feature structures and unification
DESCRIPTION
Feature structures and unification. Attributes and values. Attributes and values. The following object describes a class of persons:. Attributes and values. The following object describes a class of persons: age 22 gender M nationality Norwegian. Attributes and values. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Feature structures and unification
![Page 3: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Attributes and values
![Page 4: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
Attributes and values
![Page 5: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
![Page 6: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
Attributes
![Page 7: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
AttributesValues
![Page 8: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:
![Page 9: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:
![Page 10: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:Then remove a feature...
![Page 11: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22
nationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:Then remove a feature...
![Page 12: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22
nationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:Then remove a feature...and the class grows.
![Page 13: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22
nationality Norwegian
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:Then remove a feature...and the class grows.Add a feature instead...
![Page 14: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegianeyecolour brown
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:Then remove a feature...and the class grows.Add a feature instead...
![Page 15: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegianeyecolour brown
Attributes and values
Let this be the class of persons described:Then remove a feature...and the class grows.Add a feature instead...and the class shrinks.
![Page 16: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
A grammar example:
Attributes and values
![Page 17: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
A grammar example:
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
Attributes and values
![Page 18: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
A grammar example:
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
This object describes a class of phrases:
Attributes and values
![Page 19: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
A grammar example:
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
This object describes a class of phrases:
Attributes and values
a manthe horsesome red carthe King’s manwaternice beer...
![Page 20: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
A grammar example:
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
This object describes a class of phrases:Remove a feature...
Attributes and values
a manthe horsesome red carthe King’s manwaternice beer...
![Page 21: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
A grammar example:
cat NP
person 3
This object describes a class of phrases:Remove a feature...
Attributes and values
a manthe horsesome red carthe King’s manwaternice beer...
![Page 22: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The following object describes a class of persons:
age 22gender Mnationality Norwegian
A grammar example:
cat NP
person 3
This object describes a class of phrases:Remove a feature...and the class grows.
Attributes and values
a manthe horsesome red carthe King’s manwaternice beer...
menthe horsessome red carsthe King’s menwatersnice beers...
![Page 23: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
f1:
Feature structures as functions
![Page 24: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
• A set of ordered pairs (of attributes and values)
f1:
Feature structures as functions
![Page 25: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
• A set of ordered pairs (of attributes and values)• Never more than one occurrence of a given attribute
f1:
Feature structures as functions
![Page 26: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
• A set of ordered pairs (of attributes and values)• Never more than one occurrence of a given attribute• Never more than one value of a given attribute (but different attributes can have the same value)
f1:
Feature structures as functions
![Page 27: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
• A set of ordered pairs (of attributes and values)• Never more than one occurrence of a given attribute• Never more than one value of a given attribute (but different attributes can have the same value)• Hence such a structure can be considered as a function from attributes to values
f1:
Feature structures as functions
![Page 28: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
• A set of ordered pairs (of attributes and values)• Never more than one occurrence of a given attribute• Never more than one value of a given attribute (but different attributes can have the same value)• Hence such a structure can be considered as a function from attributes to values
Example:
f1(cat)=NPf1(number)=sgf1(person)=3
f1:
Feature structures as functions
![Page 29: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
• A set of ordered pairs (of attributes and values)• Never more than one occurrence of a given attribute• Never more than one value of a given attribute (but different attributes can have the same value)• Hence such a structure can be considered as a function from attributes to values
Example:
f1(cat)=NPf1(number)=sgf1(person)=3
Values can be atomic or complex:
f1:
Feature structures as functions
![Page 30: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
cat NPnumber sgperson 3
• A set of ordered pairs (of attributes and values)• Never more than one occurrence of a given attribute• Never more than one value of a given attribute (but different attributes can have the same value)• Hence such a structure can be considered as a function from attributes to values
Example:
f1(cat)=NPf1(number)=sgf1(person)=3
Values can be atomic or complex:
f1:
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
Feature structures as functions
![Page 31: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Subsumption
![Page 32: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Subsumption
![Page 33: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
