CHAPTER 6 Few Historical Evidences of India------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In previous chapter we have placed some questions about the practice of Marxist theory in Indian soil. Here there is need to discuss few evidences form historical juncture of India briefly before going to above mentioned subject. We are presenting this master in very simplified and straight forward manner without giving much of quotations and references as the academicians usually do yet for the sake of this discussion few words of Marx should be remembered in this context. Academicians and intellectuals have been continuing this discussion and referred Karl Marx, so it is well none to them. For the need of historical requirement we have to rethink these few words as mentioned by Karl Max. After completion of great works Capital Marx had tried to write another great works regarding the backward country of Russia. In that aim he had collected huge information and notes, but he could not finish this great works before his death. In that unfinished work in a discussion note he stated few words which are most important and relevant till today. Marx stated that a mere translation of Marxism would not be successful in the revolutionary struggle in any country because every country has its own dialect and this dialect depends on its historical, cultural all these traditions and social dialect the revolutionary activity would not go for successful revolution. Without proper evaluation of this social dialect the class struggle would not develop into higher form of revolutionary struggle, so we have to think various co factors regarding religion, races, classism and cultural aspect in progressing class struggle for revolutionary change of the society. It will be different from country to country. Through there may be a world view for revolutionary change of the society, but we have to consider several local, national, racial, cultural geographical etc. issues. Along with the class struggle the new society, these issues should be kept in mind before proceeding. In present social situation whatever is desire for socialistic revolutionary model search already has started for it. This search for model not only from today began long period ago, that is, sometime Russian model, sometime Chinese etc. are long being debated. Sometime advancement in industrial sector or the caught the eyes of Indian Marxist for advocating in support of Russian model they cried horse for it, again in form colonial situation and semi feudal presence with vast rural nature of this country, the Marxist of India put forward the concept of Chinese model and spoke in high sounding voice in favour of it. In the present time of globalization the experience and the struggle of Latin America are being gotten attention by Indian Marxist for reforming political outlook and to take similar strategy and tactics. But this is vast country India or Indian sub-continent. With plurality in nationality religion, racial, tribal, provincial, ethnic, geographical and prolong historical and cultural tradition. India is so vast that it is greater, bigger and wider in all these aspects than a continent. So, those who seek or copy of a revolutionary model form any successful revolution of other socialist countries, they are going of mere translation of Marxism. Implementation of such theory and practice ultimately ruined the revolutionary struggle. In this period of globalization all countries are somehow well connected to other and do not sustain in alienated from the world economic and cultural system. So, any revolutionary struggle of any country should have a world outlook. Though it has uniqueness from country to country. Because any country either vast or small the influence of globalization is must. For uneven development of capitalism and imperialism the remnants of older society like semi feudalism still exist in present globalized world. So the classical concept of Marxism and Leninism does not lost its relevant. It is still working today for formation of new master discourse for revolutionary struggle in any country of present world system. In a changing world the class struggle and its methodology of revolutionary strategy and lactic should be changed according to the need of time. The revolutionary struggle should be covered various contradictions and problems regarding religious, racial, cultural, ethnic linguistic and ecological issues along with major class contradictions. This is why the development of revolutionary struggle should be different from country to country and its character of class struggle will be different due to solving other problems working within the people of those countries. It is a very simplification if we set a model by translating any successful revolutionary process of any country for the revolutionary process of any country for other country. So, there should not be a fixed model or concept for revolutionary struggle of any country it should be different according to the need of time and need of the country to cover for solving the major class contradiction class inequality with all other issues have mentioned above for changing the society with change of ownership of means of production land development of productive forces with cultural and social values. Every country has its own characteristics, according to that revolutionary struggle will develop this revolutionary struggle will put forward a world outlook, in other side, by synthesizing the local diversity and variations with the aspiration of working class and common people the revolutionary programme and its strategy and lactic should develop. It is never possible to fix a model and its path has a readymade subject before starting revolutionary struggle. A structural outline may be suggested from taking the lesson from past revolutionary experiences and by judging present socio political and cultural conditions. In no way it with be fixed. According to need there may be change for changing the objective situation of any state and society. In this chapter we are facing some important questions given as below. 1. Socialist revolution and socialist model, 2. Its world outlook and outline of worldwide changes,3. Local feature and class struggle and its application in a country.In answer to this question in respect to India the class struggle and its methodology of application in new form should be taken for discussion. For this we are discussing few historical evidences taken form pre-history, ancient, medieval period and modern India. It is very brief nothing is unknown to historical academicians and learned people, but we are calling these evidences for common reader. Sub head non-violence and pre historic India the famous Bengal novelist Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, the writer of Anandamath and national anthem BandeMatram, said in his time with great dissatisfaction that our country, India has no written history. At present this is not hold good in last 150 years foreign, nationalist internationalist, Marxist and modern historians have done numerous researches and wrote huge writing to enlighten us about Indian and brought into fore various outlooks to reconstruct the dark Indian historical aspect. In the see of knowledge these are still scanty. Therefor much information is beyond our knowledge and its search the scholars are engaged. The author of this book has not that courage to introduce any new concept about Indian historical experiences, but being a common observer we have e to say few words to reconsider some historical evidences from which we can think in newer way for some new concept for social struggle for its upliftment. By introducing the ideology of non-violence (Ahimsa) as the methodology of Indian nationalist freedom struggle Mr. M. K. Gandhibecame successful to get nationalist hegemony in the long term freedom struggle of India against British imperialism. He became famous throughout the world and the concept of non-violence as methodology for struggle has gotten a world-wide dimension. In so many countries of the world have been practising this methodology of non-violence and non-cooperation as a weapon for their struggle. In the decade of 60s of previous century the struggle against apartheids Mr. Martin Luther King, a black leader and priest of Christian missionary, utilized this methodology of non-violence or unarmed struggle in USA. This great man was shot dead like Mr. M.K. Gandhi by their opponent. In the decade of 80s of last century the massive struggle of the student of China for democracy had followed the same line of non-violence. But this struggle of students of China was demolished with cruelty by military armed action taken by Chinese Government led by Chinese Communist Party. This Ahimsa as methodology and ideology has been resounded repeatedly in Indian history in much aspect sometime like social reform, other time for social justice and in all time to construct humanist character of social personality of human being. In modern India it is utilized uniquely for political and national freedom struggle as a main stream of Indian national movement led by Mr M K Gandhi and Indian National Congress. Human races started their journey from middle of Africa as Homo Sapience Sapience as an old pre historic human species. The CroMagnon the ancestors of modern human races were evolved (We are not discussing about other species like HomoErectus, Homo habilis, Homo Sapience Neanderthals etc. in this context because all of these species had perished long before pre historic human civilization) . Presumably ninety thousand years ago from middle Africa and they reached Indian sub-continent before barely seventy thousand years. They spread into India and their journey continued in this sub-continent and they spread nearly sixty thousand years back to reach Sri Lanka and even in continent of Australia nearly thirty thousand years ago. (There are many books regarding this anthropological journey and history about human races is available. Author is referring the book Pre historic Infix by Mr Irfan Habib or easy reading to the interested readers.) Many types of clan and sub clan of human races came to Indian sub-continent by flow in thousand and thousand years. This pre historic clan and sub clans through their inter action and intercourses gave birth to some racial identity like Negrito, Negribotu, Australoid, Proto Australoid, Vedic etc. as this is explained by the anthropological historian. Though there is much debate and controversies are going on. But more or less consensus is that these racial groups were being formed the pre historic races. At present the majority of Indian tribal population like Kohl, Bheels, Munds, Santhal etc. have come from these pre historic races and a greater portion of the pre historic races were amalgamated with the main stream of population and grew as non-tribal identity. Afterward he Dravid races came to India, the origin of Dravid races has many different opinions. Perhaps they evolved from some clan and sub clans were remaining or residing in the