidth feature on all ports

enables service providers to offer Ethernet Private Line and Transparent LAN services

FiberLinX-II

AccessEtherLinX/4

iMcV-FiberLinX-IIiMcV-FiberLinX-II• Modular device provides single conversion from

100Base-FX to 10/100Base-TX • Or, Gigabit conversion 10/100/1000 Copper to

1Gbps fiber• Embedded SNMP agent

– Installs into a dumb chassis*– Optional SNMP port or VLAN tag the

SNMP traffic• Can operate as:

– A pair CO <=> CPE– Standalone demarcation device– Or via UMA*

• Rate limiting available, respects VLAN tags, writes extra tag (Q in Q)

• Two priority queues• Can also work in transparent mode

* Managed CO chassis needed for UMA (see later)

Giga-FiberLinX-II-IIGiga-FiberLinX-II-II• “Double-wide” module used to connect two remote

networks over fiber optics– Can operate as a pair CO <=> CPE

• Designed for Managed Optical Ethernet applications– Both end-points and the link can be viewed as a

single management entity (UMA)– Supports 4,094 VLAN tags (802.1Q), stacked

VLAN’s and two priority queues– Rate limiting available– Supports transparent mode (auto-negotiation)

• Provides single conversion from 10/100/1000 Copper to 1Gbps fiber

• Offers choice of fiber or SFP uplink/downlink ports• DB-9 serial port for local management

FiberLinX-II-II Application FiberLinX-II-II Application DiagramDiagram

IE-MiniFiberLinX-II-IIIE-MiniFiberLinX-II-II

• Smallest fiber optic demarcation device on the market.

• All functionality of the modular FiberLinX-II-II (SNMP, VLAN, QoS, rate limiting etc..)

• 100Mbps fiber to 10/100 copper• Enables service providers to deliver high-

speed Internet, Ethernet Private Line and Transparent LAN services over fiber to customer premises.

• Also acts as copper to fiber media converter– Allows lower-cost copper-port switches

to connect to the fiber network

IE-MiniFiberLinX-II-II (cont.)IE-MiniFiberLinX-II-II (cont.)• “Industrial Ethernet” means:

– Extended power options• 802.3af PD• 5VDC (external power brick)• External 5VDC to 60VDC

– DIN rail mountable– Supports operating temps of -45°C to +70°C

• Robust management– Operators can monitor the entire link

between two locations.– Management traffic and customer data are

isolated. • QoS Support

– IEEE 802.1p-based packet prioritization

IE-MiniFiberLinX-II-II ApplicationIE-MiniFiberLinX-II-II Application

• Solar panels power remote 802.3af-compliant (PSE) Access Point (AP)• AP sends power and data over Ethernet to IE-MiniFiberLinX-II-II• IE-MiniFIberLinX-II-II delivers data over fiber to Central Office

Universal Management Agent Universal Management Agent (UMA)(UMA)

• The Unified Management Agent (UMA) allows operators to use a single IP address to centrally manage FiberLinX-II-II modules installed in an iMediaChassis chassis.– Leverages FiberLinX-II-II’s on-board intelligence– Also allows management of remote FiberLinX-II-II

modules connected to the modules in the chassis• Allows central management and firmware upgrades over

multiple devices.

Access EtherLinX-II-II/4Access EtherLinX-II-II/4• Five port device – 1x fiber, 4x 10/100• Offer rate limiting/bandwidth on all ports

independently• Write/read L2 VLAN tags on downlinks

(perfect for traffic classification)– Data can be switched within the

device via tagging– Supports up to 4096 individual VLAN

ID tags per downlink• Write 802.1p bit on downlink traffic, two

priority queues internal in the device, passes p-tag

• For FTTE (enterprise access) and private MAN networks

Access EtherLinX-II-II Access EtherLinX-II-II Application DiagramApplication Diagram

Chassis – CO SolutionsChassis – CO Solutions

Chassis OverviewChassis Overview

iMediaChassis – 20 slotiMediaChassis – 20 slot

• “i” means intelligent – i.e. managed • 20-slots for Modules, 1-slot for SNMP (daughter board)• All boards are hot swappable

– Settings are ‘preserved’ when SNMP module is exchanged• Supports SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c, and telnet capabilities• Bigger 280W power supply units (2 Amp per slot delivery)• Monitor fan speed and dual temperature zone• User replaceable fans• Last gasp alarm• Operational temperature up to 50°C

iMediaChassis – 6 slotiMediaChassis – 6 slot

• 6-Slot Managed Chassis– Offering dual PSU (mix & match AC & DC power supplies in same chassis)– Support for six modules and SNMP board

• Targeted users:– More demanding environments– Telco grade solutions (NEBS-III pending)

• Compatible with ALL existing iMcV modules

MediaChassis/1 and /2MediaChassis/1 and /2

• Unmanaged chassis• Mix and match “iMcV” slide-in converter modules• Internal AC or DC power options• Wall mount and rack mount options

IE-MediaChassisIE-MediaChassis

• Single slot chassis for IE-iMcV modules

• Offers many of the same features as IE-MiniMc

– DIN rail mounting – Extended temperature: -40°C to

+70°C depending on module– Multiple power options

• AC Adapter with 5VDC output (included)

• 5 to 20V DC jack• 7 - 50V DC terminal block

iMcV Managed ModulesiMcV Managed Modules

A Wide Range of A Wide Range of Available ModulesAvailable Modules

• Multiple Conversion and Mode Types Include:– T1/E1/J1 to Ethernet Conversion– DS3/E3 to Ethernet Conversion– Gigabit Conversion– Optical repeaters

• And More…– 100Mbps layer one or layer two converters– 100Mbps single-strand fiber– 10/100 auto negotiating converter module– 10Mbps copper to fiber– Single-mode to multi-mode converters– Single-mode (up to 40Km), and multi-mode fiber support– Gigabit copper to fiber (incl. SSF)

ConclusionsConclusions

• FTTx set for rapid growth over the next six years• Providing a ‘high speed’ pipe is only the beginning:

– Residential: Video over IP (broadcast/VoD), VoIP– Business: Traffic management, QoS issues

• Intelligent CPE’s offering full management functionality plus service levels are the only way forward

• Cost is always critical, Ethernet is by far and away the most inexpensive delivery method