cat NP
Subsumption
![Page 34: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
cat NP
agreement
cat NP
number singular
Subsumption
![Page 35: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
cat NP
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
Subsumption
![Page 36: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
cat NP
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
subjectnumber singularperson third
Subsumption
![Page 37: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
cat NP
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
subjectnumber singularperson third
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
subject
1
1
Subsumption
![Page 38: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Not subsumption
![Page 39: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular1
Not subsumption
![Page 40: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
1
2
Not subsumption
![Page 41: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
1
2
1 2, 2 1
Not subsumption
![Page 42: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
1
2
3
1 2, 2 1
Not subsumption
![Page 43: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
1
2
3
1 2, 2 1
1 3, 3 1
Not subsumption
![Page 44: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
1
2
3
4
1 2, 2 1
1 3, 3 1
Not subsumption
![Page 45: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
1
2
3
4
1 2, 2 1
1 3, 3 1
1 4
Not subsumption
![Page 46: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
1
2
3
4
1 2, 2 1
1 3, 3 1
1 4
2 4
Not subsumption
![Page 47: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
1
2
3
4
1 2, 2 1
1 3, 3 1
1 4
2 4
1 2 = 4
Not subsumption
![Page 48: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
1
2
3
4
1 2, 2 1
1 3, 3 1
1 4
2 4
1 2 = 4
1 3 = fail
Not subsumption
![Page 49: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
person third
agreement
cat NP
number plural
agreement
cat NPnumber singularperson third
1
2
3
4
1 2, 2 1
1 3, 3 1
1 4
2 4
1 2 = 4
1 3 = fail
Unification:a b = cif and only ifa c andb c andthere is no d such thata d andb d andd c
Not subsumption
![Page 50: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Unification
![Page 51: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
cat NP
Unification
![Page 52: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
cat NP
agreement number singular
Unification
![Page 53: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
cat NP
agreement number singular
=agreement
cat NP
number singular
Unification
![Page 54: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
cat NP
agreement number singular
=
cat NP
agreement
cat NP
number singular
Unification
![Page 55: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
cat NP
agreement number singular
=
cat NP
agreement
cat NP
number singular
Unification
![Page 56: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
cat NP
agreement number singular
=
cat NP
agreement
cat NP
number singular
agreement
cat NP
number singular
=
Unification
![Page 57: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Unification
![Page 58: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Unification
![Page 59: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
Unification
![Page 60: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
=agreement
cat NP
number singular
Unification
![Page 61: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
subject
=
agreement number singular
agreement number singular
agreement
cat NP
number singular
Unification
![Page 62: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
subject
=
agreement number singular
agreement number singular
subject agreement person third
agreement
cat NP
number singular
Unification
![Page 63: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
agreement
cat NP
number singular
subject
=
agreement number singular
agreement number singular
subject agreement person third
agreement
cat NP
number singular
subject
agreement number singular
agreementnumber singular
person third
=
Unification
![Page 64: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Unification
![Page 65: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
subject
agreement number singular
agreement number singular
Unification
![Page 66: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
subject
agreement number singular
agreement
1
1
subject
agreement number singular
agreement number singular
Compare with:
Unification
![Page 67: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
subject
agreement number singular
agreement
subject agreement
1
person third
1
subject
agreement number singular
agreement number singular
Unification
Compare with:
![Page 68: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
subject
agreement number singular
agreement
subject agreement
agreementnumber singular
person third=
1
person third
1
subject agreement 1
1
subject
agreement number singular
agreement number singular
Unification
Compare with:
![Page 69: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Unification
![Page 70: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
Unification
![Page 71: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification
![Page 72: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
1 2 3=
Unification
![Page 73: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
1 2 3=
subject
agreement
agreementf1:
3
3
Unification
![Page 74: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
1 2 3=
subject
agreement
agreementf1:
3
3
agreement
subject agreementf1:
Unification
![Page 75: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
1 2 3=
subject
agreement
agreementf1:
3
3
agreement
subject agreementf1:
Unification
![Page 76: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
1 2 3=
subject
agreement
agreementf1:
3
3
agreement
subject agreementf1:
Unification
![Page 77: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Unification through constraints:
![Page 78: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification through constraints:
![Page 79: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification through constraints:
Alternative notation with paths:
![Page 80: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification through constraints:
Alternative notation with paths:
‹agreement› = ‹subject agreement›
This means that the two paths have the same (unspecified) value.