area of Afghanistan and Baluchistan at the western front of Indian sub-continent. Few tribes are still using Dravidian languages at present time in these areas. This may shows the relics of the genesis of Dravirian language group people. So, we may conceptualize that this Drabid races were originated from the Western frontier area of Indian sub-continent and spread towards Easter and soothers parts of this sub continents they mixed with the other remaining races as mentioned above. By long time of interactions these all races including Drabirian had constructed the last stage of pre historic civilization that is Neolithic stage. It occurred before ten thousand years from present time. At the result of this constructing and deconstruction of process of civilization the great Indus civilization of and Mohenjo-Daro appeared in the history as one of the oldest civilizations of World. There are relics of contemporary civilizations have bound Western and northern part of India. Similar civilization of contemporary period was evidenced in riverine West Bengal and some relics have been found, at present it is a mind of Pandu kings at Birbhum district of West Bengal. In very brief we can say that the pre historic civilization was developed o the ancient historical civilization through the prolong interacting and admixture of Austroloid, Proto Austroloid and Drabid races. Nearly four thousand years ago the Aryan language group people entered into India. It is better to remark Aryan language based various groups of people were not unified race of sects, many stream of these human groups entered India by major three floor with some minor flows for nearly one thousand years distributing of time. The archaeologist historians have agreed about the presence of Alpian Aryan races in Indus civilization. Some historians like Rig lee said them as outer Aryan. According to historian these Aryans traversed Indian sub-continent and mainly concentrated in Gujrat, Maharashtra, at Western part of Indian and Odisha and Bengal, that is, Eastern part of Indian sub-continent. Other Aryan language people came to India with Vedas. They are known as Nordic Aryans. Due to great ancient literature Vedas these Aryan language groups are mainly known as Aryan bases. Due to this literature some knowledge can be deducted by the historians about the culture, religion, and history of these races, but about Alpines such evidences are lacking. The knowledge about this race is very scanty. In subsequent period great strife, struggle and interaction took place among these two Aryan groups and other non-Aryan races and finally union and synthesis occurred. Nordic Aryans possibly came from Russians steno areas and middle of the Asia. They left their nomadic character and entered India and became gradually agriculture based clan. The strife, strain and struggle were continued for few centuries. Ultimately they defeated and over power on the other races. But by cultural and civilization indicator they belonged to backward stage. The Aryans, the Austroloid, Proto austroloied and Dravian human sect mixed well with each others and progressed towards the great old civilization of India. In history this civilization is known as Hindu civilization. This Hindu civilization only became possible by the interaction between all the races. Non Aryan races contributed major share in development of Hindu civilization. According to Dr.Atul Sur, a famous social Historian, the Hindu civilisation was contributed seventy five percent from non-Aryan racial culture. With the progression of time many other clans and sects like Shaks, Hoons etc. and other races sub-caste entered Indian sub-continent. Gradually they became partner of Indian civilization. If we observe the trend of Indian history, we find the future of assimilation among them. Synthesis and union were more obvious then strike and strain. Much talked question of RabindraNath Tagores in his one of famous poems about the ethnicity of great Indian nationhood has been made-Here the Aryans, the non-aryans, here Drabid, China, the Shaks, the Hoons, the Pathan, the Mughal merged in one bodys- This picture of union and synthesis of all races, religions and culture can be explained as assimilation and was different from other civilizations of the world. It took a different charter and feature her cooperation synthesis and assimilation were far greater than strife and struggle and got greater important. One race and sect without destroying other sects have tried to stay jointly. Why such social psychology was developed in India? Answer to this question, we may find it from the feature of Indian History and we have to refer this in the pre-historic time just end of the last ice age which was far softer in comparison to Europe and ended well sometime before Europe. With Himalayan-washed, sufficient rainfall and natural temperature condition, the forest and animal treasure were found in plenty in India. As a result the primitive races here gave better aces for procurement of food by collection than hunting. They preferred food-collection which was easier than hunting forest animals. Collection of fishes from plenty of natural resources of river and huge domestic animals protein gave Indian People good nutrition. This was ungues in pre-historic India. When in other parts of the world one clan destroyed another clan top get their land and its resources for their survival. In India this was not feature for continuing their lives. They developed the civilization by conquering natural wealth and right over them. Because of huge natural resources process of destruction was not needed as compared with the history of other part of the World. Here Paddy, wheat, jowar, burley, ragi etc. was found in plenty, oil seeds were available by simple tilling. Even they can be easily got in nature with the vast wealth of domestic animals like cows, buffaloes, milk and milk products like ghee, butter could be got much easier; by not killing animals life was possible. For all these features non-violence doctrine gradually developed through the struggle of primitive toiling masses over nature. This doctrine had been revolutionised the Indian theology in later days of Indian history. This non-violence being an inherent feature of India. Its influence was observable in various stages as has been seen ancient medieval and even in the modern days. Again at present time and in recent period this ideology of non-violence have utilised in different types of struggle may be political or social. This ideology of non-violence may be used as a weapon for some time for religious reforms for establishment of social justice, some time for fraternity, some time for national movement and freedom struggle. This non-violence methodology of struggle have utilised in post independent India by Mr. Jayprakash Narayan against off when he had given the leadership to combat the authoritarian, semi fascist measures taken by central government of India of congress led by Mrs Indira Gandhi. Even in the recent days the anti-corruption movement led by Mr. Anna Hazare created some impact over the people of India and against the Central government is an example of application of non-violence struggle. If we analyse the struggle of modern days throughout the world we can see the non-violent or armed struggle is getting popularity and effectivity day by day than militant armed struggle which is going to be less effective and may be obsolete (reader may go through different issue of socialist register, EPW Devid Hardy may for unarmed struggle an issue of 2013.) Ideology of the non-violence was originated and developed by Indian working population with their experiences of struggle against measure and man and became a very powerful weapon for struggle. This methodology has used for thousand and thousand year against many odds and obstacle and take a generalised shape for its application to change the social system thousand the world. It does propagate of humanitarian massage of cooperation, unity and synthesis in place mass destruction as used by the exploiter and ruling class. First application of non-violence was found historic form in Buddhism and Jainism. Between these two influences of Buddhist religion was much wider and deeper enabling it to spread whole India and process the boundary bar of this sub-continent to the most of the country of Asia like China, Japan and the countries of Southey east and Far East Asia. Even today this religion is a matter of discussion among the people of whole world. Buddhism had created a religious hegemony for few centuries of time in India, but later its influence gradually decreased and ultimately became nearly a forgo history. If we study and analyse the era of Goutam Buddha historically, we can see that this was the time for rapid change of socio political order. These changes were taking place in ideological, philosophical and political stride. For historical limitation the traditional republican states based on clan and tribes were gradually withering and in that place the feudalism feudal states were growing up. That era was a full of struggle, strife and strain in social political arena which influences debate and struggle in philosophical outlook and theory. The traditional materialist philosopher like MukhyaliGhoshal and Ajeebaks were not capable to explain this tremendous socio political change for giving a better alternative got the common people. So, they became isolated from the people and their philosophical became obsolete. They have drowned in the darkness of depression. They were trapped in the old philosophical concept about the world and became perished withi8n change of the social within the womb of history. With the change of social order In anti-thesis to this Goutam Buddha had accepted the reality of feudalism through he given the concept of republican state and its democratic set up in an higher place than feudal Kinghood. His moral support went in favour of common people and republican state. He was a pioneer of dialectical thoughts of cause and affects in his vision everything of the world like society, life etc. all is changeable and nothing is fixed. In other words he opposed feudalism. According to him feudalism and Kinghood were reality for time being, but not per manual one. It would be changed with the change of time and historical situation. It would sustain till it would be replaced by newer, greater and a better welfare state. He placed a dream of communistic society by harvesting the embryo of social equality and democracy within Buddhist Sangha established by him. These Sangha had been continuously reacting with the common people, particularly poor, for shaping and modifying the human like towards healthy, simple and humanist outlook. In comparison to Goutam Buddhas proposition the traditional materialist and the follower of Ajibaks where aimless remain in darkness struggled and revolted against the Brahminical concept of society of inequality based on four caste system as determined by heredity. He uplifted the flag of social justice of universal brotherhood. He had