feedbacks and coupling among climate, erosion and tectonics...

US-Taiwan Geoscience workshop

May 28 - Jun 2 2015 | Taipei, Taiwan

Feedbacks and coupling Among

Climate, Erosion and Tectonics

during mountain building

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Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding

Feedbacksandcouplingamongclimate,erosionandtectonicsduringmountainbuilding(FACET)

ReportofWorkshopheldinTaipei,TaiwanMay28–June2,2015

The recognition that climatically modulated erosion acts to govern the geodynamic evolution of

active mountain ranges (e.g., Koons, 1987; Beaumont et al., 1992) is arguably one of the most transformative conceptual shifts in the geosciences subsequent to the plate tectonic revolution. We now recognize that topography in tectonically active regions results from a rich and complicated interplay among climatic, tectonic, and geomorphic processes. The building of mountains increases topographic slopes, which directly influences the rate and efficiency of erosional processes (Dietrich et al., 2003). Rising landmasses can also influence climate by altering patterns of airflow (e.g., Ruddiman and Kutzbach, 1989; Ruddiman et al., 1997; Clift et al., 2008; Galewsky, 2009) and heating (e.g., Boos and Kuang, 2010; Poulsen et al., 2010), influencing the magnitude and pattern of precipitation. Feedbacks between the redistribution of mass by climate-driven erosion can influence the state of stress, thermal structure, and subsequent deformation patterns within orogens (Koons, 1987; Dahlen and Suppe, 1988; Willett, 1999; Olive et al., 2014), the very mechanisms that drive the growth of topography. The strength of these various interactions and coupling, however, is still contested.

Central to understanding the connection between climate and tectonics is the ability to quantitatively resolve the interactions among the different systems (i.e., the atmosphere, surface processes, and tectonics). Recent progress in a number of complementary techniques has primed these sub-disciplines to make substantial progress toward resolution of this problem. Such progress includes advances in geochronologic and geochemical analytical techniques (e.g., low-temperature thermochronology, cosmogenic radionuclides, stable isotopes), improved representations of topography (LiDAR, global coverage of high-resolution digital elevation models), refined methods of measuring deformation at spatial and temporal scales relevant to climatic forcing (e.g., Amos et al., 2014), improved methods of paleotopographic reconstruction, and improved resolution and representation of surface processes in numerical modeling of landscape evolution.

Despite significant progress, a number of challenges remain in understanding the directionality and strength of feedbacks between climate, tectonics, and the growth of topography. To identify gaps in our current understanding and articulate strategies for research efforts that will plug those gaps, a 6-day workshop in Taipei, Taiwan. The workshop, “Feedbacks and coupling among climate, erosion and tectonics during mountain building” or FACET, was attended by over 100 American and Taiwanese geoscientists and included 3 days of field trips and 3 days of lectures and working group discussions (http://facet2015.earth.sinica.edu.tw). The workshop started with three broad charges:

1. Identifyoutstandingsciencequestionsandnewresearchdirections2. Defineresearchneedsand/orbarrierstoprogress3. HowcanenhancedUS-Taiwancooperationmeetthoseneeds?

After a one-day field trip to the Dana River gorge (lead by Kristin Cooke and Bruce Shyu; Cooke et

al., 2015), we held a combination of oral presentations and working group discussions interspersed with opportunities to study 74 poster sessions. Lectures were presented at Academia Sinica Auditorium in the Astronomy Mathematics Building at National Taiwan University and posters were displayed in the lobby of the same building, providing easy access for presenters and participants. The oral presentations consisted of two “Keynote” sessions, three “State of the Science” sessions and a final session on “Emerging Tools and Technologies.”

The workshop participants also recognized two areas of emerging science and technology that they thought had transformative potential:

1) Using of unmanned aerial vehicles to create high-resolution 3-D models and 2) Landslide seismology

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FACET2015Workshop

Events

Event Date PlaceDa-AnFieldTrip May28 Da-AnGorge

ReceptionBanquet May28(18:30) HowardCivilServiceInternationalHouse(14F)福華國際文教會館

OpeningCeremony May29(9:00)AstronomyMathematicsBuilding,(NTUcampus)台大/中研院天文數學館一樓國際會議廳

Symposium May29-31AstronomyMathematicsBuilding(NTUcampus)台大/中研院天文數學館一樓國際會議廳

ConferenceDinner May29(18:30) TheHowardPlazaHotelTaipei台北福華大飯店

TarokoFieldTrip May31–June2 Taroko,Hualien

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FACET Symposium

Keynote Session I – Feedbacks and Coupling in the Himalaya, Andes and Taiwan 1) Emerging Perspectives on Himalayan Neotectonics Kip Hodges,