![Page 81: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification through constraints:
Alternative notation with paths:
‹agreement› = ‹subject agreement›
This means that the two paths have the same (unspecified) value.
A constraint may also specify a value:
![Page 82: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification through constraints:
Alternative notation with paths:
‹agreement› = ‹subject agreement›
This means that the two paths have the same (unspecified) value.
A constraint may also specify a value:
‹agreement number› = sg
![Page 83: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification through constraints:
Alternative notation with paths:
‹agreement› = ‹subject agreement›
This means that the two paths have the same (unspecified) value.
A constraint may also specify a value:
‹agreement number› = sg
We thus have two types of constraints:
![Page 84: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
subject
agreement
agreement
1
2f1:
f1(agreement) = f1(subject)(agreement)
Unification through constraints:
Alternative notation with paths:
‹agreement› = ‹subject agreement›
This means that the two paths have the same (unspecified) value.
A constraint may also specify a value:
‹agreement number› = sg
We thus have two types of constraints:
‹attribute path› = Atomic value (The path has the specified value)‹attribute path› = ‹attribute path› (The two paths have the same value)
![Page 85: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
![Page 86: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
VP
S
NPsleepsJohn
Phrase structure tree:
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
![Page 87: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
VP
S
NPsleepsJohn
Grammar:
S → NP VP
Lexicon:
John NPsleeps VPsleep VP
A one-rule grammar with lexicon:Phrase structure tree:
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
![Page 88: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
VP
S
NPsleepsJohn
Grammar:
S → NP VP
A one-rule grammar with lexicon:Phrase structure tree:
We incorporate features and unification to handle agreement.
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
Lexicon:
John NPsleeps VPsleep VP
![Page 89: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
VP
S
NPsleepsJohn
Grammar:
S → NP VP
A one-rule grammar with lexicon:Phrase structure tree:
We incorporate features and unification to handle agreement.
Grammar:
S -> NP VP ‹f:S› = ‹f:VP› ‹f:S subject› = ‹f:NP›
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
Lexicon:
John NPsleeps VPsleep VP
![Page 90: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
VP
S
NPsleepsJohn
Grammar:
S → NP VP
A one-rule grammar with lexicon:Phrase structure tree:
We incorporate features and unification to handle agreement.
Lexicon:
John NP ‹f:NP agreement number› = singular ‹f:NP agreement person› = third
sleeps VP ‹f:VP subject agreement number› = singular ‹f:VP subject agreement person› = third
sleep VP ‹f:VP subject agreement number› = plural
Grammar:
S -> NP VP ‹f:S› = ‹f:VP› ‹f:S subject› = ‹f:NP›
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
Lexicon:
John NPsleeps VPsleep VP
![Page 91: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
The rule now describes this subtree:
![Page 92: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
The rule now describes this subtree:
1subject
2
2
NP VP1
S
![Page 93: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
The rule now describes this subtree:
1subject
2
2
NP VP1
The lexical entries:
S
![Page 94: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
The rule now describes this subtree:
1subject
2
2
NP VP1
The lexical entries:
agreement
John sleepsnumber singular
person thirdagreement
number singular
person thirdsubject
NP VP
S
![Page 95: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
2
NP VP1
agreement
John sleepsnumber singular
person thirdagreement
number singular
person thirdsubject
NP VP
What happens if we insert ‘John’ as the NP daughter?
S
![Page 96: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
2
NP VP1
agreement
John sleepsnumber singular
person thirdagreement
number singular
person thirdsubject
NP VP
S
![Page 97: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
2
NP VP1
agreement
John sleepsnumber singular
person thirdagreement
number singular
person thirdsubject
NP VP
S
![Page 98: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
S
2
NP VP1
John
sleeps
agreementnumber singular
person thirdsubject
VP
agreementnumber singular
person third
![Page 99: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
S
2
NP VP1
John
sleeps
agreementnumber singular
person thirdsubject
VP
agreementnumber singular
person third
'sleeps' can now only be inserted if itsagreement-features are compatible with 'John'.
