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licht.wissen 13Outdoor workplaces

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U2

2 Introduction

4 Lighting technology

10 Industrial plants and power facilities

14 Transport, roads and routes

18 Storage and logistics

20 Construction sites

22 Lighting tables

26 Lamps

28 Luminaires

30 Literature

31 Acknowledgements for photographs

31 Order forms

32 Imprint

33 Information on lighting applications: the series of booklets published by Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Contents

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Foreword

orrect lighting has longbeen identified as acrucial factor for health

and safety at work. The mes-sage that every lighting crite-rion needs to be duly consi-dered in the design of a plantor facility is communicated ina variety of ways. But atten-tion generally focuses on inte-riors. It is often forgotten thata considerable amount ofwork is performed outdoors –at workplaces with no or insufficient natural lighting.

Outdoor workplace lightingneeds to meet specific requi-rements – requirements thatdiffer from those of both clas-sical interior lighting and roadlighting. The issue of goodlighting for outdoor workpla-ces merits special attention atpresent because new stipula-tions have been developed to take account of technolo-gical advances, occupationalmedicine, hygiene and the results of other occupationalresearch. These requirementsare set out in BGR 131, therule for "Natural and artificialworkplace lighting" developedby the institutions responsiblefor statutory accident insuranceand prevention in Germany.Aimed at employers, designersand constructors, it providespointers on the lighting re-quired for workplaces outsidebuildings.

BGR 131 focuses on the health and safety of employeesat work and sets out require-ments for those two areas. It does not look at what isneeded to meet visualphysiological and production-related requirements. Theseissues are addressed in thedraft European standard DINEN 12464-2, which definesthe standards that need to beobserved in practice to meetthe visual comfort and visualperformance requirements ofmost outdoor workplaces.There is thus a clear dividingline between the Europeanstandard and the BG rule.

C

Dipl.-Ing. Gerold SoestmeyerChairman of the "Lighting, light

and colour" working group of the

expert committee looking at

"Impacts and work-related health

hazards" for the BG Central

Office for Safety and Health.

Ensuring that lighting meetsall health and safety require-ments is an attainable goalfor any company.

Compliance with rules andstandards aside, energy effi-ciency is an important invest-ment criterion. Technically sophisticated lamps and luminaires offer a grat deal ofscope for optimizing lightinginstallations from an ergono-mic, economic and environ-mental viewpoint.

Some of that scope is createdby lighting management sys-tems, which are now availablenot only for indoor lighting butalso for outdoor installations.

I hope this licht.de booklet willbe widely read and receivedwith interest by all those responsible for good lighting.

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Illuminance, measured in lux (lx), is theluminous flux from a lightsource falling on a givensurface. Where an area of 1 square metre is uniformlyilluminated by 1 lumen ofluminous flux, illuminance is 1 lux.

Luminance is the brightness of aluminous or illuminatedsurface as perceived by thehuman eye. Measured incd/m2 or cd/cm2, itexpresses the intensity of thelight emitted or reflected by asurface per unit area.

Luminous intensity is the amount of luminous flux radiating in a particular direction. It is measured incandela (cd). The spatialdistribution of luminousintensity – normally depictedby an intensity distributioncurve (IDC) – defines theshape of the light beamemitted by a luminaire,reflector lamp or LED.

Luminous flux is the rate at which light isemitted by a lamp.Measured in lumen (lm), itdefines the visible light radi-ating from a light source inall directions.

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Introduction

Good lighting for outdoor workplacesBasically speaking, outdoorworkplace lighting addressesthe same task as interior lighting, ensuring visual taskperformance and health andsafety at work. However, the designrequirements are different.During the day, our eyes pro-

vide around 80% of thesensory impressions we regis-ter. But at night, the visualacuity of the eye drops to just3 - 30% of its day-time level – depending on lighting.What is more, the risk of glareis significantly higher than inbright conditions.

Spatial orientation and field of vision are considerablyreduced in darkness and physical performance dropsto less than 10% as a resultof fatigue due to disruption ofnatural sleep patterns. This iswhy most accidents causedby human error occur atnight. Human biorhythms aresubject to marked fluctuation.

Performance decreasessharply at night; hence theloss of concentration and theincrease in the risk ofaccidents. Accidents at nightare both more frequent andmore serious than they areduring the day.

The four basic lighting quantities

Physical relationships areexpressed in lighting byspecific variables and units.

The four most widely usedterms are explained below:

Outdoor work often entails hazards

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Lighting tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 22Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 26Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 28

Max.

Min.Melatonin (sleep hormone)

“Cheerfulness”

06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 02 0604h

6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6

Cortisol Attention

Melatonin Body temperature

h

Correlation of melatonin levels and "cheerfulness"

Wave patterns of different circadian rhythms

Many areas of an airport are outdoor workplaces

In contrast to indoor work, thevisual effort required atoutdoor workplaces issignificantly increased by thefact that there are generallyno walls to reflect light, so on-ly direct lighting is possible.This can often produce deepshadows. Generally speaking, the visualsituation is then further aggra-

vated by a dark background,resulting in higher luminancecontrasts. The draft standardDIN EN 12464-2 definesrequirements for ensuringgood visual performance andgood visual comfort.

Due to visual physiologicalneeds and the demands ofproduction processes, these

requirements may be higherthan those formulated foroccupational health andsafety.

After a general look at thephysiology of vision and thebasic variables and qualityfeatures of lighting, thisbooklet examines some of themain lighting requirements

that need to be met atoutdoor workplaces.

It then profiles a range ofmajor applications, citing spe-cific assessment criteria, andpresents a useful table of therequirements set out for thedifferent applications in thedraft European standard DIN EN 12464-2.

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Lighting technology

Seeing and being seen:good lighting avoids accidentsDaylight illuminance rangesfrom 5,000 to 100,000 lux (lx).On a moonlit night, however,it reaches only 1 lx at most.The fact that we can "see"over a vast bandwidth like thisis due to the eye's ability to

adapt. At low illuminancelevels, however, visual perform-ance is impaired. Good light-ing at outdoor workplaceshelps significantly to guardagainst accidents, enabling usto see well and be seen at alltimes. In twilight and at night,perception and recognitionare no longer sufficiently guar-

anteed, so artificial lighting isvital for accident prevention. Itis absolutely essential, forexample, at high-risk work-places at woodworkingmachines or on scaffolding orramps (where safety dependson ability to see) or at hazard-ous workplaces near trucks,conveyors or tracks (where

being seen is a key safety factor).

The need for good lighting at outdoor workplaces isexplained by the followingphysiological facts.

Even signal-coloured objects that are clearly visible during the day are hard to make out in twilight.

Where cranes are in operation, care must be taken to ensure good visual conditions for both crane operators and ground personnel.

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Good bay entrance lighting avoids adaptation hazards.

Visual performance and colour identification are dependent on lighting.

Colour vision, light/dark visionDay vision is provided bycone receptors in the eyewhich are sensitive to colour.This is when visual perform-ance is at its best: colourscan be distinguished andobjects can be clearly madeout in 3D. At night, colour-insensitive rod receptors takeover, providing a degree oflight/dark vision that only real-ly enables us to get our bear-ings.

Where not enough daylight isavailable – as at outdoorworkplaces – adequate visualperformance and colour dis-crimination can only be achie-ved by using artificial lightingto activate the cone receptorsthat make better visualperformance possible.

Contrast sensitivity Contrast sensitivity is the termused to describe the ability toperceive differences in lumi-nance in the field of vision.The higher the brightnesslevel (adaptation luminance),the finer the differences inluminance perceived. Con-trast sensitivity is reduced byglare.

