fenwick & west llp icc 21st annual seminar march 15, 2002 john c. fox trade secret protection...
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FENWICK & WEST LLP
ICC ICC 21st Annual Seminar21st Annual Seminar
March 15, 2002March 15, 2002
John C. FoxJohn C. Fox
Trade Secret Protection Trade Secret Protection Collides With California's Collides With California's
Right of MobilityRight of Mobility
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11233012
FENWICK & WEST LLP
The Conundrum
(1) California employees enjoy free mobility of employment.
(2) Employees sometimes take and use their former employer's trade secrets and are often perceived to be doing so (whether correctly or not).
(3) Covenants not to compete are largely illegal in California, thus often permitting a departing employee to position himself/herself with a direct market competitor.
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11233013
FENWICK & WEST LLP
What is a Trade Secret? -Common Sense Approach [1]
"Would I care if this were disclosed to my main competitor?"
"Would my main competitor care if this were disclosed to me?"
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11233014
FENWICK & WEST LLP
What is a Trade Secret?UTSA [1-2]
Information Economic value Not generally known Not readily ascertainable
(by proper means) Treated as secret
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11233015
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Technical Information [2-3]
Formulas Plans, Designs or Patterns Processes Methods and Techniques Negative Information Software
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11233016
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Business Information [3-4]
Financial Information Cost and Pricing Internal Market Analyses or
Forecasts Customer Lists Unannounced Business
Relationships Business Opportunities - Acquisitions Marketing or Advertising Plans
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11233017
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Personnel Information [3-4]
Key Personnel Compensation Plans Receptivity to Solicitation
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11233018
FENWICK & WEST LLP
How Can You Get Into Trouble With Trade Secrets? [13-16]
Acquisition Use Disclosure
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11233019
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Wrongful Acquisition of a Trade Secret [14]
The Key Questions to Ask: How Did I Get the Information? From Whom Did I Get It? How Did He/She Get It? Does the Person Offering the
Information To Me Have the Right to Give It To Me?
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112330110
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Wrongful Use of a Trade Secret [14-15]
Use Without Consent of the Owner; and Obtained using improper means; or Obtained in violation of obligation not to disclose; or Obtained by you under agreement or obligation not
to use the way you are using; or Obtained by you knowing it was disclosed by
accident
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112330111
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Wrongful Disclosureof a Trade Secret [15-16]
Disclosure Without Consent of the Owner; and Obtained using improper means and/or; Obtained in violation of obligation not to disclose
and/or; Obtained by you under agreement or obligation not
to use the way you are using and/or; Obtained by you knowing it was
disclosed by accident.
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112330112
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Protection of Trade Secrets [18]
Trade Secrets Are Fragileand Easily Lost
Confidential Information Not Automatically a Trade Secret
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112330113
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Major Sources Of Risk [19-20]
Mobility of Labor Force Physical Security R&D "Cowboys" Publishing Information - Journals
and Conferences Personal Computers E-mail Company Trash
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112330114
FENWICK & WEST LLP
The Covenant Not to Compete Problem [29]
California Business and Professions Code §16600 provides:
"Except as provided in this chapter, every contract by which anyone is restrained from engaging in a lawful profession, trade, or business of any kind is to that extent void."
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112330115
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Statutory Exceptions to B&P §16600 [29]
Covenants not to compete are lawful when entered into as part of: The sale of the goodwill of a business; The sale by a shareholder of all his or her shares in a
corporation, or a sale by the corporation of all or substantially all of its assets, together with the goodwill; or
The dissolution of a partnership, dissociation of a partner from a partnership, or sale or other disposition of a partner’s interest in a partnership.*
* See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 16601 and 16602.
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112330116
FENWICK & WEST LLP
The Downside to OverreachingCovenants Not to Compete [32-33]
Walia v. Aetna, Inc., 93 Cal.App.4th 1213 (11/12/01) (Rev. granted in Cal. Sup. Ct. 2/27/02)
$180,000 Compensatory Damage Award $1,080,000 Punitive Damages (SF) Jury Award
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112330117
FENWICK & WEST LLP
The Race to the Courthouse [30-31]
The Application Group, Inc. v. The Hunter Group, Inc.61 Cal.App.4th 881 (1998), review denied, 1998 Cal.LEXIS 2968 (1998)
Valid Non-Competition Agreement between Maryland employer and its employee.
Employee joins California company – does §16600 trump the Maryland Non-Competition Agreement?
Comity Analysis: Policies behind §16600 outweigh Maryland employer’s right to enforce contractual agreement not to compete.
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112330118
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Is There Still a Race to the Courthouse? [31]
Advanced Bionics v. Medtronic, 87 Cal.App.4th 1235 (2001), review granted, 2001 Cal.LEXIS 3764 (2001)
Dueling Injunctions: California first (former employer enjoined) Minnesota second (former employee enjoined)
What is a well intentioned California employer to do?
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112330119
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Protecting Your Company's Trade Secrets [35-36]
On Terminating Employees: Exit Interviews and Audits Reaffirmation of Confidentiality
Agreements Demand Letters Searching Departing Employee's
Files, Computer, E-mail Box "Inevitable Disclosure"
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112330120
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Protecting Your Company From Trade Secret Liability [51-58]
Have a written policy against possession or use of others'trade secrets
Enforce it
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112330121
FENWICK & WEST LLP
When Interviewing Potential Employees [51-52]
Resist the impulse to pump for information
Explain your trade secret policy Ask about confidentiality and
non-competition agreements with prior employers
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112330122
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Upon Hiring A New Employee [52-54]
Risk analysis "Woodshed" him/her about bringing nothing
from former employers Have signed agreement that new employee
has brought nothing Counsel new employee, as necessary, on
conduct in leaving former employer Provide assurances to former employer in
some cases
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112330123
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Once The New EmployeeIs On Board [55-57]
A second "woodshedding"may be necessary
If you "raid" competitor's employees, are you sure you are not relying on human resources trade secrets to do so?
"Clean room" may be
advisable, in some cases
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112330124
FENWICK & WEST LLP
When You Find Another Company's Secrets Among Yours [57]
Isolate and contain it Investigate
Source of information Extent of contamination
Remedial Steps to Consider Discipline or termination of offending employees? Isolate and keep; destroy; or return information? Confession and negotiation with trade secret
owner?
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112330125
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Remedies for Trade Secret Misappropriation [58-62]
Civil Injunctive Relief Enjoin use of the secrets Compel return of materials and information
Damages Compensatory Punitive Attorneys' Fees and Costs
Criminal Prosecution
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112330126
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Civil Litigation [60-62]
Reasons to consider Need to protect Send a message Stop others Swift strong action may lead to a
negotiated settlement Reasons for caution
Cost Generally cannot prevent someone
from working for a competitor Risks of cross-complaint
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112330127
FENWICK & WEST LLP
Criminal Prosecution [62-66]
Scope of criminal statute is narrower Impact on civil action where civil action also
brought Protecting your confidential information is more
difficult Victim cannot control scope,
timing or conduct of prosecution