felipe alou - amazon s3 · 2018-06-20 · chapter 1 the dominican republic in the caribbean sea,...

Felipe Alou:From the Valleys to the Mountains

Carol Gaab

Cover and Chapter Art byIrene Jimenez Casasnovas

Copyright © 2012 Fluency Matters

All rights reserved.

IBSN: 978-1-935575-79-5

Fluency Matters, P.O. Box 11624, Chandler, AZ 85248

[email protected] • FluencyMatters.com

©2011 S.F. Giants

A NOTE TO THE READERThis novel is a true biographical account of one of

Major League Baseball’s greatest players and man-agers, Felipe Alou. His story is based on personal tes-timony that Felipe himself shared during an exclusivepersonal interview. The story of his life and career hasbeen artfully narrated using a minimal number ofhigh-frequency words in English.

New vocabulary is embedded within numerous(Spanish) cognates (words that are similar in two lan-guages), making it an ideal first read for beginning lan-guage students. A comprehensive glossary lists allvocabulary used in the story. Keep in mind that manywords are listed in the glossary more than once, asmost appear throughout the book in various forms andtenses. (Ex.: I go, he goes, he went, etc.) Vocabularywords and phrases that would be considered beyonda beginning level are footnoted within the text, andtheir meanings given at the bottom of the page whereeach occurs.

The opinions and events in this story do not reflector represent the opinions or beliefs of Fluency Matters.We hope you enjoy reading it!

Table of ContentsChapter 1: The Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2: The Rojas Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 3: Dedication or Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 4: International Attention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 5: Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Chapter 6: Hunger! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Chapter 7: My First Hamburger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Chapter 8: A Team Divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Chapter 9: Discrimination Without Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Chapter 10: Big League Giants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Chapter 11: From the Valley to the Mountain . . . . . . . . . 53

Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

English-Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

English Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Acknowledgments

My eternal gratitude and thanks to Felipe Alou fornot only allowing me to write his story, but for takingthe time to personally share so many amazing ac-counts of his life and career. His sincere support of myefforts and the efforts of English language learnersaround the world is truly inspiring.

Many thanks to Clara Ho for going to bat for me toinitiate this project and for coordinating my meetingswith Felipe. Without her, this book would not havebeen possible.

Endless thanks to the San Francisco Giants for per-mission to use team photos that bring this story to life.To say that I appreciate their Giant support over theyears would be a gross understatement. Their regardfor me as a teacher and their desire to help their inter-national players learn English is absolutely inspiring,to say the least.

Chapter 1The Dominican Republic

In the Caribbean Sea, there is a tropical island. Theisland is called Hispaniola. The island of Hispaniolahas two (2) parts: One (1) part is the nation of Haitiand the other part is the nation of the Dominican Re-public.

The Dominican Republic is famous. It is famous forbaseball! Baseball is very popular in the DominicanRepublic. There are many professional baseball play-ers from the Dominican. Many of them are famous.They are famous in the Dominican Republic and inLatin America, and they are also famous in the United

1

Cuba

Florida

Haiti

Dominican Republic

States. Dominican baseball definitely receives inter-national attention!

The Dominican Republic also receives interna-tional attention for its beaches1. Its tropical beachesare very famous. There are many elegant hotels on thebeaches, and many international tourists visit everyyear2. A popular vacation destination, the DominicanRepublic is considered a tropical paradise!

For many years, the Dominican Republic was nota paradise! It was not a vacation destination, and it

1beaches - playas [sandy areas of a coast, sandy areas of acoastline]

2every year - cada año [each year, every 12 months, every365 days]

Felipe Alou

2

was not famous for baseball either. Between 1930 and1961, a dictator controlled the nation. The dictatorwas General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina. GeneralTrujillo was a rigid, oppressive and violent dictator!He controlled the nation with political oppression andterrorist tactics.

In the year 1937, the dictator organized a horriblemassacre, called ‘El Corte’ (The Cutting). The massacrewas organized to eliminate Haitians. There were manyHaitians who lived in the Dominican Republic. Thecruel dictator did not want Haitians living in the Do-minican Republic. He wanted to eliminate them fromhis nation! He said, “I don’t want Haitians living in mynation. Kill3 them! But do not kill Dominicans; onlykill Haitians!”

Haitians are black, and many Dominicans are alsoblack. To distinguish the Haitians from the Domini-cans, the military used a tactic called a ‘Shibboleth’4.A Shibboleth is a military tactic that uses a spoken

3kill - maten, asesinen [murder, execute, end one’s life]4‘shibboleth’ - ‘santo y seña’: una palabra o frase que se uti-liza para distinguir a un grupo o clase de personas que otro[A word or pronunciation that distinguishes people of onegroup or class from those of another.]

Chapter 1

3

word5 (or words) to distinguish people from different nations.The Haitians did not speak Spanish; theyspoke Creole (criollo). The pronunciation of Creole isdifferent from the pronunciation of Spanish. TheHaitians could not pronounce many words in Spanish.In particular, they could not pronounce the word‘perejil’ (parsley). When a Haitian pronounced ‘pere-jil’ (parsley) in Spanish, it was obvious that he did notspeak Spanish and that he was not a Dominican. Itwas obvious that he was a Haitian! If a person couldnot pronounce the word ‘perejil’ (parsley) perfectly,the military would kill him!

5word(s) - palabra(s) [units of meaning in language]

Felipe Alou

4

Trujillo ordered the killing of all the Haitians whowere living in the Dominican Republic. He orderedthe military: “Eliminate the Haitians! I want allHaitians killed! But do not use military arms6 to killthem; I do not want any military evidence! Kill themwith machetes!”

During the six (6) days of the massacre, the military(armed with machetes) killed more than 17,000Haitians who were living in the Dominican. The ironyof the massacre is that the dictator was part Haitian.

During his dictatorship, General Trujillo was re-sponsible for many violent and cruel acts, but he wasalso responsible for positive acts: He was responsiblefor the construction of schools, houses, hospitals andclinics. He was also responsible for positive economic

6arms - armas [weapons, armaments of war]

Chapter 1

5

A machete from the Dominican Republic

progress, but the economic progress did not benefitthe people! It benefited the dictator and his officials.The corrupt political officials lived like kings7, whileDominicans continued to live in poverty8.

7kings - reyes [rulers, sovereign powers]8poverty - la pobreza [living with little or no money]

Felipe Alou

6

Chapter 2The Rojas Family

During the dictatorship of General Trujillo, many,many Dominicans lived in poverty. The dictator andhis officials lived in excellent conditions while the Do-minican people lived in poor conditions. The peopledid not have much money. They lived in poverty, andmany lived in hunger. They also lived with a lot of po-litical oppression. But in 1935, there was a child whohad no idea that there was political oppression orpoverty. His name was Felipe Rojas Alou. He was the

7

son of José Rojas and Virginia Alou.José and Virginia had a big family. They had six

children (in order): Felipe, María, Mateo, Jesús, Juanand Virginia.

