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Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Aeromagnetic Sun-eyingMark Pilkington
Agricola, Georgius (1494-1555)Allan Chapman
AlfVen WavesChristopher Fin/ay
AlfVen, Hannes Olof Gosta (1908-1995)Carl-Gunne Falthammar and David Gubbins
Alfven's Theorem and the Frozen Flux ApproximationPaul H. Roberts
Anelastic and Boussinesq ApproximationsStanislav I. Braginsky and Paul H. Robens
Amsotropy, ElectricalKarslen Bahr
Antidynamo and Bounding TheoremsFriedrich Busse and Michael Proctor
Archeology. Magnetic MethodsArmin Schmidt
ArcheomagnetismDonald D. Tarling
Auroral OvalStephen Milan
Baked Contact TestKenneth L. Buchan
Bangui AnomalyPatrick T. Taylor
Barlow, Peter (1776-1862)Emmanuel Dormy
Baneis, Julius (1899-1964)Karl-Heinz Glaflmeier and Manfred Siebert
Bauer, Louis Agricola (1865-1932)Gregory A. Good
XV
XXV
1
3
6
7
11
20
21
23
31
33
35
39
40
42
42
Bemmelen, Wiilem van (1868-1941)Art R. T. Jonkers
Bemon, E. R.David Loper
Bingham StatisticsJeffrey J. Love
BiomagnetismMichael D. Fuller and Jon Dobson
Blackett. Patrick Mavnard Stuart. Baronof Chelsea (1887-1974)
Michael D. Fuller
Bullard, Edward Crisp (1907-1980)David Gubbins
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of TerrestrialMagnetism
Gregory A. Good
Carnegie. Research VesselGregory A. Good
ChampStefan Maus
Chapman, Sydney (1888-1970)Stuart R.C. Ma I in
Coast Effect of Induced CurrentsTed Lilley
CompassArt R.T. Jonkers
Conductivity GeothermometerTed Lilley
Conductivity. Ocean Floor MeasurementsSteven Constable
Convection. ChemicalDavid Loper
Convection. Nonmagnetic RotatingAndrew Soward
Core Composition
44
44
45
48
53
54
56
58
59
61
61
66
69
71
73
74
77William F. McDonough
vii i
Core ConvectionKeke Zhang
Core DensityGuy Masters
Core MotionsKathryn A. Whaler
Core OriginFrancis Nimmo
Core Properties. PhysicalFrank D- Stacey
Core Properties. Theoretical DeterminationDavid Price
Core TemperatureDavid Price
Core TurbulenceBruce Stiffen and Hiroaki \fatsui
Core Viscosity-'Lidunka Vocadlo
Core, Adiabatic GradientOrson L. Anderson
Core, Boundary7 LayersEmmanuel Dormy; Paul H. Roberts, and Andrew Soward
Core, Electrical ConductivityFrank D. Stacey
Core. Magnetic InstabilitiesDavid R. Fearn
Core, Thermal ConductionFrank D. Stacey
Core-Based Inversions for the Main Geomagnetic FieldDavid Gubbins
Core-Mantle Boundary Topography, Implications for DynamicsAndren' Soward
Core-Mantle Boundary Topography, Seismology7
Andrea Morelli
Core-Mantle Boundary; Heat Flow AcrossStephane Labrosse
Core-Mantle Coupling, ElectromagneticRichard Holme
Core-Mantle Coupling. ThermalJeremy Bloxham
Core-Mantle Coupling. TopographicDominique Jault
Cowling. Thomas George (1906-1990)Leon Mestel
Cowling's TheoremFriedrich Busse
Cox, Allan V. (1926-1987)Kenneth P. Kodama
Cruslal Magnetic FieldDhananjay Ravat
D1" and F-LayersDavid Gubbins
CONTENTS
80
82
84
89
91
94
98
10!
