feeding strategies to mitigate cost and environmental footprint of pig production in the us
TRANSCRIPT
Feeding strategies to mitigate cost and
environmental footprint of pig production in the US
Jasmina Burek, Greg Thoma, Jennie Popp, Charles Maxwell, Rick Ulrich, William Putman
University of Arkansas
Motivation- livestock sector – one of the main drivers of the environmental footprint including carbon footprint, water footprint, and land use (FAO 2013)- 50 % total GHG emissions of pig production and
consumption stems from pig feed ingredient (Thoma 2011)- 180 feed ingredients (NRC 2012)
Thoma et al. (2011) National Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Study for Production of US Swine.NRC (2012) Nutrient Requirements of Swine
Pig diets
• Average US pig diet(corn and soybean
meal)
Objectives• Least cost
• Least carbon footprint• Least water footprint• Least land use
Cost effective and environmentally sound pig diets/ pig production
Current
Pig production models
Cradle-to-farm gate LCA of pig production model
(environmental footprints of feed ingredients)
Pig Production Environmental Calculator
(PPEC)
1.
2.
ANALYZE
ALTER
ANALYZE
ALTER
Diet/Ingredient
Diet/Ingredient
Rethinking pig diets
LCAcradle-to-farm gate of pig
production (kg of market pig live weight)
PPECPig Production Environmental
Calculator
Windows User-Friendly Feed Formulation (WUFFFDA) least cost linear optimization model
ALTER+ANALYZE
3. MODEL
Modeling “least” pig diets (WUFFDA)
Input data - top 100 feed
ingredients- carbon footprint, water
footprint, and land use of 100 feed ingredients
- nutrient characteristics- average US feed ingredient cost
Modeling parameters- nutrient constraints (Nursery-Grow-Sow)- maximum feed
ingredient inclusion rates in a diet (NSNG, literature)
Data intensive modeling
Model sensitivityAssumptions:- min and maximum inclusion rates- minerals, vitamins, amino acids fixed- input parameters:
- all feeds are equally available- average pig production practices - national feed environmental footprints- average feed costs
Model sensitivityCorn Wheat Sorghum Barley Corn DDG Wheat Shorts
WheatMiddlings Rice Bran
Corn GlutenFeed Alfalfa Meal Soybean Hulls Oils and Fats Molasses
G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Maximum Inclusion Rate
(%)
Energy feed ingredients - max inclusion rates
Corn Wheat Sorghum Barley Corn DDG Wheat ShortsWheat
Middlings Rice BranCorn Gluten
Feed Alfalfa Meal Soybean Hulls Oils and Fats Molasses
G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2 G2 G4 N S2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Amount (%)
Energy feed ingredients - % in diets
Baseline - Average US Pig Diets
LC - Least Cost Pig Diets
LCF - Least Carbon Footprint Pig Di..
LLU - Least Land Use Pig Diets
LWF - Least Water Footprint Pig Diets
Max
imum
incl
usio
n ra
te
(%)
Amou
nts
(%)
NSNG (2010) National swine nutrition guide tables on nutrient recommendations , ingredient composition, and use rates.
Feed IngredientsPayleanMilk, LactoseEnzymeMilk, Whey PowderFat (Poultry)Amino AcidsLimestone, GroundBlood PlasmaMinerals and VitaminsFish MealCorn DDGSoybean meal, 48%Corn
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Feed Ingredients, %
Average US pig diets
Grow to Finish
Feed IngredientsPayleanCanola OilEnzymeFat (Restaurant Grease)Amino AcidsLimestone, GroundFat (A/V Blend)Wheat ShortsMinerals and VitaminsSorghumCorn DDGSoybean meal, 48%Wheat
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Feed Ingredients, %
Grow to Finish
Least cost pig diets
Feed IngredientsSoybean OilPayleanEnzymeAmino AcidsLimestone, GroundWheat ShortsMinerals and VitaminsBeef TallowMolasses, Sugar BeetsMolasses, SugarcaneFlaxseed MealSoybean HullsSoybeansWheat MiddlingsSoybean meal, 48%Wheat
Least Carbon Footprint Pig Diets
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Feed Ingredients, %
Least carbon footprint pig diets
Grow to Finish
Least water footprint pig dietsFeed Ingredients
