feasibility study of production of.pptx

8/17/2019 Feasibility study of production of.pptx

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FEASIBILITY STUDY OFPRODUCTION OF

HYDROGEN

BY

MAYANK

SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

DWARKA SEC-16C


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Hydrogen was frst searated and !dent!fed !n t"e se#ond "a$%o% t"e &'t" #ent(ry ) Fro* *any years t"e !nd(str!a$s de*ands%or "ydrogen were $!*!ted to t"e re$at!+e$y s*a$$ ,(ant!t!es(sed !n oerat!ng o-y."ydrogen $a*s (sed %or ro/e#t!on(rose ) Howe+er0 "ydrogen.*an(%a#t(r!ng ro#essde+e$oed t"e $ast 12 years w"ere r!*ar!$y %or t"e (se !n"ydrogen !n a**on!a and *et"ano$ rod(#t!on )De#reas!ng#oa$ (sage #ont!n(es to %or#e "ydrogen o(t o% t"e energyse#tor0 t"e $ong ter* #"an#es %or !ts ret(rn re*a!n good as $ongas !ts ad+antages o% renewa3$e rod(#t!on and #ar3on.%reenat(re #ont!n(e to 3e de*anded ) T"e *o+e to a $arge s#a$e"ydrogen 3ased energy se#tor w!$$ a$so 3e seen as an !*ortant

ot!on w"en t"e #ontr!3(t!on 3y 4(#t(at!ng generat!one$e#tr!#!ty rod(#ers 56!nd0So$ar7 rea#"es s(#" a $e+e$ t"at t"ee$e#tr!#!ty s($y and de*and #an on$y 3e *at#"ed w!t" t"e a!do% a storage *e#"an!s*) ) Hydrogen resent$y "as t"e *ostattra#t!+e roert!es as a 8Storage 9ed!(*8 o% e$e#tr!#!ty)

INTRODUCTION


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The advantages of no pollution and reduced fuel weightare however coupled with an increase in the volumeand weight of the required fuel tank, which for small

vehicles would lead to a reduction in range andpayload. A low cost introduction and testing phase cantake place in the surroundings of conventional chemicalhydrogen production. Within the next ve to ten years,

this should lead to an economical market penetrationthat could be sustainably extended in the mediumtermwith imported hydrogen and other hydrogen sources!e.g. biomass gasication". #n $%&& rst production ofhydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis and after that in

$%'% liquefaction of hydrogen using linde process wasdone. #n $'&( rst commercial electrolysis installationwas done. #n $')* led the ignition of the rst hydrogenbomb on the bikini atoll !+A". #n $')) hydrogen wasstarted using as energy carrier medium


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HYDROGEN IS LIGHTEST AN SI9PLEST OF ALL ELE9ENTS) IT

IS FAIRLY BUT NOT E:CEPTIONALLY REACTI;E GAS) IT ENTERS

INTO CHE9ICAL CO9BINATION 6ITH 9OST OF THE ELE9ENTS

AND HYDROGEN FOR9S 9ORE CO9POUNDS THAN ANY

OTHER ELE9ENT) THE DIFFERENCE IN THE 9ASSES OF

ISOTOPES IS RELATI;ELY LARGE0 SO THAT THER9ODYNA9ICS

PROPERTIES DIFFER CONSIDERABLY) HYDROGEN GAS IS

COLOR LESS0 NON POISONOUS ODORLESS AND TASTELESS)

CONTRARY TO 9OST OTHER GASES0 THE IN;ERSION

TE9PERATURE OF HYDROGEN LIES BELO6 A9BIENT

TE9PERATURE) LI


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The chemistry of hydrogen depends mainly on three processes,

$. -oss of the valency electron to yield the hydrogen ion /

(. 0ain of an electron to form the hydride ion

1. 2ormation of an electron pair bond.

*.ydrogen is not exceptionally reactive, although hydrogen atoms

with all other elements with the exception of noble gases.).The strength of the 3 4 bond in covalent hydrides depends on

the electronegativity and si5e of the element 4.

