fellmann11e ch2

• 1. Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

2. Human Geography Chapter2 Roots & Meaningof Culture Insert figure 2.19b Photo credit: Getty RF 3. Components of Culture

• Culture Traits

• Culture Complex

• Culture System

• Culture Region

• Culture Realm

• Globalization

Human Geography11e Photo credit: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Barry Barker, photographer 4. Components of Culture

• Culture Traits

• • Units of learned behavior

• • Tools

• • Languages

• • Objects

• • Techniques or beliefs

• • Elementary expressions of culture

• Culture Complex

• • Traits that are functionally interrelated

• • The assemblage of traits

Human Geography11e 5. Components of Culture

• Traits and complexes have areal extent and they can be plotted on maps

• Culture System

• • A broader generalization than a cultural complex

• • Refers to the collection of interacting cultural traits and cultural complexes that are shared by a group within a particular territory

Human Geography11e 6. Components of Culture

• Culture Region

• • A portion of the earths surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics

• Culture Realm

• • A set of culture regions grouped whenever they show related cultural complexes and landscapes

• Globalization

• • Homogenization of cultures as economies are integrated and uniform consumer demands are satisfied by standardized commodities

Human Geography11e 7. People and Environment

• Environments as Controls

• • Environmental Determinism

• • • The belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and thoughts

• • Possibilism

• • • A reaction against environmental determinism; people are dynamic forces of development (the environment is not as dynamic like human beings)

• Human Impacts

• • Cultural Landscape

Human Geography11e 8. Roots of Culture

• Hunter-Gatherers

• • Pre-agricultural people dependent on the year-round availability of plant and animal foodstuffs they could secure

• • Rudimentary stone tools and weapons

• • Hunters and gatherers required considerable territory to support a relatively small number of individuals

Human Geography11e 9. Seeds of Change

• Cultural Divergence

• Carrying Capacity

Human Geography11e 10. Agricultural Origins and Spread

• Domestication of Animals and Plants

• • Farming

• • Plant Domestication

• • • Food crops cultivated

• • • Raising crops

• • Animal Domestication

• • • The successful breeding of species that are dependent on human beings

Human Geography11e 11. Neolithic Innovations

• New Stone Age

Human Geography11e 12. Culture Hearth

• The place of origin of any culture group whose developed systems of livelihood and life created a distinctive cultural landscape.

Human Geography11e 13.

• Multilinear Evolution

• • The common characteristics of widely separated cultures developed under similar ecological circumstances

• • Environmental zones tend to induce common adaptive traits in the cultures of those who exploit these areas

• • Comparable events cannot always be explained in the basis of exporting techniques

• • • Significant time and space differences

Human Geography11e 14.

• Diffusionism

• • Cultural similarities are the product of spatial spread from common origin sites

• Cultural Convergence

• • Differences between places are being reduced by improved communications leading to homogenization

• • Sharing of technologies so evident among widely separated societies in a modern world united by efficient communication systems

Human Geography11e 15. The Structure of Culture

• Ideological Subsystem

• • Mentifacts

• Technological Subsystem

• • Artifacts

• Sociological Subsystem

• • Sociofacts

• Cultural Integration

Human Geography11e 16. Culture Change

• Innovation

• • Cultural Lag

• • • Resistance to change

• Diffusion

• • The process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space

Human Geography11e 17.

• • Expansion Diffusion

• • • Contagious diffusion affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from the source region

• • • Hierarchical Diffusion involves processes of transferring ideas first between larger places or prominent people, and later to smaller or less important points or people

• • • During stimulus diffusion, a fundamental idea, not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior

• • • • Spread of the concept but not the specific system

Human Geography11e 18. Culture Change

• • Relocation Diffusion

• • • The idea is physically carried to new areas by migrating individuals

• • Acculturation

• • • A culture is modified

• • • Adoption of traits of another dominant group

• • • Immigrant populations take on the values, attitudes, customs, and speech of the receiving society, which itself undergoes change from absorption of the arriving group.

Human Geography11e 19. Contact between Regions

• Diffusion Barriers

• • Any conditions that hinder either the flow of information or the movement of people and thus retard or prevent the acceptance of an innovation

• Syncretism

• • The process of the fusion of the old and new is called syncretism and is a major feature of culture change

Human Geography11e