![Page 100: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
S
2
NP VP1
John
sleeps
agreementnumber singular
person thirdsubject
VP
agreementnumber singular
person third
![Page 101: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
S
2
NP VP1
John
sleeps
agreementnumber singular
person thirdsubject
VP
agreementnumber singular
person third
![Page 102: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Incorporating unification in a phrase structure grammar
1subject
2
S
2
NP VP1
John sleeps
agreementnumber singular
person third
![Page 103: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Feature structures inLexical-Functional Grammar
![Page 104: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 105: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 106: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 107: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 108: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 109: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 110: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 111: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 112: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 113: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 114: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture
![Page 115: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,
![Page 116: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 3 and 4,
![Page 117: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 3 and4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
![Page 118: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 3 and 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
Answer: Don’t operate on the trees,but annotate them with relevant informationabout syntactic functions and semantic arguments.
![Page 119: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
AP
to
V
![Page 120: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to V
![Page 121: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
![Page 122: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
![Page 123: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INF
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
![Page 124: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INFINF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
![Page 125: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
XCOMP
INF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
![Page 126: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
forced
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NP
I
believed
kindbe
him
VP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NP
John
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
OBLag
XCOMP
INF
SUBJ
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRET
KILL ‹OBLag SUBJ›’
BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
![Page 127: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
The functional information in the annotations
is represented in a separate functional structure
(f-structure), in the form of an attribute-value graph:
![Page 128: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
![Page 129: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
![Page 130: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
![Page 131: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
![Page 132: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
![Page 133: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Linking
A verb form contains information about the way in whichsemantic arguments are linked to syntactic functions:
![Page 134: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Linking
A verb form contains information about the way in whichsemantic arguments are linked to syntactic functions:
"reparerer": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
![Page 135: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Linking
A verb form contains information about the way in whichsemantic arguments are linked to syntactic functions:
"reparerer": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
"repareres": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ
![Page 136: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Linking
A verb form contains information about the way in whichsemantic arguments are linked to syntactic functions:
"reparerer": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
"repareres": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ
”like": like<experiencer, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
![Page 137: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Linking
A verb form contains information about the way in whichsemantic arguments are linked to syntactic functions:
"reparerer": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
"repareres": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ
”like": like<experiencer, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
”behage": behage<experiencer, theme>
OBJ SUBJ
![Page 138: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Linking
If we assume a universal hierarchy of semantic roles and let the order ofthe arguments reflect the hierarchy, we don’t need to name the semantic roles:
"reparerer": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
"repareres": reparere<agent, theme>
SUBJ
”like": like<experiencer, theme>
SUBJ OBJ
”behage": behage<experiencer, theme>
OBJ SUBJ
![Page 139: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Linking
If we assume a universal hierarchy of semantic roles and let the order ofthe arguments reflect the hierarchy, we don’t need to name the semantic roles:
"reparerer": reparere<SUBJ, OBJ>
"repareres": reparere< , SUBJ>
”like": like< SUBJ, OBJ >
”behage": behage< OBJ, SUBJ >
![Page 140: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Wellformedness constraints on functional structures:
SUBJ
PRED
OBJ
ADJUNCT
"the boy"
”the bike"
{”in the garage"}
repair<SUBJ, OBJ>"
”The boy repairs the bike in the garage":
![Page 141: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Wellformedness constraints on functional structures:
SUBJ
PRED
OBJ
ADJUNCT
"the boy"
”the bike"
{”in the garage"}
repair<SUBJ, OBJ>"
1. Completeness: An f-structure must contain all grammaticalrelations mentioned in PRED’s subcategorization frame.
SUBJ
PRED
”the boy"
”use<SUBJ, OBJ>"
*”The boy uses":”The boy repairs the bike in the garage":
![Page 142: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Wellformedness constraints on functional structures:
SUBJ
PRED
OBJ
ADJUNCT
"the boy"
”the bike"
{”in the garage"}
repair<SUBJ, OBJ>"
1. Completeness: An f-structure must contain all grammaticalrelations mentioned in PRED’s subcategorization frame.
2. Coherence: An f-structure cannot contain any subcategorizablegrammatical relations not mentioned in PRED’s subcategorization frame.