To José and Virginia, family was very important.They were very dedicated parents! The Rojas familydid not have much money, but the children did notnotice. They were innocent and happy; they did notnotice the oppressive political situation or the povertyin which they lived.

The Rojas family lived in Haina, Kilometer 12 in theNational District. It was called Kilometer 12 because

Felipe Alou

8

it was 12 kilometers from Trujillo City1, the capital ofthe Dominican Republic. The family lived with verylittle money, but they had a house to live in. Felipe’sfather was a talented carpenter, and he was responsi-ble for the construction of the family’s house. His fa-ther was a carpenter and a blacksmith2, and his mother was a homemaker3. His father was black, andhis mother was white. To the Rojas children, living ina house with white and black people was normal.Race4 was not important; to the children, there was nodifference between black people and white people.

The Rojas Family was very well respected by theHaina Community. José and Virginia had a stable fam-ily and insisted that their children have good character.

1Trujillo City - Ciudad Trujillo [Trujillo City was the name of the capital of the DominicanRepublic. General Trujillo changed the capital city’s originalname, Santo Domingo, to Trujillo City in 1930. After his as-sassination in 1961, the capital city’s original name was re-stored.]

(En 1930, el General Trujillo cambió el nombre original deSanto Domingo a Ciudad Trujillo. Después de su asesinatoen 1961, el nombre original fue restaurado.)

2blacksmith - herrero [a person who works with iron]3homemaker- ama de casa [a mother who does not work out-side the home, a stay-at-home mom]

4race - raza [the color of a person’s skin]

Chapter 2

9

They insisted that they live with integrity and honor.They also insisted that the children receive an excel-lent education. Education was very important to them!

Felipe and hisbrothers and sisterswent to elementaryschool in Haina,Kilometer 12 andthey went to highschool5 in Santo Do-mingo. Felipe was

5high school (secondary school) - escuela secundaria[grades 9 – 12]

Felipe Alou

10

Santo Domingo: The Fort of Conception in the Colonial Zone.Between 1930 and 1961, Santo Domingo was called Trujillo City.

very intelligent and athletic. He was an excellent stu-dent and was very dedicated to his studies. Felipe wasa very talented person! He had a lot of confidence andhe lived with an idea... He had a vision for the futureand felt like he was going to do something importantwith his life. In the 11th grade, the Dominican Repub-lic’s Commission of the National Track Team6 selectedFelipe to be on the team, a tremendous honor. Felipewas a javelin thrower7, and his participation on theNational Track Team was the first indication that hewas going to do something important with his life.

6National Track Team - Equipo Nacional de Atletismo [Trackincludes many events, including running, throwing andjumping.]

7javelin thrower - lanzador de jabalina [A javelin is a longobject with a point, like a lance or spear.]

Chapter 2

11

a - un(a)(to) abandon - abandonarabandoned - abandonó; aban-

donaron; abandonado abilities - habilidadesability - habilidadabout - sobreabruptly - abruptamenteabused - abusó; abusaron; abu-

sadoacceptable - aceptableaccident - accidenteaccidentally - accidentalmenteacts - actosadmired - admiró; admiraron;

admirado adored - adoró; adoraron; ado-

rado(to) affect - afectaraffected - afectó; afectaron;

afectadoafrican - africano(a)after - despuésagain - de nuevo; otra vez agent(s) - agentesaggressively - agresivamenteairport - aeropuertoall - todo(a), todos(as) (to) allow - permitir

allowed - permitió; permitieron;permitido

also - también(I) am - soyamerican(s) - americano(a)(s)an - un(a)and - yannouncer - anunciadoranother - otro(a) any - cualquierapartment - apartamento(they) are - son; (you) are - eresarea(s) - área(s)armed - armado(a)armss - armasarrived - llegó; llegaron; llegado arrogantly - arrogantementeas - tanascended - subió; subieron;

subidoasked - preguntó; preguntaron;

preguntadoassistant - asistenteat - aate - comió; comieron; comidoathlete(s) - atletasathletic - atlético(a) athleticism - atletismoattention - atención

63

English-Spanish Glossary

attitude(s) - actitud(es) awards - premios(to go) back - regresarball - pelotabaseball - béisbolbathroom - bañobatted - bateó; batearon; bate-

aba; bateabanbatter - bateadorbatting - bateando(to) be - ser; estarbeaches - playasbecause - porquebehind - detrásbeloved - queridobenefit - beneficiobenefited - benificióbetween - entrebig - grandebitter - amargadoblack(s) - negro(s) blacksmith - herrerobrother(s) - hermano(s) bus - autobúsbut - pero(to) buy - comprarby - porcalled - llamó; llamaron; llam-

aba; llamaban can - puede; puedencan’t - no puede; no puedencapital - capital

(to) capture - capturarcaptured - capturó; capturaron;

capturado capturing - capturandocar(s) - carro(s)career(s) - carreracarpenter - carpintero(to) cause - causar; cause - causacelebrated - celebró; celebraronCentral America - América Cen-

tralchampionship(s) -

campeonato(s) character - caráctercharisma - carismachild - niñochildren - niñosJesus Christ - Jesucristocircular - circularcity - ciudadclimbed - subió; subieron clinics - clínicasclothes - ropacoast - costacocoa - cacaocollegiate - colegialcoloreds - un nombre (ofensivo)

para la gente negra oafricanoamericanos

commented - comentó; comen-taron


64

commission - comisióncommitted - cometiócommon - comúncommunicate - comunicarcommunity - comunidadcompassion - compasión(to) compete - competircompleted - completócompletely - completamente(to) concentrate - concentrarseconcentrated - concentró; que

concentrara condition(s) - condición(es) confidence - confidenciaconfident - confidenteconfidently - confidentementeconfused - confusoconsequences - consecuencias(to) consider - considerarconsidered - consideraronconstruction - construccióncontinually - continuamente(to) continue - continuarcontinued - continuó; contin-

uaron(to) contract - contratar; con-

trato contracted - contrató; con-

trataron controlled - controlabaconverted - convirtió(to) convince - convencer

convincing - convincentecorrect - correctocorrupt - corruptoscould - podía; podían couldn’t - no podíacrack - cracCreole - criollocruel - cruelcruelly - cruelmente(the) cutting - El Corteday(s) - día(s)death - muertedeceased - muertodecided - decidió; decidieron;

decididodecision - decisión(to) dedicate - dedicardedicated - dedicó; dedicadodedication - dedicacióndefinitely - definitivamentedelegation - delegacióndelicious - delicioso(to) demand - demandardemocracy - democraciadeparture - salidadeplorable - deplorabledesignated - designadodestination - destinodetermination - determinacióndetestable - detestabledetested - detestódevastated - devastado


