few scholars openly challenged the accepted theories of the past geocentric theory –earth - center...
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• Few scholars openly challenged the accepted theories of the past
• GEOCENTRIC THEORY–Earth - center of the universe, everything
else moved around the Earth. –Supported by Aristotle
and Ptolemy (Greek)
Before the Scientific Revolution…
The ScientificRevolution
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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Late Middle Ages (Mid-1500s), new ideas challenged old
• …called the scientific revolution!
• Brought forth by exploration and learning done during the Renaissance (1500-1700)
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COPERNICUS• Circa 1500 in Prussia • Astronomy: the study of stars, planets, and
other heavenly bodies• HELIOCENTRIC
THEORY: – sun is the center of the
universe & fixed– gravity: center of
earth & lunar sphere– “movement” of stars
is actually earth rotating
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TYCHO BRAHE• Denmark, late 1500s• Differed with
Copernicus • Sun & moon revolved
around Earth• Made important
observations & recorded data
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JOHANNES KEPLER• Germany, early 1600s• Follower of Heliocentric
Theory• planets move in
elliptical orbits (not circles)
• Laws of planetary motion
• Solar System
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GALILEO GALILEI• Italy, early 1600s• Astronomer, physicist,
mathematician & philosopher
• The Experimental Method: “father of modern science”
• Supported Copernicus • Used improved telescope to
observe the location and relationship of heavenly bodies
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• Studied time using pendulums– Weights hung to swing freely
• Gravity experiments– Elaborated on work of Aristotle– Determined that all objects fall at
the same rate
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THE CHURCH INTERFERES• The church felt its authority threaten by new
discoveries in science• Were especially against Heliocentric Theory
– God’s Earth was at the center of the universe• Galileo was brought to trial in 1633
– Roman Inquisition found him “vehemently suspect of heresy”
– Galileo was forced to recant, held under house arrest until he died in 1642
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• 1771: Ban on printing his works lifted• 1992: the year the Catholic Church finally
acknowledged that Galileo was correct!
Thanks… I guess.
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD• people began to base science on observation
and experimentation • …not ancient authorities and the church• Logical procedure for gathering information
and testing ideas
1. Derive a question based on observation
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Test hypothesis
4. Analyze and interpret data into a conclusion
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FRANCIS BACON
• England, early 1600s• Argued for empirical
experimental methods– Practical & useful…
and profitable• Championed & made
popular scientific innovation
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RENE DESCARTES
• France, early 1600s• Influential, original thinker• Mathematics, philosophy• Doubt everything• Start with evidence, use
deductive reasoning to create scientific laws
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ISAAC NEWTON• England, late 1600s• United experimentation and
theoretical math• Created mathematical laws
that explain motion & mechanics
• Famous gravity experiments
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WOMEN IN SCIENCE?• Learning institutions &
societies of the era excluded women.
• Some noblewomen and artisans engaged via male family members
• Male scientists suggested that female minds were inferior to men’s
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IMPACT
• New advancements in science brought new ideas in other areas…
• If the government & church was wrong about old science, it could be wrong about other areas of life as well
• People begin to think differently about their religious institutions and governments