denied any society based on inequality and remained silent about spiritualism, god and absolute soul. Love affection and pity was sounded by him to the nation. In place of luxurious life he advocated healthy and simple life patter for common people above everything. As a great compassioned man, Goutam Buddha, revolted against Vedic customs, culture and refuels like sacrifices of animals and other Brahamical social order based on the caste division (Chaturvarnashran). These all rituals and customs were much burden of the common and poor people. He had tried with vigour to remove this burden and introduced the revolutionary thoughts of social equality for human life. Due to historical limitation his dialectical though would not merged with materialism to give birth of revolutionary philosophy of dialectical materialism as of modern days. Goutam Buddhas dialectical thought had not seen any revolutionary class in that historical juncture to initiate socio political revolution. As it had been observed by Karl Marx in 19th centurys Europe due to development of science and society and genesis of revolutionary proletarian class within the womb of capitalist society. The merchant class had evolved due to result of caste divided Brahaminical social system of ancient India in the time of Buddha was not aspirant for state power though they were economically sound and became follower of Buddhism but politically of ambitious,. The Brahamins and Kshatriyas enjoyed high position in the social system based on caste division as the result of chaturvanashram proposal by Brahminical system. These two established higher castes had fought with each other to establish their hegemony over society and to get state power. The strife frail and cooperation were continued between two higher castes in republican states based on clan or sub clan ant later in feudal state power. The relics of this struggle between two higher castes have been evident in modern Indian state power and social system. And their strife is continuing. The merchant class businessmen who were mostly remained in Vasyas though ecomically sound, but had lesws social dignity as compared to Brahamin and Kshatriyas. The Shudras, the lowest strata of Chaturvarnasham caste orientation were the most neglected, tortured, exploited poor people of India. By number they were majority in ancient period and even today. Buddhas noble concept had casted great influence among these wider sections of exploited poor people and applied for their welfare. GoutamBuddha had reset and remodelled the democratic system of ancient republican state of India to a higher and developed form in his established Sangha and Sanghic life. The private property was not allowed in sanghie life and the property of Sangha became the common property of every member. He did not select any person to be successor of him and gave the directives to his followers to affect the leader of sanghik life by democratic way and to take any decision on the basis of support of majority. All revolutions in the Sanghik life should be taken by discussion of all members and decision would be made by support of majority and should be followed by all. In this way he kept the embryo of more developed future communistic society within sangha life for future wold. This was not possible in rising ancient feudal state of India. In his life style he was able to win the heart of poor and common people of modern India. His massage of Ahimsa was influenced common people so greatly that all classes, castes recess and tribes had become his followers and which may be defined as the hegemony of ideology. In contradiction too feudalism and Barhminical system which based on class and caste exploitation Buddha was able to establish the hegemony of this ideology of affection, pity and universal brotherhood by applying the methodology of Ahimsa or non-violence. Buddha considered ancient republican state system as of far better and higher social system than autocratic feudal state. He had developed the democratic system of ancient republican state in a greater form and applied it in sanghik life For this reason being a founder of Buddhist Sangha he did select any person to be successor of him. He had given a full right to his follower and member his Sangha to elect their leader for functioning of Sangha. All policies of sangha should be taken after debate and discussion by the members (Buddhist monk) of Sangha with support of majority. In Sangha there was no existence of private property of any member. Any donation and collection from alms form the people should be kept as the property of Sangha and that should be used for the welfare of common poor people. Summing up all this may be a form of communistic pattern of life within Sangha. In such way GautamBuddha kept the ideology of equality and concept of communist society.in a embryonic form within Sanghic life. He knew that his concept was not possible in social life at that period of time which was a utopia. That is why he limited it within Sanghik life with a dream that it might be progressed to wider form with the advancement civilization and society. In the time of Buddha it was a historical juncture of tremendous and violent social turmoil and it was a period of social deconstruction and reconstruction with strife and stain. When aggressive struggle was continued among opposite forces of clans, republican states and rising feudal states this social turmoil caused lot of misery and oppression for most of the common people. In this time of unrest, Buddhas massage of affection, brotherhood, pity and welfare for common people was created a cold breeze on the mind and life of common people. This tremendous influence of Goutam Buddha within common people creating hegemony of ideology over the society. This was so great that even autocratic, powerful feudal Kings also were forced to show their honour and regard to him. Though they had planned to attack other states they had to take permission from Goutam Buddha as in the form of blessing. Magadha King Ajatashotru before attack of Baishali went to Buddha for his blessing. But Buddhas support was in favour of Baishali because it was a republican state. Buddhas non-violence ideology continued and his moral sway prevailed for some centuries and established ideological hegemony over the society. To find its source we have again and again go to pre-history of India. There primitive peoples group assimilated each other to a synthesis of life with cooperation though there was much struggle within them, but they had given more importance to labour and cooperation. The war, destruction, murder tendency and property lure could be found among the hierarchy. The Aryans entered India as looter and it was also prevalent among this Aryan language. The primitive peoples group was much a head to this Aryan in their life process. Though this Aryan language grouped races were much backward to the non-Aryan primitive people of India according to indicator of civilization. Some historians think that for this reason the Aryans formulated the caste divided society and established their higher achy over the non-Aryan people by introducing chaturvarnashram caste system. The caste division arising from chaturvarnshram still prevent in India with its bad effect. In present days the politics of casteism and racial conflict are the result of this bad effect of chaturvarnashram. The politics of caste race and religious conflict are playing an important role in Indian context. Buddha did not accept this caste division was revolted against this caste division of high and low among human beings. His mind was in favour of tortured, oppressed, and backward and sub alters people. As a great compassionate man Goutam Buddha won the heart of the oppressed and exploited people by his message of affection, brotherhood and compassion. There were lot of upheaved and term occurred in Indian history. Many foreign invasion and internal conflict was running with the change of political, social and cultural scenario of this sub-continent. Many dynasty, regional power was arisen and had fallen in Indian history. After Buddha two thousand and five hundred years have passed. Even Buddhist nearly perished form India. But the concept of non-violence (Ahimsa) has been blowing in the mind of Indian people through its culture, ethics and religion. In has been practising by different sects of people with different philosophical and cultural. Another great application of this non-violent methodology was evident at the end of mediaeval period in different part of India through Bhakti Movement started by Sri Chaitanya in Bengal and it spread to whole eastern part of India and even influenced northern and southern parts of India. Sri Chaitanya appeared in the history more than five hundred years ago when the social and state system were in great crisis and in vulnerable condition. The society, religion and the state system became very work and poor. The invaders came from Arab, Turkey and others from Middle East had make aggression to India with their religious weapons of Islamic concept. Whole India became under dominated by these Muslim invaders and Indian feudalism had reshaped with newer religious concept as Islamic theology is practising social justice and there is no casteism within it. So, as a religion Islam in some way is ahead to Hindu religion and its culture in humanitarian aspect. A big number of Indian people particularly of lower strata and sub alters groups had become converted to Islam and this was patronised by the state power which was dominated by Muslim feudal lords. A newer religious group of people evolved and they are known as Indian Muslim. This Islamic religion and its culture have deep enrooted in Indian culture and civilization. For this establishment of Islamic culture and religion application of force terror and state support were required. But slowly Islamic culture and religion with Muslim population have become inseparable with Indian culture and placed a permanent position in Indian history. In one side the Hindu religion, culture and old society were torn and became poor by its caste division and conflict, and on the other side the oppression of autocratic foreign Muslim invaders who became rulers of this sub-continent resulted lot of misery and repression of common poor people. In this darkness and crisis moment of history Sri Chaitanya came with massage of love, affection and Ahimsa. He was different from Buddha in his philosophical concept. As a member of idealist religious philosophical thought he took the weapon of Bhakti to propagate the concept of equality and social justice and among the people. He had tried to remove all the difference and division within mankind by depicting all people as Bhakta disregarding any religious or sectorial bar. He gained same position and dignity to god and Bhaktas making a concept of commonness between man and god. He developed a new idealist philosophical concept of A ChaitanyaVedavedTatwa, a new theory and concept in Indian philosophy. According to non-dualism AdaytyVedanta theory of