feb17 air pollution web
TRANSCRIPT
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Outline:
Climate and PollutionKinds of Pollution
Sources
Transport Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution Control
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Climate and Air Pollution
Over the past 20years, developedcountries have
made progress inimproving airquality.
Unfortunately, airquality in thedeveloping worldhas been getting
worse. 3
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Primary and Secondary
Pollutants,
Natural and Human
Air pollutants occur either as
gases or particulate matter Primary air pollutants: emitted directly into
the air
Secondary pollutants: reactions betweenprimary pollutants and atmospheric
compounds
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Sulfur dioxide- acid rain, health damage,
visibility reduction Nitrogen oxides- acid rain, eutrophication,
growth of weedy species
Carbon monoxide- inhibited respiration
Leadandmercury- neurological damage
Chlorofluorocarbons- ozone depletion
Particulate matter- lung damage, cancer
Volatile organic compounds(isoprenes,
terpenes, methane, & benzene,
chloroform, etc) oxidized to CO,
CO2 in the atmosphere; carcinogens?
Major Air Pollutants:Problems
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Los Angeles
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8TheInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) is a research program thatstudies the phenomenon of Global Change
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Indoor Air Pollution
Smoking - diseasesrelated to smoking
responsible for 20% of
deaths in the U.S.
In less-developed
countries, poorly
ventilated heating and
cooking fires representthe greatest source of
indoor air pollution.
The Silent Killer
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Indoor PollutantSources
Indoor air pollutants comefrom:
underground diffusion,
combustion, and
chemical emissions.
Most indoor air pollution canbe reduced by increasingbuilding ventilations.
Radon gas (a radioactive decayproduct of uranium) is the mostharmful indoor pollutant whenfound in high concentrations.
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Long range transport
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Montreal Protocol - 1987
Interactions Between Climate
Processes and Air Pollution
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Jet Streams & Jet Streaks
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/cyc/upa/jet.rxml
http://sd.znet.com/~aringler/jet.htm
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Long range transport of pollutants
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Circumpolar
winds
transport air
pollution from
heavily
industrialized
regions to the
Arctic, where
high levels of
smog
accumulate. 15
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Ozone Depletion
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Stratospheric Ozone Destruction byChlorine Atoms and UV Radiation
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Production of chloroflurocarbons
(CFCs)
Montreal Protocol passed in 1987
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Future_ozone_layer_concentrations.jpg
NASA projections of stratospheric ozoneconcentrations if chlorofluorocarbons had not
been banned.From the historical
record we know thattotal column ozone
values of less than 220
Dobson Units were notobserved prior to 1979.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Future_ozone_layer_concentrations.jpg -
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Effects of Air Pollution
Human health Plant pathology
Visibility reduction
Acid deposition
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Ecosystem damage caused by sulfur dioxideemissions and acid rain. (near Sudbury Ontario)
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Acid Precipitation, 2000
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Frazier fir stand on Mount Mitchell in the Appalachian Mountains
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Acid Rainfall affects:
Plants - directly(weakens or killsplants)
Soils - directly(leaching of basecationseg, Ca & Mg)
Plants - indirectly(lower soil nutrients,insects attack weak trees)
Frazier fir stand on Mount Mitchell in the Appalachian Mountainsof North Carolina
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Air Pollution Control
Early approach:
Dilution is the solution to pollution
Particulate removal - air filters
Sulfur removal - scrubbers
Nitrogen oxide reduction - catalytic converters
Hydrocarbon controls - afterburners
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Automobile Emission Control System
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CLEAN AIR LEGISLATION
Clean Air Act (1963)- First national air
pollution control. (usingincentives, egfederal grants to states)
Clean Air Act (1970)rewrote original Act. Identified critical pollutants
Established ambient air quality standards.
Primary Standards - Human health
Secondary Standards - Materials, environment,
aesthetic and comfort.27
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Conventional Pollutants US Clean Air Act designated seven major
(conventional or criteria) pollutants forwhich maximum ambient air levels aremandated.
Sulfur DioxideCarbon Monoxide
Particulates
HydrocarbonsNitrogen Oxides
Photochemical Oxidants
Lead 28
Clean Air Act
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Clean Air Act
Revision (1990)- Included provision for:
Acid Rain
Urban Smog
Toxic Air Pollutants
Ozone Protection
Marketing Pollution Rights
Fugitive emissions of volatile organics
Ambient ozone, soot, and dust.
NOx emissions
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Cl Ai A t
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Clean Air Act Clear Skies ( 2002)didnt passmarket-based
approach, tried to eliminate new source review of 1977
which was pollution controls on old equip as well as new
equip
Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR2005)
Eliminated new source review,
Set emission standards for SO2, NOx, PM
Depends upon cap-and-trade (can buy credits from
nonpolluting) OK nationally but can create hot spots of pollution locally
Interstate rule because pollution can drift across state
borders affecting ambient pollution levels30
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Current Conditions and
Future ProspectsDeveloped vs.Developing
Countries
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Tend to be much higher in large cities in
developing countries than in developedcountries
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
CURRENT AND FUTURE
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CURRENT AND FUTURE
CONDITIONS
In the United States, air quality has
improved dramatically in the last decade in
terms of major large-volume pollutants.
Cities where pollution is largely from trafficstill have serious air quality problems.
Major metropolitan areas of many
developing countries are growing atexplosive rates, and environmental quality
is very poor.
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S G d N U S T d
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Some Good News: U.S. Trends
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U.S. emissions
of six major air
pollutants in1970 compared
with 2002.
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Summary:
Atmosphere and Climate
Climate Change
El Nino
Human Causes
Climate and PollutionKinds of Pollution
Sources
Transport Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution Control
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