6.The strength decreases in a group with increasing atomic number

and generally increases across any period.7.The most stable covalent bond are those formed between two

hydrogen atoms, or with hydrogen, oxygen carbon and nitrogen


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&) A99ONIA SYNTHESIS=) HYDROGEN IN REFINERY PROCESSES>) HYDROGEN IN COAL REFINE9ENT?) HYDRO PYROLYSIS)2) HYDRO GASIFICATION OF COAL)@) 9ETHANOL SYNTHESIS)1) FISCHER.TROPSCH SYNTHESIS') 9ETHANE SYNTHESIS) HYDRO FOR9ULATION OF OLEFINS

&) HYDROGEN IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS)&&) HYDROGEN IN INORGANIC SYNTHESIS&=) HYDROGEN IN 9ETALLURGY &>) HYDROGEN IN NON.FERROUS

9ETALLURGY)

USES OF HYDROGEN


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&)FOOD TO HYDROGENATE LI) AEROSPACE TO FUEL SPACECRAFT0 BUT ALSO TO PO6ER LIFE.SUPPORT SYSTE9S AND CO9PUTERS0 YIELDING DRINABLE 6ATERAS A BY.PRODUCT)

?) ELECTRONICS TO CREATE SPECIALLY CONTROLLEDAT9OSPHERES IN THE PRODUCTION OF SE9ICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS)

2) PETROLEU9 RECO;ERY AND REFINERY TO ENHANCEPERFOR9ANCE OF PETROLEU9 PRODUCTS BY RE9O;ING ORGANICSULFUR FRO9 CRUDE OIL0 AS 6ELL AS TO CON;ERT HEA;Y CRUDETO LIGHTER0 EASIER TO REFINE0 AND 9ORE 9ARETABLE PRODUCTS

INDUSTRIA USES


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&)HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY ELECTROLYSIS

ELECTROLYSIS HAS BEEN USED FOR APPRO:) & YEARS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION) THE FIRSTINSTALLATION 6AS BY NORS HYDRO IN &=1 INNOR6AY) THE ELECTION OF LARGE ELECTROLYSIS PLANT

GENERALLY DEPENDS ON THE A;AILABILITY OF CHEAPELECTRICITY FRO9 HYDRO PO6ER STATION) A TOTAL OF2 OF THE 6ORLD HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IS BY9EANS OF ELECTROLYSIS)

THE FOLLO6ING REACTION OCCURS AT THEELECTRODES

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION


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P(re water !s not s(!ta3$e as an e$e#tro$yte 3e#a(se o%!ts +ery $ow #ond(#t!+!ty) T"ere%ore a,) So$(t!on o%

otass!(* or sod!(* "ydro-!des et# are (sed) E$e#tro$ys!s $antA art %ro* t"e e$e#tro$ys!s (n!t e$e#tro$ys!s $ant#ons!sts o% n(*3er o% d!erent Insta$$at!ons) S(#" ase$e#tr!#!ty s($y water treat*ent0 e$e#tro$yte %ro*rod(#t gases )Gas (r!f#at!on and t"e !nstr(*ent andt"e #ontro$ syste* ded!#ated t"er*a$ e$e#tr!#$ants %ort"e rod(#t!on o% "ydrogen *ay 3(!$d !n t"e %(t(re)


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THE PROCESS IS CARRIED OUT BY INECTING PREHEATEDHYDROGEN0 PREHEATED O:YGEN AND STEA9 THROUGH ASPECIALLY DESIGNED BURNER INTO A CLOSED CO9BUSTION;ESSEL0 6HERE THE PARTIAL O:IDATION OCCURS AT &= J&?ᴼC0 6ITH LESS THAN STOCHIO9ETRIC O:YGEN FORCO9PLETE CO9BUSTION)

&)HEATING CRACING PHASEK THE ATO9IED HYDROGEN ISHEATED AND ;APORIED BY BAC RADIATION FRO9 THEFLA9E FRONT AND THE REACTOR 6ALLS SO9E CRACING TOCARBON0 9ETHANE AND HYDROCARBONS RADICALS OCCURSDURING THIS BRIEF PHASE)