Shankara the supreme soul (Brahma) is only true and life and world are false. Sri Chaitanya had opposed this strong idealist philosophy of Shankara and he denied it he established the unity between the world and its creator or in other way between god and its devotee (Bhakta). Through this sense of unity he wiped out all the differences among races, people and religion, he gage the highest recognition of love in social life and he fought for social justice of equality. Sri Chaitanya had utilized devotion or Bhakti bad as weapon to attack very strongly against the caste division and conflict within mankind based or religion and races. It was the theory of lion cooperation movement based on Ahimsa non-violent methodology not only in Indian history but also true for world. By applying this methodology he had given a leadership for a strong anti-state movement against the authoritarian feudal state power. This was an incident when the Nama sankirtana(Songs of devotees) was banned by the local administrator (Kazi). Sri Chaitanya had opposed this authoritarian banning of local administrator and made a strong protest by non-cooperation movement by gathering huge number of people and demanded to withdraw this ban. The Kazi became frightened and accepted this demand for removing ban. This was the first non-cooperation movement of the history based on non-violent doctrine, achieved a success. So, it was found not only in human life or in religious concept this doctrine can be applied for social movement also. It may be utilised for social reform and can be used against the state system for change of it. Another important matter to be noted that in Chaitanyas movement the follower mostly came from sub alters class people and from lower caste. We are now going to note that the wider application of non-cooperation movement based on non-violence concept in national movement of pre independent India and also in post independent. We are discussing a greater subject in very brief. So, there must be lot of questions and debates may rise. There is no scope to solve this question in this book. We are putting forward some outlines to place before the readers. In modern freedom movement of India many types of struggle took place. These are terrorist, anarchist, democratic soft liner and hard liner. These all flows of movement merged with the main steam of Indian freedom struggle organized by Indian National Congress. After 1920s and onward these main stream, freedom struggle was led by Mr MK Gandhi who introduced non-violent methodology by applying non-cooperation, civil disobedience and satyagraha like hunger strike to fight against the imperialist British ruler for swaraj or independence. He utilized the same weapon of non-violence for Indian freedom struggle. India freedom struggle was a long term processing which many tuned and voices were sounded. Many armed tribal revolt, many armed and unarmed peasant struggle took place among the all armed struggle, the greatest one was Sepoy Mutiny which was termed as MahaBidroho (Great revolt and according to Karl Marx which was depicted as the first independence war of India). Native Indian British soldier had revolted in this mutiny mostly in northern part, but they were not the sole partner of this revolt. These Indian British soldier usually came from rural background. So they had a living connection with peasantry. This revolt also involved a big section of Indian peasantry. But overall leadership was given by the feudal lords who had been affected by British rule. This leader feudal class had already been delayed and bankrupted. Due to lack of modern outlook and leadership this great revolt could not result success. The feudal leaders of this mutiny had their own class interest. So they had not united to place a better state pattern than the state formed by imperialist British ruler. With the introduction of British rule and opening of the modern European culture and thoughts a new intelligentsia with modernity had grown up throughout India. This newly raised intelligentsia had formed a new elite class mainly came from economically higher group of people. Along with elite class there was a big population of middle class was formed. This both raised elite and middle class were influenced by modern European thoughts. As British imperialist had given limited civil right to this country for their own imperial interest which were lacking in pre British feudal India the newly raise elite and middle class did not accept the feudal leader to come again in power because they might snatch there civil rights. Not only for civil right would these new classes and their interest have better served by imperialist ruler. So, l they did not give support to this mutiny rather they opposed it. Some ultra-leftist historian criticises this role of intellectuals and elite classes of that period as bootlickers and reactionary force created and nourished by imperialist. This ultra-left social critic and historian have field upon those intellectuals, elite of that period and their role, at the same time depicted them as follower a supporter of British rule. This is not correct analysis of historical reality for proper analysis we have to study the dialectical relation of older and newer classes. With this Historical reality and the contradiction within it.If we do not think so we must have to reach an over simplification of a historical era. The contradiction in the society is always changing with the change of the social dynamics. These intellectuals for some time supported imperialist British rule came from elite and middle class in next generation, with the advent of nationalism they took anti-imperialist role and led the freedom struggle. This show to analyse the historical reality is not so simple and there must be some extra ordinary factor remain in it. The intellectuals of 19th century India were mostly influenced by European ideology, philosophy and political thoughts. The British ruler came to India and established a new state system in which they have given some civil rights as has already said. The civil right was given for their imperialist interest and to concretize colonial state system as a supreme power. These civil rights act as a pillar of safeguard for imperialist rule and exploitation. Introduction of modern education system, better road and transport communication, limited right to express of peoples opinion, permission given for publishing newspaper and establishment of modern printing press, advent of modern health system and introduction of modern judiciary. These all are required for need of imperialist rule. At the same time these are safeguards for imperialist exploitation. But in opposite side of the dialectics this limited civil rights were also shared by Indian people, especially newly raised elite and middle class. These rights were not prevailed in pre-British imperial rule. So the great Sepoy Mutiny led by mainly Indian feudal class and their ideology was not supported by newly raised intellectuals and elites as Independence War. In brief though the Sepoy mutiny had got involvement of greater number of people, but they didnt create a total influence or hegemony over majority of the people and intellectuals of colonial India. Indian history has to wait for another few decades to grow modern nationalism. Modern nationalism had been developing since the last decade of 19th century. The source of this modern nationalism was due to progress of Indian national bourgeois or capitalist class, those who were giving the leadership of modern Indian national freedom struggle. In this struggle of Indian freedom movement the Indian National Congress became the main stream through long term national movement. The Indian National Congress old group like SurendranathBanarjee, DadabhaiNowrjee etc. were taking soft attitude to British ruler and known as soft liner. A newer group like BalgangadharTilak, LalaLajpatRoly, Bipin Chandra Pal etc. are known as hard liner and as trio leader Lal Bal Pal took an uncompromising attitude to British imperialism. Apart from the National Congress there were many revolutionary of terrorist and anarchist outlook had struggled against British imperialism through the lesson from soft liner, hard liner, extremist and terrorist movement. The Indian Freedom movement was continued and in course of time in the second decade of 20th century Mr MK Gandhi came in the forefront of freedom struggle led by Indian National congress. He became the sole leader throughout India from Kashmir to Kanyakumari. With the progression of time various political groups like rightist, leftist, socialist and even communist had taken part in Indian National congress with the same goal of freedom movement. So, Indian National Congress was not a homogenous party, rather it was a wider platform of all freedom loving people. If we study and analyse the long term dynamics of freedom struggle we can see that the movement started from and after 1920s like non-cooperation movement for PurnaSwaraj (complete freedom) ,Laban Satyagraha and many civil disobedience movements which were organized by Indian National Congress and was under the leadership of Mr MK Gandhi and based on his non-violence concept with methodology of non-cooperation, hunger strike etc. These movements some time had created tremendous vigorcity and other time went slowly through many micro movements to reorganize for a greater and higher form of struggle. This character of Indian freedom struggle organised by Indian National Congress led by Mr MK Gandhi may be nearly simulate of the thought of Antonio Gramchis concept of war of position and war of movement. Though Mr Gandhi and other leades of Indian National Congress had no connection with Gramchi and his writings. All this movement was organized by Indian National Congress and other freedom fighting groups targeted towards formation of the concept of sovereignty, independence and nationalism and which was slowly established the idea and structure of a independent sovereign Indian state among the people of all classes and different strata of this country. It was established that an independent sovereign country can give move welfare and development for the people and society which is never possible in an imperialist or foreign rural dominated dependent state. For that reason Indian National Congress spread the massage of independence among the wider section of people and earned their support, that is to say that they succeeded to establish suzerainty of independent Indian state, in other words they had able to establish their hegemony among the Indian people to replace imperialist British ruler. For Indian freedom struggle there were all-out freedom movement was organized within a period of a century one was the great Sepoy Mutiny in 1958 and second one. Quit India Movement of 1942 which has renamed as August Revolution led by Mr MK Gandhi with participation of majority of Indian population and most of the political parties. Difference of these two great struggles is about establishment of hegemony by the leaders and the leading class