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Preface:

Today is a decade of modernization and development. Many improvements

and upgrading are being done. But there are few things that are being left behind.

Adjusting to the world fast growing, we needed to improve ourselves to acquire a

better standing in the battle field of technology. In that case, evolution to a former

and almost obsolete way of living must be promoted. Innovation is a key in success in

todays living. Letting others to improve and left yourself in your uncertain status is

not a good decision. Therefore, we are creating ways to let you experience a change

that will lead to your better living through this research. Learn the ways of the new

age.

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Table of Contents

Preface 1

Table of Contents 2

CHAPTER I:

1. Introduction1.1 Statement of the Problem 3

1.2 Current State of Technology 4

1.3 Objectives

1.31 General Objectives 5

1.32 Specific Objectives 6

1.33 Scope and Limitation 7

CHAPTER II:

Related Theories 9

CHAPTER III:

3. Propose System3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 The System 21

3.3 Theoretical Analysis 22

3.4 Summary 24

3.5 Conclusion 24

Appendices

Bibliography

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Today there are lots of advancements in the different areas of our daily lives.

There are the improvements of communication of everyone across the globe through

the use of cellular phones and internet; the up rises of different electronic gadgets that

provide multipurpose functions such as computers, iPods, PC tablets and many other

more. Despite of these advancements in this field, there are some areas where the

developments are hardly noticeable. One of these areas is the transportation.

Although there are improvements in the vehicle that we are using or riding, there is a

little improvement that you can see on our transportation system, specifically in the

way of collecting of the passengers fare on public utility buses. Although many

changes are already occurring around, the collection of passengers fare is as it is

years ago and it never change. There will be someone who is in charge of collecting it

manually and because this kind of system is done by a person we cannot erase one of

the human nature; there will always be the possibility for a human error. For an

example, the collector could possibly give a wrong change to a passenger and give a

higher amount than it should be or he/she could give a lesser than the right amount.

There is also the tendency for the collector to forget unintentionally the place where a

passenger should go, etc. . So the researchers think of a device that uses a card

(reloadable) that will be read by a machine and automatically less the amount that is

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needed for the payment for the fare from the stored inside. Through these

combinations, the researchers are looking forward for a better and much easier,

comfortable way of paying fares at public utility buses.

1.2 CURRENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY

At this moment, the project that we are aiming to create can be described by

the combine technology brought by the point-of-sale, magnetic swipe cards, and

global positioning system. The POS unit handles the sales to the consumer but it is

only one part of the entire POS system used in a retail business. Back-officecomputers typically handle other functions of the POS system such as inventory

control, receiving and transferring of products to and from other locations. Other

typical functions of a POS system are to store sales information for reporting

purposes, sales trends and cost/price/profit analysis. Customer information may be

stored for receivables management, marketing purposes and specific buying analysis.

Many retail POS systems include an accounting interface that feeds sales and cost

of goods information to independent accounting applications. A magnet stripe card is

a type card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based

magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or

magstripe, is read by physical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head.

There were a number of steps required to convert the magnetic striped media into an

industry acceptable device. A card reader is also essential in this project. This is

where we swipe our credit cards, debit cards and alike every time we consume a

product or a service. Often this are attach with barcode scanners, check stand, credit

or debit card terminals for them to operate. The circuitry to be used is like the one

used in ATM machines and of the magnetic reading head usually used in restaurants,

malls and other establishments. But in order to gain its purpose, there are other

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applications that are needed to combine to the system so it can perform its task. One

of this is the global positioning system. It is needed mainly to locate the place where

the vehicle is. This technology is now very available to everyone through the

advancement in communications. Even our cellular phones are capable of having this

kind of feature. This kind of technology is necessary for us to use because it will help

in the process of computing the distance to be travelled by a passenger that will soon

be discuss in the later part.

