February – April 2016

Con$nuedfromlastweek…

‘Publica(onofcinematographfilmsorsoundrecordingsisthesale,le6ng,hireorofferforsaleorhire,ofcopiesthereof.’[s1(5)(b)]

Thetermofcopyright,inthecaseofcinematographfilmsisfiCyyearsfromtheendoftheyearinwhichtheworkisfirstpublishedormadeavailabletothepublicwiththeconsentofthecopyrightowner,whichevertermislonger;or,failingsuchaneventwithinfiCyyearsofthemakingofthework,fiCyyearsfromtheendoftheyearinwhichtheworkismade.[s3(2)(b)]

‘Publica(onofcinematographfilmsorsoundrecordingsisthesale,le6ng,hireorofferforsaleorhire,ofcopiesthereof.’[s1(5)(b)]

Thetermofcopyright,inthecaseofsoundrecordingsisfiCyyearsfromtheendoftheyearinwhichthework

isfirstpublished.[s3(2)(c)]

<Crea$veCommons>

Creative Commons provides free licences that make it easier for people:

to disseminate their works and

share and build upon the work of others

consistent with the rules of copyright.

Remember:©isanautoma(callrightsreservedregime

A set of pre-formulated licences

Number of CC licensed works

hJps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=splbu1Axo10

Privatesector:newbusinessmodels

Op$ons:

Freedownload(9tracks)underCClicence

US$5download(all4albums,highquality)

US$102CDset(includingdownload)‏

US$75deluxeedi^on2CD,1DVD,1Blu-raydisc

US$300Ultra-deluxeedi^onsuperpack

US$1619420inthefirst

weekofsales!

If you want to use CC licensed material created by others, just look out for a symbol like this:

or

If you want to licence your material under a CC licence, upload it to a platform that distributes content under a CC licence or go to

www.creativecommons.org

And follow the instructions on the website to attach the chosen licence to your work.

LECTURE5

Syllabus§  Founda^onsofCopyright/Fairness&PersonalityTheories(17February2016)§  SubjectMaJerofCopyright(24February2016)§  Authorship/WelfareTheory(02March2016–Bram)§  <<break>>§  MechanicsofCopyright(16March2016)

§  EconomicandMoralrights(23March2016)§  CopyrightExcep^onsandLimita^ons(30March2016)§  <<break>>

§  Copyrightinfringement/CulturalTheory(13April2016)§  Remedies(20April2016)§  Copyright,Innova^on&Development(25April2016)

Overview

§  TheReproduc^onRightinSouthAfricancopyrightlaw§  TheRighttoModifyinSouthAfricancopyrightlaw§  Othereconomicrights§  Moralrights

Key issues discussed in the CopyrightX video lectures

§  3formsofreproduc$on

§  Mechanicalcopying§  Reproducingfrommemory,evensubconsciously§  “Transla^on”intoadifferentmedium

§  Impropermisappropria$on

§  Comprehensivecopying§  “Fragmentedliteralsimilarity”§  “Comprehensivenonliteralsimilarity”

Substan$alpart(quality&quan^ty&deminimis)

Substan$alsimilaritytest(varioustests)

Infringementsession(7)

Key issues discussed in the CopyrightX video lectures

§  Unauthorisedmodifica$ons(s106(2))

§  (Canalsoinfringemoralrights)§  Limitedscopebecauserightin106(2)isovershadowedbyreproduc$onright(Seinfeldcase)–buts^llimportantintheareaoftransla^ons,mo^onpictureadapta^ons,merchandise

§  Interes^ngconsequence:nocopyrightprotec$on(Princecase)

Infringementsession(7)

SAcopyrightlawisstructureddifferentlyandspellsoutdifferentrights(althoughthesecould

probablybeclusteredtogetherinafashionsimilartotherightscontainedintheU.S.CopyrightAct)

“Copyright is the exclusive right in relation to work embodying intellectual content to do or

to authorize to do certain acts in relation to that work.”

