female reproductive system - university of...
TRANSCRIPT
12/1/2015
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Female reproductive system
terminal filament bundle
ovarioleovary
calyx
common oviduct
spermathecal gland
vagina
accessory glands
spermatheca
genital pore
terminalfilament
oogonia
primary oocyte
follicularepithelium
germinalvesicle
sheathpedicel
germarium
nutritive cord
follicularepithelium
epithelialplug
oocyte
oogonia
terminalfilament
PANOISTIC TELOTROPHIC POLYTROPHIC
Types of ovarioles (egg tubules)
vitellarium(vitellogenesis)
young oocytes(zone of growth:
meiosis suspendedin metaphase)
trophic tissue(trophocytes)
trophocytes
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Types of ovarioles (egg tubules), 2
1. Panoistic (ancestral?)
• Apterygota
• Odonata
• Polyneoptera (orthopteroid orders)
• Siphonaptera/Mecoptera (Antliophora)
• Thysanoptera: ‘Neopanoistic’ (secondary origin)
2. Telotrophic (oddly distributed)
• Paraneoptera (Hemiptera, at least)
• many polyphagan Coleoptera
3. Polytrophic (specialized?)
• Most Holometabola (except fleas, scorpionflies, and polyphagan Coleoptera)
• Dermaptera
• Anoplura (and other Psocodea?)
Each has probably evolved multiple times independently.
thrips
stink bug
The insect eggexochorion
endochorionair channels(aeropyles)
vitellinemembrane
wax layer
cytoplasmicreticulum
(periplasm)
nucleusmicropyle
yolk
periplasm
vitellinemembrane
chorion
POSTERIOR POLE
vitelline membrane
endochorion
exochorion
egg cytoplasm(periplasm)
Mature OOCYTE in a fly(Diptera: Tephritidae) MICROPYLE
(mosquito egg)
wax layer
aeropyles
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An egg gallery
Dragonfly (Odonata: Anisoptera)
Hover fly (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Phasmatodea
True bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Neuroptera:Chrysopidae
Moreeggs
Neuroptera:Ululodes
(Ascalaphidae) Orthoptera:Locusta
Lepidoptera:Pieris
Hymenoptera:Microteryx(Chalcidae)
Diptera:Drosophila
micropyle
m.m.
m.respiratory
horns
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Eggs of Lepidoptera
Red-spotted purple Tawny emperor
Monarch
Red admiral
Bronze copper
Sulphur
Variations on a theme of egg-layingsand
double row
twig
twig
ootheca
crista
egg
egg podshovel-likeovipositor
AntlionsNeuroptera:
Myrmeleontidae
some katydids –Orthoptera:
Tettigoniidae Owlflies –Neuroptera:
Ascalaphidae
spiralrow
Blatta spp –Dictyoptera: BlattellidaeOrthoptera: Acrididae
sand
Water bug –Hemiptera:Belostomatidae(sex role reversal)
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Defensive “repagula” in Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera)
Reproductive accessory glands
Stalked eggs with droplets of defensive fluid in Chrysopidae
(Neuroptera)Grasshopper egg pod
(Orthoptera)
(also, spermatophore formation)
repagulum
egg
Egg mass/case of the forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera)
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Egg case (ootheca) of Blattella germanica
(Dictyoptera: Blattodea)
Ootheca of a Carolina mantis, Stagmomantis carolina (Dictyoptera)
Tenodera sinensis(Chinese mantis,
introduced)
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Live birth: Glossina spp, tsetse flies (Diptera)
“uterine” cavity,larva inside
milk gland
nursecells
oocytespermatheca
gravid female
teneraladult
milk gland
Fertilization: the complex role of the female’s spermatheca
Diptera:Asilidae
Sexual selection andsexual conflict: the battlefor control of fertilization.
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Sperm scoops in male damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera)
Calopteryx virgo
(work by Waage in the 1970s)
Sexual selection:male-male competition
Fertilization: the complex role of the male’s spermatophore
Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Australian bushcricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Early-branching insects: external transfer of spermatophore(Diplura, Apterygota, and even Odonata)
Sexual selection:female mate choice
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Haemocoelic (“traumatic”) insemination in a bedbug: sexual conflict in action (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Sexual selection:sexual conflict
Heterogametic males Heterogametic females
Sex determination: male vs. female(Secondary sexual traits: a function of each cell of the body)
Caddis flies (Trichoptera) &moths & butterflies (Lepidoptera)
(and birds)
Most insectorders
(and the majority of other plants & animals)
XX, XYXX, XO
ZW, ZZ
XX XY
ZWZZ
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Haplodiploidy (a type of arrhenotoky) – Hymenoptera…
Females (queen & workers -- XX) Males (drones – X; haploid)
..but also in Thysanoptera &some Hemiptera & Coleoptera
Thrips
Scales
Coffee-berry weevil
Lateral gynandromorphs
Gypsy moth
Mosaic gynandromorphs
Morpho
Fritillary
Papilioandrogeus
(Diana’s)
% &
% &(Queen
swallowtail)
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Parthenogenesis via thelytoky (apomixis & automixis)
Hemiptera: Aphidae
Phasmatodea
caterpillar host: polyembryony
Absent: only in Odonata, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, & Siphonaptera (4 orders)
Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae