fate of plastics in oceans 1...embritlled plastics avoid entanglement also avoids distress from...
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Fate of Plastics in OceansFate of Plastics in Oceans
Tony L. Andrady PhDResearch Triangle Institute
Durham, NC 27709
Fate of Plastics in the Oceans
Anthony L. AndradyJanuary, 2004
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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DegradationDegradation: two definitions: two definitions……..
1. Weakening of the material and disintegration into small pieces.
- end point polymer particles.
- Photodegradation – relatively quick.
2. Complete chemical breakdown of the plastic or mineralization
- Polymer + O2 CO2 + water
- Biodegradation. Very slow.
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Factors Causing Breakdown of PlasticsFactors Causing Breakdown of Plastics
UV radiation in sunlight[290-400 nm]
Slow thermal oxidation[10-20°C rise doubles rate]
HydrolysisBiodegradation
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UVUV--Induced DegradationInduced Degradation
Why it is ineffective in the ocean- available only to plastics less denser than waternot for nylons, plastics in crab pots, weighted derelict gear)
- available only prior to fouling of the surface.
- rate of breakdown increases with temperature.(significant on land but greatly reduced at sea)
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Density of Plastics Found in the OceanDensity of Plastics Found in the Ocean
Gear-related plastics- polyethylene [0.92-0.97]- polypropylene [0.91]- nylon [1.14]- polyester [1.38]
Packaging-related plastics- polyethylene, polypropylene- PVC- polyester- polystyrene (styrofoam) [<0.2]
Density of Sea Water {T, Salinity, pressure} ~ 1.025
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Measuring Disintegration by Measuring Disintegration by ““EmbrittlementEmbrittlement””
L
Extensibility = [L-Lo]/ LoLo
Plastic is said to be embrittledwhen extensibility is < 5%
Tensile strength (kg/sq.cm) is the force pre unit area at breaking point.Break
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Extensibility of Polypropylene TapeExtensibility of Polypropylene Tape
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.00
25
50
75
100
Duration of Exposure (months)
SEA
AIR
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Breakdown is Slower at SeaBreakdown is Slower at Sea
0102030405060708090
100
Polyethylenesheet
Polypropylenetape
Latex Balloons Styrofoam
6m 12m 6m 10m
Percent Change in
Extensibility
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BiofoulingBiofouling
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Density Changes Due to FoulingDensity Changes Due to Fouling
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Photodegradable SixPhotodegradable Six--pack Ringspack Rings
0 4 8 12 161
10
100
1000
IN AIR
FLOATING AT SEA
WEEKS OF EXPOSURE
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Molecular Weight at Molecular Weight at EmbrittlementEmbrittlement
Weeks Extensibility%
Mol. WeightX 1000 (g/mol)
0 775 (34) 223.0
3 54 (6) 67.3
6 46 (6) 45.1
9 24 (9%) 34.7
13 25 (4) 38.3
16 18 (3) 35.0
Embrittled
Embritlled plastics avoid entanglementAlso avoids distress from ingestionThe particles can still be ingestedResidual particles are still polymeric
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DegradationDegradation: two definitions: two definitions……..
1. Weakening of the material and disintegration into small pieces.
- The end point is polymer particles.
- Photodegradation – relatively quick.
2. Complete chemical breakdown of the plastic or mineralization
- Polymer + O2 CO2 + water
- Biodegradation. Very slow.
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Why Insist on Mineralization?Why Insist on Mineralization?
* Equitable protection of the marine ecosystem!
* Potential impact of plastics debris on the marine food web
-potential for biotransfer of toxins
-incomplete data
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Virgin Resin Pellets in the OceanVirgin Resin Pellets in the OceanMatoMato et.al., et.al., EnvEnv. . SciSci. . TechnolTechnol.,., 35, 31835, 318--324 (2001)324 (2001)
Plastic ResinFloat
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Partitioning of PollutantsPartitioning of Pollutants
Pollutant C(ng/g)
Log K’(PP/Seawater)
PCB 138,160 8.3 6.06
PCB 132, 153 7.9 6.19
PCB 187 1.8 5.73
PCB118 8.7 5.71
PCB 110, 77 11.2 5.63
PCB 105 6.0 5.77
Σ all PCB 117 5.37
DDE 3.1 5.44
Nonyl phenol 8.9 4.92
Water column
At equilibrium
Water column
Adams (2002) - PCB#52 and Pyrene
- Log K ~ 4-6 (polyethylene)
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Zooplanktons and Plastic ParticlesZooplanktons and Plastic Particles
Euphasia pacifica
Particle size can be small enough to be ingested Will they eat it?
Field study with Professor Alice Aldredge
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Polyethylene in ZooplanktonPolyethylene in Zooplankton
Plastic in Fecal PelletPlastic Particles in gut
1. Average particle size = 20 microns
2. Fresh zooplankton sample tested in a container
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Zooplankton Zooplankton Calanus pacificusCalanus pacificus
Plastic in Fecal PelletPlastic Particles in gut
1. Average particle size = 20 microns
2. Fresh zooplankton sample tested in a container
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Zooplanktons and Plastic ParticlesZooplanktons and Plastic Particles
Zooplanktons can ingest <20 micron particles.Given a choice between staple algae and plastic these showed no preference.Physiological effects of
such ingestion are not known
Field study with Professor Alice Aldredge
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Plastics in the food webPlastics in the food web
Derelict Fishing
Gear
PlasticParticlesBreakdown
PlasticParticles
+ Pollution
Pollution
Contamination
Zooplankton,Krill, Etc.
?Ingestion
A LikelyPathway
Predation
Higher Marine Animals
Bioavailability?Entry Into
Food Web
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What we need to find outWhat we need to find out
1. Rates of biodegradation of plastics after embrittlement.
2. Consequences of ingestion of small particles of plastics by zooplanktons and other invertebrates.
3. Concentration of environmental pollutants by plastics.
4. The bioavailability of toxins concentrated in plastics to the food web?