Today most of the malls, restaurant, and terminals around the world are using

all this kind of technology to improve the way of serving their customers in their

respective fields. Therefore, we can also used such technology and convert it to a

much suitable device programmed to what we needed for.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.31 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Everyday, when we are going somewhere, we need to ride a public vehicle

(unless you have your own car) to get to where we want to go. And every time we

ride on a public vehicle, specifically on a bus, the driver picked up passengers even

there is no vacant seat for another person. This causes that passenger to stand all

along the travel hours. As the driver repeats this, the space that should serve as path

for the passengers to go in and out is being occupied little by little by the other

passengers. Because of this, the fare collector is having his tough time collecting the

fare of each passenger because of too much crowd. Another is that sometimes the

collector forgets where you ought to take off the bus so it will pass your place and

stops far from it. This scene is inevitably seen almost anywhere

In this research, the researchers are aiming to create a machine/device that

will make it easier for the collection of fare in a public utility buses. The invention of

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this device will eliminate the problem on changing a bill given by a passenger. For an

instance, if dont know that you only have one thousand pesos on your wallet and

you took a ride on a bus, the collector will have a hard time, it will be troublesome to

get a change for that amount. But through the use of reloadable cards, that machine

will automatically less the amount that is needed to pay on the amount save on the

card when you swipe the card on the magnetic reading head. In that case, we can also

illuminate having passengers that dont pay the right amount or not paying at all. In

addition, there are times that the collector forgot one place where a passenger should

go and the passenger will need to shout PARA very loud for the driver to stop. But

before it fully stop, the place where you ought to be is so far and you need to walk.

But through the use of this, the driver will be notified by the machine where he/she

should stop next for the next passenger that will go. In this way, the passenger will be

delivered where he should be, no more no less.

1.32SPECIFIC OBJECTIVEIn order for this project to be successful, we needed to create a reloadable card

that will be used in storing the money where we will less the payment for each travel.

This card can be only used solely for the payments for the fare on a bus. But

renditions are subject for the consideration. It could be possible to make use of

existing credit/debit card for this transaction or even your ATM cards if possible. But

for those who do not have, this card will be the one you are going to use. The card

will be designed like those SIM cards of your cellular phone where it has a specific

number that you can reload on reload center. For the mean time we are planning to

have reload stations on bus terminals and sooner we will try to maximize our

potentials and make it possible to have outlets near your homes just like your cellular

phone load outlets.

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One another important thing to be considered is the identification of places

where we will put bus stops. There must be a specific waiting shed where the

passengers will be drop off. This will make it easier to mark the places in the GPS so

there must a better calculation of distance of a place to another. But we can consider

of putting a much detailed map in the internet like the one uses by the google map.

By improving those already there through adding or uploading the information, this

will be much possible to be finish.

Another is that the driver/operator should have a specific account where the

payment will be transferred. In order to create a successful transaction, there must be

a proceeding place or account where the amount that will be taken from each card

put into. In that case, the driver/operator should have their own account or joint

account where they could take and give the part for each other.

1.33 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This project studies about the possibility to create a fare swipe that will

eliminate the old way of collecting the passengers fare in a public utility buses. And

as the study go furthermore, we will be able discuss also some advantages and

disadvantages of this study if possible.

This project covers how the researchers will create a reloadable card that will

be used as the swipe card. This card will be programmed according to the

specifications needed in the project. The card that will be produce will be used solely

for this project and cannot be used in other transactions yet. But further studies will

still be conduct that will associate this project into bigger and wider used through the

coordination of other establishments and private individuals that are willing to

participate for the advancement of this project.

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This study also covers the creation of a machine that consists of a set of

buttons, reader, and a monitor. The set of button are to input some information that is

necessary for the whole system so that it can perform the task that it is intended for.

There will be a programmed code in the machine that once you press it, the machine

will identify the button and each button corresponds to a certain specification that

will be put into it.

Then there will be a reader where the card will be swipe into. This is made by

a magnetic head reader. This is also where the GPS device is attached. This will

function exactly the same with those used in today by the establishments`

Finally, this machine is attached to a mini-monitor located near the driver.