among the majority of different section of people in the leaders of Sepoy Mutiny came from feudal classes and were unable to create hegemony among the common people. But in Quit India Movement this hegemony for a sovereign independent India was established and which was created by the leaders of national struggle who were basically representing the class interest of Indian National bourgeois. After independence and after assassination of Gandhi some movements were organized based on the methodology of non-violence doctrine in Indian. Among them the most important was the movement against autocratic rule of Mrs Indira Gandhi who was the prime Minister of congress led central government at 1970s. These anti autocratic movements was led by the veteran leader of Quit India Movement and national struggle Mr Jay Prakash Narayan who belonged to the socialist fraction of pre independent Indian national Congress. Mr Jayprakash Narayan had been isolated from parliamentary power politics since independence. He was involved in his Sarbaday movement for welfare of poor and backward people to uplift their life and consciousness in Gandhian non-violence concept. He entered in direct politics after a long time since independence when the opposition to Indira Gandhi led congress government invited him to give the leadership of anti-autocratic movement Mr Jay Prakash Narayan took this challenge courageously and applied the methodology of non-violence and movement went an all-out shape to volcanize northern Indian people against autocratic and semi fascist outlook of Mrs Gandhi to combat this movement Mrs Gandhi introduced internal emergency and oppressive semi fascist measure by using state power. But after relaxation of emergency in 1977 Mrs Gandhi led congress got a severe setback in parliamentary election and she was defeated by Janata Dal. This defeat of Mrs Gandhi was a result of anti-autocratic movement led by Mr Jay Prakash Narayan. Congress party was lost for the first time a non-congress central government was formed in India. This was the greatest event in Indian politics after independence which again proves the power of non-violence methodology. In very recent period the anti-corruption movement took place in 2013 led by Mr Anna Hazare, a social activist but not a political person, created some impact among the urban people. Anna Hazares anti-corruption movement had had gone in non-violent path. The severe debacle of congress party in 16th parliamentary election of 2014 is mainly due to flew issues among them corruption is one. In Indian freedom struggle the concept of arm struggle was well convinced to many leaders and workers who were fighting for national freedom struggle for overthrowing imperialist British ruler to establish a sovereign independent India. We must have to show our regards to these freedom fighters for their self-sacrifice, patriotism, limitless courage and iron determination. Yet the path of armed struggle could not become the main stream of Indian freedom struggle. The communist party of India and the other leftist with communist outlook have also the concept of armed struggle for changing the society through armed revolution. They were influenced some time by armed Russian revolution, other time by gorilla warfare of Chinese revolution. The communist revolutionary struggle of 20th century in other states like Vietnam Cuba etc. has follow armed struggle. So, from inspection most of the communist parties and leftists have a strong structural determination of armed struggle for revolutionary change and seizure of state power. Most of the leftist parties are keeping this concept in their political ideology, but in practice they are engaged in parliamentary vote politics. But the Maoist fraction of CPI (ML) still belongs to this concept of armed struggle. They are fighting for seizure of state power through this violent armed struggle. They are able to create some influence in few area of few provinces, mainly forest based tribal locality like Andhra, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. But these Maoist revolutionaries have not accepted by the greater population of India. A dramatic heroism is reflected in armed struggle which influences greatly and mostly the youth. When this heroism cannot match with social reality, then it goes to a fanatic shape lead to an indiscreet suicidal decision and it is true when it is applied with patriotism or a greater cause like in freedom struggle, in socialist revolution and even in international revolution and even in international liberation movement. So, from above brief study we can observe that from pre-history to present time through ancient, medieval and modern days the changes in social and state system have gone mostly through the non-violent path. Most of the successful effort to change the social values, state character, and even human culture of Indian civilization has occurred through this path. This is a unique and special historical character of Indian civilization which gives India an extra ordinary different shape form the other countries of the world. In the present days of terrorism conflict and war between nation to nation, race to race, religion to religion at this time this concept of non-violence which is originated and develop from India history can show new light to the people of international arena by crossing its own boundary for changing society and human values. This is a contribution of Indian historical reality which may be applied in most struggle and class struggle for Indian and international perspective. Though this non-violent methodology has grown up in Indian soil. It is getting slowly an international means for upliftment of human civilization. We can recall the effect of non-violence in ancient period through Jesus, in his preaching which was based on concept of non-violence. Some theologises Milova of Russia in 19th century vide Glimpse of World History by Pt,. Jawaharlal Nehru, Jesus lived in India by Kirsten of present days) opined that Jesus was influence d by Buddhist thought and he came to India and learned Buddhism which he had applied in his own way in Middle east. This may or may not be true, but it is an application of non-violence concept for universal brotherhood, affection and love which is quite similar with Indian concept of non-violence. Non-violence methodology for struggle is not limited in India at present days. The struggle against apathies in USA by Martin Luther King in 1960s was an example of application of this methodology. This movement was successful; but the fate of Mr Martin Luther king was same as Amr MK Gandhi. Both of them were assassinated by conspiracy of opponent groups. Though unsuccessful and demolished cruelly the struggle of Chinese students for democracy in 1980 at Tien men Square of Baizing was another example of non-violence form of movements. In last 50 years non-violence of unarmed struggle for any cause that may be for social justice, democracy and liberating has been getting more popular and accumulating more peoples support. Recently anti autocratic movement in Mission for overthrowing the dictatorship of President Hosni Mubarak is an instance of unarmed struggle, though it was not properly a non-violent one. The people of Missor was gathered spontaneously on sit on movement for more than three week continuously day and might neglecting the threat of army intervention and ultimately became successful with resignation of Mr Hosni Mubarak from his dictatorial presidential power. Terrorism at present days is basically created due to imperialist exploitation and their conspiracy. The imperialist forces utilised terrorism to demolish any militant struggle arising from the exploitation and oppression of imperialist and capitalist ruler. They tried to divide the society in intra and international aspect on ethnic, racial and religious background this imperialist conspiracy has two faces one is to divide society and world and other to demolish any militant popular mass movement by stamping it as a terrorist movement. Most of the popular mass movement has become trapped by imperialist tactics. Terrorism in present days is flowing within religious and ethnic conflict, sometime within anti-imperialist movement. Even socialist revolutionary utilize terrorism and become victim of rulers trap. Slowly we are going in a world of inhuman polluted society. So, this planet is becoming a frightened one. In other side after dieback ale of traditional socialist state and economic system the world is now being ruled by imperialist and capitalist power. They are using this terrorism to divide society and to combat it they are introducing state terror which mainly directed to destroy any militant and socialistic mas movement. So, the ruler are getting the consent of the people to maintain law and order of the society and ultimately to destroy revolutionaries. The Indian leftist force has two different approaches for the revolutionary activity in the aim of seizure of power. In pre independent period CPI and in post independent period the CPI gradually divided into CPI, CPI (M), CPI (ML) and CPI (ML Maoist). Some other leftists also exist in political arena like RSP, Forward Bloc, and SUCI etc. The last three smaller political parties are mostly concentrated in West Bengal and have a very limited national impact. At present there all leftists are facing severe crisis and going towards a total bankruptcy in Indian political fields. That shows through the parliamentary election of 2014 May that they had reduced in great number in parliamentary seats. In 2004 total left block got a maximum number if 64 seats out of 543 and in recent 2014s election it is reduced to 10 out of the same number. Reduction to more than 1/6th number is reflecting their tremendous dis popularity that they gained in last 10 years. Now what we are discussing that the two approaches of communist and leftist one is to capture the state power by armed struggle and another through organizing all type of mass struggle and like working class movement, peasant movement, popular mass movement for ripening the pre-conditions for revolutionary epoch to capture state power. The second approach there are more revisionist element show have diverted this mass movement and class struggle towards parliamentary electoral fight and slowly the revolutionary element become reduced and the revisionist forces have overpowered the leadership of all these leftist parties towards parliamentary establishment and branded them as a legal left. This legal leftist led by revisionist force has reshaping leftism to capture the provincial power in the view of giving relief and welfare to the people within capitalist system of class exploitation and they become part and parcel of capitalist system. The leftism has become a great fiasco and revolutionary slowly vanishes into the blue. The opposite trend of leftist who had accepted the ultra-line of armed struggle for capturing the state power they had become gradually isolated from common people and sinking in deep depression. This ultra-line revolutionary