65

dictator - dictadordictatorship - dictaduradid - hizo; una palabra cuya

función es poner un verboo pregunta en el pasado

didn’t - negación en el pasadodifference - diferenciadifferent - diferentedifficult - difícildirector - directordisc - discodiscrimination - discriminacióndisgrace - desgraciadisgusted - disgustadodisillusioned - desilusionadodisillusionment - desilusióndistinguish - distinguirdistractions - distraccionesdistrict - distrito(to) do - hacerdoctor - doctordoes - haceDominicans - dominicanosdon’t - nodoor - puerta(to go) down - bajar(to sit) down - sentarsedressed - se vistió; se vistieron;

vestido driver - choferduration - duraciónduring - durante

each - cadaeast - esteEastern League - Liga del este(to) eat - comereating - comiendoeconomic - económicoeducation - educacióneither - tampocoelegant - eleganteelementary school - escuela pri-

maria(to) eliminate - eliminareliminated - eliminó; elimi-

naron; eliminadoeliminating - eliminando(to) encounter - encontrarencountered - encontró; encon-

traron; encontrado energy - energíaEnglish - inglés(to) enter - entrarentered - entró; entraron; en-

tradoentering - entrandoenthusiasm - entusiasmoenthusiastically - con entusi-

asmo entire - enteroentrance(s) - entrada(s) error - errorespecially - especialmenteeternal - eterno


66

eternity - eternidadevery - cadaeveryone - todoseverything - todoevidence - evidenciaevident - evidenteexactly - exactamenteexceeding - excediendoexcellent - excelenteexception - excepciónexceptional - excepcionalexclaimed - exclamó; excla-

maron; exclamadoexclusively - exclusivamenteexecutives - ejecutivosexpectations - expectativasexperience - experienciaexpert(s) - expert(s)explained - explicó; explicaron;

explicado extraordinary - extraordinarioextreme - extremoextremely - extremadamentefaith - fefame - famafamily - familiafamous - famosofan(s) - fanático(s) father - padrefatigue - fatiga(in) favor (of) - (a) favor (de) favorable - favorable

(to) feel - sentir(se)felt - sintió; sintieron; sentidofemale - mujer; persona feme-

ninafew - pocosfield - campofinal - finalfinally - finalmentefinancial - financierofirm - firmefirmly - firmementefirst - primerofive - cincofloor(s) - piso(s); suelo food - comidafor - por; para formal - formalforming - formandofortune - fortunafour - cuatrofrequently - frecuentementefrom - defront - parte delanterafruits - frutasfulfilled - cumplió; cumplieron;

cumplidofurious - furiosofuriously - furiosamentefuture - futurogame(s) - juego(s); partido(s) general - general(to) get (on) - subir a


67

getting (on) - subiendo a (to) go - irgoing - yendogold - orogood - bueno(a)got on - se subiógot off - bajógrabbed - agarró; agarraron;

agarrado grade - gradograduated - se graduó; graduadohad - tuvo; tuvieron; tenía;

tenían; habíaHaitian(s) - haitiano(s)hamburger(s) - hamburguesa(s)happily - felizmentehappy - feliz; alegre hard - difícil; durohas - tiene; hahat - sombrero(to) have - tenerhe - élhere - aquíhigh school - escuela secundariahim - él, lo(to) him - lehis - suhistory - historiahome - hogarhomemaker - ama de casahomerun - jonrónhonor - honor

horrible - horriblehospitals - hospitaleshotel(s) - hotel(es) hour(s) - hora(s) house(s) - casa(s) hunger - hambre(was) hungry - tenía hambre I - yoidea - ideaif - si(to) ignore - ignorarignored - ignoró; ignoraron; ig-

norado imagined - imaginó; imaginaba;

imaginado immediately - inmediatamenteimpact - impactoimpatiently - impacientementeimpeccable - impecableimplication(s) - implicación(es)important - importante(more) importantly - más impor-

tante(to) impress - impresionarimpressed - impresionó; impre-

sionaron; impresionadoimpressive - impresionantein - eninability - incapacidadincluding - incluyendoincorrectly - incorrectamenteincredible - increíble


68

indecisive - indecisivoindication - indicacióninning - entrada [a segment of a

baseball game, duringwhich, each team bats;there are 9 innings in abaseball game]

innocent - inocenteinsisted - insistió; insistieron instructor - instructorintegrity - integridadintelligence - inteligenciaintelligent - inteligenteintended - intentóinternational - internacionalinterrupted - interrumpióinterview - entrevista(went) into - (entraron) en; entró

enintolerable - intolerableirony - ironíairresistible - irresistibleirritated - irritadois - es; está island - islaisn’t - no es; no estáit - lo; laits - susjavelin - jabalinajust - solo(to) kill - matarkilled - mató; mataron; matado

killing - matandokilometer(s) - kilómetro(s)king - reylaborers - obreroslake - lagolast - ultimolast name - apellidoLatin America - América Latinalaw - leyleague(s) - ligaMajor League - Grandes Ligasminor league - liga menor(to) leave - salirleaving - saliendoleft - saliólegislation - legislaciónless - menoslet’s eat - comemoslife - vidalike - comoline - línea; cola little - pequeño(to) live - vivirlived - vivió; vivieron; vivido lives - vive; vidasliving - viviendo(no) longer - ya no(a) lot - muchomachetes - machetesmade - hizomale(s) - hombre(s); masculinoman - hombre


69

manager(s) - mánager(es)manner - maneramany - muchosMarch - marzomassacre - masacreMay - mayome - mímean(s) - significamedal - medallamedical - médicomilitary - militarminutes - minutosmodest - modestomoment - momentomoney - dineromonths - mesesmore - másmost - el másmother - madremountains - montañas(to) move - moverse; mudarse moved - se movió; se movieron;

se mudó; se mudaronmovement - movimientomuch - muchomy - miname(s) - nombre(s) nation - naciónnational - nacionalneeded - necesitaba; necesita-

ban nervous - nervioso

nervously - nerviosamentenew - nuevonext - próximonine - nueveno - nonormal - normalnormally - normalmentenot - nonotable - notablenotably - notablemente(that they) notice - que notaran noticed - notaba; notaban; no-

taronNovember - noviembrenow - ahora(to) observe - observarobserved - observó; observaron;

observabanobserving - observandoobstacle(s) - obstáculo(s) obtain - obtenerobvious - obviooccasion(s) - ocasión(es) of - de(get) off - bajarse de(got) off - se bajó deoffice - oficinaofficial(s) - oficialesok - está bienold - viejo(get) on - subirse a(got) on - se subió a