104
106
111
116
117
120
122
124
125
127
130
132
135
137
138
139
140
145
D" as a Boundary LayerDavid Loper
D". AnisotropyMichael Kendall
D", CompositionQuentin Williams
D". Seismic PropertiesThome Lay
Delia Porta. Giambattista (1535-1615)Allan Chapman
DemagnetizationJaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi
Depth to Curie TemperatureMi i a Rajaram
Dipole Moment VariationCatherine Constable
Dynamo WavesGraeme R. Sarson
Dvnamo. BackusAshley P. Willis
Dynamo, BraginskyGraeme R. Sarson
Dynamo, Bullard-GellmanGraeme R. Sarson
Dynamo. DiskJack A. Jacobs
Dynamo, GailitisAgris Gailitis
Dvnamo, HerzenbergPaul H. Roberts
Dynamo. Lowes- WilkinsonFrank Lowes
Dynamo, Model-ZRainer Hollerbach
Dynamo, PonomarenkoPaul H. Roberts
Dynamo. SolarEugene N. Parker
Dynamos. ExperimentalAndreas Tilgner
Dynamos. FastMichael Proctor
Dynamos. KinematicPhilip W. Livermore
Dynamos, Mean-FieldKarl-Heinz Raedler
Dynamos, PeriodicDavid Gubbins
Dynamos, Planetary and SatelliteDavid J. Stevenson
Earth Structure. Major DivisionsBrian Kennett
145
146
149
151
156
156
157
159
161
163
164
166
167
169
170
173
174
175
178
183
186
188
192
200
203
208
CONTENTS
Elsasser, Walter M. (1904-1991)Eugene A7. Parker
EM Modeling, ForwardDmitry- B. Avdeev
EM Modeling, InverseGary D. Egbert
EM. Industrial UsesGraham Heinson
EM. Lake-Bottom MeasurementsAdam Schuliz
EM. Land UsesLouise Pellerin
EM. Marine Controlled SourceNigel Edwards
EM. Regional StudiesOliver Ritier
EM: Tectonic InterpretationsMalcolm Ingham
Environmental MagnetismBarbara A. Maher
Environmental Magnetism, Paleornagnetic ApplicationsAndrew P. Roberts
Equilibration of Magnetic Field, Weak- and Strong-FieldDynamos
Keke Zhang
Euler DeconvolulionAlan B. Reid
First-Order Reversal Curve (FORC) DiagramsAdrian R. Mimrorlhy and Andrew P. Roberts
Fisher StatisticsJeffrey J. Love
Fleming, John Adam (1877-1956)Shaun J. Hardy
Fluid Dynamics ExperimentsJonathan M. Aurnou
Galvanic DistortionKarsten Bahr
Gauss" Determination of Absolute IntensityStuart R-C. Malm
Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)Karl-Hein: Glaftmeier
Gellibrand. Henry (1597-1636)Stuart R.C. Malm
Geocentric Axial Dipole HypothesisMichael W. McElhinny
GeodynamoChris Jones
Geodynamo. Dimensional Analysis and TimescalesDavid Gubbins
Geodynamo. Energy SourcesSiephane Labrosse
Geodynamo: Numerical Simulationsf~- . t s^i
214
215
219
223
227
228
231
242
245
248
256
262
263
266
272
273
274
277
278
279
280
281
287
297
300
302
Geodynamo. Symmetry- PropertiesDavid Gubbins
Geomagnetic Deep SoundingRoger Banks
Geomagnetic Dipole FieldFrank Lowes
Geomagnetic ExcursionJack A. Jacobs
Geomagnetic Field. AsymmetriesPhillip L. McFadden and Ronald T. Merrill
Geomagnetic HazardsAlan W.P. Tliomson
Geomagnetic JerksSusan Macmillan
Geomagnetic Polarity ReversalsAlain Mazaud
Geomagnetic Polarity Reversals. ObservationsBradford M. Clement
Geomagnetic Polarity TimescalesWilliam Lowrie
Geomagnetic PulsationsKarl-Heinz Glaftmeier
Geomasnetic Reversal Sequence, Statistical StructurePhillip L. McFadden
Geomagnetic Reversals. ArchivesJean-Pierre Valei and Emilia Herrero-Bervera
Geomagnetic Secular VariationIngo Wardinski
Geomagnetic Spectrum. SpatialFrank Lowes
Geomagnetic Spectrum, TemporalCatherine Constable
Geomagnetism, History ofArt R.T. Jankers
Gilbert. William (1544-1603)Allan Chapman
Gravitational TorqueJean-Louis Le Mouel
Gravity-lnertio Waves and Inertial OscillationsKeith Aldridge