2) Climate, Topography, Lithology, Erosion Rate and Tectonics: New Insights from the Himalaya and the Andes

Kelin Whipple

3) The linkage between non-adiabatic cooling, isotopic lapse rates and paleoelevation estimates

Nadja Insel

4) 15 years after Chi-Chi: What we have learned about tectonic and surface processes in Taiwan

Bruce Shyu

Keynote Session II – Understanding Mountain Building in Taiwan through US-Taiwan Collaborations 5) Simultaneous Mountain Building in the Taiwan Orogenic Belt Yuan-His Lee 6) From Surficial Processes to Deep Crustal Deformation in an Active Arc-

Continent Collision Hao Kuo-Chen

7) Not so fast: Slow Erosion, Increasing Relief and Extreme Landscape Disequilibrium in Taiwan

Will Ouimet

8) Climate and topography in East Asia and Taiwan

Huang-Hsiung Hsu

State of the Science I – Atmospheric Processes and Applications to Taiwan 1) Orographic precipitation: An atmospheric dynamics perspective Joe Galewsky 2) Tropical Pacific response to continental ice sheet topography Shih-Yu Lee

State of the Science II – Geomorphic Processes and Applications to Taiwan

3) Climate’s elusive control on chemical weathering: Reevaluating climate-weathering-erosion feedbacks

Jean Dixon

4) Hillslope controls on channel geometry in a developing orogen Brian Yanites 5) Land sliding and its role in shaping landscapes Colin Stark 6) The impact of glacial/interglacial climate changes on fluvial and mass-

wasting processes in the Taiwan’s mountains Meng-Lung Hsieh

State of the Science III – Geochemical Processes and Indicators of Climate-Tectonic Interactions

and Applications to Taiwan 7) The geomorphic aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and

implications from tectonics and mountain building to hazards and geochemical cycles

Josh West

8) Carbon cycling in this landslide-dominated region and the relationship between PE and CW for assessing the climate change effect

Jr-Chuan Huang

9) Hydrated Volcanic Glass Durability and Isotope Composition Stability on Geologic Timescales

Elizabeth Cassel

10) Organic molecular proxies for the climatic and topographic evolution of a landscape

Michael Hren

Emerging Tools and Technologies

1) Seasonal, long-term, and short-term deformation in the Central Range of Taiwan induced by landslides

Yu-Ju Hsu

2) Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology for geological applications and prospects

Kuo-Jen Chang

3) 2D/3D numerical models of orogenic systems, including erosion and sedimentation

Eh Tan

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During the initial meeting and discussions that followed the participants confirmed the critical need

to further develop meaningful collaborations between Earth scientists in the US and Taiwan. The participants also recognized three over-arching and interrelated Fundamental Challenges: Ø Howdothebehaviorandevolutionoforogenicsystemsemergefromtheinterplayofsurface

processes,tectonicsandclimate?Ø Whatarethestrengths,directionalitiesandthresholdsofbio-geomorphicfeedbacksduringorogenic

evolution?Ø Howcanweanticipateextremeevents,developresilienceandmitigatenaturalgeohazards?

Toaddressthesechallengestheparticipatesorganizedintosixworkinggroupsthatmetseveraltimesduringtheworkshop:

1. Climatologyandorographicfeedbacks2. Landslides,masstransport,andevent-basedsedimentflux3. Linkagesbetweenerosion,weathering,andglobalgeochemicalcycles4. Erosion,exhumationandorogenevolution5. Geodeticsandactivetectonics6. Lithosphericgeodynamicsand4Dorogenicprocesses

EmergingFieldsofResearch:Twoareasofemergingresearchwithstronginterestfromtheworkshopparticipantswerealsohighlightedduringtheworkshopandsummaries,or“sidebars”,areincludedbelow.

1) Using unmanned aerial vehicles to create high-resolution 3-D models and 2) Landslide seismology

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Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to Create High-resolution 3-D Models for Geomorphic and Geologic Studies

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used in this study is a modified version of the already-available Skywalker X8 fixed-wing aircraft reinforced with carbon fiber rods. The drone is launched by hand, flies and takes photos autonomously, then glides or parachutes back down to the ground by using a pre-programmed flight plan organized by ground control system and controlled by the ground control station and remote controller. The autopilot system is composed and modified from the open source firmware, Ardupilot Mega 2.6 autopilot, and open source software, Mission Planner, transmitted by ground-air XBee telemetry. In order to mosaic orthorectified images and generate high-resolution digital terrain models, the cameras (e.g., Sony a7r, QX100 or QX1) are mounted on the aircraft and programed to take photos autonomously either by spacing or by time. The ground sampling distance of the acquired images is about 5-20cm, depending on the flying height of the drones. This approach permits construction of high-resolution true 3D models with the most realistic ground information. The geoinformatics data created with 3D models then provide detailed ground information that can be used for geomorphological and geological studies (see e.g., Fig 1 and 2). Deffontaines et al. (2016) provide additional examples of research using the UAV.