After calculating the distance and the fare that should be paid, the card will be swipe

in the machine and it has done its part. Then a notification will be post through the

monitor that says where he should stop next.

This part will be further discussed in the latter part of this study report.

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CHAPTER 2

RELATED THEORIES

This research is a test in creating a better system of transfortation specially in

the collection of passengers fare. And the following are some related theories that

can be used in the study of this project.

One of this is the card reader. In the later part, we will discuss its involvement

in the project. A card reader is a data input device that reads data from a card-shaped

storage medium. Historically, paper or cardboard punched cards were used

throughout the first several decades of the computer industry to store information

and programs for computer system, and were read by punched card readers. More

modern card readers are electronic devices that use plastic cards imprinted

with barcodes, magnetic strips, computer chips or other storage medium. Access

control card readers are used in physical security systems to read a credential that

allows access through access control points, typically a locked door. An access control

reader can be a magnetic stripe reader, a bar code reader, a proximity reader, a smart

card reader, or a biometric reader. Access control readers may be classified

by functions they are able to perform and by identification technology: A barcode is a

series of alternating dark and light stripes that are read by an optical scanner. The

organization and width of the lines is determined by the bar code protocol selected.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control#Types_of_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control#Types_of_readershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_readerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_cards

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There are many different protocols, but Code 39 is the most popular in the

security industry[citation needed]. Sometimes the digits represented by the dark and light

bars are also printed to allow people to read the number without an optical reader.

The advantage of using bar code technology is that it is cheap and easy to generate

the credential, and it can easily be applied to cards or other items. However the same

affordability and simplicity makes the technology susceptible to fraud, because fake

barcodes can also be created cheaply and easily, for example by photocopying real

ones. One attempt to reduce fraud is to print the bar code using carbon-based ink,

and then cover the bar code with a dark red overlay. The bar code can then be read

with an optical reader tuned to the infrared spectrum, but cannot easily be copied by

a copy machine. This does not address the ease with which bar code numbers can be

generated from a computer using almost any printer.

Another important theory to be discussed is the application of magnet stripe.

A magnet stripe card is a type card capable of storing data by modifying the

magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe,

sometimes called swipe card or magstripe, is read by physical contact and swiping

past a magnetic reading head. There were a number of steps required to convert the

magnetic striped media into an industry acceptable device. These steps included: 1)

Creating the international standards for stripe record content, including which

information, in what format, and using which defining codes. 2) Field testing the

proposed device and standards for market acceptance. 3) Developing the

manufacturing steps needed to mass produce the large number of cards required. 4)

Adding stripe issue and acceptance capabilities to available equipment. The process

of attaching a magnet stripe to a plastic card was by heating the magnetic tape to the

plastic card for it to stick to the card. In most magnetic stripe cards, the magnetic

stripe is contained in a plastic-like film.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_39

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The magnetic stripe is located 0.223 inches (5.56 mm) from the edge of the

card, and is 0.375 inches (9.52 mm) wide. The magnetic stripe contains three tracks,

each 0.110 inches (2.79 mm) wide. Tracks one and three are typically recorded at 210

bits per inch (8.27 bits per mm), while track two typically has a recording density of

75 bits per inch (2.95 bits per mm). Each track can either contain 7-bit alphanumeric

characters, or 5-bit numeric characters. Track 3 is virtually unused by the major

worldwide networks such as VISA, and often isn't even physically present on the

card by virtue of a narrower magnetic stripe. Point-of-sale card readers almost always

read track 1, or track 2, and sometimes both, in case one track is unreadable. The

minimum cardholder account information needed to complete a transaction is

present on both tracks. Track 1, has a higher bit density, is the only track that may

contain alphabetic text, and hence is the only track that contains the cardholder's

name.

