Female Reproduction&

Birth Control

Outline: Female Reproductive Oogenesis

X-Inactivation

Anatomy: names of major organs and structures

Physiology: function of major organs and structures Menstrual cycle Pre-menstrual syndrome Menopause Hormone Replacement Therapy

Female Birth Control At home pregnancy tests

Oogenesis

End at prophase I

End at metaphase II

Fertilization completes meiosis

X Inactivation

Female Reproduction

Female Reproductive TractExternal genitalia

Female internal structures of the reproductive tract

Oocytes stimulated

Hypothalamus& pituitary

Ovarian hormones

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

The hormones “talk” and work together!

Hypothalamus (GnRH)

The Ovary and Ovulationlet’s look more closely…

Overview of Menustrual Cycle

Pituitary Hormones

Ovarian cycle

Ovarian hormone

Uterine lining

Body temp.

Hormones and Menstrual CycleAnother look at the process

Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) Characterized by mood changes, and irritability depression some

women experience just prior to menstruation.

Possible links to: Hormonal changes at menstruation Changes in certain brain neurotransmitters Low levels of certain vitamins

Menopause

Cessation of menstrual cycle

Approx. 45-55 years of age

Decline in estrogen

HRT

Birth Control

AbstinenceHormonal methodsPrevention of implantationBarrier methods

Oral Contraceptives

Oral Contraceptives Oral contraceptives:

are bases on the fact that estrogen and progesterone can inhibit GnRH.

Types of oral contraceptives Combination Pill:

synthetic progestins and estrogens Inhibit ovulation

The Mini-pill: contains only progesterone-like substances Thins endometrium Thickens cervical mucus May inhibit ovulation

Disadvantages:Oral Contraceptives Controversy:

associated with BRCA

Does NOT protect against STD’s

mammogram

Norplant and Depo-Provera

Norplant:

implanted beneath the skin lasts 5 year, progesterone-like steroids Inhibits ovulation Thins wall of endometrium Thickens cervical mucus

Intramuscular injection

of progesterone like substance every 3 months

Disadvantages of Norplant and Depro-

Provera Norplant:

leads also to prolonged menstruation, headaches and mood changes

Depo-Porvera:

Menstrual irregularities, possibly increased risk of osteoporesis and BRCA

Prevents ovulation, fertilization or implantation

Plan B: contains high dose of progestin

Prevents sperm from reaching the oocyte

Prevents implantation

Prevents ovulation (if estrogen is part of the treatment)

Given within 72 h of vaginal intercourse

Second dose 12 h later

Emergency Contraceptive: Morning After Pill or Plan B

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Levonorgestrel

RU 486 + Prostaglandin

RU 486 Has antiprogesterone activity

RU 486 is followed by prostaglandin derivative

Endometrium erodes and contraction of myometrium

Used to up to 7th week of pregnancy

Approved by FDA in 2000

Mifepristone + Misoprostol

Mifeprex

Intrauterine device (IUD)

Acts prior to fertilization

Interferes with implantation

Condoms

Advantage protects against STD’s

Female condom polyurethane

Latex

Vaginal Sponge

May be inserted as much as 24 hrs before intercourse

May irritate vaginal lining

May fragment

Diaphragms and Cervical Caps

Sterilization

Vasectomy

Tubal Ligation