Visual acuityThe eye's ability to make outthe contours and details ofshapes as well as shades ofcolour is determined by visualacuity. Visual acuity improvesas adaptation luminanceincreases, creating betterconditions for making outobstructions, etc..

ContrastsContrasts are differences inbrightness and colour in thefield of vision. To be perceivedby the human eye, they needto be sufficiently pronounced.The minimum contrast percei-ved depends on the ambientbrightness (adaptation lumi-nance): the brighter the sur-roundings, the lower the con-trast perceived.

In darker surroundings, anobject needs either to con-trast more sharply or to belarger in order to be percei-ved. So where fine visualdetails need to be made out –in an aircraft maintenancezone at an airport, for exam-ple – higher illuminance levelsare required.

Adaptation timeIt takes time for the eye toadapt to different levels ofbrightness. The adaptationprocess – and thus the adap-tation time – depend on theluminance at the beginningand end of any change inbrightness: adapting fromdark to light takes onlyseconds, adapting from lightto dark can take severalminutes. Visual performanceat any one time depends onthe state of adaptation: themore light available, the better

the visual performance achie-ved. Visual impairment occurswhen our eyes have too littletime to adapt to differences inbrightness. This explains, forexample, the increased risk ofaccident where fork-lift truckoperators leave a brightly litbay and enter a dark storagearea outdoors and collide withpersons or objects they fail tosee. Correct illuminance levelsfor factory or warehouse bayentrances need to be gearedto the illuminance inside thebay.

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Lighting technology

Quality criteriaActivities at outdoor work-places entail a variety of visualtasks for which specific light-ing quality requirements canbe identified.

The main criteria for out-door workplace lighting are:luminance distribution, illumi-nance, glare, direction of light,light colour and colour render-ing, light flicker.

All lighting quality criteria pri-marily apply to the task area.This is the area of the work-place where the visual task isperformed. Where the sizeand location of the task areaare not known, any areawhere the task could be per-formed must be assumed toform part of the task area forthe purposes of lighting plan-ning. As in interior lighting,precise analyses need to beperformed to establish reason-able task area coordinates foreach sworkplace.

Adequate level of brightness To enable people to see wellat outdoor workplaces, anadequate level of brightness/lighting is essential. This isdetermined by the luminanceand the way it is distributed.Luminance (in cd/m2) is thelight reflected by a surface

into the eyes of the observer.Balanced luminance distribu-tion determines visual acuity,contrast sensitivity and theefficiency of ocular functionssuch as accommodation,convergence, pupillary chan-ge, eye movement, etc.).

Luminance distribution in thefield of vision also affects visu-al comfort. Wherever possi-ble, marked changes in lumi-nance should therefore beavoided within the field ofvision. At outdoor workplaces– e.g. construction sites – thescope for doing so is limitedbecause vertical surfaces inthe wider surroundings aremostly in darkness. One fac-tor influencing luminance isthe reflectance of the illumina-ted surface, which, in contrastto indoor lighting scenarios,tends to be very low at anoutdoor workplace. The basicrule is: the lower the reflectan-ce and the more difficult thevisual task, the higher the illu-minance needs to be.

Illuminance Luminance depends cruciallyon illuminance (in lx), which isdefined as the amount of lightfalling on a surface.

Illuminance and illuminancedistribution are major factorsinfluencing the speed and reli-

luminous surfaceperceived surface

luminous intensity

Luminance describes the physiological impact of light.

ability with which a visual taskcan be registered and addres-sed. For outdoor workplaces,the draft standard DIN EN12464-2 contains tables set-ting out the illuminance requi-red, depending on the type ofarea, visual task or activitypresent. This illuminance needsto be realised in the task area.The reference surface may behorizontal, vertical or inclined.At workplaces that are per-manently manned, illuminancemust be no lower than 50 lx.

Where visual tasks differ fromthose assumed as standard,illuminance can be raised orlowered by at least one gradeon the illuminance scale,which ranges from 5 lx to2,000 lx and is divided into

grades with a factor of around1.5. Higher illuminances thanthose shown in the tables arerecommended especiallywhere ■ the visual work is

particularly demanding, ■ the visual task or persons

are moving,■ precision or productivity

is particularly important,■ the eyesight of the

persons working is below average,

■ visual details are particu-larly fine or low-contrast,

■ the visual task needs to be performed for an unusually long time.

Illuminance in the surroundingarea may be lower than theilluminance in the task areabut should make for a balan-

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Goodlighting

Colo

urre

nder

ing

Lighting level

Glareli m

itation

Harmonious

distrib

ution

Light colour Direction of lig

ht

Visual ambience

Visu

alco

mfort

Visual performance

m

mm

The planes on which primary visual tasks are performed may be horizontal, vertical or inclined – standard illuminance requirements m apply analogously.

ced distribution of luminancein the field of vision. The "sur-rounding area" includes sur-faces in the field of visionwhich immediately surroundthe work area. The standardcites no dimensions definingthis area more closely. It should

be noted, however, that theambient lighting needs to be geared to the task areailluminance so that adequateadaptation luminance is en-sured. Given this requirement,the task area defined shouldnot be too small.

Uniformity of illuminance The task area must be illumi-nated as uniformly as possi-ble. Uniformity of illuminanceU = Emin/Em in the task area isstipulated for different tasks in the draft standard DIN EN12464-2. Uniformity in thesurrounding area must not be lower than U = 0.10.

Value on installation All the illuminance values stipulated in standards aremaintained values, i.e. valuesbelow which illuminance mustnot fall at any time. As thelength of time a lighting installa-tion is in operation increases,the values installed at the out-

set decrease as a result oflamps and luminaires ageingand becoming soiled. So, toenable an outdoor installa-tion's operating life to beextended without additionalmaintenance work, values oninstallation should be corres-pondingly higher. How muchhigher is determined by main-tenance factors. Values oninstallation are calculated asfollows: value on installation =maintained value/maintenancefactor. Maintenance factors –as well as all the assumptionsmade to determine them –must be stated by the lightingdesigner.

Good lighting takes account of many quality criteria.

The maintained value is the local average illuminance at which thesystem requires maintenance. Example: maintenance interval 3 years.

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Illuminance of the Illuminance of task area surrounding areas

lx lx≥ 500 100

300 75

200 50

150 30

50 to 100 20

< 50 no stipulation

Illuminance levels in surrounding areas, depending on levels in the task area

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Lighting technology

GlareGlare is produced by brightsurfaces in the field of visionand can be perceived as eitherdiscomforting (psychological)glare or disabling (physiologi-cal) glare. The glare causedby light bouncing off reflectivesurfaces is generally knownas veiling reflection or reflec-ted glare.

GR=27+24log10Lvl0,9Lve[ ]

Directional lightingDirectional lighting is a toolused to emphasize objects,surface structures or persons.The term used to express thebalance between diffuse anddirectional light is "modelling",which is thus a lighting quality

Reflections can affect the clarity with which a visual task is perceived.

Only under directional light (left) do three-dimensional structuresbecome visible.

To avoid errors, fatigue andaccidents, it is important tolimit glare – especially at view-ing angles above the hori-zontal. The degree of directglare caused by luminaires inan outdoor lighting installationis described by the glarerating GR.

Where:■ Lvl is the total veiling

luminance in cd/m2

caused by the lighting installation

■ Lve is the equivalent veiling luminance of the surroun-dings in cd/m2.

Assessment of glare GRunbearable 80–90

disturbing 60–70

just admissible 40–50

noticeable 20–30

unnoticeable 10

Connection between glare ratings and assessments of glare

Veiling reflection and reflected glare

Highly luminous reflections ona visual task can affect howwell the task is perceived. Veiling reflections and reflectedglare can be prevented orreduced by

■ appropriate arrangement of luminaires and workplaces,

■ finishes (matt surfaces),■ limitation of luminaire

luminance,■ enlargement of the

luminous surface of the luminaires.

criterion. Modelling is achie-ved when light comes predom-inantly from one direction –although care should betaken to avoid creating harshshadows.

Light colour and colour renderingThe light colour of lamps isexpressed by correlatedcolour temperatures. Selec-ting a light colour is a matterof psychology, aesthetics andwhat is considered natural.Because these broadly sub-jective criteria differ from onearea of Europe to another,planning value tables containno recommendations for lightcolours.

That matter aside, light colouralso determines lamp lumi-nous efficacy, which in turnimpacts on lighting systemcosts. In Central Europe,warm-white high pressuresodium vapour lamps are thelight source most widely usedfor reasons of economy andmetal halide lamps for neutral-white light are the light sourceof choice where better colourrendering is required.

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Despite identical light colour, the different colour rendering properties of lamps lead to variations in colour perception. Where the spectrum of a lamp containslittle red light, for instance, red surface colours are only incompletely rendered.

Light colour Correlated colour temperature TCP

Warm white below 3300 K

Neutral white from 3 300 K to 5300 K

Daylight white over 5 300 K

For visual performance, com-fort and sense of wellbeing, itis important that the coloursof surroundings, objects andhuman skin are renderedaccurately and naturally. Thismakes people look good andhealthy.

To provide an objective yard-stick for the colour rendering

properties of light sources,the general colour renderingindex Ra was introduced. Thehighest Ra value possible is100. As colour rendering qual-ity decreases, this declines.Safety colours must alwaysbe identifiable as such. Toensure this, the colour render-ing index needs to be ≥ 20.

Flicker and stroboscopic effects Flickering light can be distrac-ting and give rise to physiolo-gical complaints such as head-aches. Stroboscopic effectscan cause dangerous situa-tions by interfering with per-ception of machine parts rota-ting or moving back and forthat high speed. On construc-tion sites, for instance, thiscan result in a heightened riskof accidents at sawing machi-nes.

Lighting systems should bedesigned so that light flickerand stroboscopic effects areavoided. This can be achie-ved, for example, by usingdischarge lamps operated by electronic ballasts at highfrequencies.

Disruptive effectsLighting systems for outdoorworkplaces can contribute toa brighter night sky and sur-roundings. Apart from this,light emissions can lead tophysiological problems suchas troubled sleep, and nega-tive impacts on fauna and floracannot be ruled out. Hencethe limits imposed by stan-dards to curb light emissions,especially emissions directedupwards. Limits are set toavoid disturbance for localresidents and road users.

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construction sites, in the engi-neering, plant constructionand shipbuilding industries aswell as in the energy sectorand agriculture. Alongsideproduction-oriented opera-tions, a major role is playedhere by storage, logistical andtransport activities, which willbe dealt with separately in alater section. Values need tobe defined for the relevantlighting design variables,depending on the importanceof the work, the degree of riskor the difficulty of the visual

task. In many cases – provi-ded that jobs are comparableor similar – the lighting guide-lines for indoor workplaces(cf. EN 12464-1) can providepointers on the illuminancelevels required outdoors.Values between 30 and 60 lxare typical for general activi-ties outdoors. For placeswhere special activities areperformed, appropriate supplementary lighting isrequired.

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Industrial plants and power facilities

The kind of workplaces mostfrequently found outdoorsrequire adequate lighting andagreeable surroundings toenable night-shift workers toperform their duties reliablyand without interruption. Thedraft standard DIN EN 12464-2 provides recommendationsand guideline values for spe-cific lighting design variablesfor a wide variety of concreteapplications (see tables onpages 22 ff). On the followingpages, we also look at a num-ber of example applications –

although the list makes noclaim to be exhaustive.

Work at machines and with toolsActivities in an industrial set-ting are often characterisedby people working with tools,at machines or in plants. Out-door workplaces are typicallyfound in the chemical andpetrochemical industry, inother industries with outdoorprocessing facilities, in theraw materials, waste manage-ment and mining sectors, at

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UniformityDefining task areas wherequality criteria apply is fre-quently a difficult exercise,especially at industrial work-places. Small illuminated spaces give rise to markedluminance differences in thefield of vision, which meansthe eye constantly needs toadapt. This leads to an in-creasing loss of concentrationand premature fatigue, result-ing, in turn, in work errors anda heightened risk of accidents.

This is avoided where workareas as a whole are brightlylit. It also facilitates communi-cation with the work teamand the working environmentand thus helps promote asense of wellbeing, heightenmotivation and boost produc-tivity.

So there should be no disturb-ing dark zones in the taskarea itself. The admissibleratio between the lowest andaverage illuminance dependson the visual task performed

and ranges from 0.25 forbrief, straightforward opera-tions (e.g. handling large con-struction elements) through to0.5 (e.g. for inspections orinstallation work).

In addition, lighting in the sur-rounding area needs to meetthe standard requirements setout for the illuminance stipula-ted for the relevant task area(see lighting tables). A specialconsideration here is the needto avoid psychologically nega-tive effects (sense of insecuri-ty, anxiety, etc.), which canresult, for example, where thework zone is bordered by awall of darkness.

Lighting as a cost factorAs a production overhead,the cost of a lighting installa-tion is also a matter of majorsignificance. So aspects suchas energy efficiency, mainte-nance costs and service lifeneed to be assessed. Evensimple lamp replacementoperations can entail highcosts if, for example, the pro-duction process needs to beinterrupted or complex appa-ratus needs to be used. So

when selecting luminaires andlamps, it is worth payingattention to quality standards,maintenance requirementsand service life ratings. At theplanning stage, care shouldbe taken to ensure not onlyoptimal lighting but also con-venient positioning (access) in the outdoor space.

High requirementsDepending on application,lighting installations need tostand up to extreme environ-mental conditions. Work-places are typically very dirty,dusty, damp and/or wet loca-tions exposed to aggressiveor explosive atmospheres,extremely high or low tempe-ratures and – during the day –a high incidence of ultravioletlight due to sunlight. Theseconditions determine the special requirements thatluminaires need to meet interms of degree of protection,design or materials used intheir construction. Industrialplant lighting is comprehen-sively covered by standards.But beyond the fulfilment ofstandard requirements, there are recommendations and

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Industrial plants and power facilities

concepts for harnessing ade-quate lighting to impact posi-tively and significantly on thesense of wellbeing and pro-ductivity of the persons pre-sent.

High lighting levels and suffi-cient cylindrical illuminance inthe task area are also keyrequirements outdoors. Work-place lighting here needs tosatisfy two quality criteria.First, for security reasons, thelevel of lighting needs to be

adequately high, especially inareas where encounters mayoccur, for example, betweenvehicles and pedestrians.Secondly, to guarantee easyrecognition of information,outdoor area lighting needs tobe particularly effective at limit-ing glare. As a result, asym-metrical reflector luminairesfor high-pressure lamps arethe preferred solution here.These come with high-gradefacetted optics and a flatglass enclosure which ensure

that the light is mostly direc-ted onto the defined workingplane without giving rise toglare. Where lighting is requiredto illuminate large outdoorareas, such as loading bays,wide-angle flood systems canbe profitably used.

For lighting tasks inside buil-dings, e.g. inside a processplant, linear luminaires withtubular fluorescent lamps anda high degree of protectionare frequently used. In com-

parison to luminaires withhigh-pressure dischargelamps, fluorescent-lampmodels have the advantage ofsignificantly lower luminancealong direct lines of sight.

At chemical and petrochemi-cal plants (refineries, etc.) andonshore or offshore oil andgas production facilities aswell as in mining and otherareas where explosive atmos-pheres may be present, oneimportant aspect of work-

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Self-propelled machines are generally fitted with floodlights for manoeuvring and for illuminating the work area.