=)REACTION PHASEK HYDROCARBONS REACT 6ITH O:YGENACCORDING TO HIGHLY E:OTHER9IC CO9BUSTION REACTIONPARTIALLY ALL OF THE A;AILABLE O:YGEN IS CONSU9ED INTHIS PHASE)

M!n"f!#t"ring of Hydrogen $y s%e&& g!sifi#!tion

pro#ess


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>) SoaMed "ase T"e fna$ "ase taMes $a#e !n t"erest o% t"e rea#tor w"ere t"e gas !s at "!g"erte*erat(re) A ort!on o% t"e #ar3on d!saears 3y

rea#t!on w!t" CO= and stea*) So*e #ar3on !s resent!n t"e rod(#t gas)

E,(!*ent art!a$ o-!dat!on e,(!*ent #ons!stsessent!a$$y o% &) Gas!f#at!on rea#tor)=) 6aste "eat e-#"anger)>) E#ono*!er "eat e-#"anger)?) Car3on re*o+a$ syste*)2) CO #on+ersat!on (n!t)@) CO= a3sor3er (n!t.


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ABSORBER BALANCE

9ATERIAL BALANCE


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#t is assumed that here that only 89( removal takes place we haveydrogen remaining constant and '): pure after the process.

At inlet of absorption coloumn we have

0as composition vol: kmol89( 11.%6 *%.)(89 $.6& (.1)( 61.71 '$.7*8* &.*( &.6&;( &.1' &.)6

Also since only carbondioxide is removed amount of hydrogen isconstant.

Therefore we have

!61.71=$&&"x!>" ?$7&1.'7 kmol=hr !amount of hydrogen to beproduced is $7&1.'7" kmol =hrof mixture?(6)&.1**(


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At inlet of absorption column we have Gas #o*os!t!on +o$ M*o$ CO= >>)@' '=)@?

CO &)@ ?=)?H= @>) &@>)21CH? )?= &&)&>N= )> &)>>

Now : *o$es o% CO= !s re*o+ed0 a$so a*o(nt o% "ydrogen !s

#onstant !s #onstantT"ere%ore2& 5&1>)17Q5&1>)17 52)>@.:7 5?=)@'7 5&&)>75&)?7 : '@1)@?M*o$

Gas #o*os!t!on +o$ M*o$CO= &)?& =?)2CO =)>' ?=)?H= 2) &@>)21CH? )@> &&)&>N= )2' &)>>


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Energy 3a$an#e %or Pre "eater

In t"!s %eed !s "eated %ro* !n!t!a$ a+a!$a3$e te*erat(reo% 2C to =2CBy stea* "eat!ng stea* !s a+a!$a3$e at @ s!g)A$so "eat trans%erred 3y stea* w!$$ 3e (sed 3y Feed gas

%or "eat!ng)

Heat re#e!+ed 3y gas n - C - T 2=)@= - ?&)12 - &@ >2>1'@&)@ "Heat s($!ed 3y stea*Let stea* 4ow rate 3e 9 g"A$so 0 9 - Vs >2>1'@&)@ "9 )?? Mgse#

Heat 3a$an#e %or waste "eat 3o!$er !s g!+en 3y

In 6)H)B gas %ro* rea#tor are #oo$ed %ro* #o$d water

ENERGY BALANCE


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Gas #o*os!t!on 5+o$77 CP5MM*o$WC7CO= ?)>= 1)CO ?@)22 >@)?>H= ?1)&2>&)1@'CH? )@&)?'N= )2@

>@)>?>H=S )'&neg$e#ted CP o% *!-t(re >2)11> MM*o$WC

Heat trans%erred 3y gas &'>=)?' - >2)11> - &2Heat taMen 3y #o$d water 9 - CP - T 9 -

6e "a+e09 - CP - T 9 - &'>=)?' - >2)11> - &2

95?)&'1 - ' ==&7 &'>=)?' ->2)11> -&29ass 4ow rate o% #o$d water =1?2) Mg" 1)2& Mgs