had started their journey in pre independent national liberation movement and running face in post independent period through the struggle like Telegana peoples war, militant Tabaha movement of peasants of Bengal, the Naxalbai movement and in present days the CPI(ML) Maoist are still practising armed struggle for capturing the state power. They are also reducing day by day. The ultra-leftist has no lack of courage, sacrifice and patriotic determination; but after giving due honour to this revolutionaries we have to say that their wrong route compelling them to be isolated form common mass for organizing popular mass struggle and class struggle aiming for revolutionary change of society and seizure of power. They have been branded as illegal left. So, in course of time both legal and illegal left are facing a serious setback in Indian political arena and the revolutionary zeal become gradually obsolete in the mind of common people and intellectuals in India. If we analyse the action of these two different lines of leftists they have shown more impo0rtance for power politics either through capitalist parliamentary means or by armed struggle. They did not give much attention for developing class consciousness through mass struggle and class struggle to establish the hegemony of communist ideology for changing society and state. The communist and leftist have been practising for nearly a century period time, yet their influence among the Indian people remains minor effect. So, they are designated as one of the political party or group like other political parties in Indian politics. This is a reality and especially more applicable to the legal leftists. At the same time the ultra-left or illegal left have remained isolated from the common people and they are considered as a fanatic and anarchist (Anarchism is a different political thought which is not applicable to the ultra-leftist) as a common perception of people of Indian. Question is arising repeatedly that why this fate of the leftist and communist has occurred. There is no lack of patriotism, dedication, self-sacrifices among the leftist leaders and workers, but why their efforts go to failure, why are they isolated from majority of the Indian people? We have to search answer of these questions. In the beginning of this chapter we have said the famous comment of Karl Marx about social dialect of any country. This dialect does not mean mere translation as language or dialogues of common people rather it is social custom, culture, traditions and religious characteristics of any country or nation. The communists of India had copied or translated Marxism from successful revolutionary struggle, mostly about Russia and china. This is one of the answers of the fallacy of the Indian communist for their dependence towards Russian and Chinese for revolution in Indian soil. The colonial legacy have deeply enrooted and nurtured among the intellectuals and educated people. This educated people mostly came from Indian middle class and a fraction of middle class intellectuals had turned up towards leftist and communist view. This middle class people hold the leadership of leftist political parties since its inception to present days. They cannot develop organic leadership from proletarian class and other toiling masses like peasantry. Middle class petty bourgeois is always a vacillating class and they are usually dependent some time self-contradicting ideology of bourgeois thoughts. Indian middle class paly bourgeois has originated within the womb of colonial imperialist state system. So, they are more dependent and have a colonial legacy towards the foreign establishment. Therefore, the communist and leftist leadership which came mostly from the middle class intellectuals have always a tendency to copy for their character of dependence. They have inherent weakness to analyse the characteristic of Indian history, tradition, culture and polity by their own original thought process. Perhaps due to bookish knowledge of Marxism they have translated and applied these revolutionary thoughts in Indian soil by copying Russian or Chinese path. Without proper analysis of Indian social and political reality they are guided more or less blindly some time by British communist most of the time by Russian communist party and comintern, other time in post independent period they followed the line of Chinese communist party. This lack of originality of leaders intellectuals of the leftist of India have compelled them to make lot of historical blunder as it was vividly seen at the time of quit India Movement communists did not support this great national liberation movement to make happy Russian communist party and communist international neglecting national interest. There are so many blunder done by communists which may be depicted as mountain of errors. This may be explained due to depending character of middle class leadership of leftist, lack or organic leadership from working people, lack of originality, insight and foresight. Thus the strategy and tactics of Indian leftist and communist have been formulated mainly following the line of Russian and Chinese model of revolution. But in reality India is not only the vastest country of the world, rather a sub-continent with multiplicity of race, language, culture, religion, ethnicity, caste, class etc. This vastness is not by number of population like China, but due to variety as said above. So India has oldest tradition of civilization with numerous problems and contradictions which vary from time to time and place to place. Revolution for a vast country or sub-continent must requires deeper attention of its social dynamics and original thinking for revolutionary process and may be possible by applying the Marxist ideology in its own social dialect. This is never possible by establishing a fixed formula or by following any successful revolutionary model. He revolution is a dynamic process and the ideology for it may change with change time and perspective. Any rigid fixed formula or strategy may cause failure to revolutionary effort. This is a doubt that the communist of India knows how much about this country and its people by observing their oppression, deprivation and their character of reaction which constructing and deconstructing the Indian social conditions. There were many numerous revolts, armed. Struggle and violent protest took place in our country. The sacrifices, dedication of these struggling people have no end. but after giving due honour and respect to these struggles and struggling people, we have to say that these were not the principle tune of Indian peoples reacting and method. India is a country of greater unity and synthesis, its principle tune of unity deeply enrooted inside the mind of Indian people in their customs, culture social and religious norms. The discussion of ethnic and racial character of Indian civilization and its culture at the beginning of this chapter was aiming to rediscover the principle tune of Indian social dialect and dynamics. In pre-history the austoloid, protoaustroloid, David etc. racial groups have formed Indian civilization based on greater unity and created a social perspective of brotherhood and peace. The doctrine of Ahimsa i.e., non-violence has evolved and developed by the toiling masses and it is running through millennium to millennium, This concept of assimilation is flowing within Indian population from micro to macro level or form regional to sub continental perspective. Many races, clans sub clans came in India by century after centuries and assimilated within Indian civilization with its principle tune of unity, cooperation and brotherhood. They also contributed much for beautification and development of basic tune of Indian civilization. Indian people prove through historical experiences that a great social unity cans possible along with maintaining the multi plurality in racial, ethnic religious, cultural and social identity. So, this is a contribution of Indian history for formation of newer united world of unity, brotherhood and peace maintaining national, ethnic and racial identity. In these contexts we may recall few words of Swami Vivekananda. He pronounced strongly and courageously these words about Indian social character and described its uniqueness of unity and brotherhood in his famous address at Chicago in great world religious conference. Later in his writing he predicted about revolution that this would first might Coeur in Russia, after that in China. According to his prophecy revolution in India might take place after the revolution of those two great countries which would be more develop and enriched regarding its revolutionary characteristics. He explained his concept about revolution according to his concept based on Upanishad. We are not going to explain or criticise his prophecy; but we can hope that the revolution of India will have to be occurred in much greater perspective with developed ideological and practical knowledge. The revolution of India must have a world view and it may be a starting point of new international revolutionary process. The revolutionary practice in India will have to solve all the contradictions based on religious, language and racial backwardness etc. in addition to the class contradiction. India is a country of multi prove characteristics, its vastness may be greater than even a continent. The geographical variation may be a subject of special observation. If we see the class character of this country that also a combination of most modern developed classed with other backward classes, poor illiterate people who are the victim of decaying feudal remnants mostly heterogeneous class of peasantry (the class character of India will be discussed in later chapter). In Indian population we get a lot of variety can be seen starting from highly developed of 21st centuries civilian with most modern technological capability and knowledge to general middle class, proletarian class, backward peasantry of rural background and even to primitive collection based tribal population in forest aras. In production centre it has a opposite production system one side highly mechanised technology and in other side most primitive form of production technique based on manual physical labour. Along with the all disparities this country also has conflict within different religious, conflict within caste system, sexual equality, various superstitions and much social injustice. Any successful evolution or the later revolution will must have to solve all these problems and disparity for upholding human civilization towards unity brotherhood and equality. The revolutionary groups political parties or front will have to attend the creditability of a modern prince has described and proposed prince has described and proposed by Antonio Gramci. (Discussion regarding this subject will be put forward later in this book. These revolutionaries will become the modern prince and through their action the aspiration as well as hope for secured future of all toiling classes and different strata of population may be