70

once - una vezone - unoonly - soloopinion - opiniónopportunity - oportunidadoppression - opresiónoppressive - opresivooptions - opcionesor - o(to) order - pedirordered - pidió; pidieronorganized - organizó; organi-

zaronother - otroour - nuestro(a)(to get) out - salir deoutfield - jardín; el área fuera

del cuadroPacific - Pacíficoparadise - paraísoparents - padresparsley - perejilpart(s) - parte(s)(to) participate - participarparticipation - participación(in) particular - en particular pass - pasanpassed - pasaronpassing - pasandopast - pasadopatient - pacientepeople - gente

perfect - perfectoperfectly - perfectamenteperseverance - perseveranciaperson - personaphenomenal - fenomenalpitched - lanzópitcher - lanzadorplan - plan(to) play - jugarplayed - jugó; jugaron; jugaba;

jugaban; jugado player(s) - jugadoresplaying - jugandopolice - policíapoliceman - el policíapolitical - políticopoor - pobrepopular - popularposition - posiciónpositive - positivopossible - posiblepoverty - pobrezapractice - prácticapracticed - practicaba; practica-

ban practicing - practicandopreferred - prefería; preferíanpreparation - preparación(to) prepare - prepararpreparing - preparandoprestigious - prestigiososprincipal - principal


71

privilege - privilegioproblem(s) - problema(s)profession - profesiónprofessional(s) - profesional(es) professionally - profesional-

menteprogress - progresoprohibited - prohibido; prohibía (to) pronounce - pronunciarpronounced - pronunció; pro-

nunciaronpronunciation - pronunciaciónproud - orgullosoproudly - orgullosamentepublication - publicaciónracism - racismoracist (s) - racistasreacted - reaccionóreal - realreally - realmentereceive(s) - reciberecognized - reconocióreflection - reflecciónrepeated - repitió; repetíareplied - respondió; re-

spondieron(to) represent - representarrepublic - repúblicareputation(s) - reputación(es)reservations - reservacionesrespect - respetorespectable - respetable

respected - respetaba; respetadoresponded - respondió; re-

spondieronresponse - respuestaresponsible - responsablerestaurant(s) - restaurante(s)result - resultadoresurrected - resucitó(to) return - regresarreturned - regresó; regresaron returning - regresandoreunion - reuniónrigid - rígidoroom - habitación; cuarto route - rutasadness - tristezasaid - dijo; dijeron; decía;

decían same - mismosandwich(es) - sándwich(es) sat - se sentó; se sentaron; se

sentaba; se sentabansatisfied - satisfecho(to) say - decirscene - escenaschool(s) - escuela(s) (talent) scout - buscador de tal-

entosea- marseasons - temporadassecond(s) - segundo(s)secret - secreto


72

section(s) - sección(es)segregation - segregación(to) select - seleccionarselected - seleccionóseparately - separadamenteSeptember - septiembreservice - serviciosevere - severoseverity - severidadshibboleth - ‘santo y seña’; una

palabra o frase que se uti-liza para distinguir a ungrupo o clase de personasque otro

signed - firmósigning - firmandosincere - sinceroa single - ni un(a); [one, solitary,

solo]sisters - hermanas(to) sit - sentarsesitting - sentándosesituation - situaciónsix - seissmell - olorsmelled - olía; olían so - así que; tan social - socialsomething - algoson(s) - hijo(s)spaces - espaciosSpanish - español

(to) speak - hablarspeaking - hablandospecial - especialspecific - específicospectacular - espectacularspirit - espírituspoke - habló; hablaron;

hablaba; hablabansport(s) - deporte(s) stable - establestadium - estadiostarted - empezó; empezaronstates - estadosstation - estaciónstill - todavíastopped - se parabastopping - parándosestore(s) - tienda(s) street - callestress - estrésstrong - fuertestudent - estudiantestudies - estudiossuccess - éxitosuccessful - exitoso(to) suffer - sufrirsuffered - sufrió; sufrieron;

sufría; sufrían suffering - sufriendo; sufrimientosuit(s) - traje(s)suitcase(s) - maleta(s)surname(s) - apellido(s)


73

tactic - tácticatalent - talentotalented - talentoso(to) talk - hablartalking - hablandotalks - hablataxi - taxiteam(s) - equipo(s)teammate(s) - compañeros del

equipo terrible - terribleterrorist - terroristathan - quethank you - graciasthat - quethe - el; latheir - su; sus them - ellos; les; los; las then - entoncesthere - allíthere are - haythere were - habíathey - ellos(to) think - pensarthinking - pensandothis - este ; esta those - esos; esas three - tresthrough - por(javelin) thrower - lanzador de

(jabalina)throwing - lanzando

time(s) - vez (veces) timid - tímidoto - atogether - juntostoo - demasiado; también total - totaltourists - turistastoward - haciaNational Track Team - Equipo

Nacional de Atletismotraded - cambiarontradition - tradicióntragedy - tragedia(to) train - entrenarsetrained - se entrenaba; se en-

trenótrainer(s) - entrenadorestraining - entrenamientotransformed - transformó; trans-

formarontransition - transicióntremendous - tremendotremendously - tremendamentetropical - tropicaltwenty - veintetwo - dostypical - típico(to) understand - comprender(did not) understand - no com-

prendióunderstood - comprendió


74

unfortunately - desafortunada-mente

uniform(s) - uniforme(s)unimaginable - no imaginablesunited - unidouniversity - universidaduntil - hasta(moved him) up - lo subieron (to) use - usarused - usó; usaba; usadousing - usandovacation - vacaciónvalley - vallevarious - variosversus - versusvery - muyvictories - victoriasviolent - violentovisa - visavision - visión(to) visit - visitarvoice - voz(to) vote - votarvoted - votó; votaron(to) wait - esperarwaited - esperaba; esperaban;

esperó; esperaron waiting - esperando(to) want - quererwanted - quería; querían; quiso;

quisieron was - era; estaba

we - nosotros(as) (to) wear - llevar puestowearing - llevandoweeks - semanaswell - bienwent - fue; fueron; iba; iban were - eran; estaban; fueron; es-

tuvieronwhat - quéwhen - cuándowhere - dóndewhile - mientraswhite(s) - blanco(s)who - quién(to) win - ganarwinning - ganandowith - conwithout - sinwon - ganó; ganaronwondered - se preguntó wood - maderaword(s) - palabra(s)(to) work - trabajarworked - trabajó; trabajaron; tra-

bajaba; trabajabanworking - trabajandoworks - trabajayea - síyear(s) - año(s) (to) yell - gritaryelled - gritó; gritaronyes - sí


75

you - túyour - tu


76

a - one; not any certain one (in-definite article)