Magstripes following these specifications can typically be read by most point-

of-sale hardware, which are simply general-purpose computers that can be

programmed to perform specific tasks. Examples of cards adhering to these

standards include ATM cards, bank cards (credit and debit cards including VISA and

MasterCard), gift cards, loyalty cards, driver's licenses, telephone cards, membership

cards, electronic benefit transfer cards (e.g. food stamps), and nearly any application

in which value or secure information is not stored on the card itself. Many video

game and amusement centers now use debit card systems based on magnetic stripe

cards. Magnetic stripe cloning can be detected by the implementation of magnetic

card reader heads and firmware that can read a signature of magnetic noise

permanently embedded in all magnetic stripes during the card production process.

This signature can be used in conjunction with common two factor authentication

schemes utilized in ATM, debit/retail point-of-sale and prepaid card applications.

Through these information above, we can create a card that could qualify to the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_salehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_salehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_cardhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bank_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterCardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterCardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISAhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bank_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_salehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_salehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISA

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requirements that will be needed for this project meet its functions. Magstripes come

in two main varieties: high-coercivity (HiCo) at 4000 Oe and low-coercivity (LoCo) at

300 Oe but it is not infrequent to have intermediate values at 2750 Oe. High-coercivity

magstripes are harder to erase, and therefore are appropriate for cards that are

frequently used or that need to have a long life.

Low-coercivity magstripes require a lower amount of magnetic energy to

record, and hence the card writers are much cheaper than machines which are

capable of recording high-coercivity magstripes. A card reader can read either type of

magstripe, and a high-coercivity card writer may write both high and low-coercivity

cards (most have two settings, but writing a LoCo card in HiCo may sometimes

work), while a low-coercivity card writer may write only low-coercivity cards.

As told earlier, we are going to create a reloadable card that will be used in

this project. Knowing the theories behind smart cards will help the researchers in

creating a effective reloadable cards. There are two types of smart cards: contact and

contactless. Both have an embedded microprocessor and memory. The smart card

differs from the card typically called a proximity card in that the microchip in the

proximity card has only one function: to provide the reader with the card's

identification number. The processor on the smart card has an embedded operating

system and can handle multiple applications such as a cash card, a pre-paid

membership card, and even an access control card. The difference between the two

types of smart cards is found in the manner with which the microprocessor on the

card communicates with the outside world. A contact smart card has eight contacts,

which must physically touch contacts on the reader to convey information between

them. Since contact cards must be inserted into readers carefully in the proper

orientation, the speed and convenience of such transaction is not acceptable for most

access control applications. The use of contact smart cards as physical access control

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerstedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerstedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerstedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerstedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercivity

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is limited mostly to parking applications when payment data is stored in card

memory, and when the speed of transactions is not as important.

A contactless smart card uses the same radio-based technology as the

proximity card, with the exception of the frequency band used: it uses a higher

frequency (13.56 MHz instead of 125 kHz), which allows the transfer of more data,

and communication with several cards at the same time. A contactless card does not

have to touch the reader or even be taken out from a wallet or purse. Most access

control systems only read serial numbers of contactless smart cards and do not utilize

the available memory. Card memory may be used for storing biometric data (i.e.

fingerprint template) of a user. In such case a biometric reader first reads the template

on the card and then compares it to the finger (hand, eye, etc.) presented by the user.

This way biometric data of users does not have to be distributed and stored in the

memory of controllers or readers, which simplifies the system and reduces memory

requirements. Smart cards are a newer generation of card containing an integrated

circuit chip. The card may have metal contacts connecting the card physically to the

reader, while contactless cards use a magnetic field or radio frequency (RFID) for

proximity reading. Hybrid smart cards include a magnetic stripe in addition to the

chip this is most commonly found in a payment card, so that the cards are also

compatible with payment terminals that do not include a smart card reader. Cards

with all three features: magnetic stripe, smart card chip, and RFID chip are also

becoming common as more activities require the use of such cards. Making the card

is the very first stage in further completion of the whole system.