Contributor: Kuo-Jen Chang, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan References Deffontaines, B., Chang, K.-J., Champenois, J., Fruneau, B., Pathier, E., Hu, J.-C., Lu, S.-T., and Liu, Y.-C., 2016, Active interseismic shallow deformation of the Pingting terraces (Longitudinal Valley – Eastern Taiwan) from UAV high-resolution topographic data combined with InSAR time series: Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, p. 1-17.

Figure1.True3Dmodelofcoastalexposuresoftuffaceoussandstonelayerscontainingnumerousfaultsandjointsets,She-Ti-Ping,CoastalRange,Taiwan.

Figure2.True3DmodelofamassiveofPleistoceneconglomeraticunitshowingwell-definedgeomorphicfeaturesandanorth-strikinglineament(justtotherightofcenter)thatisprobablyafault,99Peaksregion,centralTaiwan

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LandslideSeismology–AnEmergingFieldinSeismologyIn2009theextremeTyphoonMorakotsweptacrossTaiwan,inundatingtheislandwithupto2.7metersofrainfallandtriggeringdamaginglandslidesthatcausedupto$3.3billionineconomicdamageandover650fatalitiesandmissingpersons(Fig.1A).TheentirevillageofHsiaolinwasburiedbyonespawnedmudfloweventthatresultedinthelossofone-thirdofthevillagepopulation(Fig.1B).ThiscatastrophiceventgeneratedseismicwavesthatwererecordedbyseismicstationsacrossTaiwan(Fig.1C).AnalysisofthesesignalsbyLin(2015)identifiedtheexacttimeofthisevent,itsduration,andinferredkinematicvaluesofflowvelocity,acceleration,andfrictioncoefficient.Themudflowdisplacedapproximately25millioncubicmetersofmaterial(Tsouetal.,2011)thatslidintoHsiaolinvillageatspeedsuptonearly300km/hour.Thisstudyusedtheemergingfieldoflandslideseismology--thestudyofseismicwavesgeneratedbyrockfallsanddebrisflows.Thisfieldhasparallelstoearthquakeseismicitystudies,andoffersopportunitiestodetectandlocatelandslides,definetheiroccurrencetimes,assembleeventcatalogues,andbyusingwaveformanalysistoestimatevolumes/massplusinvertfortransportkinematics.Theseproductscanthenbeusedtostudylandslideprocesses.Futuredirectionsincludecausationstudiesinvolvingintegrationwithweatherorearthquakeseismicityrecordsandstudiesoflandslidedynamicsfromdirectwaveforminversion.Figure1.HsiaolinvillagemudfloweventspawnedbyTyphoonMorakot.(A)SatelliteimageofTyphoon

MorakotwithoutlineofTaiwan.GreendotislocationofHsiaolin;reddotsareTaiwanBATSseismicstations.ImagecourtesyofNASA.(B)AirphotoofMorakotmudflowpath(Lin,2015).(C)Long-periodseismogramsofmudfloweventrecordedupto350kmaway(Lin,2015).Contributors:DavidOkaya,AssociateProfessor(Research),EarthSciences,Univ.ofSouthernCalifornia,CAZhigangPeng,Professor,EarthandAtmosphericSciences,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,GAColinStark,AssociateResearchProfessor,MarineGeologyandGeophysics,Lamont-DohertyEarthObservatory,NYReferencesLin,C.-H.,2015,Insightintolandslidekinematicsfromabroadbandseismicnetwork,EarthPlanetsSpace,

67:8,doi:10.1186/s40623-014-0177-8.TsouC.-Y.,Z.-Y.Feng,andM.Chigira,2011,CatastrophiclandslideinducedbyTyphoonMorakot,Shiaolin,

Taiwan,Geomorphology,127,166-178.