Gruneisen's Parameter for Iron and Earth's CoreOrson L. Anderson
Halley, Edmond (1656-1742)Sir Alan Cook
Hansteen. Christopher (1784-1873)Johannes M. Hansteen
Harmonics. SphericalDenis Winch
Harmonics. Spherical CapG. y Haines
Hartmann. Georg (1489-1564)
ix
306
307
310
311
313
316
319
320
324
328
333
335
339
346
350
353
355
360
362
364
366
375
376
377
395
397Gary A. Glatzmaier Allan Chapman
X
HelioseismologyMichael J. Thompson
Higgins-Kennedy ParadoxFriedrich Basse
Humboldt. Alexander Von (1759-1859)Friedrich Busse
Humboldt. Alexander Von and Magnetic StormsG.5. Lakhina. B.T. Tsiinttani. W.D. Gonzalez, and S. Alex
IAGA. International Association of Geomagnetismand Aeronomy
David Kerridge
Ideal Solution TheoryDario Alfe
IGRF, Internationa] Geomagnetic Reference FieldSusan Macmillan
Induction ArrowsOliver Ritter
Induction from Satellite DataSteven Constable
Inhomogeneous Boundary Conditions and the D\namoKeke Zhang
Inner Core AnisotropyXiaodong Song
Inner Core CompositionLiditnka I'ocadlo
Inner Core OscillationKeith Aldridge
Inner Core RotationPaul G. Richards and Anyi Li
Inner Core Rotational DynamicsMichael G. Rochester
Inner Core Seismic VelocitiesAnnie Saurian
Inner Core Tangent CylinderRainer Hotterbach and David Gubbins
Inner Core. PKJKPHanneke Pauls sen
Instrumentation, History ofGregory A. Good
Interiors of Planets and SatellitesGerald Schubert
Internal External Field SeparationDenis Winch
IonosphereArthur D. Richmond
Iron SulfidesLeonardo Sagnotti
Jesuits, Role in GeomagnetismAgustin Udias
Kircher. Athanasius (1602-1680)Oriol Cardus
Langel. Robert A. (1937-2000)
CONTENTS
398
401
402
404
407
408
411
412
413
416
418
420
422
423
425
427
430
433
434
439
448
452
454
460
463
465
Laplace's Equation. Uniqueness of SolutionsDavid Gubbins
Larmor, Joseph (1857-1942)David Gubbins
Lehmann, Inge (1888-1993)David Gubbins
Length of Day Variations. DecadalRichard Holme
Length of Day Variations. Long-TermL. y Morrison and F.R. Stephenson
Lloyd, Humphrey (1808-1881)Deanis Weaire and J.M.D. Coey
Magnetic Anisotropy. Sedimentary' Rocks and Strain AlterationPeter D. Weiler
Magnetic Anomalies for Geology and ResourcesColin Reeves and Juha V. Korhonen
Magnetic Anomalies. Long WavelengthMichael E. Pumcker
Magnetic Anomalies, MarineJames R. Heirtzler
Magnetic Anomalies, ModelingJafar Arkani-Hamed
Magnetic DomainsSusan L. Halgedahl
Magnetic Field of MarsJafar Arkani-Hamed
Magnetic Field of SunSteven M. Tobias
Magnetic IndicesJeffrey J. Love and K.J. Reniick
Magnetic Mineralogy. Changes due to HeatingBernard Henry
Magnetic Properties, Low -TemperatureAndrei Kosterov
Magnetic Proxy ParametersMark J. Dekkers
Magnetic Remanence. AnisotropyAnn M. Hirt
Magnetic ShieldingGary R. Scott
Magnetic Surveys, MarineMaurice A. Tivey
Magnetic Susceptibility, AnisotropyFrantisek Hrouda
Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy, Effects of HeatingJaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi
Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy. Rock FabricEdgardo Canon-Tapia
Magnetic Susceptibility (MS). Low-FieldBrooks B. Ellwood
Magnetization, Anhysteretic Remanem
466
468
468
469
471
472
475
477
481
483
485
490
502
505
509
512
515
525
535
540
542
546
560
564
566
572Michael E. Pumcker Bruce M. Moskowitz
CONTENTS
Magnetization. Chemical Rernanent (CRM)Shaul Levi
Magnetization. Depositional RemanentJa ime L -rnitia -Fu cuga uch i
Magnetization. Isothermal RemanentMike Jackson
Maanetization, Natural Remanent (NRM)Mimi J. Hill