Another vital point in this research is the point of sale machines. Point of

sale (POS) or checkout is the location where a transaction occurs. A "checkout" refers

to a POS terminal or more generally to the hardware and software used for

checkouts, the equivalent of an electronic cash register. A POS terminal manages the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cards

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selling process by a salesperson accessible interface. The same system allows the

creation and printing of the receipt.Vendors and retailers are working to standardizedevelopment of computerized POS systems and simplify interconnecting POS

devices. Two such initiatives are OPOS and JavaPOS, both of which conform to

the UnifiedPOS standard led by The National Retail Foundation. OPOS (OLE for

POS) was the first commonly-adopted standard and was created by Microsoft, NCR

Corporation, Epson and Fujitsu-ICL. OPOS is a COM-based interface compatible with

all COM-enabled programming languages for Microsoft Windows. OPOS was first

released in 1996.

JavaPOS was developed by Sun Microsystems, IBM, and NCR Corporation in

1997 and first released in 1999. JavaPOS is for Java what OPOS is for Windows, and

thus largely platform independent. A Retail Point of Sales system typically includes a

computer, monitor, cash drawer, receipt printer, customer display and a barcode

scanner, and the majority of retail POS systems also include a debit/credit card

reader. It can also include a weight scale, integrated credit card processing system, a

signature capture device and a customer pin pad device. More and more POS

monitors use touch-screen technology for ease of use and a computer is built in to the

monitor chassis for what is referred to as an all-in-one unit. All-in-one POS units

liberate counter space for the retailer. The POS system software can typically handle a

myriad of customer based functions such as sales, returns, exchanges, layaways, gift

cards, gift registries, customer loyalty programs, BOGOF (buy one get one free),

quantity discounts and much more. POS software can also allow for functions such as

pre-planned promotional sales, manufacturer coupon validation, foreign currency

handling and multiple payment types.

The POS unit handles the sales to the consumer but it is only one part of the

entire POS system used in a retail business. Back-office computers typically handle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaPOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnifiedPOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_linking_and_embeddinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_object_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_object_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_linking_and_embeddinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnifiedPOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaPOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipt

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other functions of the POS system such as inventory control, purchasing, receiving

and transferring of products to and from other locations. Other typical functions of a

POS system are to store sales information for reporting purposes, sales trends and

cost/price/profit analysis. Customer information may be stored for receivables

management, marketing purposes and specific buying analysis. Many retail POS

systems include an accounting interface that feeds sales and cost of goods

information to independent accounting applications.

POS systems are often designed for a variety of clients, and can be

programmed by the end users to suit their needs. Some large clients write their own

specifications for vendors to implement. In some cases, POS systems are sold and

supported by third party distributors, while in other cases they are sold and

supported directly by the vendor.

In determining the location of the bus the global positioning system is the one

responsible in making it successful. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-

based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all

weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight

to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and

is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS program provides critical

capabilities to civil and commercial users around the world. In addition, the GPS

project was developed to overcome the limitations of the previous navigation

systems.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a location system based on a

constellation of about 24 satellites orbiting the earth at altitudes of approximately

11,000 miles. GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense (DOD),

for its tremendous application as a military locating utility. The DOD's investment in

GPS is immense. Billions and billions of dollars have been invested in creating this

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technology for military uses. However, over the past several years, GPS has proven to

be a useful tool in non-military mapping applications as well.

GPS satellites are orbited high enough to avoid the problems associated with

land based systems, yet can provide accurate positioning 24 hours a day, anywhere in

the world. Uncorrected positions determined from GPS satellite signals produce

accuracies in the range of 50 to 100 meters. When using a technique called differential

correction, users can get positions accurate to within 5 meters or less.

Today, many industries are leveraging off the DOD's massive undertaking. As

GPS units are becoming smaller and less expensive, there are an expanding number

of applications for GPS. In transportation applications, GPS assists pilots and drivers

in pinpointing their locations and avoiding collisions. Farmers can use GPS to guide

equipment and control accurate distribution of fertilizers and other chemicals.

