Federal Electronic Identity Federal Electronic Identity Initiatives – Current StatusInitiatives – Current Status

Peter Alterman, Ph.D.Peter Alterman, Ph.D.Chair, Federal PKI Policy Authority and Chair, Federal PKI Policy Authority and

Asst. CIO for E-Authentication, NIHAsst. CIO for E-Authentication, NIH

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Federal InitiativesFederal Initiatives

• eAuthentication– Focus on eCommerce, services, etc.

• HSPD-12– Focus on security

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SecuritySecurity

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Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12

• A Presidential Mandate for Federal Agencies to issue medium hardware assurance (or better) identity credentials for access to physical and logical government resources - inside-the-firewall contractors, too– Medium Hardware or High Assurance digital

certificates on PIV-2 cards (next generation Smartcards)

• Fast-tracked for implementation starting 10/2006• Led to new government standards for identity proofing

and vetting (FIPS 201) and for PKI hardware tokens (NIST SP 800- 7x series)

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Federal View of Electronic IDFederal View of Electronic ID

• A validated, proofed identity using breeder documents and databases (FIPS 201)

• A scheme for adding a name, biometrics (photo, fingerprints), numeric codes (CHUID, etc.) and substantial assurance digital certificates to a next-generation SmartCard

• Attributes are extensions not required by HSPD-12, but optionally consumed by Applications– SAML assertions and/or database entries for attribute

storage– USPerson profile being developed to standardize

attribute representation

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Current StatusCurrent Status

• All Federal Agencies are implementing the requirements of HSPD-12, which means 12 – 15 million high assurance digital certificates will be deployed and used by 2010.

• There are over 5.5 million high assurance digital certificates currently deployed and used in the Federal government

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Other Initiatives – Classified StuffOther Initiatives – Classified Stuff

• Defense, Law Enforcement, Intelligence Services

• Don’t want to know….

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E-Gov ServicesE-Gov Services

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Current State of Affairs (60 years Current State of Affairs (60 years old now)old now)

• You apply to the application owner for a password• You use the password to access the system• You forget the password• The application owner gives you a new password• You use the new password to access the system• You forget the password• <infinite do loop>• No identity proofing• No way to know who is actually on the system (Your

secretary? Your postdoc? Your dog? Osama?)

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eAuthentication InitiativeeAuthentication Initiative

• Provide electronic identity authentication services for online government applications

• Manage the Federal Federation – extends services to private sector credential providers and online services

• Set standards for assertion-based authentication tools

• Offers standard risk assessment tool• Standard Architecture and Policy foundations

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Foundational AssumptionFoundational Assumption

• Government online services shall trust externally-issued electronic identity credentials at known levels of assurance (LOA)

• Online applications shall determine required credential LOA using a standard methodology based on:1. Risk assessment using standard tool,2. OMB M-04-04 determines required authN LOA3. NIST SP 800-63 translates required LOA to

credential technology

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The Federal FederationThe Federal Federation

• Credential Service Providers

• Covers 4 LOA– Assertion-based identity

credentials for L 1, 2– Crypto-based identity

credentials for L 3, 4• Service Requirements

– Related to uptime, user support, etc.

• Interfederation Arrangements Encouraged

• Agency Applications

• Federal Agency Applications and Services

• Mandated by Administration• Service Requirements

– Related to uptime, user support, etc.

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Summary of Architecture and Summary of Architecture and Policy/Procedures Policy/Procedures

• Architecture– SAML assertions for LOA

1, 2 (encapsulate userid/passwords)

• Vendor interoperability required for addition to approved vendor list

• SAML 1.0 currently supported; SAML 2.0 specs being developed

– PKI or OTP for LOA 3– PKI for LOA 4

– Scheme translator Scheme translator availableavailable

• Policy/Procedures– Credential assessments for

all CSPs, • CAF for assertion-based

credentials; • cross certification with

Federal PKI for crypto-based credentials

– Federal PKI Policies define requirements for digital certificate trustworthiness

– Business and Legal Rules define service requirements for all LOA

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E-Authentication LOA and What E-Authentication LOA and What They MeanThey Mean**

• Little or no assurance of identity; assertion-based identity authentication

• Some assurance of identity; assertion-based identity authentication or policy-thin PKI

• Substantial assurance of identity; cryptographically-based identity authentication

• High assurance of identity; cryptographically-based identity authentication

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

* Codified in OMB Memorandum 04-04

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E-Authentication LOA and What E-Authentication LOA and What They Service**They Service**

• Online applications with little or no risk of harm from fraud, hacking; low risk

• Online applications with risk of some harm from fraud, hacking; some risks

• Online applications where there is risk of significant harm from fraud, hacking; significant risks

• Online applications where there is risk of substantial harm from fraud, hacking; substantial risks

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

** Codified in NIST SP 800-63

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General Considerations for Determining General Considerations for Determining LOA of an Electronic Identity CredentialLOA of an Electronic Identity Credential

• Identity Proofing – how sure are you that the person is who he or she claims to be?

• Identity Binding – how sure are you that the person proffering the EIC is the person to whom the credential was issued?

• Credential integrity – how well does the technology and its implementation resist hacking, fraud, etc.?

