fec financial engineering club. agenda trading the order book and order types market participants
TRANSCRIPT
FEC FINANCIAL ENGINEERING CLUB
AGENDA
Trading
The Order Book and Order Types
Market Participants
WHAT IS TRADING?
Economics: Multiple parties participating in the voluntary negotiation and then exchange of one’s goods and services for the desired goods and services of another.
Finance: Purchasing and selling of securities.
As a career, trading involves selling and purchasing securities at a fast-pace for some purpose, generally to profit. Heavy integration of technology for executing trades and gathering
information Filtering through information and risk management are key
TRADING & MARKET MICROSTRUCTURE
THE ORDER BOOK
How much would you pay for a bag of cash whose contents are unknown? There is at least $1 in the bag and less than $10
THE ORDER BOOK
If we put this bag up for auction, we might see the following:
SELLERS
BUYERS
THE ORDER BOOK
A collection of buy and sell orders Orders sitting in the book are called resting orders The number of orders at each price level is referred to as the
depth
The highest bid is referred to as the best bid
The highest ask is referred to as the best ask/offer Their difference is the bid-ask spread
Here, the bid-ask spread is 522.22-522.17 = .05
Bids or buy orders
Asks or sell orders
Price
Best bidBest ask
ORDER TYPES
Limit order: Buying a specified number of an asset only at a specified price or better
Example) AAPL is at 522. You put in a limit buy for 40 shares at 520. This means that your order is executed when AAPL is at 520 or lower, if there are sellers.
Liquidity: Limit orders sit and wait in the order book until an individual with the opposite position enters the market. In this case, when an individual submits a trade to sell for 520 or less.
ORDER TYPES
Example) You want to put in a limit bid to buy 40 shares of AAPL at 522.14
How does this change the order book? Current best-bid is 522.17 Best ask is 522.22
+40 No sell orders at 522.14
ORDER TYPES
Example) You want to put in a limit bid to buy 40 shares of AAPL at 522.14
How does this change the order book? Current best-bid is 522.17 Best ask is 522.22
Here, we added liquidity by increasing the number of resting orders
ORDER TYPES
Example) NOW, suppose you want to put in a limit bid to buy 700 shares of AAPL at 522.22
+700
675 sell orders at 522.22
ORDER TYPES
Example) NOW, suppose you want to put in a limit bid to buy 40 shares of AAPL at 522.22
Here, we took and added liquidity
This is known as a marketable limit order A limit order at a price that will execute
immediately (best bid or ask)
ORDER TYPES
Market order: Buying a specified number of an asset at the best prevailing price on the opposite side of the order book
Example) AAPL is at 522. You put in a buy for 40 shares. Your order is executed immediately—that is, you buy 40 shares at the best ask.
Liquidity: Market orders always execute
ORDER TYPES
Example) You want to sell 20 shares of AAPL immediately. You submit a market sell.
How does this change the order book? Current best-bid is 522.22 Best ask is 522.23
+20
ORDER TYPES
Example) You want to sell 20 shares of AAPL immediately. You submit a market sell.
Again, we took liquidity
ORDER TYPES
Example) Now, you want to sell an additional 20 shares of AAPL immediately. You submit a market sell.
+20Only 5 shares at best bid
ORDER TYPES
Example) Now, you want to sell an additional 20 shares of AAPL immediately. You submit a market sell.
-5
-15
ORDER TYPES
Example) Now, you want to sell an additional 20 shares of AAPL immediately. You submit a market sell.
ORDER TYPES
What are the pro’s of market orders? Execute immediately
What are the con’s of market orders? Unlimited price risk—potential to get
bad fill prices Cost of bid-ask spread
What are the pro’s of limit orders? No price risk They provide liquidity—can sometimes
earn a rebate
What are the con’s of limit orders? They may never execute
Conclusion: always use limit orders. Marketable limit orders capture (nearly) all the pro’s of market orders without the con’s
MORE COMPLICATED ORDER TYPES
Fill or kill (FOK): If the full quantity cannot be filled, don’t fill any.
Stop orders: Buy/sell once the price exceeds/falls below a specified price
Pegged orders: Buying/selling at a competitive offset to the best bid/ask
Combinations of orders: Iceberg orders, hidden orders
Cancelling orders: A feature that is currently being reconsidered
EXTREME ORDER CANCELLING
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
EXCHANGES
Exchanges are organized venues where buyers and sellers meet and transact Historically, physical venues Now, collections of servers and computer infrastructure to maintain an
order-book for one of many listed (traded) products
To trade on an exchange, one must become an exchange member, which costs a fee. Traders providing liquidity (adding resting orders) often earn a rebate Those taking liquidity (using marketable orders) often pay a fee
To be have a security listed on an exchange, the lister is required to maintain certain qualifications (in the case of a company) as well as pay listing and entry fees.