Recreationally, GPS is used for providing accurate locations and as a navigation tool

for hikers, hunters and boaters.

Many would argue that GPS has found its greatest utility in the field of

Geographic Information Systems (GIS). With some consideration for error, GPS can

provide any point on earth with a unique address (its precise location). A GIS is

basically a descriptive database of the earth (or a specific part of the earth). GPS tells

you that you are at point X,Y,Z while GIS tells you that X,Y,Z is an oak tree, or a spot

in a stream with a pH level of 5.4. GPS tells us the "where". GIS tells us the "what".

GPS/GIS is reshaping the way we locate, organize, analyze and map our resources.

In a nutshell, GPS is based on satellite ranging - calculating the distances

between the receiver and the position of 3 or more satellites (4 or more if elevation is

desired) and then applying some good old mathematics. Assuming the positions of

the satellites are known, the location of the receiver can be calculated by determining

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the distance from each of the satellites to the receiver. GPS takes these 3 or more

known references and measured distances and "triangulates" an additional position.

As an example, assume that I have asked you to find me at a stationary

position based upon a few clues which I am willing to give you. First, I tell you that I

am exactly 10 miles away from your house. You would know I am somewhere on the

perimeter of a sphere that has an origin as your house and a radius of 10 miles. With

this information alone, you would have a difficult time to find me since there are an

infinite number of locations on the perimeter of that sphere.

Second, I tell you that I am also exactly 12 miles away from the ABC Grocery

Store. Now you can define a second sphere with its origin at the store and a radius of

12 miles. You know that I am located somewhere in the space where the perimeters of

these two spheres intersect - but there are still many possibilities to define my

location.

Adding additional spheres will further reduce the number of possible

locations. In fact, a third origin and distance (I tell you am 8 miles away from the City

Clock) narrows my position down to just 2 points. By adding one more sphere, you

can pinpoint my exact location. Actually, the 4th sphere may not be necessary. One of

the possibilities may not make sense, and therefore can be eliminated. For example, if

you know I am above sea level, you can reject a point that has negative elevation.

Mathematics and computers allow us to determine the correct point with only 3

satellites.

GPS receivers require a line of sight to the satellites in order to obtain a signal

representative of the true distance from the satellite to the receiver. Therefore, any

object in the path of the signal has the potential to interfere with the reception of that

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signal. Objects which can block a GPS signal include tree canopy, buildings and

terrain features.

Further, reflective surfaces can cause the GPS signals to bounce before

arriving at a receiver, thus causing an error in the distance calculation. This problem,

known as multipath, can be caused by a variety of materials including water, glass

and metal. The water contained in the leaves of vegatation can produce multipath

error. In some instances, operating under heavy, wet forest canopy can degrade the

ability of a GPS receiver to track satellites.

There are several data collection techniques which can mitigate the effects of

signal blockage by tree canopy or other objects. For example, many GPS receivers can

be instructed to track only the highest satellites in the sky, as opposed to those

satellites which provide the best DOP. Increasing the elevation of the GPS antenna

can also dramatically increase the ability of the receiver to track satellites.

Unfortunately, there will be locations where GPS signals simply are not

available due to obstruction. In these cases, there are additional techniques which can

help to solve the problem. Some GPS receivers have the ability to collect an offset

point, which involves recording a GPS position at a location where GPS signals are

available while also recording the distance, bearing and slope from the GPS antenna

to the position of interest where the GPS signals are not available. This technique is

useful for avoiding a dense timber stand or building.

Further, a traditional traverse program can be used to manually enter a series

of bearings and ranges to generate positions until satellite signals can again be

received. This position data can then be used to augment position data collected with

the GPS receiver.

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As discussed above, there are several external sources which introduce errors

into a GPS position. While the errors discussed above always affect accuracy, another

major factor in determining positional accuracy is the alignment, or geometry, of the

group of satellites (constellation) from which signals are being received. The

geometry of the constellation is evaluated for several factors, all of which fall into the

category of Dilution of Precision, or DOP.