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Posters

No. Title 1 Does the megathrust earthquake cycle influence long-term uplift

and incision in the Cascadia forearc of Washington? Colin Amos

2 Investigating Landslides and Fluvial Processes in Taiwan using Remote Sensing and Field Studies Lindsey Belliveau

3 Active Dehydration, Delamination and Deformation of Transitional Continental Crust in an Arc-Continent Collision, Taiwan

Tim Byrne

4 Holocene Deposition History of the Backarc-Opening Lanyang Basin, northern Taiwan

Yu-Chang Chan

5 A preliminary study of the inhomogeneous noise source from the non-linear interaction of the ocean current with the continental slope

Emmy Chang

6 Evolution of the Holocene uplifted terraces along the Chihshang Fault, Eastern Taiwan: Interactions between tectonic vertical movement and fluvial sedimentation

Queenie Chang

7 Evidence for stable Sr isotope fractionation by silicate weathering in a small sedimentary watershed in southwestern Taiwan

Hung-chun Chao

8 Transition from mature to collapsed orogen: Perspectives from northern Taiwan

Chih-Tung Chen

9 High-resolution 3-D Shear Wave Upper-crust Structures in Ilan Plain using Ambient Noise Tomography

Kai-Xun Chen

10 Surficial Geological Processes Affecting the Shallow Crustal ThermalStructures: Results from 2D and 3D Seismic Reflection Data Offshore SW Taiwan

Wu-Cheng Chi

11 Exhumation of Metamorphic rocks during the Taiwan Orogeny: A Study of the Daguan Fault between Tailuko and Yuli Belts

De-Cheng Yi

12 Inferring geometry of Taiwan orogenic belt from recent earthquakes

Ray Chuang

13 Rapid slip of the Gyaring Co fault in Central Tibet Chung, Ling-Ho 14 Perched, Post-Glacial Landscapes in the Tropics: Buzzcut or

Relict? Maxwell Cunningham

15 The role of waterfalls and knickzones in controlling the style and pace of landscape adjustment in the western San Gabriel Mountains, California

Roman DiBiase

16 The deformation path partitioning within the multiply deformation area, Tananao complex, Taiwan

Gong-Ruei Ho

17 Feedbacks Among Rifting, Erosion, Lithospheric Rupture, and Crustal Recycling: From the Colorado River to the Salton Trough and Gulf of California

Rebecca Dorsey

18 Sea-level responses to massive sediment redistribution in and around Taiwan

Ken Ferrier

19 Orogenic stress, Cleavage patterns, Kinematics and Topography in the Taiwan Arc-Continent Collision

Donald Fisher

20 Orographic precipitation: An atmospheric dynamics perspective Joseph Galewsky 21 Luminescence in river sediment as a means to quantify sediment

transport rates: theoretical background, model framework, and future testing.

Harrison Gray

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22 Physical property, textural, and compositional contrasts across the unconformity and major seismic reflectors in the upper plate of the Costa Rica subduction zone

Mari Hamahashi

23 An implication of the seismic sequences of the Chimei Canyon-Fan system in relation to arc- continent collision

Yu-Huan Hsieh

24 Tectonic foliation and the distribution of landslides in the southern Central Range, Taiwan

Chung Huang

25 Climate Impact on Chemical Weathering Intensity in Taiwan River Catchments: Insights from the Lithium Isotope Geochemistry

Kuo-Fang Huang

26 Unroofing patterns detected by multiple thermochronometers on modern detritus of Yarlung- Tsangpo River, southeast Tibet

Shao-Yi Huang

27 Layered deformation in the Taiwan orogen Tzu-Ying Huang, 28 An Empirical Model for Hillslope Sediment Production in

Extreme Rainfall Event Series Yung-Feng Huang,

29 Impacts of Extreme Precipitation on the Sedimentation in Taiwan Reservoirs

Yung-Ling Huang

30 Structural evolution and landscape development adjacent to the alpine fault system, north canterbury, new zealand

Mary Hubbard

31 The linkage between non-adiabatic cooling, isotopic lapse rates and paleoelevation estimates

Nadja Insel

32 Models of Present-day Surface Uplift and Shortening in Taiwan Kaj Johnson 33 A Lithologic Control on Active Meandering in Bedrock Channels Kerri Johnson 34 Understanding the dynamic channel evolution to help guide

sediment management Wei-Cheng Kuo

35 Stratigraphic Architecture and Depositional Evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene Tai-Yuan Collisional Basin, Coastal Range of Eastern Taiwan

Syu-Heng Lai

36 Spatial variability in the degree of climate, tectonic, and erosion coupling in the eastern Himalaya

Isaac Larsen

37 Active tectonics at the front of the Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt – Results from the Chelungpu fault and Tainan anticline

Maryline Le Beon

38 Late Quaternary uplifted terraces around the Longitudinal Valley in eastern Taiwan: Interaction among active faulting, regional uplifting, fluvial sedimentation and their implications on recurring extreme events at hundred-year scale