Structure:ss6–11Blisttheapplicableeconomicrightsinrela^ontoeachofthe

protectedworksundertheCopyrightAct(“natureofcopyright”)

(a)Reproducingtheworkinanymannerorform;

(b)publishingtheworkifitwashithertounpublished;(c)performingtheworkinpublic;(d)broadcas$ngthework;(e)causingtheworktobetransmiJedinadiffusionservice,unlesssuchservicetransmitsalawfulbroadcast,includingthework,andisoperatedbytheoriginalbroadcaster;(f)makinganadapta$onofthework;(g)doing,inrela^ontoanadapta^onofthework,anyoftheactsspecifiedinrela^ontotheworkinparagraphs(a)to(e)inclusive.

Literaryandmusicalworks,s6

(a)Reproducingtheworkinanymannerorform;(b)publishingtheworkifitwashithertounpublished;(c) includingtheworkinacinematographfilmoratelevision

broadcast;(d) causingtheworktobetransmiJedinadiffusionservice,

unlesssuchservicetransmitsalawfulbroadcast,includingthework,andisoperatedbytheoriginalbroadcaster;

(e) makinganadapta$onofthework;(f) doing,inrela^ontoanadapta^onofthework,anyofthe

actsspecifiedinrela^ontotheworkinparagraphs(a)to(d)inclusive.

Ar$s$cworks,s7

(a)Reproducingthefilminanymannerorform,includingmakingas^llphotographtherefrom;(b)causingthefilm,insofarasitconsistsofimages,tobeseeninpublic,or,insofarasitconsistsofsounds,tobeheardinpublic;(c)broadcas$ngthefilm;(d)causingthefilmtobetransmiWedinadiffusionservice,unlesssuchservicetransmitsalawfultelevisionbroadcast,includingthefilm,andisoperatedbytheoriginalbroadcaster;(e)makinganadapta$onofthefilm;(f)doing,inrela^ontoanadapta^onofthefilm,anyoftheactsspecifiedinrela^ontothefilminparagraphs(a)to(d)inclusive;(g)le6ng,orofferingorexposingforhirebywayoftrade,directlyorindirectly,acopyofthefilm.

Cinematographfilms,s8

(a)Making,directlyorindirectly,arecordembodyingthesoundrecording;(b)leYng,orofferingorexposingforhirebywayoftrade,directlyorindirectly,areproduc^onofthesoundrecording;(c)broadcas$ngthesoundrecording;(d)causingthesoundrecordingtobetransmiJedinadiffusionservice,unlessthatservicetransmitsalawfulbroadcast,includingthesoundrecording,andisoperatedbytheoriginalbroadcaster;(e)communica$ngthesoundrecordingtothepublic.

Soundrecordings,s9

Therightscontainedins9(c)-(e)aresocalledneedle-^merights.Theywereintroducedin2002andneedtobereadwiths5of

thePerformersProtec^onAct.

Theserightsdon’tprohibitsuchusesbutrequirecompulsoryroyaltypayments(sees9A)

©ownersreceivingroyal^esmustsharetheseroyal^eswith

performers

Soundrecordings,s9

(a)Reproducing,directlyorindirectly,thebroadcastinanymannerorform,including,inthecaseofatelevisionbroadcast,makingas^llphotographtherefrom;(b)rebroadcas$ngthebroadcast;(c)causingthebroadcasttobetransmiJedinadiffusionservice,unlesssuchserviceisoperatedbytheoriginalbroadcaster.

Broadcasts,s10

“toundertake,ortoauthorize,thedirectorindirectdistribu^onofsuchsignalsbyanydistributortothegeneralpublicorany

sec^onthereofintheRepublic,orfromtheRepublic.”

Programme-carryingsignals,s11

“tomakeortoauthorizethemakingofareproduc^onoftheedi^oninanymanner.”