fulfilled that the interest of organized industrial proletariat, contract labour, landless peasant , share-croppers, middle class petty-bourgeois, technologists, cybertariat (the worker involved in information technology) would be well maintained. This action of revolutionaries will be synchronised with Indian historical and cultural tradition to organize revolutionary process ion Indian soil for success. In this chapter we have so far discussed about the non-violence methodology like non- cooperation, civil disobedience, General Strike, Hunger Strike all are the means of non-violence struggle which already proved its efficacy for fight, all type of disparity, socio economic and political field. The majority people of India have reacted through this non-violence methodology and struggled to establish their right in society and state. Applying this methodology from Goutam Buddha to Gandhi and even today the leaders in religious, social and political field had won the mind and heart of Indian people and got a permanent position in Indian as well as world history. In a changed situation of national and international perspective when terror and violence become more evident from the side of oppressor and ruler and in the other side the same reaction has taken by militant people the possibility to develop the class- struggles towards future revolutionary goal by applying this non-violent methodology may create a great hope for peoples struggle. The main objective of Marxism is to develop class consciousness and class-struggle towards revolutionary struggle to change society and state system and to abolish class- exploitation to make a new world devoid of exploitation and to establish human right, freedom and equity. Most of the traditional Marxist have a concept that this class-struggle must be allied with militant armed struggled to achieve revolutionary goal. Such type of concept is so much deeply enrooted in the mind of Marxist revolutionaries that they never think that power of mass-struggle based on non-violence, so they have neglected this method of struggle to apply in their revolutionary practice. From the past experiences mostly of Soviet Russia and China which occurred at adjacent time of two world wars when violent armed struggle was inevitable and was possible for seizure of power. So, there armed revolution become successful is a special historical perspective. It is counter posed to the experience of the proletarian struggle of 19th century from the class-struggle of France to Parry-Commune which were organised by non-insurrection, but got failed. There are so many debate regarding failure of the proletarian revolution in 19th century with great lesson of Marx and Angles at has enlightened the cause of failure of this revolutionary struggle which are incorporated in the revolutionary practice of 20th century. In 20th century the historical perspective of capitalism changed to imperialism and moribund stages attend which leads to world war first and second. Marxist has extended by Comrades Lenin to apply it in a different historical era and got success in two great countries like Soviet Russia, China along with East European countries, some Asian countries and Latin American country like Cuba; one-third of World population become the civilian of Socialist (so-called) state. The first half of the 20th century even up to 70s the triumph of communist party led revolutionary struggle with doctrine of Leninism which is Marxism in the era of imperialismhad been continued. In this historical era along with the revolutionary practice of 19th century, most of them took path of armed insurgency. These all make a strong ideation that armed struggle for in the mind of most of the Marxist revolutionaries is inevitable. So most of the Marxist and communist have fused the idea of armed struggle with class struggle and may be inseparable. After the Second World war the historical perspective has been slowly changing to after the Second World War historical perspective has been slowly changing from an era of cold war to neo liberalism In between this era the traditional socialist country faced the severe crisis and ultimately went to counter revolution either declared that is in Soviet Russia and East European countries or undeclared in China and most of the Asian countries (these countries take capitalist path under the banner of socialism led by communist party). So, a new historical era came in the fore front with neo liberal imperialist international economy which is patronized by most of the state of this planet. This planet becomes vulnerable after invention and application of nuclear weapon with start of nuclear race to be a super power among the developed and developing country. Natural balance has been severely neglected, resulting towards the severe ecological crisis, economic disparity and inequality leading towards an endless international economic crisis. All these factors culminatingto be the civilian of a vulnerable planet. International condition of 21st Century is quite different from previous two centuries. Here existing endless crisis in all aspect of human life and other side the balance of power has been lost towards a unipolar imperialist power with military hegemony of US superpower. The contradiction between the imperialist and their associated rulers with working class and common people being the most important one. In this situation the severe reaction from oppressed people are reflected through some militant and terrorist line of action in different sphere of life. This terrorism is going on in political, ethnic, religious and caste problem. The ruler along with imperialist force utilises this terrorism for destroying mass movement by applying state coercion. In the present world the side of exploited people get no proper political direction and become aimless resulting isolated and scattered struggle and revolt which have not established any alternative methodology of action to reorganize the toiling mass for a better society. In this perspective the nonviolent method of struggle may be utilised to be the most powerful means of action for struggling people. There should not be any conflict between non-violence movement and class struggle as traditionally Marxist think so. Class struggle is a historical concept and when it is consciously directed then the revolutionary process begins for ripening both objective and subjective condition for a revolutionary change. In last two centuries arm struggle was utilised as the end point of revolutionary struggle. But in changed historical perspective 21st century this arm struggle, oriented class struggle become less effective to reorganize working class and other toiling mass for revolutionary practice. There is no doubt that apart from non-violent methodology any other means of action which is superior and humanistic to non-violence is so far known. Todays in the period of oppression and terrorism the non-violence methodology may be an alternative for working class and toiling mass to fight against this tyranny. Class struggle can be organized by non-violent means which will be a dialectical alternative for revolutionaries. The Marxist and leftist have to think this methodology to make a fusion with concept of class struggle to form hegemony of leading revolutionary class, that is, proletariat over toiling mass and common people. Leftists should come out form their rigid conception of arm struggle of 19th and 20th century which is not prevailed in this 21st century. They have to reconsider this Indian historical contribution and this should be incorporated with Marxist outlook for reorganizing revolutionary practice in a changed historical epoch. They have to organize peoples by in large against economic social cultural and political disparity and problem by applying this methodology in class struggle in this alternative path the consciousness of working class and common people will be developed. This enables the revolutionaries and working people marching towards revolution. They have to build a new India which will uphold a humanistic modern socialism in the map of the world for formation of newer international system of state and society of peace, freedom, equality, brotherhood and devoid of exploitation. We may define this humanistic socialism as the socialism of 21st century or neo socialism which leads to international communist society in future.Before going to discuss about new India, new worldneo socialism land communism we may spend few words about class struggle. Studies regarding class struggle, revolution and socialism were matter of debate and discussion in Indian leftist politics till 70s of 20th century. There were much debates were continued about stage of revolution. Which will be the stage of revolution is it neo democratic or national democratic or peoples democratic or directly socialist revolution that were debates which make differences among the leftist political parties. Yet with this difference most of the leftist political parties were able to be united for making a front because they had commonness in their conception for a same goal of socialism and communism which will take place by the leadership of revolutionary proletarian class. There was another issue which helps the leftists to make the front that they want to utilize Indian democratic state struggle of toiling mas to develop mass struggle and class struggle for future revolutionary aim. So, they have given their representation in parliamentary system by taking part in electoral process. In due course of time parliamentary electoral fight became the main stream of political action of legal leftists and they are practising it for more than half century period of time. The ultra-leftists, especially Maoist, are isolated form parliamentary electoral politics and remain engaged in the path of non-parliamentarian arm struggle. But till today the leftists are continued same politics of electoral fight though they had got a severe setback in recent 16th parliament election of May, 2014. By participating in parliamentary electoral process leftists are more and more engaged in electoral fight to get more members in parliament and to get provincial power. The importance of mass movement and revolutionary class struggle are severely neglected this reduced their mass appeal causing the debate of leftists in recent parliamentary election. In this political situation we are not put forwarding to reject the struggle in bourgeois parliament as ultra-leftists have conceptualized so far. In capitalist democracy there are some established civil right.These all civil rights are acted in society and state through different system and media. These are democratic rights of political thoughts by participation in bourgeois parliamentary system and judiciary system which are apparently autonomous and impartial to politics and state ruler, the education system, freedom of press and news media, right for expression of thoughts and opinion of individual groups, the trade union right and human right etc. All these abovementioned systems of state and