PayleanEnzymeCitrus PulpFlaxseedAmino AcidsBlood Meal Spray-DriedLimestone, GroundFat (A/V Blend)Blood PlasmaFeather MealMinerals and VitaminsAlfalfa MealBarleyFish MealFlaxseed MealCanola MealField PeasSoybean meal, 48%
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Feed Ingredients, %
Grow to Finish
Least land use pig dietsFeed Ingredients
Oyster ShellCitrus PulpAmino AcidsBlood Meal Spray-DriedLimestone, GroundBlood PlasmaFeather MealMeat and Bone MealMinerals and VitaminsMolasses, Sugar BeetsMolasses, SugarcaneBeef Tallow & Fat (Poultry)Fish MealCorn Gluten FeedCanola MealRice BranCorn DDGSoybean meal, 48%Corn
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Feed Ingredients, %
Grow to Finish
Average US Pig Diets Least Cost Pig Diets Least Carbon Footprint Pig Diets Least Water Footprint Pig Diets Least Land Use Pig Diets
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 N S1 S2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Feed Ingredients, %
WUFFFDA (Pesti et al. 2004)
Average US Pig Diets Least Cost Least Carbon Footprint Least Water Footprint Least Land Use
Feed
ingr
edie
nts
(%)
LCA model (Simapro 8.3)Result: costs and environmental footprint per market pig live weight
PPEC Output: kg of feed, energy, water, land
requirements
Pig Diets Analyes
ALTER
ANALYZE
Average US Pig Diets Least Cost Least Carbon Footprint Least Water Footprint Least Land Use
0.32
0.69
0.101.93
Sum 3.12
0.17
0.33
0.880.33
0.21
0.74
0.18
Sum 2.99
1.02
0.340.230.47
0.130.14
0.44
Sum 2.93
0.23
0.60
0.550.43
0.140.17
0.61
Sum 3.14
2.09
0.42
0.52
Sum 3.09
Feed
ingr
edie
nts
(kg
/kg
live
wt.
)
LCA LCA LCA LCA LCACornWheatSoybean meal, 48% Corn DDG Field Peas
WheatMiddlings SorghumRice Bran Corn Gluten
Feed
Canola MealFlaxseed
MealFeather
Meal
Alfalfa Meal Soybeans SoybeanHulls
Fish MealBarley
Beef Tallow
Pig diet profiles
Average USPig Diets
Least CostPig Diets
Least CarbonFootprint Pig
Diets
Least WaterFootprint Pig
Diets
Least LandUse Pig Diets
Cost ($/kg market pig, live weight)
Carbon Footprint (IPCC, 2007) (kgCO2-eq/kg market pig, live weight)
Water Footprint (ReCiPe, 2008) (m³/kgmarket pig, live weight)
Land Use (ReCiPe, 2008) (m²a/kgmarket pig, live weight)
1.49
0.11
2.60
1.46
11.05
0.07
3.14
2.04
6.04
0.14
1.99
1.13
7.75
0.24
2.80
0.87
4.25
0.24
3.08
0.91
LCA results
Least diagonal
OBJECTIVES
ALTE
RNAT
IVES
Weighted Product Model:-> Least carbon footprint the best alternative
Ratio Analysis:-> Least water footprint the best alternative
Multi-criteria analysis
Average USPig Diets
Least CostPig Diets
Least CarbonFootprint Pig
Diets
Least WaterFootprint Pig
Diets
Least LandUse Pig Diets
Cost ($/kg market pig, live weight)
Carbon Footprint (IPCC, 2007) (kgCO2-eq/kg market pig, live weight)
Water Footprint (ReCiPe, 2008) (m³/kgmarket pig, live weight)
Land Use (ReCiPe, 2008) (m²a/kgmarket pig, live weight)
1.49
0.11
2.60
1.46
11.05
0.07
3.14
2.04
6.04
0.14
1.99
1.13
7.75
0.24
2.80
0.87
4.25
0.24
3.08
0.91
Least diagonal
OBJECTIVES
ALTE
RNAT
IVES
ConclusionWe answered 4 important questions: LC, LCF, LWF, LLUDiversification of feed ingredients will help reduce cost and environmental footprint. Expanding on this research and analyze different assumptions:- Feed availability - Pig production practices- Environmental footprints - Maximum inclusion rates vary - Feed costs - Expanding criteriaRobust conclusion
Multi-criteria analysis
Posters
1. Environmental Footprint, Cost, and Nutrient Database of the US Animal Feed Ingredients 2. Reducing the Costs and Environmental Footprint of Pig Diets with the Experimental Optimum Synthetic Amino Acid Inclusion
Acknowledgments
This research is part of the program “Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture,” and is supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2011-68002-
30208 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
and has also been supported by the National Pork Board Checkoff Program through the Environment Committee