faults & topography. what’s a fault? a fault is a break in the rock that makes up the...
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![Page 1: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d3a5503460f94a14d43/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Faults & Topography
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What’s a Fault?
A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust.
The surfaces on either side of the break move past each other, becoming displaced.
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Types of Faults
Dip SlipsChange in vertical direction (up and down).
Normal Fault
Thrust Fault
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Types of Faults
Strike SlipsChange in horizontal direction (side to side).
Left-lateral
Right-lateral
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What Causes Faults?
Stresses and strains on the earth’s upper layers create breaks (faults) in the earth’s crust. These stresses are caused by things like:
• Plate boundary movements• Thermal expansion and contraction• Gravitational forces
To learn more about Plate Boundaries, click here.
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Faults Across the Globe
Faults were found near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.
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Faults Across the Globe
Faults possibly due to earthquake in 2004.
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Faults Across the Globe
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Faults Across the Globe
What kind of fault is this?
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Faults Across the Globe
San Andreas fault in California occurred as a result of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
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Topography
• Topography is the study of the earth’s surface.
• A Topographic Map is a representation of the earth’s 3-D surface on a flat piece of paper.
• Topographic Maps show important geographical features, landmarks, and land contours.
• Land contours are shown by contour lines.
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Topographic Map
• Contour lines are curves that connect congruent points of the same altitude.
• Rules of Contour Maps:– The Rule of O’s– The Spacing of Contours– The Contour Interval
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Topographic Maps
Contour Line
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Topographic Maps
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What are some major differences
between these topographic maps?
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How’s It Used?
Can you think of some ways a topographic map might be used?
Topographic Maps are used in:– Geographic Planning– Architecture– Civil Engineering– Earth Sciences– Mining– Hiking