Magnetization, Oceanic CrustJulie Carlut and Helene Horen
Magnetization, Piezoremanence and Stress DemagnetizationStuart Alan Gilder
Magnetization. Remanent, Ambient Temperature and BurialDepth from Dyke Contact Zones
Kenneth L. Buchan
Magnetization. Remanent. Fold TestJaime U/TUtia-Fticugauchi
Magnetization. ThermoremanentOzden O-demir
Magnetization. Thermoremanent, in MineralsGitnther Kletetschka
Magnetization. Viscous Remanent (VRM)David J. Dunlop
MagnetoconvectionKeke Zhang and Xinhao Liao
Magnetohydrodynamic WavesChristopher F inlay
MaanetohvdrodvnamicsPout H- Roberts
Magnetometers, Laboratoryffvn Williams
Magnetosphere of the EarthStanley H'.H. Copley
MagnetostratigraphyWilliam Lowrie
MagnetotelluricsMartyn Unsworth
MagsatMichael E. Pitrncker
Main Field Maps\fioara Mandea
Main Field ModelingMioara Mandea
Main Field. Ellipticiry CorrectionSmart R.C. Malm
Mantle, Electrical Conductivity. MineralogyTomoo Katsura
Mantle, Thermal ConductivityFrank D. Stacey
Matuyama, Motonori (1884-1958)\fasaru Kono
Melting Temperature of Iron in the Core. Experimental
580
588
589
594
596
599
603
607
609
616
621
630
632
639
654
656
664
670
673
674
679
683
684
688
689
689
Melting Temperature of Iron in the Core. TheoryDavid Price
Microwave Paleomagnetic TechniqueJohn Shaw
Nagata, Takesi (1913-1991)Masaru Kono
Natural Sources for Electromasnetic Induction StudiesNils Olsen
NeeL Louis (1904-2000)Pierre Rochetle
Xondipole FieldCatherine Constable
Xondynamo TheoriesDavid J. Stevenson
Norman. Robert (flourished 1560-1585)Allan Chapman
Observatories. OverviewSusan Macmillan
Observatories. InstrumentationJean L. Rasson
Observatories. AutomationLawrence R. Newiti
Observatories. InrermagnetJean L. Rasson
Observatories. Program in AustraliaPeter A. Hopgood
Observatories. Program in the British IslesDavid Kerridge
Observatory Program in FranceMioara Mandea
Observatories. Program in USAJeffrey J. Love and J.B. Townshend
Observatories in AntarcticaJean-Jacques Schott and Jean L. Rasson
Observatories in Benelux CountriesJean L. Rasson
Observatories in CanadaLawrence R. A'em'tt and Richard Coles
Observatories in ChinaDongmei Yang
Observatories in East and Central EuropePave! Hejda
Observatories in GermanyHans-Joachim Linthe
Observatories in IndiaGiirbax S. Lakhina and S. Alex
Observatories in ItalyMassimo Chiappini
Observatories in Japan and AsiaToshihiko lyemori and Heather McCreadie
Observatories in Lalin America
xi
692
694
6%
696
700
701
704
707
708
711
713
715
111
720
721
722
723
725
726
727
728
729
731
733
733
734Giioyin Shen Luiz Muniz Ban-eto
xii
Observatories in New Zealand and the South PacificLester A. Tomtinson
Observatories in Nordic CountriesTruls Lynne Hansen
Observatories in RussiaOleg Troshichev
Observatories in Southern AfricaPieter KoKe
Observatories in SpainMiquel Torta and Josep Balllo
Ocean. Electromagnetic EffectsStefan Matts
Oldham, Richard Dixon (1858-1936)Johannes Schweitzer
0rstedNils Olsen
Oscillations, TorsionalMathieif Dumberry
Paleointensity: Absolute Determinations Using SinglePlagioclase Crystals
John A. Tarduno, Rory D. Cottrell. and Alexei V. Smirnov
Paleointensity7, Absolute. TechniquesJean-Pierre Valet
Paleointensity, Relative, in SedimentsStefanie Brachjeld
Paleomagnetic Field Collection MethodsEdgardo Canon-Tapia
Paleomagnetic Secular VariationSteve P. Lund
PaleomagnetismRonald T. Merrill and Phillip L. McFadden
Paleomagnetism, Deep-Sea SedimentsJames E, T, Channel!