Publishededi$ons,s11A

(a)Reproducingacomputerprograminanymannerorform;(b)publishingthecomputerprogramifitwashithertounpublished;(c)performingthecomputerprograminpublic;(d)broadcas$ngthecomputerprogram;(e)causingthecomputerprogramtobetransmiJedinadiffusionservice,unlesssuchservicetransmitsalawfulbroadcast,includingthecomputerprogram,andisoperatedbytheoriginalbroadcaster;(f)makinganadapta$onofthecomputerprogram;(g)doing,inrela^ontoanadapta^onofthecomputerprogram,anyoftheactsspecifiedinrela^ontothecomputerprograminparagraphs(a)to(e)inclusive;(h)le6ng,orofferingorexposingforhirebywayoftrade,directlyorindirectly,acopyofthecomputerprogram.

Computerprograms,s11B

Definitions contained in the Act

•  (Reproduc^on(“includes”defini^on))•  (Adapta^ons(“includes”defini^on))•  Performance•  Broadcast•  Distribu^oninrela^ontoaprogramme-carryingsignal•  Diffusionservice•  Publica^on(ins1(5))Not:•  Communica^ontothepublic

The reproduction right

“reproduc$on”,inrela^onto—(a)aliteraryormusicalworkorabroadcast,includesareproduc^onintheformofarecordoracinematographfilm;(b)anar$s$cwork,includesaversionproducedbyconver^ngtheworkintoathree-dimensionalformor,ifitisinthreedimensions,byconver^ngitintoatwo-dimensionalform;(c)anywork,includesareproduc^onmadefromareproduc^onofthatwork;andreferencesto“reproduce”and“reproducing”shallbeconstruedaccordingly

Defini$oninformofexamplesforthedifferentkindsofworks

The reproduce right (“copying”)

§  Broadscopeoftheterm“reproduc^on”(incl.temporaryelectroniccopies!)

§  Reproduc^ondoesn’thavetobeinmaterialform(vsfixa^onrequirementforcopiesintheUS)

§  Includes:Reproduc$onsfromreproduc$ons(“indirectcopying”)§  Ar$s$cworks:2Dà3Dand3Dà2D(technicaldrawings–3D

prin^ng!)–Adapta^on?

The reproduction right (“copying”)

§  Broadscopeoftheterm“reproduc^on”doesraiseissuesinthedigitalworld

§  Hyperlinking–Deep-linking–Framing–Caching

The right to modify / “making adaptations”

Again:noproperdefini$onof“adapta$on”–merelyexamplesforsomekindsofworks

(notfor,forinstance,cinematographfilmsandsoundrecordings)

The right to modify / “making adaptations”

“adapta$on”,inrela^onto—(a)aliterarywork,includes—

(i)inthecaseofanon-drama^cwork,aversionoftheworkinwhichitisconvertedintoadrama^cwork;

(ii)inthecaseofadrama^cwork,aversionoftheworkinwhichitisconvertedintoanon-drama^cwork;

(iii)atransla^onofthework;or(iv)aversionoftheworkinwhichthestoryorac^onisconveyedwhollyormainlybymeansofpicturesinaformsuitableforreproduc^oninabookorinanewspaper,magazineorsimilarperiodical;

(b)amusicalwork,includesanyarrangementortranscrip^onofthework,ifsucharrangementortranscrip^onhasanoriginalcrea^vecharacter;

Cont.(c)anar$s$cwork,includesatransforma^onoftheworkinsuchamannerthattheoriginalorsubstan^alfeaturesthereofremainrecognizable;(d)acomputerprogramincludes—

(i)aversionoftheprograminaprogramminglanguage,codeornota^ondifferentfromthatoftheprogram;or(ii)afixa^onoftheprograminoronamediumdifferentfromthemediumoffixa^onoftheprogram;

The right to modify / “making adaptations”

RapidPhaseEntertainmentvsSABC:Noadapta$on;noadapta^onofthear^s^cfeaturesoraJributes–merelyauseoftheunderlyingconcept

The right to modify / “making adaptations”

ar(s(cwork:“transformaOonoftheworkinsuchamannerthattheoriginalor

substanOalfeaturesthereofremainrecognizable.”