society are established by the constitutional rights which are applied to form the safeguard to a state system managed by capitalist class. There are so many other safeguards which are continuously working within the society and state to prove its rationality. Through the safeguards of capitalist system and the rulers of this state is getting consent from people of different class and strata of any country to rule them in other word to exploit them. This is a chain system by which the exploiter and ruler of any capitalist state have maintained their superiority and hegemony upon all types of civilian like working class, peasantry, petty bourgeoism, technologist, scientist, intellectual etc. By at large the broad population chose representative by selecting a political party or political front to rule the state as per constitutional rights which is basically made for capitalist class interest. The leftists participated in Indian parliamentary electoral process with a conception to uphold the communist ideology and to utilize democratic and trade union rights for development of class struggle towards revolutionary practices to change capitalist state system towards socialism. By taking charges of provincial state power they are successively turning towards electoral fight and neglecting mass movement and class struggle by which they become share holder of present state system and ultimately takes a revisionist path resulting loss of their revolutionary communist identity. They became a parliamentary political force as like other pro capitalist political parties. So, according to authors view participation in capitalist democracy should be guided by political ideology for flourishing mass movement and class struggle towards revolutionary phase or epoch by utilizing the democratic rights as given by the bourgeois constitution. The bourgeois political parties of India are basically representing the class outlook of Indian monopoly capital and imperialist corporate capital at present in this globalized liberal economic system. These bourgeois political parties are also getting support from rural rich peasant, rural landlords, some capitalist farmers and big land holders. They are taking various strategy and tactics to camouflage the common and exploited people by making the electoral process as a great festival of democracy of electorate. The main objective of participation of leftist and Marxist political parties in this electoral process is to establish the civilian right and consciousness of the people, at the same time to expose the limitation of the constitution introduced by capitalist exploiting class. So, struggle inside parliament and mass movement and class struggle outside parliament are organized by leftist and Marxist shall lea for formation o9f consciousness among all strata of toiling mass and common people about their right with exposer of limitation of present state system which is made for exploiting ruling class. There both struggle in inside and outside of the parliament will strengthen the revolutionary conception and activity for changing the social system towards a newer state and society devoid of class exploitation. This change is only possible through a revolutionary epoch. Perhaps there is not much debate among most of the Marxists except few ultra-leftists. The principle aim is to build the consciousness of toiling masses for alternative better social system and to inspire political leaders, works and common people for revolutionary change through development of class struggle. The parliamentary fight is a part of the whole revolutionary political struggle. So anyone or any political party it think that by getting the majority in capitalist parliamentary democracy, they can change whole society and state radically to a newer state of socialism by abolishing capitalist mode of production and establishment of social ownership in place of private property oriented society, they are living in the paradise of fools. Giving more importance towards parliamentary electoral politics has started form early post independent period when communist party and leftist were taking part in parliamentary election to utilize this fight as a weapon for their principle struggle. Though there were many ideological differences among the leftist political parties but they were able to make a front in parliamentary electoral politics through their experiences. But their organizational strength was limited within few provinces like Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura and some negligible influencein the rest of the country. This limited organizational strength of leftist and communist parties could not give them the opportunity to be a major or determining political force in central politics. But this situation pushed the leftists to be a regional political force. For this uneven organizational strength of leftist they have concentrated their fight in provincial electoral politics. For getting the provincial state power they had succeeded too. First, the communist party led provincial government formed in Kerala, then in West Bengal afterward in Tripura. Among these in West Bengal CPI(M) led leftists were able to hold the power continuously for 34 years from 1977 to 2011. In the small state Tripura they are in power in power till the date when this writing is going on (June, 2014). Here in Tripura leftist led by CPI(M) is able to hold state power more than 25 years. A different scenario has been noticed in Kerala where more or less alternatively they are coming in power in consecutive assemble elections. Leftist had faced some difficulty and conspiracy against them in early period when they came in power in provincial government. First attack took place in Kerala by Congress led central government when Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the prime minister. The leftist led provincial government of Kerala was dethronedundemocratically and unconstitutionally by the conspiracy of Central Congress government. Later late 60s nearly same conspiracy and attack by congress led central government occurred in West Bengal consecutively twice when the United Front had formed non Congress state government in West Bengal. After internal emergency from 1977 onward leftist had regained their power in these three states since them they did not face such crisis or conspiracy from central government. One reason is from that time crisis in central government has started and many unstable coalition governments came in power. There was a rapid change in political scenario with formation of two major coalition like Congress led UPA and BJP led NDA divide Indian politics into bipolarity, but with same economic outlook. From late 80s no single political party got absolute majority in General Parliamentary Elections. In recent 2014th general election BJP has got a land slide victory and has an absolute majority of 285 parliamentary seats out of 543 seats, though they have fought this election with their coalition allies. During the last 35 years since 1977 central government could not take any aggressive stand against the leftist. Second cause for stability of leftist in provincial state power failing to organize mass movement and class struggle throughout India and became concentrated in regional politics which pushed leftist towards electoral fight and getting the provincial power the revisionist fraction of leftist and communist parties have become more powerful within them they captured the Key position within this parties and in provincial government. The leftist parties more and more engaged in State Bureaucratic activity in capitalist constitutional power neglecting class struggle they are taking revisionist path and derailed from revolutionary practice. The revolutionary elements of communists and leftist parties have been reducing day after day. Third cause with the international crisis of socialism and counter revolution in socialist countries form 80s of 19th century onward there is great depression among the communist revolutionary in global scenario affected Indian leftist greatly. In addition to this,triumphs of globalized liberal imperialist policies have forced the revolutionary fraction to be more coined in Indian politics. All these factors have strengthened revisionism to play major role among the leftist. By getting the taste of bourgeois state power the middle class leadership of leftist and communist parties have lost their revolutionary zeal and surrendered to bourgeois establishment class struggle, revolution, socialism and communism all these subjects become slowly confined in political literature. In ground reality the electoral fight become the main objective of the leftist to get provincial state power by any means. So, to get success in electoral fight they have taken various tacticslike some trade union movement for some economic relief, limited land reform, few state oriented welfare, some time playing as a mediator between working class and capitalist, other side creating terror, frightening people and rigging in election these all measures are targeting for to remain in power Changing this political character of leftist they proves that they are not threat to the capitalist state system as it was thought in the early ;post independent period by the ruler of these states. So, they remain in power of provincial governments for longer time and became part and parcel of capitalist establishment resulting loss of their limited honourable revolutionary position among the peopleof ultimately faced a tremendous set back in consecutive electoral process from 2009 to 2014 both in general parliamentary and state assembly election. Leftism becomes a great fiasco and marching towards a complete bankruptcy.By overthrowing the revolutionary path and taking revisionist line whatever possible result that happened among the leftist political parties and groups The revolutionary workers and leaders slowly reduced, in that place the revisionist elements have captured the leadership of all leftist parties including communist parties. In addition to this a big number of opportunist elements with their vested interest gathered around these leftist. The ground realities are such that these opportunist influence leftists in such a way that their presence becomes more important and vivid to the people. Large number of honest and committed leftist and communist workers has drowned in the sea of depression. Leftists and communists have reached at the end point of revisionist and bourgeois petrification. They have become target of common peoples hatred. The leftists have never been popular in politics all over India. But they got an honourable position in the mind of common people in few provinces and have scattered epics among the people of most of the provinces of India. They have lost this honourable position by taking revisionist lines and taking the remains of bourgeois meal. The people successively consider them as an opportunist, power craving and dishonest political force as like other political parties or even below to them. This is a very unfor