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9ater!a$ %or s"e$$ !s Car3on Stee$

THICNESS OF SHELLT"!#Mness o% s"e$$ tsts X D =% J #Hen#e0 ts >)2**6e taMe t"!#Mness as '** 5In#$(d!ng #orros!on a$$owan#e7

A-!a$ Stress D(e to Press(reA-!a$ stress d(e to ress(re %a%AP PZ D! ?Z 5 tS J # 7 &>)>&Z&[@ N*=

Stress due to Dead Load a7 Co*ress!+e Stress d(e to we!g"t o% s"e$$ ( to a d!stan#e :Do D! = ts=)'@ =Z=Z&[.> =)'@? *%ds \ ] ? 5 Do[= J D![= 7^s : \ ? 5 Do[= J D![= 71)1Z&>Z : N*=

9ECHANICAL DESIGN OFABSORBER


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37 Co*ress!+e stress d(e to we!g"t o% !ns($at!on at "e!g"t:Ins($ator (sed !s as3estos%d!ns \Z D!ns t!ns Z^!ns Z: \D* 5 ts J # 7

)'??Z&[> : N *=

#7 Co*ress!+e stress d(e to $!,(!d !n #o$(*n ( to "e!g"t :%d$!, X 5 \ ? 7 D!= : ^$ \ D* 5 ts J # 7 &?)'@' -& 2 N*=

Stress d(e to 6!nd

Stress d(e to w!nd !s g!+en 3y%w- 9 w 6"ere0 Bend!ng 9o*ent 9w 5)1Z wZ DoZ :[=7=

5\ ?7 ZDo[= Z5 ts J# 7Press(re d(e to w!nd w )2 - +w[=%w- &)?Z w Z:[= \ Do 5 ts J # 7 =)??Z&[>Z:[=


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DESIGN OF GASET AND BOLT SIE

@ean diameter ? 0 ? ! / fo" = ( ? 1.&) m+nder atmospheric conditions, the bolt load due to gasket reaction is

given by

Wm$ ? B b 0 >a? 67&.71C$&1 ;

After the internal pressure is applied, the bolt load is given byWm( ?B!(b" 0 C m C D / !B=*"0E( CD? %.17)C$&E) ;Folt used is hot rolled #ar3on stee$

Am$? Wm$ = fa Am( ? Wm( = fbAm$? &.&$$ m( Am(? &.&$)* m(

;umber of bolts ? mean diameter =box (.) ?(** bolts

To determine the si5e of bolts, the larger of above two areas should beconsiderediameter of bolts ?G!Am( =;umber of bolts" x !*=B"HE$=(?&.'& cm


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HEAD DESIGN FLANGED _ SHALLO6@aterial stainless steelW ? !I" G1 / ! Jc=J$"E$=(H W is $.77 Thickness of head ? th ? !p x Jc W"=!(f" th? (.&7 mmo , we can take thickness of head as that of thickness of shell NOLE THICNESS@aterial Car3on stee$tn?DCn =!( f x K 3D"tn ? &.(*

Stress d(e to dead $oadfd ? Total Weight =B s tsk? 1.*%C$&)=tsk ;=m( D(e to w!nd $oadplw ? k p$ h$ o !for eight less then (&m" for eight less then (&m

Where L is coeMcient depending on the shape factor. k?&.7 for cylindricalsurfaceplw ? k D$ h$ o ? $)1%'.'(Fending moment due to wind at the base of the vessel is determined by@w ? DlwC=(?%&&(7.)%* ; mfwb ? * x @w = Bo tsk?1)))(.7%=tsk


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Stress d(e to Se!s*!# Load-oad 2? 8W8?&.&%fsb ? ! (=1"G 8W=B !Jok"E( tskH

? (.6'C$&)=tsk ; 9a-!*(* Co*ress!+e Stress

fcmax ? ! fwb or fsb " / fdb? !77%*7.&' = tsk " ; =m(tsk ?'.(6 mm


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HYDROGEN FOR9S INFLA99ABLE AND E:PLOSI;E 9I:TURE6ITH O:YGEN AND OTHER ELE9ENTS) ;OLU9ETRIC LEAAGEOF HYDROGEN GAS 6ILL BE &)> J =)' TI9E AS LARGE ASGASEOUS 9ETHANE LEAAGE AND APPRO:I9ATED FOURTI9ES THAT OF AIR UNDER THE SA9E CONDITIONS)