(to) abandon - to leave; to desertabandoned -left; deserted ability - talent; special skillabilities - talents; special skillsabout - of; concerning; in regard

to abruptly - unexpected; sudden abused - misused; treated in a

harmful wayacceptable - worthy of being ac-

cepted; satisfactoryaccident - an event that occurs

unintentionallyaccidentally - unexpected; un-

planned acts - behaves in a certain fash-

ionadmired - regarded with ap-

provaladored - regarded with esteem,

love, or honor(to) affect - to produce a change

inaffected - produced a change inAfrican - of or from Africa after - later in time than; behind

in place or in positionagain - another time

agent(s)- a person or businessauthorized to act on an-other person’s behalf

aggressively - assertively; boldlyairport - facility for the landing,

take off, and care of air-planes

all - every; the whole(to) allow - to permitallowed - permittedalso - too; in addition(I) am - 1st person singular of to

be (Central) America - part of

North America south ofMexico

American(s) - of or from theUnited States; of or fromNorth or South America

an - one; not any certain oneand - as well as; in addition anguish - suffering; pain announcer - a person who intro-

duces programs on TV orradio

another - additional; one moreof the same

any - whatever or whichever itmay be

English Glossary

G-1

English Glossary

apartment - a set of rooms usedas a dwelling for one fam-ily

(they) are - third person pluralform of the verb to be

area(s) - a geographical region;a particular extent of sur-face

armed - having weapons arrived - reached one’s destina-

tion arrogantly - proudly; making

claims of superior impor-tance

as - to the same degree; to thesame extent

ascended - climbed or movedupward

asked - inquired of; requestedinformation of

assistant - aide; helper at - preposition used to indicate

location: in; on; near ate - consumed; simple past

tense of eatathlete(s) - participant(s) in a

sport, exercise, or game re-quiring physical skill

athletic - good athlete; physi-cally active and strong

athleticism - athletic ability

atrocities - extremely shockingthing or circumstance

attention - observant care; con-sideration; concentrate ona single object or thought

attitude(s) - manner; dispositionawards - something awarded;

payment or medal (to go) back - to return ball - a round object used for

sports or games baseball - a ball game played

between two 9-playerteams

bathroom - toilet; room for tak-ing a bath or a shower

batted - the objectbatter - player who swings the

bat; player whose turn it isat bat

batting - striking at; hitting(to) be - to exist; to live; to feel;

to take placebeaches - sandy or rocky areas

along a shoreline because - for that reason behind - in back ofbeloved - well loved benefit - advantageous; good

deed; act of kindness benefited - was to one’s advan-

tage; was good for

English Glossary

G-2

between - in the space separat-ing two points

big - large in height, size, orquantity

Bigs - nickname for MajorLeague baseball; the BigLeague

bill - a statement of moneyowed for goods or services

bitter - distressing; painful feel-ings

black(s) - belonging to one ofseveral populations char-acterized by dark skin

blacksmith - one who makes ob-jects from iron

brother(s) - male sibling(s)bus - large motor vehicle used to

transport large numbers ofpassengers

but - on the contrary; yet (to) buy - to purchase by - next to; beside; before a

certain point in timecalled - telephoned; summoned;

cried outcan - is able tocan’t- isn’t able tocapital - city or town that is the

official seat of government(to) capture - to take by forcecaptured - took by force

capturing - was taking by forcecar(s) - automobile(s)career(s) - occupation(s); profes-

sion(s)carpenter - person who builds

or repairs wooden struc-tures

(to) cause - to bring aboutcelebrated - commemorated;

observedchampionship(s) - series of com-

petitions to determine thebest competitor or team

character - features and traitsthat make up the nature ofa person, place or thing

charisma - charm; magnetism;presence

child - young boy or girlchildren - young boys and/or

girlsJesus Christ - principal deity of

the Christian religioncircular - in the shape of a cir-

cle, roundcity - large or important town climbed - went up; ascendedclinics - a site that provides

medical treatmentclothes - garments; articles for

wearingcoast - shoreline of the sea

English Glossary

G-3

collegiate - of or belonging tothe college or university

coloreds - a word used to de-scribe people of darkskinned races (often offen-sive)

commented - remarked; ob-served

commission - a group of peoplecharged with certain duties

committed - engaged incommon - normal; usualcommunicate - to share knowl-

edge of; to make informa-tion known

community - group of peopleliving in somewhat closeassociation

compassion - feeling of deepsympathy

(to) compete - to try to outdoanother person to win aprize or award

completed - finishedcompletely - fully; entirely(to) concentrate - to think in-

tensely about concentrated - thought intensely

about condition(s) - social position;

state

confidence - full trust or beliefin someone or in one’s self

confident - sure; fully trusting in confused - perplexed; bewil-

dered consequences - effect, result, or

outcome of an action(to) consider - to think carefully

about in order to make adecision

considered - thought carefullyabout in order to make adecision

construction - the act of build-ing or putting together

continually - habitually; veryoften

(to) continue - to keep oncontinued - kept on(to) contract - to hirecontracted - hiredcontrolled - dominated; exer-

cised control overconverted - changed into a dif-

ferent form(to) convince - to persuade; to

move by argumentconvincing - persuasivecorrect - rightcorrupt - guilty of dishonest

practicescould - was, were able to

English Glossary

G-4

couldn’t - was, were not able to

crack - sound of a bat when a

ball is hit

Creole - language spoken by

Haitians

cruel - willfully or knowingly

causing pain or distress to

others

the Cutting - Massacre of

Haitians in the Dominican

Republic ordered by Tru-

jillo

day(s) - 24 hour period(s)

death - the end of life

decided - determined; settled

decision - settled by giving vic-

tory to one side

dedicate - devote; commit;

pledgededicated - devoted; committed;

pledged

dedication - a devotion or

pledge; ceremony held to

honor a person or place

definitely - certainly; positively

delegation - a group of individu-

als selected to represent a

larger group

delicious - very tasty

demand - ask for with proper

authority

democracy - government by the

people

departure - leaving; going

deplorable - lamentable; very

bad

designated - named or selected

destination - place to which per-

son or thing travels or is

sent

determination - being deter-

mined; resolute

detestable - hateful, horrible

detested - hated

devastated - laid waste; de-

stroyed

dictator - ruler exercising ab-

solute power over a gov-

ernment

dictatorship - a country where

absolute power is held by

a dictator

did - simple past tense of do; to

have done something; a

helping verb that indicates

past tense

didn’t - past-tense helping verb

indicating negation

difference - state of being differ-

ent; dissimilarity

different - not alike; separate;