Luminaires mounted on industrial facilities outdoors need to meethigher requirements in terms of protection against the ingress of dustand moisture. In some cases, explosion protection is also required.

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place lighting is that the lumi-naires selected – as electrical fixtures – need to meet therequirements of the relevantexplosion protection classes.

Outdoor switching stationsAt night, the proper operationof outdoor switching stationscan only be guaranteedwhere artificial lighting permitsall equipment to be quickly,reliably and safely monitored.

The parts of the high-voltagesystem mounted on support-ing structures – e.g. busbars,

line links, insulator sets andswitchgear – should presentsurfaces to the eye with lumi-nances that allow the opera-ting condition of each elementto be clearly identified. Forinspecting the bushings, oilconservators or protectiveequipment in the upper trans-former sections, angled inci-dent light from below is therecommended solution. Com-munication route lightingshould ensure that controlscan be conducted safely. It isessential here to avoid deepand large patches of shadow.

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Depending on the prevailingambient brightness, systemarrangement clarity andreflectance factors, horizontalilluminance of 15...30 lx isrecommended in order tomeet these requirements. Ver-tical illuminance on the sys-tem components mentionedshould be in the region of30...60 lx.

Luminaires should be arran-ged so that there is no dangerof contact with high-voltageelements when maintenanceand lamp replacement opera-

tions are carried out. Moun-ting heights should thereforebe kept as low as possible sothat ladders are not needed.

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The draft standard DIN EN 12464-2 also sets out requirements for general traffic areas at outdoor workplaces.

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Transport, roads and routes

Vehicle transport and trafficVehicle transport is part ofdaily life worldwide. The highlydeveloped countries arecovered by a dense networkof roads and motorways.

Public transport routes aside,there are also transport infra-structures in and around largeindustrial complexes whichare used exclusively for plantoperations and thus need tobe regarded as outdoor work-places.

For the safety of those usingsuch infrastructures, road androute lighting must conform tospecific standards based onthe relevant regulations gover-ning lighting for public roadsand routes (e.g. EN 13201). In contrast to many public

transport routes, however, the speed limit on plant roadsmay be 20 km/h or walkingpace, depending on hazardpotential.

Special attention needs to bepaid to traffic interchanges(e.g. intersections, rounda-bouts, bridges...) as well asunderpasses and tunnels,where lighting installationsneed to meet very high requi-rements in terms of lightingcharacteristics, reliability andmaintenance. Depending ongeographical location, lumi-naires may need to withstandextreme weather and climaticconditions outdoors – a factwhich must be borne in mindwhen products are selected. Vehicle parking facilities arealso outdoor workplaces, so

are railway lines and shippingroutes, which present similarrequirements in terms of light-ing characteristics to e.g. theapron areas of an airport.While the focus in road light-ing is traditionally on criteriasuch as cost-efficiency, relia-bility and maintenance-friend-ly design, a new aspect isbecoming increasingly impor-tant: light immission. This isthe portion of light that radia-tes upwards from a luminaireand could cause an environ-mental nuisance. As a sourceof "light pollution", it shouldbe kept as small as possible.

Main roadsDanger lurks at many pointson main roads, especially attwilight and after dark. Goodroad lighting makes for better

visual conditions for all roadusers and thus heightensroad safety.

Statistics show that standard-compliant road lighting sub-stantially lowers the risk ofaccidents and sharply redu-ces the severity of the acci-dents that occur. Luminaireswith modern specular reflec-tor technology, e.g. radialfacetted optics, in combina-tion with tubular lamps permitwide spacing betweencolumns and thus fewer lumi-naires per kilometre. At thesame time, they avoid pat-ches of darkness and makefor greater road safety.

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Traffic interchangesRoundabouts present a trafficsituation that needs a speciallighting concept – one thatcalls for vertical illuminance tomake motorists, cyclists andpedestrians clearly visibleand, secondly, couples ade-quately high and uniform illu-minance on the horizontalroad surfaces with good glarelimitation. This is achieved, forexample, by a combination ofprojector-reflector lighting sys-tems positioned at the centreof the roundabout and a rowof other luminaires on theperiphery.

These luminaires come withefficient specular reflectortechnology and flat glassenclosures to minimise glare.They also achieve very good

colour rendering through theuse of metal halide lamps –whose light colour, moreover,contrasts with the lighting onthe converging roads andmakes for greater alertness.

Fuel stationsFuel stations are both salesoutlets and work premises.Lighting should draw attentionto the location, the brand ofthe product on sale and thenature of the service offeredfrom an adequate distance.

It needs to provide appropri-ate work lighting for the pumpand service areas and shouldclearly identify access routesand exits. As with any lightingdesigned to advertise, atten-tion should be drawn here bycreating a contrast with the

surroundings. Where surroun-dings are generally dark,however, an excessively highlighting level can easily overstep the mark betweenconspicuousness and obtru-siveness.

In bright surroundings, thereis less risk of conflict betweenadvertising and the needs ofnearby traffic. Excessivelyhigh luminance of the signsidentifying the fuel station canlead to information beingobscured and details beingmissed.

Luminaire luminance shouldgenerally be low, especiallywhere luminaires are posi-tioned close to the edge ofunlit roads.

Road luminaires for accessand exit lighting should beselected from the range of"shielded" luminaires. A tran-quil picture overall is achievedwith luminaires at low mount-ing heights, e.g. bollard lumi-naires. Very low luminance isproduced by indirect lighting,for example illuminating theunderside of a cantilevercanopy.

Emphasizing facades in thefuel station area lends visualappeal, makes for an inte-grated impact and indicates a facility ready for service.

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Generally speaking, the hori-zontal luminance required is20...50 lx and the uniformityUo ≥ 0.25. Preferred lightsources are sodium vapourlamps – low-pressure modelswhere colour recognition isnot required, 400 W or 1.000 W high-pressuresodium vapour lamps as arule for high-mast systems. In areas where high require-ments need to be met forcolour recognition, metal hali-de lamps are used. For ope-rator control lighting, attentionneeds to be paid to high verti-cal illuminance. Supplementa-ry lighting is required for char-ging and discharging facilitiesas well as for loading points.

So, for all mobile port facilitiessuch as mobile bridges, tra-velling and slewing cranes inthe loading area, dynamiclighting is an appropriate choice. Static lighting tends to direct attention to buildingsand highlight them. Becauseof the low general lightinglevel, direct glare needs to be limited in the direction ofthe control and monitoringstations. Projectors andfloods should always bedirected away from operatingpersonnel.

16

Transport, roads and routes

Canals, locks and port installationsPort areas need to be illumi-nated at night to permitround-the-clock operationsand minimize the time vesselsspend in port. What is requi-red here is outdoor facilitylighting designed for extraglare limitation on the waterside to ensure no interferencewith shipping traffic.

Cargo-handling facilities can be divided into two categories:

■ Small areas for general cargo, which can be illuminated by a conven-tional peripheral arrange-ment of luminaires, i.e. using road luminaires or wide angle projectors or floods at mounting heights up to 12 m;

■ Large-scale container terminals, served by high-mast systems with projectors or floods and mounting heights between 25 and 35 m. These permitconsiderable leeway in positioning, allowing lumi-naires to be spaced bet-ween 100 and 175 m apart. Uniform illumination of large areas coupled with good glare limitation calls for projectors with horizontal diffuser panels and 60° beam angling to the vertical.