FIRE HAARDS THE 9INI9U9 ENERGY FOR IGNITION OF HYDROGEN AIR9I:TURE IS E:TRE9ELY LO6) HO6E;ER THE IGNITIONENERGY INHERENT IN ;IRTUALLY E;ERY SOURCE IS 9ORETHAN SUFFICIENT FOR IGNITION OF ANY OTHER FUEL.AIR9I:TURE) HYDROGEN FLA9ES ARE NEARLY IN;ISIBLE IN DAY

LIGHT ONE OF THE 9AOR CAUSES OF INURY ANDTHEREFORE A 9AIN PARA9ETER OF FIRE DA9AGE ISCONSIDERED LESS SERIOUS IN THE CASE OF HYDROGENBECAUSE THE SOLE CO9BUSTION PRODUCT IS 6ATER ;APOR)

Po&&"tion #ontro& !nd s!fety


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E-$os!+e "aardsigh laminar burning velocity as well as the high laminar Namespeed of hydrogen makes the transition than hydrocarbons

hydrogen. Oxplosions are rated in terms of the amount of energyreleased, commonly expressed as an equivalent quantity of T;T.

Pre+ent!+e *eas(res#n safety concepts, distinction are made between primary secondaryare made between primary secondary and tertiary measures primary

safety precautions aim at the exclusion of causative risks such asleakage, formation of explosive mixtures. Tertiary measures shouldminimi5e dangerous results in case re or explosion occurs this isachieved by installation of explosion proof or explosion relief system,hydrogen process shutdown systems and suitable re extinguishingsystem.

Sa%ety reg($at!onsJegulation and standards apply for the safe production, storage andhandling of oxygen they are mostly concerned with transportation,and other operations are covered by more general regulation safetyregulation in #ndia


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T"e Pr!n#!a$ Fa#tors To Be Cons!dered Are

` Lo#at!on0 6!t" Rese#t To T"e 9arMet!ng Area)` Raw 9ater!a$ S($y)` Transort Fa#!$!t!es)` A+a!$a3!$!ty O% La3o(r)

` A+a!$a3!$!ty O% Ut!$!t!es 6ater0 F(e$0 Power)` A+a!$a3!$!ty O% S(!ta3$e Land)` En+!ron*enta$ I*a#t0 And E(ent D!sosa$)` Lo#a$ Co**(n!ty Cons!derat!ons)` C$!*ate)` Po$!t!#a$ Strateg!# Cons!derat!ons)

T"e P$ant S"o($d Be Lo#ated C$ose To T"e Pr!*ary9arMet) T"!s Cons!derat!on 6!$$ Be Less I*ortant ForLow ;o$(*e Prod(#t!on0 H!g".Pr!#ed Prod(#tsb S(#"As P"ar*a#e(t!#a$s)

LAYOUT


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PLANT LAY OUT

The economic construction and eMcient operation ofa process unit will depend on how well the plant andequipment specied on the process Now sheet is laidout. The principal factors are considered areQR Oconomic considerationsQ construction and

operating costs.R The process requirements.R 8onvenience of operation.R 8onvenience of maintenance.

ydrogen Dlant esignR afety.R 2uture expansion.R @odular construction.


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Re%eren#es

G$HhttpQ==www.sbioinformatics.com

G(HOnergy.gov=eere=fuelcells=hydrogenG1HOn.m.wikipedia.org=wiki=hydrogenG*Hwww.iea.org=publication=hydrogen

G)Hwww.altenergy.org=renewables=hydrogen
http://www.iea.org/publication/hydrogenhttp://www.altenergy.org/renewables/hydrogenhttp://www.altenergy.org/renewables/hydrogenhttp://www.iea.org/publication/hydrogen

feasibility study of production of.pptx

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