distinct

difficult - hard

English Glossary

G-5

director - a person that directsor controls

disc - flat, circular plate discrimination - making a dis-

tinction in favor of oragainst a certain group

disgrace - loss of respect; honor;or esteem

disgusted - offended; extremedislike for

disillusioned - lost one’s falseideas about something

disillusionment - the state ofbeing disillusioned

distinguish - to recognize as dis-tinct or different

distractions - that which pre-vents concentration

district - a division of territorydo - to execute; perform; auxil-

iary verb doctor - person licensed to prac-

tice medicinedoes - executes; performs; auxil-

iary verb Dominicans - of or from the Do-

minican Republicdoor - movable barrier for open-

ing or closing an entryway down - from higher to lower; de-

scent dressed - put on clothing

driver - a person who drives avehicle

duration - length of time some-thing occurs

during - at some point in thecourse of

each - every one individually east - a cardinal point of the

compass 90° to the right ofnorth

eastern - of or from the east (to) eat - to take into the mouth

and swallow; to ingesteating - taking into the mouth

and swallowing; ingestingeconomic - pertaining to an

economy economy - financial affairs of a

community or countryeducation - imparting or acquir-

ing general knowledge either - one or the other of twoelegant - fine; luxurious; refinedelementary school - school con-

sisting of grades K-6eliminate - remove; get rid ofeliminated - removed; got rid of eliminating - removing; getting

rid ofencounter - meetingencountered - came upon; met

English Glossary

G-6

energy - available power; capac-ity for activity

English - language spoken in theU.S. and other countriesaround the world

enter - to come or go inentered - came or went in entering - coming or going in enthusiasm - eagerness; passion;

devotion enthusiastically - eagerly; pas-

sionately entire - whole; completeentrance(s) - a point of entry;

opening or passageway forentering

error - mistakeespecially - particularly; excep-

tionally esteemed - held in high regard;

well respectedeternal - lasting forevereternity - time without end every - each; all possibleeveryone - each person; all pos-

sible peopleeverything - all; each possible

thingevidence - that which proves or

disproves somethingevident - obviousexactly - precisely; accurately

exceeding - surpassing; goingbeyond

excellent - extraordinary; supe-rior

exception - a case for not con-forming to a general rule

exceptional - unusual; extraordi-nary

exclaimed - cried out; shoutedsuddenly

exclusively - not admittingsomething else; shuttingout all others

executives - person or peoplewith supervisory authority

exist - to have life; to beexpectations - a thing looked

forward to; something ex-pected

experience - an instance of per-sonally encountering orundergoing something

expert(s) - a person with specialskills or knowledge in afield

explained - made plain; madeclear

extraordinary - outstanding; un-usual

extreme - the utmost or highestdegree; greatest

extremely - to a high degree

English Glossary

G-7

faith - belief not based on truthfame - renown; celebrityfamily - parents and their chil-

drenfamous - renowned; celebrityfan(s) - follower; admirerfather - a male parent fatigue - extreme tiredness(in) favor (of) - in support of; on

the side offavorable - positivefeel - perceive; examine by

touchfelt - perceived; examined by

touch female - persona of feminine

genderfew - not many but more than

one field - a piece of land devoted to

sports final - coming at the end; in last

placefinally - at lastfinancial - refers to matters con-

cerned with moneyfirm - not soft; hard; stiff; rigidfirmly - rigidly; stifflyfirst - being before all others in

regard to order, rank, ortime

floor(s) - supporting surface orstructure upon which onewalks

food - nourishing substanceeaten or drunk

for - intended to belong toformal - elegantforming - serving as; making up fortune - large amount of wealth

or riches frequently - very often from - a preposition used to in-

dicate source or originfront - the part or side that faces

forwardfruits - edible part of a plant de-

veloped from a flower fulfilled - carried out; performedfurious - extremely angryfuriously - angrilyfuture - a time that is to come game - a competitive activity

played by two or morepeople according to a setof rules

general - an officer of rankget - obtaingetting - obtaininggo - to move or proceed; to de-

part a placegoing - moving; proceeding; de-

parting a place

English Glossary

G-8

gold - precious yellow, metallic

element

gone- past participle of go

good - of high quality; excellent

got - obtained

grabbed - snatched; clutched;

seized suddenly

grade school - elementary

school

graduated - received a degree or

certificate

had - possessed; owned; auxil-

iary verb forpast perfect

tense

Haitian(s) - people from Haiti

hamburger(s) - a sandwich con-

sisting of a patty of ground

beef on a bun or roll

happily - in a happy way; with

pleasure

happy - glad; delighted

hard - difficult

has - possesses; owns

hat - a covering for the head

have - possess; own

he - the male person being dis-

cussed

here - in this spot; in this place

high - exceeding the common

measure; far above the

ground

him - a male

his - possessive adjective mean-

ing something belongs to

him

history - a branch of knowledge

dealing with past events

home - a house or apartment;

residence

homemaker - a person who

manages the household of

his/her own family

homerun(s) - hit in baseball that

allows the runner to clear

all bases and score a run

honor - high respect for worth,

merit, or rank

horrible - extremely unpleasant;

disgusting

hospitals - a place where sick

people are given medical

or surgical treatment

hotel(s) - an establishment offer-

ing lodging to travelers

hour(s) - 60 minute period

house(s) - a building in which

people live

hunger - desire or need for food

hungry - craving or needing

food

I - pronoun referring to oneself

idea - a thought; a notion

if - whether; even though

ignore - overlook; disregard

English Glossary

G-9

ignored - overlooked; disre-garded

imagined - formed a mentalimage of

immediately - instantly; withoutdelay

impact - influence; effectimpatiently - not patientlyimpeccable - flawlessimplication(s) - something sug-

gested or inferred important - of great significanceimportantly - significantlyimpress - affect deeply impressed - affected deeplyimpressive -imposing; awesome;

admirablein - preposition used to indicate

inclusion within a space)inability - lack of ability or

meansincluding - containing parts of a

wholeincorrectly - wronglyincredible - unbelievableindecisive - undecided; unable

to make a decisionindication - anything serving as

a signingenious - cleverinning - a division of a baseball

game

innocent - not guiltyinsisted - was emphatic; resolute instructor - teacherintact - whole; unbroken integrity - sound moral charac-

terintelligence - ability to learn,

reason, and understandintelligent - smart; quick to

comprehendintended - purposed; meant for

a particular purpose intercepted - cut off from in-

tended destination international - between nationsinterrupted - broke the continu-

ity ofinterview - formal meeting in

which one person asksquestions to evaluate an-other

into - to the inside ofintolerable - unbearableirony - using words to convey

the meaning opposite theirliteral meaning

irresistible - lovable; enticing;unable to be resisted

irritated - annoyed; angeredisland - piece of land sur-

rounded by water on allsides

English Glossary

G-10

it - direct or indirect object usedto represent an inanimatething

javelin - a light spear thrown byhand

just - a moment before kill - end the life ofkilled - ended the life of killing - ending the life ofkilometer(s) - unit of measureking - male monarchlaborers - workerslake - a large body of fresh or