53

54

55

Port cargo-handling areas One lighting option for portcargo-handling areas is toerect a mast at each end ofthe crane rails so that the lightfrom the floods mounted onthem can reach between therows of wagons. When selec-ting crane lights, accountneeds to be taken of thevibrations to which lamps will be exposed. Furthermore,ports shape the face of citiesand emphasize their structures.When night descends, a light-ing control program can makethe importance and role of theport visible and thus forge avisual and emotional link withthe city. Port operationsestablish a presence duringthe day, illumination takesover the task at night. Thelighting requirements for theoutdoor area are the same asfor outdoor workplaces.

AirportsLighting for airport aprons, i.e. the areas at gates whereaircraft park, needs to meetparticularly high requirements,a key one being that pilotsmust never be dazzled. Whenthey touch down after a nightflight, their eyes are adaptedto the dark and extremelysensitive to high luminance. At the same time, large areasneed to be illuminated as uni-formly as possible. Large pro-jector-reflector lighting sys-tems are the solution here.Thanks to their special light-

distributing mirrors, thesehigh-performance floods notonly spread light over a widearea; they also avoid glare. An alternative solution is touse asymmetrical floods,which should be installed and angled so that there is no possibility of their lampsbeing directly visible from the cockpit.

The purpose of airport apronlighting is ■ to provide guidance for

the pilots of taxiing aircraft,■ to help ensure efficient

and reliable passenger, baggage and freight handling operations,

■ to facilitate service and maintenance work

■ to support surveillance and security.

Basically speaking, the taskfor the lighting planner is toprovide sufficient illuminance– i.e. 5...50 lx horizontally andvertically 2 m above theground – for a large outdoorarea.To guarantee adequaterecognition and colour visionat aircraft stands, the averagevertical illuminance thereshould be 20 lx and the mini-mum vertical illuminance nolower than 5 lx. Other specialfactors to consider are:

■ Air controllers in the controltower must not be dazzled.

■ The pilot, who in a modern

jumbo aircraft may be as much as 10 m above the ground, must not be dazzled.

■ The lighting masts must not interfere with flight operations or traffic on the ground, i.e. positioning is restricted and heights may not exceed 25 m without special approval.

Systems normally featurewell-shielded floods fitted either with particularly cost-efficient high-pressure sodiumvapour lamps or metal halidelamps.

17

Note


Railway installationsIn yards and along track, ope-rational safety and reliability oflighting installations is a majorconsideration. The luminairesdeployed here need to beglare-suppressed to a parti-cularly high standard. Thisguarantees a high degree ofsecurity for operating person-nel. In railway yards, a great dealof the information for opera-tions is conveyed by light sig-nals. If the lighting is wrong,that information may be mis-sed or misinterpreted. At level crossings, asymmetri-cal luminaires with instant hotre-igniters are used. This per-mits optimal video surveillancefrom the control centre. In stations or on station plat-forms, good lighting helpspeople get their bearings andbrightness makes for greatersafety.

56 57

18

Storage and logistics

monitoring system. Only partof an outdoor work lightingsystem, for example, can beused for security purposes.Supplementary floods permit-ting efficient operationsthrough the night can also beprovided. Here, high verticalilluminance from the perspec-tive of the security guard isuseful. Another solution isperiphery lighting, whereguards remain in the darkwhile intruders are exposed to dazzling floodlight. Insidethe customary fence, floodswith a wide horizontal beamare mounted on low masts at regular intervals. Both the

Areas where no actual work is performed require only lowlevels of lighting – for safemovement of people andvehicles, for security surveil-lance of the site or for firedetection monitoring. Here, it is particularly important that camouflaging shadowsshould be avoided by carefulplanning of light incidenceangles. Experience hasshown that the use of brightdurable coatings or specialreflective surfaces to highlighthazard zones is a good idea.Lighting that is intended solelyfor securing property can bedesigned as a dedicated

58

59 60

61 62

19

periphery and the approachzone are thus fully illuminatedto a reasonable depth.

In practice, the vertical illumi-nance required around 1 mabove the ground in the apronarea is between 5 and 30 lx,depending on the lighting forthe protected site. If risk levelsare high, it is advisable todouble-lamp luminaires andconnect them to two separatesupply circuits. Where a peri-pheral lighting system of thiskind is installed, however,care must be taken to ensurethat there is no risk of lightdisturbing or causing pro-blems for occupants of neigh-bouring properties and thatroad safety is not compromi-sed. It is advisable to seek theapproval of the relevant publicagencies and authorities.

Transfer areasFor security reasons, specialimportance needs to be atta-ched to warehouse entranceand exit lighting. Lightingsolutions here must ensure a smooth transition betweenthe levels of brightness insideand outside the building. Inmany cases, it is also neces-sary to take account of areaswhere traffic is static, e.g.nearby car parks, and accessroutes. Glare suppression andreduction is an issue here,and projector-reflector(secondary reflector) systemscan play an important part inachieving it. Light immissionshould also be kept to a minimum.

Goods-handling operations at nightIn yards where goods-hand-ling operations are conductedat night, work areas are nor-mally in the immediate vicinity

of the loading and transportfacilities. However, it would bewrong to confine lighting tothese areas. The correct solu-tion is to provide work zoneswith an appropriate level ofsupplementary task lighting inaddition to the general lightingfor the site. Portal and bridgecrane work areas are anexample often cited here. As a rule, the crane supportsprovide useful mounting sitesfor floodlights, so light inci-dence is perpendicular to thedirection of travel. The illumi-nance required within theoperating range of the craneis achieved using luminairesmounted on the bridge of thecrane. Where light incidenceis from the side, crane bayswith siding track may requirefurther supplementary lightingto dispel shadows cast by rolling stock superstructures.

Supplementary lighting for loading pointsFor operator control lighting,attention needs to be paid tohigh vertical illuminance. Sup-plementary lighting is requiredfor charging and dischargingfacilities as well as for loadingpoints. So, for all mobile portfacilities such as mobilebridges and travelling and slewing cranes in the loadingarea, dynamic lighting is anappropriate choice. Staticlighting tends to direct atten-tion to buildings and highlightthem.

Limiting direct glare Because of the low generallighting level, direct glareneeds to be limited in thedirection of control and moni-toring stations. Projectors andfloods should always bedirected away from operatingpersonnel.

Note


64

63

20

Construction sites

Construction sitesIlluminance should be selec-ted according to table 5.3.Key considerations for con-struction site lighting are thetemporary nature of the needfor lighting, the need to adaptthe lighting to changing activi-ties, and the variety of visualtasks. Flexibility is achievedby facilities such as transport-able, extendable lightingmasts, which often comemounted on a trailer with agenerator. Construction cranes can be another tool ofsite lighting design. From thevantage of the crane operator,the entire working area (hori-zontal and vertical) should beilluminated so that loads areclearly visible at the full wor-king height. It is commonpractice for floods to bemounted on the crane tower,nowadays also on the jib.Correct positioning in relationto the cabin can ensure thatglare is avoided for the opera-tor. Attention should also bepaid to creating form sha-dows on objects in order tomake for sharper contrasts.

On large construction sites,work often extends beyondthe hours of daylight. In civilengineering projects, it ishighly undesirable for parts oflighting systems such as sup-porting structures, masts,overhead/underground cablesand distribution cabinets tobe scattered around the site.They obstruct site traffic andhinder construction work. Thepreferred solution here isfloodlighting from points out-side the site, although supple-mentary local lighting mayalso be needed for buildingpits, dam structures or otherareas which cannot be pro-perly illuminated by the flood-lights. Warning lights are alsoessential to identify hazardousareas.

65

66

67

Arrangement of luminaires:Wherever possible, no lumi-naires should be positioned inthe actual area where manpo-wer and machines work. Aswork areas often change,mobile lighting – directedinwards from the perimeter –is useful. Generally speaking,in addition to the measuresmentioned above, the mobilityrequired can be achieved either with small mobile lumi-naires or with adjustablefloods on high masts.

21

Note


Securing site traffic To make traffic safe and pro-tect site workers, constructionsites are secured from anappropriate distance by spe-cial identification and orienta-tion lighting. Road users arewarned of approachinghazard zones by dynamiclight signals, normally coupledwith a reduced speed limit.

Luminaires usedFor comparatively small con-struction sites, floods fortungsten halogen lamps orhigh-pressure dischargelamps are an option. For lar-ger sites, these are supple-mented inside buildings byluminaires with tubular fluo-rescent lamps (luminaires fordamp interiors).

The degree of protection ofthe luminaires should be atleast IP 54. When choosingluminaires, always make suretheir enclosure is made of animpact-resistant material. It isalso recommended that lumi-naires should be mechanicallyprotected by a wire meshshield.

68

22

Lighting tables

Table 5.5 — Farms

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.5.1 Farm yards 20 0,10 55 20

5.5.2 Equipment shed (open) 50 0,20 55 20

5.5.3 Animal sorting pen 50 0,20 50 40

Table 5.2 – Airports

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 1. Direct light in the direction of

the control tower and landing

aircraft should be avoided

2. Direct light emitted above the

horizontal by floodlights should

be kept to a minimum

5.2.1 Hangar apron 20 0,10 55 20

5.2.2 Terminal apron 30 0,20 50 40

5.2.3 Loading areas 30 0,20 50 40 For reading labels:

m=50 lx

5.2.4 Fuel depot 50 0,20 50 40

5.2.5 Aircraft maintenance stands 200 0,50 45 60

Table 5.1 – General circulation areas at outdoor workplaces

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.1.1 Walkways exclusively for pedestrians 5 0,25 50 20

5.1.2 Traffic areas for slowly moving vehicles (max. 10 km/h),

e.g. bicycles, trucks and excavators 10 0,40 50 20

5.1.3 Regular vehicle traffic (max. 40 km/h) At shipyards and in docks,

20 0,40 45 20 GRL may be 50

5.1.4 Pedestrian passages, vehicle turning, For reading labels:

loading and unloading points 30 0,40 50 20 m =50 lx

Note: For routes, as there are no international standards, consult the appropriate road lighting recommendations.

Table 5.3 – Building sites

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.3.1 Clearance, excavation and loading 20 0,25 55 20

5.3.2 Construction areas, drain pipes mounting,

transport, auxiliary and storage tasks 50 0,40 50 20

5.3.3 Framework element mounting, light reinforcement

work, wooden mould and framework mounting,

electric piping and cabling 100 0,40 45 40

5.3.4 Element jointing, demanding

electrical, machine and pipe

mountings 200 0,50 45 40

Table 5.4 – Canals, locks and harbours

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.4.1 Waiting quays at canals and locks 10 0,25 50 20

5.4.2 Gangways and passages exclusively for pedestrians 10 0,25 50 20

5.4.3 Lock control and ballasting areas 20 0,25 55 20

5.4.4 Cargo handling, loading and unloading 30 0,25 55 20 For reading labels:

m=50 lx

5.4.5 Passenger areas in passenger harbours 50 0,40 50 20

5.4.6 Coupling of hoses, pipes and ropes 50 0,40 50 20

5.4.7 Dangerous parts of walkways and driveways 50 0,40 45 20

23

Table 5.7 – Industrial sites and storage areas

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.7.1 Short-term handling of large units and raw materials, 20 0,25 55 20

loading and unloading of solid bulk goods

5.7.2 Continuous handling of large units and raw materials, 50 0,40 50 20

loading and unloading of freight, lifting and descending

location for cranes, open loading platforms

5.7.3 Reading of addresses, covered loading platforms, 100 0,50 45 20

use of tools, ordinary reinforcement and casting

tasks in concrete plants

5.7.4 Demanding electrical, machine and Use local

piping installations, inspection 200 0,50 45 60 lighting

Table 5.8 – Offshore gas and oil structures

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.8.1 Sea surface below the rig 30 0,25 50 20

5.8.2 Ladders, stairs, walkways 100 0,25 45 20 On treads

5.8.3 Boat landing areas / transport areas 100 0,25 50 20

5.8.4 Helideck 100 0,40 45 20 1. Direct light in the direction of

the control tower and landing

aircraft should be avoided

2. Direct light emitted above the

horizontal by floodlights should

be kept to a minimum

5.8.5 Derrick 100 0,50 45 40

5.8.6 Treatment areas 100 0,50 45 40

5.8.7 Pipe rack area /deck 150 0,50 45 40

5.8.8 Test station, shale shaker, wellhead 200 0,50 45 40

5.8.9 Pumping areas 200 0,50 45 20

5.8.10 Life boat areas 200 0,40 50 20

5.8.11 Drill floor and monkey board 300 0,50 40 40 Special attention to string

entry is needed.

5.8.12 Mud room, sampling 300 0,50 40 40

5.8.13 Crude oil pumps 300 0,50 45 40

5.8.14 Plant areas 300 0,50 40 40

5.8.15 Rotary table 500 0,50 40 40

Table 5.6 – Fuel filling stations

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.6.1 Vehicle parking and storage areas 5 0,25 50 20

5.6.2 Entry and exit driveways: dark environment

(i.e. rural areas and suburbs) 20 0,40 45 20

5.6.3 Entry and exit driveways: light environment (i.e. cities) 50 0,40 45 20

5.6.4 Air pressure and water checking points and other service areas 150 0,40 45 20

5.6.5 Meter reading areas 150 0,40 45 20

Table 5.9 – Parking areas

Ref. no. Art des Bereiches, der Aufgabe oder Tätigkeit m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.9.1 Light traffic, e.g. parking areas of shops, terraced and

apartment houses, cycle parks 5 0,25 55 20

5.9.2 Medium traffic, e.g. parking areas of department stores,

office buildings, plants, sports and multipurpose

building complexes 10 0,25 50 20

5.9.3 Heavy traffic, e.g. parking areas of schools, churches,

major shopping centres, major sports and multipurpose

building complexes 20 0,25 50 20

24

Lighting tables

Table 5.11 – Power, electricity, gas and heat plants

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.11.1 Pedestrian movements within electrically safe areas 5 0,25 50 20

5.11.2 Handling of service tools, coal 20 0,25 55 20

5.11.3 Overall inspection 50 0,40 50 20

5.11.4 General servicing work and reading of instruments 100 0,40 45 40

5.11.5 Wind tunnels; servicing and maintenance 100 0,40 45 40

5.11.6 Repair of electrical devices 200 0,50 45 60 Use local

lighting

Table 5.12 – Railways and tramways

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks Railway areas including light railways, tramways, Avoid glare for

monorails, miniature rails, metro, etc. vehicle drivers

5.12.1 Tracks in passenger station areas, including stabling 10 0,25 50 20 Ud ≥1/8

5.12.2 Railway yards: flat marshalling, retarder and classification yards 10 0,40 50 20 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.3 Hump areas 10 0,40 45 20 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.4 Freight track, short duration operations 10 0,25 50 20 Ud ≥1/8

5.12.5 Open platforms, rural and local trains, 1. Special attention to

small number of passengers 15 0,25 50 20 the edge of the platform.