EXCHANGES
Exchange fees for CME
EXCHANGES
Exchange companies compete on fees, types of products listed, and order priority rules Hire market makers (traders) to continuously provide liquidity
Oftentimes one holding company containing many exchanges and clearing corporations
CME Group—Chicago Mercantile Exchange Group Several options and futures exchanges CME, NYMEX, CBOT, KCBOT
BATS Global BATS BZX, BATS BYX exchanges
NYSE Euronext NYSE, Euronext, NYSE Arca exchanges
EXCHANGES
One security can be listed on multiple exchanges This creates market fragmentation issues
NASDAQ BATS
What’s opportunities do we have here?
BUY on NASDAQ @ 522.21Sell on BATS @ 522.22
Profit: (522.22-522.21)*quantity = .01*quantity
MARKET FRAGMENTATION ISSUES
More importantly, institutional investors do not want to worry about trading on particular exchanges Multiple exchanges institutional investing unnecessarily complicated
Competition amongst exchanges is good—cheaper fees
Market fragmentation is bad
Regulation NMS: Regulation passed in 2005/2006 (effective 2007) attempting to consolidate exchanges while promoting competition
FEATURES OF REGULATION NMS
Sub-penny rule: Cheapest tick (increment) in a trade price is a penny
Access rule: Trading fees must be reasonable
Market-data rule: Each exchange must provide affordable data
Order protection rule: Marketable orders routed to best price NBBO: National best bid and offer—best bids and best asks across all
exchanges Market orders routed to exchange with NBB or NBO
DARK POOLS
A trading venue where prices and trades are not publicized
Pro’s? You have less market impact People cannot benefit from knowledge conveyed in your orders
Con’s Leeching from price discovery in “lit markets”
THE TRADING ECOSYSTEM
Three main types of trading: Hedgers Speculators Arbitrageurs
Trading vs investing Investing generally has longer
holding periods Investors intend to never sell their
investments Trading is generally the opposite
Hedging Arbitrage
Speculators
HEDGERS
Traders who seek to mitigate risks in their business by trading
Example) You are a trader at BP. Your business has fixed costs of $2 million. Your portfolio is long 20,000 barrels of crude oil (currently $100/barrel). What is your position?
Crude Price/Barrel
How can you hedge some of this downside risk?
You can 2,000 buy put options with strike 100. Suppose these cost $1.
HEDGERS
HEDGERS
You can 2,000 buy put options with strike 100. Suppose these cost $1.
SPECULATORS
Traders who speculate on asset prices via information and trade accordingly.
Example) You believe that AAPL will exceed earnings expectations this quarter due to product development. You buy shares of AAPL based on this sentiment and further research.
ARBITRAGEURS
Traders who trade on mispricings in asset prices. Usually there is some model asserting a price different from the market
Example) Suppose , , and . It should hold that
=1
(that is if you convert GBP to Euros, then Euros to USD, then USD to GBP, you should have the same amount of money you started with, ignoring bid-ask spreads)
However =1.0248
How can we profit from this mispricing?
ARBITRAGEURS
1) Start with $1,000,000.00 USD, buy GBP at Now we have £ 600,000.00
2) Buy Euros at Now we have € 732,000.00
3) Buy USD at Now we have USD 1,024,800.00
AGENCY TRADING
Trading on behalf of another individual. Large-scale brokerage firms have traders trade on behalf of clients
Example) A client calls TD Ameritrade to sell a large sum of bonds in their portfolio.
They do this to avoid others from identifying him/her in the markets. TD Ameritrade has its traders sell off the bonds according to certain rules to avoid a steep decline in the price of the bonds.
EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS
Markets are informationally—efficient To some degree, new information is already priced into assets; lucrative trading
strategies have been used up
Weak form: Future prices cannot be predicted by analyzing the past (technical analysis). Some forms of fundamental analysis can produce excess returns.
Semi-strong Form: Share prices adjust very quickly to new information. Technical analysis and fundamental analysis cannot produce excess returns.
Strong Form: Share prices reflect all information, public and private. No one can earn excess returns
EFFICIENT MARKETS
FINANCIAL ENGINEERING IN TRADING
Pricing Models and asset dynamics
Execution strategies: How to split up your orders to receive the best fill price
Computing: Designing and programming high-performance systems with efficient software
QUESTIONS?
NEXT WEEK
Trading in simulated markets Introduction to the Rotman Interactive Trader
7PM @ the Margolis Market Information Lab Seats available to FEC via sign-up
THANK YOU!
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Email: [email protected]
Internal Vice PresidentMatthew [email protected]
PresidentGreg Pastorekgfpastorek@gmail.
com