salt water surrounded byland

last - coming after all othersLatin America - part of the

American continent southof the United States

law - rules established in a com-munity by some authority

league(s) - a group of athleticteams who competeagainst one another

Major League - top level of pro-fessional baseball teams

minor league – a group profes-sional baseball teams thatprepare and train playersfor the Major League

leave - go out of; go away fromleaving - going out of; going

away from

left - went out of; went awayfrom

legislation - a group of laws en-acted

less - fewer than life - the state of existence like - as; is pleased byline - a number of people wait-

ing one behind another fortheir turn

little - smalllive - exist; have life; reside lived - existed; residedlives - exists; residesliving - existing; residing longer - something that is con-

siderably long in length ortime

a lot - muchloved - cherished; given deep af-

fectionmachetes - large, heavy knives made - producedmale(s) - person of masculine

genderman - full-grown or adult male

human beingmanager(s) - person who has

control of an organization manner - waymany - a lot; numerous

English Glossary

G-11

massacre - unnecessary killingof many humans or ani-mals

may - word used to express pos-sibility

mean - is defined asmedal - an award given to rec-

ognize an accomplishmentmedical - dealing with medicinemilitary - dealing with the

armed forcesminutes - 60 second period of

timemisery - sorrowmodest - bashful; shy; humblemoment - instant; short period

of time money - currencymonths - 12 parts into which a

calendar year is divided more - in a greater amount or

quantitymost - in the greatest amount or

quantitymother - female parent mountains - elevation of the

earth’s surface rising to asummit

move - change location; go fromone place of residence toanother

moved - changed location; wentfrom one place of resi-dence to another

movement - the process of mov-ing

much - to a great degree my - belonging to me name(s) - a word by which a

person or thing is called nation - a territory; a countrynational - pertaining to a terri-

tory or countryneeded - lacked something nec-

essary negro(s) - Blacks; African-Ameri-

cansnervous - worriednervously - worriedlynew - recently came into beingnext - the following in a series normal - average; regular normally - usuallynotable - worthy of noticenotice - pay attention tonoticed - paid attention tonow - at this momentobserve - see; watch; noticeobserved - saw; watched; no-

ticed observing - seeing; watching;

noticing obstacle(s) - difficulties to over-

come

English Glossary

G-12

obtain - to get obvious - easily seen or recog-

nizedoccasion(s) - a special time,

event, or ceremonyof - preposition used to indicate

origin or sourcegot off - descended from; came

down from office - a room or set of rooms

used for workofficial(s) - a person holding

public office or having offi-cial duties

ok - fine; well old - no longer young; having

existed or lived for a longtime

on - resting on; physically incontact with

once - one timeonly - justopinion - belief of view about

something not necessarilybased on facts

opportunity - chanceoppression - long lasting cruel

treatment or controloppressive - unfairly causing

hardship especially on aminority group

options - choices

or - conjunction used to link al-ternatives

order - a command or instruc-tion; request (as in food);arrange a sequence

ordered - commanded; re-quested; arranged in a se-quence

organized - established;arranged into a structure

other - further or additionalour - belonging to usout - baseball term indicating

that one is no longer bat-ting; having one’s turn atbat or base running ended

outfield - area of the baseballfield outside of the dia-mond

paradise - heaven; heavenly orwonderful location

parents - father and motherparsley - an herb often used for

garnishing foodpart - a piece of something;

some but not all of some-thing

participate - take part inparticipation - the act of taking

part in particular - specific

English Glossary

G-13

pass - move in a specific direc-tion; elapse; transfer tosomeone else

passed - moved in a specific di-rection; transferred tosomeone else

passing - moving in a specificdirection; transferring tosomeone else

past - belonging to a formertime; an action or state thatpreviously existed

patient - able to wait withoutbecoming annoyed or anx-ious

people - plural form of person;more than one person

perfect - as good as can beperfectly - in a way that could

not be betterperseverance - commitment to

do something in spite ofdifficulty

person - an individual phenomenal - extraordinarypitched - (in baseball) threw the

ball to the batter pitcher - baseball player who

throws the ball to the bat-ter

plan - a decision about whatone will do

play - take part in an activity forenjoyment

played - took part in an activityfor enjoyment

player(s) - a person who takespart in a sport or game

playing - taking part in an activ-ity for enjoyment

police - a civil force who serveto keep order

policeman - a member of thepolice force

political - dealing with politicspoor - having little or no money

or few possessionspopular - well likedposition - locationpositive - certain; confident in

opinion possible - may exist or happen poverty - the state of being poor;

the state of being in ex-treme need

practice - rehearse; train practiced - rehearsed; trained practicing - rehearsing; trainingprecious - of great value; of high

price preferred - given priority; to

choose before all others preparation - the process of

making ready

English Glossary

G-14

prepare - make readypreparing - making ready prestigious - held in high regard

or esteemprincipal - mainprivilege - a right or benefit en-

joyed by one person be-yond the benefits of most

problem(s) - crisis; a questionneeding a solution

profession - jobprofessional(s) - an expert player

among amateursprofessionally - as an expert

playerprogress - movement toward a

goal prohibited - forbiddenpronounce - to say in a particu-

lar or correct manner pronounced - said in a particu-

lar or correct manner pronunciation - producing the

sounds of speech proud - a feeling of pleasure or

satisfaction because ofsomething highly honor-able

proudly - with pride or satisfac-tion

public - open to all personspublication - the act of publish-

ing a book; making public

racism - the idea that one’s ownrace is superior

racist(s) - one who believesone’s own race is superior

reacted - acted in response toreal - true; factual; existing as an

actual thing really - in reality; actually receive(s) - get(s); obtain(s)recognized - identified as some-

one previously known; ac-knowledged

reflection - careful considera-tion

repeated - said again; did againreplied - answeredrepresent - to present againreputation(s) - the regard in

which a person is heldresent - to feel bitter or angry reservations - hesitationsrespect - esteem for an individ-

ual; to hold someone inhigh esteem

respectable - worthy of high es-teem

respected - held in high esteemresponded - answeredresponse - answerresponsible - competent; capa-

ble restaurant(s) - location where

food is served to customers

English Glossary

G-15

result - consequenceresurrected - brought back to

life; raised from the deadreturn - come back; go backreturned - came back; went

backreturning - coming back; going

backreunion - meeting; the act of

uniting again rifles - a firearm held on the

shoulder rigid - stiffroom - space; a section of the

interior of a building sepa-rated by four walls

route - path; waysaid - spoke; uttered same - alike; identical to what

has been said or done sandwich(es) - two or more

slices of bread with meatand/or cheese between

sat - was seated satisfied - content; fulfilled say - utter; speakscene - place where an event