2. Ud ≥1/8

5.12.6 Walkways 20 0,40 50 20

5.12.7 Level crossings 20 0,40 45 20

5.12.8 Open platforms, suburban and regional trains with large 1. Special attention to

number of passengers or inter-city services with small the edge of the platform.

number of passengers 20 0,40 45 20 2. Ud ≥1/5

5.12.9 Freight track, continuous operation 20 0,40 50 20 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.10 Open platforms in freight areas 20 0,40 50 20 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.11 Servicing trains and locomotives 20 0,40 50 40 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.12 Railway yard handling areas 30 0,40 50 20 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.13 Coupling area 30 0,40 45 20 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.14 Stairs, small and medium-size stations 50 0,40 45 40

5.12.15 Open platforms, inter-city services 50 0,40 45 20 1. Special attention to

the edge of the platform

2. Ud ≥1/5

5.12.16 Covered platforms, suburban and regional trains or 1. Special attention to

inter-city services with small number of passengers 50 0,40 45 40 the edge of the platform.

2. Ud ≥1/5

5.12.17 Covered platforms in freight areas, short duration operations 50 0,40 45 20 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.18 Covered platforms, inter-city services 100 0,50 45 40 1. Special attention to

the edge of the platform.

2. Ud ≥1/3

5.12.19 Stairs, large stations 100 0,50 45 40

5.12.20 Covered platforms in freight areas, continuous operation 100 0,50 45 40 Ud ≥1/5

5.12.21 Inspection pit 100 0,50 40 40 Use low-glare local lighting

Table 5.10 – Petrochemical and other hazardous industries

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.10.1 Handling of service tools, utilisation of manually

regulated valves, starting and stopping motors,

lighting of burners 20 0,25 55 20

5.10.2 Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons

with risk-free substances, inspection of leakage,

piping and packing 50 0,40 50 20

5.10.3 Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons

with dangerous substances, replacement of pump packing,

general service work, reading of instruments 100 0,40 45 40

5.10.4 Fuel loading and unloading sites 100 0,40 45 20

5.10.5 Repair of machines and electric devices 200 0,50 45 60 Use local

lighting

25

Table 5.13 – Saw mils

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.13.1 Timber handling on land and in water,

sawdust and chip conveyors 20 0,25 55 20

5.13.2 Sorting of timber on land or in water, timber unloading

points and sawn timber loading points, mechanical

lifting to timber conveyor, stacking 50 0,40 50 20

5.13.3 Reading of addresses and markings of sawn timber 100 0,40 45 40

5.13.4 Grading and packaging 200 0,50 45 40

5.13.5 Feeding and stripping and chopping machines 300 0,50 45 40

Table 5.15 – Water and sewage plants

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.15.1 Handling of service tools, utilisation of manually

operated valves, starting and stopping of motors,

piping packing and raking plants 50 0,40 45 20

5.15.2 Handling of chemicals, inspection of leakage,

changing of pumps, general servicing work,

reading of instruments 100 0,40 45 40

5.15.3 Repair of motors and electric devices 200 0,50 45 60

Table 5.14 – Shipyards and docks

Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks 5.14.1 General lighting of shipyard area, storage areas

for prefabricated goods 20 0,25 55 40

5.14.2 Short term handling of large units 20 0,25 55 20

5.14.3 Cleaning of ship hull 50 0,25 50 20

5.14.4 Painting and welding of ship hull 100 0,40 45 60

5.14.5 Mounting of electrical and mechanical components 200 0,50 45 60

26

Lamps

The principal selection criteria for road lighting lamps are energybalance (luminous efficacy) andservice life. Closely connectedwith these is the decision onwattage (W). Light colour andcolour rendering properties areless important here than for interiors (see page 8).

Luminous efficacy Luminous efficacy is the measureof a lamp's efficiency, expressedin lumens (lm) per watt: the higherthe ratio of lumens to watts, themore light a lamp produces fromthe energy it consumes. An ordinary tungsten filament lampgenerates only 12 lm/W, where-as the luminous efficacy ofdischarge lamps is several timeshigher (see table). Dischargelamps operated by electronicballasts achieve even greater efficiency.

Service lifeService life is the length of time a lamp is operated before it be-comes unserviceable. Averageservice life is defined as the average electrical service life(survival rate) of a number oflamps operated under standardconditions. Manufacturerspublish service life ratings, indicating the switching rhythmand the failure rate on which they are based.

Lamp type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Features Type of lamp High-pressure sodium Metal halide

Power rating classes from 50 35 50 70 250 1000 35(Watt) to 1000 1000 400 400 2000 2000 1000Luminous flux from 4400 2200 4000 6800 20000 90000 2850(Lumen) to 130000 130000 55000 48000 240000 230000 100000Luminous efficacy from 70 63 66 80 80 86 74(Lumen/Watt) to 150 139 138 120 120 115 100Light colour ww ww ww ww nw, dw nw, dw ww, nw, dwColour rendering index <40 <40 <40 <40 60–95 60–90 69, 80–95Ra (range)

E27 E27 E27 Fc2 E40 K12s E27Base E40 E40 E40 RX7s

Light colour: ww = warm white (colour temperature below 3,300 K), nw = neutral white (colour temperature 3,300 to 5,300 K), d1) Where lamps are EB-operated, luminous efficacy increases to 81–100 lm/W. Power input decreases from 18 W to 16 W, from 36 W

14

15

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17 17

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8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Mercury LP sodium Tubular three-band Compact fluorescent Induction

vapour fluorescent

70 35 60 70 50 18 18 18 18 5 60 18 554) 70250 250 140 400 1000 180 58 58 58 70 120 803) 1654) 150

5600 3100 6850 5100 1600 1800 1350 1350 1350 250 4000 1200 3650 650022500 25000 16500 37000 58000 32000 5150 5150 5200 5200 9000 6000 12000 12000

80 85 114 73 32 100 75 75 75/811) 50 67 67 644) 754)

90 100 118 100 60 178 89 89 93/1001) 82 75 87 734) 794)

ww ww, nw ww ww, nw ww, nw – ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw80–85 80–95 60 –70 75–96 36, 45–60 – – 80–85 80–85 80–85 80–85 80–85 80–85 80–85

E27 G12, G22 PGZ12 Fc2 E27 BY22d G13 G13 G13 G23 2G8-1 2G11 special specialE40 E40 RX7s E40 G24, 2G7

GX24dw = daylight white (colour temperature over 5,300 K)

W to 32 W and from 58 W to 50 W. 2) 18–55 W also as special design for outdoor lighting 3) 40 W and 55 W only with EB 4) System (lamp + EB)

13

18

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When individual lamps fail,road safety is compromised.So spent lamps should bereplaced immediately. Groupreplacement intervals aredetermined by the failure ratetolerated. This is normally 5%.

The longer a lamp operatesbefore it needs to be replaced,the lower the cost of relampingand maintenance. Detailedcomparative data on the servicelife of discharge lamps is avail-able from the electric lamp division (Fachverband Elektri-sche Lampen) of the Germanelectrical and electronic manu-facturers' association ZVEI.

28

Luminaires

Luminaire selection is determined by the lighting requirementsof the lighting task as well as by mechanical and electricalrequirements and the design intent.

It makes good economic sense to choose quality luminaires.Key features of their design and manufacture are:

■ cost-efficient operation (high utilisation factors)■ lighting quality and functionality (VDE, ENEC),■ mechanical and electrical reliability, ■ long life (materials, finish, compact design),■ in-process quality control,■ simple assembly and maintenance-friendly design

Professional advice and planning aids are also significant features.

Pendant luminaires for suspension on catenary (overhead) wires forA1, A2, A3 or B1 roads

Figs. 69 + 70

Post-top luminaires for A1, A2, A3 or B1 roads

Side-entry luminaires, a preferred option for A1, A2, A3 or B1 roads

Post-top luminaire (left) with fluorescent lamps for A1, A2, A3 or B1roads and as wall luminaire (right) e.g. for paths

Figs. 71 + 72

Figs. 75 + 76

Figs. 79 + 80

Large-area luminaire, used e.g. for outdoor car park lighting

Luminaire with light distribution curve specially designed for pedestrian crossings

Figs. 73 + 74

Figs. 77 + 78

Figs. 81 + 82

Tunnel luminaires with special light distribution curve and higherdegree of protection.

29Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Path luminaires, a preferred option for D and E lighting situationroads as well as for parks and gardens

Figs. 85 + 86

Decorative column luminaires, a preferred option for D and E lighting situation roads as well as for parks and gardens

Figs. 83 + 84

Secondary luminaires (also: indirect luminaires), a preferred optionfor D and E lighting situation roads as well as for parks and gardens

Small floods and spots for object illumination; the spot on the rightintegrates well in facades

Figs. 87 + 88

Figs. 91 + 92

Recessed ground luminaires (left) for object illumination and accentuating lighting as well as orientation luminaires (right) as recessed wall lights

Projector luminaires for spot- (left) and floodlighting (right).

Figs. 89 + 90

Figs. 93 + 94

30

Standards and literature

DIN EN 12464-2 Light and lighting – Lighting of work places –Part 2: Outdoor work places

DIN 13201 Road lighting - Part 1: Selection of lighting classes

DIN EN 13201 Road lighting Part 2: Performance requirements Part 3: Calculation of performancePart 4: Methods of measuring lighting performance

DIN 5340 Terms for physiological optics

DIN 67523 Lighting of pedestrian crossings (sign 293StVO)with additional lightingPart 1: General characteristics and guide valuesPart 2: Calculation and measurement

R-FGÜ 2001 – Richtlinien für die Anlage und Ausstattungvon Fußgängerüberwegen, published in Verkehrsblatt(VkBl) 2001, page 474 (www.verkehrsblatt.de)

Guide for lighting of road tunnels and underpasses,CIE publication 88 (2nd edition), Vienna 204(www.cie.co.at/cie)

Conflict zones: (in German). Allgemeines Rundschreiben fürden Straßenbau 23/98 of the Federal Transport Ministry (BMV)

Life behaviour of discharge lamps for general lighting,Fachverband Elektrische Lampen im ZVEI – ZentralverbandElektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie (ZVEI) e.V.,Frankfurt am Main 2005 (www.zvei.org)

Straßenbeleuchtung und Sicherheit, publication no.17:1998, Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesellschaft (LiTG) e.V.,Berlin 1998 (www.litg.de)

Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen künstlicher Lichtquellen, publication no. 12.2:1996, DeutscheLichttechnische Gesellchaft (LiTG) e.V., Berlin 1996(www.litg.de)

Hinweise zur Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen, Beschluss des Länderausschusses fürImmissionsschutz (LAI) resolution of 10 May 2000 (www.lai-immissionsschutz.de)

Zur Einwirkung von Außenbeleuchtungsanlagen aufnachtaktive Insekten, publication no. 15:1997, DeutscheLichttechnische Gesellschaft (LiTG) e.V., Berlin 1997(www.litg.de)

96

95

97 98

99 100 101

102 103 104

Acknowledgements for photographs

Made available by members of FördergemeinschaftGutes Licht: 1, 11-14, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 30-33, 37, 42, 46-50,52, 54-56, 58, 62, 69-94, 95, 96, 98-100, 102, 103Aral Aktiengesellschaft: 2, 51 BGZ – Berufsgenossenschaftliche Zentrale für Sicherheitund Gesundheit: 8 duisport, Köppen: 4 E.ON Ruhrgas AG: Titel, 38 Günter Wicker (Photur), /Berliner Flughäfen: 3Hafen Hamburg Marketing /Hettchen: 62 Stadt Paderborn: 15 „TRUST“ Communication GmbH: 16, 17, 26, 28, 29 www.fotolia.de: 5, 22 (Gilles Cohen); 6, 67 (Pryzmat); 9 (Leah Thompson); 18 (Georg Tschannett); 21 (Holger Zander);25/26 (Tom Perkins); 35 (Maiai); 39 (Zsolt Nyulaszi); 40 (dwphotos); 41, 97 (Dominique Morel); 45 (Jim Parkin); 53 (Michael Wilkens); 59 (Sascha Burkard); 60 (pmphoto);61 (Erik Rosenbladt); 63 (bedo); 64, 104 (Christian Kowalczyk) www.morguefile.com: 7 (dantada) www.photocase.de: 10, 43 (nonuniform); 34 (triple seVen-designs); 36 (Tasker); 44 (MFO); 57 (photoraver);65, 101 (froodmat); 68 (Baergt)

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Imprint

his booklet is No. 13 in the seriesInformation on LightingApplications published by

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht toprovide practical information on goodartificial lighting. The titles of all thepublications in the series are listedopposite in numerical order.

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Stresemannallee 1960596 Frankfurt am MainGermanyphone: +49 69 6302-0fax: +49 69 6302-317e-mail: [email protected]: www.licht.de

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

„TRUST“ Communication GmbH,Paderborn



Westermann Druck GmbH, Braunschweig

The booklets in this series containreferences to current DIN standards and VDE stipulations.

Beuth Verlag GmbH10787 Berlin, Germany

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With the permission of the publishers.12/07/00/13E

Printed on chlorine-free bleached paper.

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht publications

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL)provides information on the advantages ofgood lighting and offers extensive materialon every aspect of artificial lighting and itscorrect usage. The information is impartialand based on current DIN standards andVDE stipulations.

Information on lighting applications The booklets 1 to 18 in this series ofpublications are designed to help anyonewho becomes involved with lighting –planners, decision-makers, investors – toacquire a basic knowledge of the subject.This facilitates cooperation with lightingand electrical specialists. The lightinginformation contained in all thesebooklets is of a general nature.

LichtforumLichtforum is a specialist periodicalfocusing on topical lighting issues andtrends. It is published at irregularintervals. Lichtforum is available only inGerman.

www.all-about-light.orgOn the Internet, FGL offers tips on correctlighting for a variety of domestic andcommercial "Lighting Applications". In aPrivate Portal and a Pro Portal atwww.all-about-light.org, numerous exam-ples of applications are presented.

Explanations of technical terms are alsoavailable at the click of a mouse on thebuttons "About Light" and "Lighting Tech-nology". Databases containing a wealthof product data, a product/supplier matrixand the addresses of FGL membersprovide a direct route to manufacturers."Publications" in an online shop and"Links" for further information round offthe broad spectrum of the FGL lightportal.

Die Beleuchtung mit künstlichem Licht 1

Gutes Licht für Sport und Freizeit 8Gutes Licht für Verkauf

und Präsentation 6Gutes Licht für Handwerk und Industrie 5

Beleuchtungsqualitätmit Elektronik12Gutes Licht für Hotellerie

und Gastronomie11NotbeleuchtungSicherheitsbeleuchtung10Repräsentative

Lichtgestaltung 9

Gutes Licht am Haus und im Garten 15 Stadtmarketing mit Licht16Ideen für Gutes Licht

zum Wohnen14

Booklet 15 is out of print.

Gutes Licht für Schulen und Bildungsstätten 2

Gutes Licht im Gesundheits-wesen 7

Gutes Licht für Büros und Verwaltungsgebäude 4

LED – Lichtaus der Leuchtdiode17 Gutes Licht für Museen,

Galerien, Ausstellungen18

Gutes Licht für die Arbeit im Freien

licht.wissen 13

licht.wissen 13Outdoor Workplaces

licht.deFördergemeinschaft Gutes LichtStresemannallee 1960596 Frankfurt am MainGermanyphone: +49(0)696302-353fax +49(0)[email protected]

fgl 13 gb - licht.de · en 12464-2, which defines the standards that need to be observed in...

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