Jian-Cheng Lee

39 A Role for Oblique Stretching in Exhumation of the Southern Central Range?

Jonathan Lewis

40 Hydraulic and geomorphic controls on evacuation of sediment from seismically induced landslides and implications for prolonged geohazards and tectonic topography

Gen Li

41 Development of a Real-time Earthquake Research Information System in Taiwan

Wen-Tzong Liang

42 Assessing active faulting by hydrogeological modeling and superconducting gravimetry: A case study for Hsinchu Fault, Taiwan

Tzuyi Lien

43 Earthquake-induced crustal gravitational potential energy change in the Philippine area

Jing-Yi Lin

44 Mountain building in eastern Tibet: insights from foreland basin development in western Sichuan

Mian Liu

45 Flux and Fate of Taiwan River-derived Sediments to the Sea: case studies of Lanyang, Choshui, and Kaoping

Paul Liu

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46 Extrusional Tectonics in Northern Taiwan Chia-Yu Lu 47 Tectonic Evolution of Chingshui Geothermal Field Inferred from

Evidence of Quartz and Calcite Veins Yi-Chia Lu

48 Erosion in the NW Himalaya: controlled by tectonics rather than precipitation

Kristin Morell

49 Active Fault as a barrier of hydraulic conducts in shallow aquifers: insights from hydraulic experiments at the Chihshang fault in eastern Taiwan

Chung-Hsiang Mu

50 Climate-dependent chemical weathering as a control on bedrock river incision

Brendan Murphy

51 Seismic evidence of contrasting styles of typhoon-induced landslides: examples in southwest Japan and implications for quantification of mass budgets

David Okaya

52 Possible interaction of typhoon and earthquakes/tremor in Taiwan Zhigang Peng 53 Present-day crustal deformation in the central segment of the

Longitudinal Valley Fault zone, eastern Taiwan Ruey-Juin Rau

54 Hydroclimatic controls on erosional efficiency: A comparative study between desert and tropical tectonically active mountain ranges

Matthew Rossi

55 Landscape Response to Changes in Dynamic topography Gregory Ruetenik 56 Geomorphology and topography of relict surfaces: the influence

of inherited crustal structure in the northern Scandinavian mountains

Elizabeth Schermer

57 Differential Unroofing Across Southeastern Tibet: Geodynamic Links Between Plateau-Scale Tectonics and Landscape Evolution

Jennifer Schmidt

58 The Heat Source of Geothermal Energy in the Northeast Taiwan Sheng-Rong Song 59 Inversion of High Resolution 3-D Velocity Structures in the Ilan

Plain Using Local Dense Texan Network Po-Li Su

60 The role of hillslope diffusion in landscape evolution: an experimental approach

Kristin Sweeney

61 Isotopic memory of clays reveals sources and timing of geofluids, illustrated by clay gouge from Northern Turkey

Ben van der Pluijm

62 P- and S-wave attenuation structures investigated in Taiwan, for orogenic structure and shallow sediment

Yu-Ju Wang

63 The geomorphic aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and implications from tectonics and mountain building to hazards and geochemical cycles

A. Joshua West

64 Modeling the Influence of the Last Glacial Maximum Ice Load on the Tectonics of southeast Alaska

Lauren Wheeler

65 Climate, Topography, Lithology, Erosion Rate and Tectonics: New Insights from the Himalaya and the Andes

Kelin Whipple

66 Exhumation of Metamorphic rocks during the Taiwan Orogeny: A Study of the Daguan Fault between Tailuko and Yuli Belts

Robert Wintsch

67 Philippine Sea plate reconstructions using subducted slab constraints: implications for Taiwan tectonics

Jonny Wu

68 Understanding the Dynamic Channel Evolution to Help Guide Sediment Management

Chun-Yao Yang

69 Deformation and Exhumation of the Northern Hsueshan Range, Taiwan

En-Chao Yen

70 High strain rate means high seismic hazard in SW Taiwan? Kuo-En Ching 71 The geochronological timing and alluvium of the tablelands in the Chia-Han Tseng

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Puli Basin, Taiwan 72 High transient deformation induced by triggered slip and fault-

related folding in SW Taiwan revealed by SAR interferometry and geodetic measurements

Jyr-Ching Hu

73 The spatial pattern of weathering under an actively eroding argillite landscape in Northern California

Daniella Rempe

74 Cenozoic Reconstruction of Magmatism and Basin Development within the South China Sea and Their Implications to Regional Tectonic evolution

Meng-Wan Yeh

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FACET2015participantsintheAstronomyMathematicsBuilding,(NTUcampus)

台大/中研院天文數學館一樓國際會議廳

FACET2015ParticipantsattheLeaderVillageTaroko立德布洛灣山月邨(太魯閣)

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