occurs school(s) - institution where stu-

dents are taughttalent scout - one who searches

for talented players to playfor professional teams

sea - salt water covering part ofthe earth’s surface

seasons - period of the yearwhen something normallyoccurs

second(s) - unit of time repre-senting 1/60 of a minute

secret - done or made withoutthe knowledge of others

section(s) - a distinct part or di-vision of something

segregation - isolation from therest of a group

select - chooseselected - choseseparately - apart; divided service - an aid; a helpset - put something in a particu-

lar place severe - serious; harshseverity - seriousness; harshnessshibboleth - peculiar pronuncia-

tion or behavior that sets agroup apart

signed - wrote a signature; con-tracted

signing - writing a signature;contracting

sincere - free of falseness; free ofdeceit

single - a hit that allows the run-ner to advance one base inbaseball

English Glossary

G-16

sisters - female siblings; femaleswith the same parents

sit - rest on one’s buttocks andlegs

sitting - resting on one’s buttocksand legs

situation - state of affairs; condi-tion; predicament

smell - scent or odor; to perceivean odor or scent

smelled - perceived a scent so - in this manner; very social - outgoing; characterized

by friendly companionshipwith others

something - a certain, unspeci-fied thing

son(s) - male offspring or chil-dren of the same parents

spaces - blanks; intervals speak - talk; utter; verbally com-

municatespeaking - talking; uttering; ver-

bally communicating special - uniquespecific - particular; having a

special purpose or applica-tion

spectacular - outstandingspirit - soul; intention spoke - talked; uttered; verbally

communicated

sport(s) - athletic activities stable - not likely to fall; de-

pendablestadium - sports arena started - beganstation - headquarters for certain

public services; place for aparticular kind of work

still - motionlessstopped - ceased; discontinuedstopping - ceasing; discontinu-

ingstore(s) - an establishment

where products are soldstreet - paved roadwaystress - anxiety; strain; emphasisstrong - having great physical

power student - a person engaged in

learning studies - makes an effort to gain

knowledgesuccess - attain wealth, honors,

recognitionsuccessful - has attained wealth,

honors, or recognitionsuffer - feel pain or distress suffered - felt pain or distress suffering - feeling pain or dis-

tress suit(s) - a set of clothing meant

to be worn together

English Glossary

G-17

suitcase(s) - portable case usedfor carrying clothing whiletraveling

surname(s) - last name(s)tactic - procedure, maneuver talent - a certain skill or ability

at which one excelstalented - gifted; having special

abilities talk - communicate; speak talking - communicating; speak-

ingtalks - communicates; speakstaxi - taxicab; car hired to pro-

vide transportationteam - group of people who

form one of the sides in agame

teammate(s) - members of thesame team

terrible - very bad; horribleterrorist- person who terrorizes

or frightens other people thank - express gratitudethank you – an expression of

gratitudethat- (used to point out a spe-

cific person; thing; or idea)I like that shirt.

the - definite article used beforea noun

their - possessive pronoun, be-longing to them

them - object case of theythen - next; afterward there - at or in that placethey - plural subject pronounthink - make decisions; evaluate

or deal with a situation;consider options

thinking - making decisions;evaluating or dealing witha situation

this - demonstrative adjectiveused to point out a specificperson, thing or idea

those - plural of that through - pass between or

among; in one end or sideand out the other

throwing - propelling or hurlingan object

time(s) - duration; repetitions;intervals

timid - shytogether - in one place; in one

gathering; in close proxim-ity

too - alsototal - whole; entiretourists - person traveling for

pleasuretoward - in the direction of track - area where runners par-

ticipate in races duringtrack and field competi-tions

English Glossary

G-18

traded - exchanged as part of abusiness deal

tradition - established or passeddown way of thinking orsystem of beliefs

tragedy - disaster, catastrophetrain - develop habits; make

proficient by practice andinstruction

trained - made proficient bypractice and instruction

trainer(s) - one who helps ath-letes become proficientthrough instruction

training - making proficientthrough practice and in-struction

transformed - changedtransition - passage or change

from one state, condition,or concept to another

tremendous - extraordinary insize, amount, or intensity;dreadful

tremendously - dreadfullytropical - from or of the tropicstypical - normal; usualunderstand - to comprehend;

get the meaning ofunderstanding - comprehend-

ing; getting the meaning ofunderstood - comprehended;

got the meaning of

unfortunately - regrettablyuniform(s) - an identical set of

clothing used to identifythose belonging to a group

unimaginable - inconceivable;unable to be imagined

united - joineduniversity - institution of learn-

ing; highest level of educa-tion

until - up to the time ofup - a more elevated position use - employ for some purpose;

utilizeused - employed for some pur-

pose; utilized using - employing for some pur-

pose; utilizingvacation - a period of rest or

travel in which work orstudy is suspended

valley - a depression or lowlandbetween hills

various - two or more things dif-fering from one another

versus - againstvery - extremelyvictories - winsviolent - uncontrolled strong,

rough forcevisa - document allowing a pass-

port holder from one coun-try to enter another

English Glossary

G-19

vision - sightvisit - go and stay with; to come

or go tovoice - sounds uttered through

the mouthvote - expression of opinion or

choice; the means (ballot)of expressing one’s choice

voted - expressed one’s opinionor choice

wait - remaining inactive untilsomething happens

waited - remained inactive untilsomething happened

waiting - remaining inactiveuntil something happens

want - desirewanted - desiredwas - past tense of to bewe - subject pronoun represent-

ing first person plural wear - to have on the body as a

covering wearing - having on the body as

a coveringweek(s) - period(s) of 7 days well - good; satisfactory went - simple past tense of go were - past tense of to be, 2nd

person / 3rd person pluralwhat - interrogative used to ask

for specific information

when - interrogative used to askabout a period of time;how long ago

where - interrogative used to de-termine in what place orlocation

while - during the time that; aperiod of time

white(s) – word used to describelight skinned people; Cau-casian

who - interrogative used to findout which person

will - auxiliary verb used to talkabout future actions orevents

win - be victorious; conquerwinning - being victorious; con-

queringwith - accompanied by without - not with; free from won - was victoriouswondered - speculated; was cu-

rious about wood - hard substance consist-

ing of the stem andbranches of a tree

word(s) - unit of language con-sisting of a specific set ofsounds

work - laborworked - labored

English Glossary

G-20

working - laboringworks - laborswould - auxiliary verb, simple

past of willyea - slang for yes year(s) - period(s) of 365 daysyell - shout; screamyelled - shouted; screamedyour - belonging to you

English Glossary

G-21

felipe alou - amazon s3 · 2018-06-20 · chapter 1 the dominican republic in the caribbean sea,...

Documents