S2(3):Copyrightprotec$onforadapta$onsispossibleevenifadapta$oninvolvedcopyrightinfringement!

The right to modify / “making adaptations”

Inordertosucceedwithaninfringementclaimbasedonthereproduc^on/adapta^onright,copyingofasubstan$alpartof

thecopyrightedworkneedstobeshownbytheplain^ff.

Seminar7

Key definitions contained in the ActPerformance“includesanymodeofvisualoracous^cpresenta^onofawork,includinganysuchpresenta^onbytheopera^onofaloudspeaker,aradio,televisionordiffusionreceiverorbytheexhibi^onofacinematographfilmorbytheuseofarecordorbyanyothermeans,andinrela^ontolectures,speechesandsermons,includesdeliverythereof;andreferencesto“perform”inrela^ontoaworkshallbeconstruedaccordingly:Providedthat“performance”shallnotincludebroadcas^ngorrebroadcas^ngortransmi6ngaworkinadiffusionservice;”

Broadcast“whenusedasanoun,meansatelecommunica^onserviceoftransmissionsconsis^ngofsounds,images,signsorsignalswhich—(a)takesplacebymeansofelectromagne^cwavesoffrequenciesoflowerthan3000GHztransmiJedinspacewithoutanar^ficialconductor;and(b)isintendedforrecep$onbythepublicorsec$onsofthepublic,andincludestheemi6ngofprogramme-carryingsignalstoasatellite,and,whenusedasaverb,shallbeconstruedaccordingly;”

Distribu^oninrela^ontoaprogramme-carryingsignal“anyopera^onbywhichadistributortransmitsaderivedsignaltothegeneralpublicoranysec^onthereof”

Key definitions contained in the Act

Publica^on(a)  Subjecttoparagraph(e),aworkshallbedeemedtohavebeenpublishedifcopiesof

suchworkhavebeenissuedtothepublicwiththeconsentoftheownerofthecopyrightintheworkinsufficientquan$$estoreasonablymeettheneedsofthepublic,havingregardtothenatureofthework.

(b)  Publica^onofacinematographfilmorsoundrecordingisthesale,le6ng,hireorofferforsaleorhire,ofcopiesthereof.

(c)  [..](d)  Publica^onshallnotinclude—(i)aperformanceofamusicalordrama^cwork,

cinematographfilmorsoundrecording;(ii)apublicdeliveryofaliterarywork;(iii)atransmissioninadiffusionservice;(iii)abroadcas^ngofawork;(v)anexhibi^onofaworkofart;(vi)aconstruc^onofaworkofarchitecture.

(e)  Forthepurposesofsec^ons6,7and11(b),aworkshallbedeemedtobepublishedifcopiesthereofhavebeenissuedtothepublic.

Key definitions contained in the Act

“Public”DefinedinSAMROvsSvenmillFabrics,1983(1)SA608(C)–fromthecopyrightowner’sperspec^ve,arethepeopleconcernedpartofthepoten^almarketfortheworkinques^on

<Moralrights>

Economic rights & Moral rightsSec$on20(closelyderivedfromArt.6Berne):

Notwithstandingthetransferofthecopyrightinaliterary,musicalorarOsOcwork, in a cinematograph film or in a computer program, the author shall

havetherighttoclaimauthorshipofthework,subjecttotheprovisionsof this Act, and to object to any distor(on, mu(la(on or othermodifica(on of the work where such ac(on is or would beprejudicial to thehonouror reputa(onof theauthor: Providedthatanauthorwhoauthorizestheuseofhisworkinacinematographfilmora television broadcast or an author of a computer program or a workassociated with a computer program may not prevent or object tomodificaOons thatareabsolutelynecessaryon technical groundsor for thepurposeofcommercialexploitaOonofthework.

Moral rights

1.   Rightofpaternity2.   Rightofintegrity§  Dura^onandtransferability(waiver?)ofmoralrightsunclear

Thank you for your attention and participation.

Any questions?