SUBJ
PRED
"gutten"
"sove<SUBJ>"
*"Gutten sover sykkelen":
OBJ "sykkelen"
”The boy repairs the bike in the garage":
![Page 143: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Wellformedness constraints on functional structures:
SUBJ
PRED
OBJ
ADJUNCT
"the boy"
”the bike"
{”in the garage"}
repair<SUBJ, OBJ>"
1. Completeness: An f-structure must contain all grammaticalrelations mentioned in PRED’s subcategorization frame.
2. Coherence: An f-structure cannot contain any subcategorizablegrammatical relations not mentioned in PRED’s subcategorization frame.
3. Uniqueness: No grammatical relation (or other attribute) may occurmore than once in a functional structure.
SUBJ
PRED
”the boy"
”use<SUBJ, OBJ>"
*”The boy uses the bike the car ”:
OBJ "the bike"
OBJ ”the car"
”The boy repairs the bike in the garage":
![Page 144: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
![Page 145: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pret
![Page 146: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2
![Page 147: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nom
![Page 148: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
![Page 149: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
![Page 150: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
![Page 151: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
![Page 152: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJ
PRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
![Page 153: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
How to incorporatef-structure information
into a grammar
![Page 154: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
![Page 155: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 156: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 157: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
![Page 158: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 159: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
![Page 160: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
Index the c-structure nodes
![Page 161: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 162: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 163: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 164: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 165: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 166: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 167: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 168: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 169: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 170: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 171: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 172: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
The tree has done its job:Forget it.
![Page 173: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Collect the instantiated equationsinto an f-description
![Page 174: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
![Page 175: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
![Page 176: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
![Page 177: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
![Page 178: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
![Page 179: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
![Page 180: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
![Page 181: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
f4
![Page 182: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
f4
![Page 183: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f5
f3
f4
![Page 184: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f3
f4
f5
![Page 185: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 186: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 187: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 188: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 189: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 190: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 191: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 192: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 193: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 194: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 195: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
Notice: The f-structure hasfewer levels than the c-structurebecause of the nodes annotatedwith =↓
![Page 196: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 197: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 198: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 199: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 200: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 201: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 202: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 203: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 204: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 205: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.
![Page 206: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.A set of nodes which project the same f-structureare said to constitute a functional domain.
A functional domain
![Page 207: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Let us now move from
I forced him to leave
to
I believed him to leave
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 208: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
![Page 209: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
believed: ( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
![Page 210: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
![Page 211: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
![Page 212: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
The only change is in the mapping between syntactic functionsand argument positions, as expressed in the value of PRED.The syntax as such is unchanged.
![Page 213: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
Constraint Equations
Consider these lexical entries:
ha V (↑PRED)='ha<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP PTC)=perf
måtte V (↑PRED)='måtte<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP VFORM)=inf
løpe V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ VFORM)=inf
løpt V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ PTC)=perf
![Page 214: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
Constraint Equations
Consider these lexical entries:
ha V (↑PRED)='ha<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP PTC)=perf
måtte V (↑PRED)='måtte<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP VFORM)=inf
løpe V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ VFORM)=inf
løpt V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ PTC)=perf
This enables us to derive:
gutten har løptgutten måtte løpe
![Page 215: Feature structures and unification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813a32550346895da21cca/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
Constraint Equations
Consider these lexical entries:
ha V (↑PRED)='ha<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP PTC)=perf
måtte V (↑PRED)='måtte<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP VFORM)=inf
løpe V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ VFORM)=inf
løpt V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ PTC)=perf
This enables us to derive:
gutten har løptgutten måtte løpe
But does it exclude the following?
*gutten har løpe*gutten måtte løpt
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Constraint Equations
We need to change some equations into constraint equations:
ha V (↑PRED)='ha<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP PTC)=c perf
måtte V (↑PRED)='måtte<(↑ SUBJ)(↑ XCOMP)>' (↑ XCOMP VFORM)=c inf
løpe V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ VFORM)=inf
løpt V (↑PRED)='løpe<(↑ SUBJ)>' (↑ PTC)=perf