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Summary of Lower-Level Identity Summary of Lower-Level Identity CredentialsCredentials

• Level 1: UserID/Password, SAML assertion (XML text)

• Level 2: “High entropy” UserID/Password; “policy-lite” PKI, e.g., Fed PKI Citizen and Commerce Class & Federal PKI Rudimentary, TAGPMA Classic Plus (in development)

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Summary of Cryptographic-Summary of Cryptographic-Based Identity CredentialsBased Identity Credentials

• Level 3: One-time Password; Substantial assurance PKI at FPKI Basic, Medium

• Level 4: High assurance PKI at FPKI Medium Hardware, High

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A Little ComplicationA Little Complication

• The government has TWO LOA classifications:

1. Federal PKI LOA codified in the Certificate Policies of the Federal PKI Policy Authority

2. E-Authentication LOA codified in OMB M-04-04

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LOA Mapping E-Auth to Fed PKILOA Mapping E-Auth to Fed PKI

E-Auth Level 1

E-Auth Level 2

E-Auth Level 3

E-Auth Level 4

FPKI Rudimentary;C4

FPKI Medium/HW &Medium/HW-cbp

FPKI Basic

FPKI Medium & Medium-cbp

FPKI High (governments only)

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Fed PKI: View from 20,000 kmFed PKI: View from 20,000 km

FBCA

C4

eGCA (3)

Common Policy CA (HSPD-12)

CertiPath

SSPs

Industry PKIs

CertiPath SSP(HSPD-12-comparable)

SAFE

Industry PKIs

Serving all otherAgencies

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Fed PKI: View from 20,000 kmFed PKI: View from 20,000 km

FBCA

C4

eGCA (3)

Common Policy CA (HSPD-12)

CertiPath

SSPs

Industry PKIs

CertiPath “SSP”

DOD DHSNASA CommerceUSPS USPTOHHS DOE IL DOJ State DOD/ECAGPO DOD/Interop TreasuryWells FargoMIT LLUTexasSxCommercial “SSP-like”

Serving all otherAgencies

BoeingRaytheonLockheed Martin

VeriSignCybertrustORCTreasuryGPOExostarEntrust/CygnacomIdenTrusT?

Total: 15 – 20Musers

EAF member CSPsTLS certs

SAFE

Industry PKIsJohnson & JohnsonMerckPfizerProcter & GambleSanofi-AventisTAP Pharmaceuticals

Abbott Labs AstraZenecaBristol-Myers SquibbGenzymeGlaxoSmithKlineINC Research

(HSPD-12-comparable)State of VA first responders

~ 500k users!

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Interoperability InitiativesInteroperability Initiatives

• CertiPathCertiPath – Federal Bridge cross-certification complete

• SAFESAFE PKI Bridge and services – supporting digitally-signed electronic forms and document management

• inCommoninCommon –assertion-based technology, LOA 1 & 2 – demonstration projects with NSF – interfederation with NIH NOWNOW

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Technology ImplicationsTechnology Implications

• US Government LOA, • standardized risk assessment, • standards for PIV cards and identity proofing

and vetting

are here and INEVITABLY will migrate everywhere– Pickup already noted in aerospace contractor space,

homeland security

• Feds will have to deal with attributes eventually!

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Security and Online Services Security and Online Services Implications for Higher EdImplications for Higher Ed

• DHS first responders, DEA PKIs and CMS initiatives to enable online services and payments management will drive medical schools, hospitals and insurance chains to adopt Federal models for electronic identity authentication– Financial services firms under SEC regulation are already falling

in line, both within and outside the eAuthentication federation participation

– DEA issuing digital certs to pharmaceutical supply chain entities and plans to do so to service providers (MDs, PAs, NPs, etc.)

– Treasury transfers > $1B daily via PKI

• Availability of online government apps drive schools to federate to take advantage of services/apps

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What About Privacy?What About Privacy?

• No single database of identity credentials• No requirement for only one identity credential• The old tradeoff still exists: convenience vs. security• Are there forces out there that want to know who you are

at all times?– Of course; worry about RFID first.

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NIH E-Authentication Initiative GoalsNIH E-Authentication Initiative Goals

• Researchers use their institutional identity credentials to authenticate to NIH online applications and services

• Build a reliablereliable, securesecure, trustedtrusted IT infrastructure that supports e-authentication

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NIH E-Authentication Initiative GoalsNIH E-Authentication Initiative Goals

• Researchers use their institutional identity credentials to authenticate to NIH online applications and services

• Build a reliablereliable, securesecure, trustedtrusted IT infrastructure that supports e-authentication

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Current NIH InitiativesCurrent NIH Initiatives

• Interfederated with InCommon higher education Identity Management Federation at OMB LOA 1: low/no risk applications put online and consume identity credentials issued by universities that are members of InCommon;

• Extend interfederation agreement to OMB LOA 2 applications for universities that issue higher-assurance credentials under the InCommon Federation Silver program – for moderate risk applications (ETA 1/08);

• Direct trust relationship with University of Texas System Public Key Infrastructure

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NIH Pilot LOA 1 ApplicationsNIH Pilot LOA 1 Applications

• NLM Proxy Redirector (initial application )

• Good Clinical Practice (GCP)

• Community for Advanced Graduate Training (CAGT)

• NIH Login/ADFS/MOSS integration (general collaboration)

• More to follow

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NIH Pilot LOA 2 ApplicationsNIH Pilot LOA 2 Applications

• Electronic Research Administration (eRA)

• caBIG data (via Grid interoperability?)

• Firebird (FDA, SAFE, NIAID involvement)

• More to follow

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End State for NIHEnd State for NIH

• All NIH outward-facing, online apps risk assessed and credential LOA requirements determined

• Credential validation infrastructure and/or linkages at production operational level

• All NIH outward-facing, online apps connected to NIH Login front end with validation service enabling infrastructure (e.g., Shibboleth, etc.)

• End State achieved… ???

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ResourcesResources

• altermap@mail.nih.gov

• http://csrc.nist.gov/pki

• www.cio.gov/fpkipa

• www.cio.gov/ficc

• www.cio.gov/eauthentication

• www.smartcardalliance.org