Paleomagnetism. ExtraterrestrialMichael D. Fuller
Paleomagnetism. Orogenic BeltsJohn D.A. Piper
Parkinson, Wilfred DudleyTed Lilley
Peregrinus, Petrus (flourished 1269)Allan Chapman
Periodic External FieldsDenis Winch
Plate Tectonics, ChinaXixi Zhao and Robert S. Coe
Pogo (OGO-2. -4 and -6 Spacecraft)Joseph C. Cain
Polarity' Transition. Paleomagnetic RecordKenneih A, Hoffman
Polarity' Transitions: Radioisotopic DatingBrad S. Singer
Pole. Key Paleomagnetic
CONTENTS
735
736
737
739
739
740
742
743
746
749
753
758
765
766
776
781
788
801
807
80S
809
816
828
829
834
839
Potential Yorticity and Potential Magnetic Field TheoremsRaymond Hide
Precession and Core DynamicsPhilippe Cardin
Price, Albert Thomas (1903-1978)Bruce A. Hobbs
Principal Component Analysis in PaleomagnetismJeffrey J. Love
Project MagnetDavid G. McMillan
Proudman-Taylor TheoremRaymond Hide
Radioactive Isotopes, Their Decay in Mantle and CoreV. Rama Murthy
Reduction to PoleDhananjay Ravat
Repeat StationsSusan Macmillan
Reversals. TheoryGraeme R. Sarson
Rikitake, Tsuneji (1921-2004)Y. Honkura
Ring CurrentThomas E. Moore
Robust Electromagnetic Transfer Functions EstimatesGary D. Egbert
Rock MagnetismRonald T. Merrill
Rock Magnetism, Hysteresis MeasurementsDavid Krdsa and Karl Fabian
Rock Magnetometer. SuperconductingWilliam S. Goree
Runcorn. S. Keith (1922-1995)Neil Opdyke
Runcorn '$ TheoremAndrew Jackson
Sabine, Edward (1788-1883)David Gubbins
Seamount MagnetismJames R. Heirtzier and K.A. Nazarova
Secular Variation ModelChristopher G.A. Harrison
SediDavid Loper
Seismic PhasesBrian Kennett
Seismo-Electromagnetic EffectsMalcolm J.S. Johnston
Shaw and Microwave Methods. Absolute PaleointensityDetermination
John Shaiv
Shock Wave Experiments
840
842
844
845
850
852
854
856
858
859
862
863
866
870
874
883
886
888
890
891
892
902
903
908
910
912Kenneth L. Buchan Thomas J. Ahrens
CONTENTS
Spinner MagnetometerJin Pokorny
Statistical Methods for Paleovector AnalysisJeffrey J. Love
Storms and Substorms. MagneticMark Lester
Superchrons, Changes in Reversal FrequencyJack A. Jacobs
SusceptibilityEduard Perrovsky
Susceptibility. Measurements of SolidsZ.S. Tetveldem&Ban, R.L. Fuller, and M. Greenblan
Susceptibility; Parameters. AnisotropyEdgardo Canon-Tapia
Taylor's ConditionRainer Hollerbach
Thellier. Emile (1904-1987)David J. Dunlop
Thermal WindPeter Olson
Time-Averaged Paleomagnetic FieldDavid Gubbins
Time-Dependent Models of the Geomagnetic FieldAndre\v Jackson
Transfer FunctionsMartyn Unsworth
920
922
926
928
931
933
937
940
942
945
947
948
953
Transient Em InductionMaxwell A. Meju and Mark E. Everett
True Polar Wander\~mcenl Counilht
ULVZ. Ultra-Low Velocity ZoneEd J. Camera and \L Thome
UnitsDavid Gubbins
Upward and Downward ContinuationDhananjay Raval
Variable Field Translation BalanceDavid Krasa, Klaus Petersen. and Nikolai Peiersen
Verhoogen, John (1912-1993)Peter Olson
Vine-Matthews-Morley HypothesisMaurice A, Tivey
Volcano-Electromagnetic EffectsMalcolm J.S. Johnston
Voyages Making Geomagnetic MeasurementsDavid R. Barraclough
Watkins, Xorman David (1934-1977)Brooks B. Elhvood
Wesmard DriftRichard Holme
Color Plates
Subject Index
xii i
954
956
970
973
974
977
979
980
984
987
992
993
997
ion