DOP is an indicator of the quality of the geometry of the satellite constellation.

Your computed position can vary depending on which satellites you use for the

measurement. Different satellite geometries can magnify or lessen the errors in the

error budget described above. A greater angle between the satellites lowers the DOP,

and provides a better measurement. A higher DOP indicates poor satellite geometry,

and an inferior measurement configuration. Some GPS receivers can analyze the

positions of the satellites available, based upon the almanac, and choose those

satellites with the best geometry in order to make the DOP as low as possible.

Another important GPS receiver feature is to be able to ignore or eliminate GPS

readings with DOP values that exceed user-defined limits. Other GPS receivers may

have the ability to use all of the satellites in view, thus minimizing the DOP as much

as possible.

A GPS navigation device is any device that receives Global Positioning

System (GPS) signals for the purpose of determining the device's current location on

Earth. GPS devices provide latitude and longitude information, and some may also

calculate altitude, although this is not considered sufficiently accurate or

continuously available enough (due to the possibility of signal blockage and other

factors) to rely on exclusively to pilot aircraft. GPS devices are used in military,

aviation, marine and consumer product applications.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

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GPS devices may also have additional capabilities such as containing maps,

which may be displayed in human readable format via text or in a graphical format,

providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or

speechproviding directions directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic

probe, providing information on traffic conditions (either via historical or , real time

data) and suggesting alternative directions, providing information on nearby

amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, etc.

In other words, all GPS devices can answer the question "Where am I?", and

may also be able to answer: which roads or paths are available to me now? Which

roads or paths should I take in order to get to my desired destination? If some roads

are usually busy at this time or are busy right now, what would be a better route to

take? Where can I get something to eat nearby or where can I get fuel for my vehicle?

Dedicated devices have various degrees of mobility. Hand-held, outdoor,

or sport receivers have replaceable batteries that can run them for several hours,

making them suitable for hiking, bicycle touring and other activities far from an

electric power source. Their screens are small, and some do not show color, in part to

save power. Cases are rugged and some are water resistant.

Other receivers, often called mobile are intended primarily for use in a car, but

have a small rechargeable internal battery that can power them for an hour or two

away from the car. Special purpose devices for use in a car may be permanently

installed and depend entirely on the automotive electrical system.

The pre-installed embedded software of early receivers did not display maps;

21st century ones commonly show interactive street maps (of certain regions) that

may also show points of interest, route information and step-by-step routing

directions, often in spoken form with a feature called "text to speech".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_touringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_to_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_to_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_touringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_car

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CHAPTER 3

PROPOSE SYSTEM

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This system is created mainly to make it easier for the collection of the

passengers fare. Instead of a man that will collect the money, the transaction will be

done automatically through electronic transfer. The system that will be used in this

project is just like the system used in the banking, ATM machines and those in the

restaurants and malls. This will help the owner of the bus to have a record of his

income through storing every transaction in the device. Aside from that, it will make

it much easier and convenient to the passengers to have a card that will be used as an

replace to the manual paying of fares.

In order to accomplish the above mentioned objectives, we are going to use a

magnetic reading head that will be is improved by attaching a global positioning

device in its circuit. This device will serve as a tracking device that will be used to

locate the place of the bus. In that circuit there will be a code that will be used as the

program that will compute the total distance to be travel by a passenger by using the

global positioning system and then it will compute the fare amount to be paid.

Finally, in order for a passenger to pay for his/her fare is to have a card created solely

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for this device. This card is going to be a reloadable card that can be reloaded as

much as you want to make sure that you have enough money stacked inside it. So

make sure that the card is not empty before tying to take a bus.

3.2 THE SYSTEM

The system is first, composed of a reader and a card. The reader (magnetic

reading head) will be the kind of that being used in restaurants, malls, and other like

establishments. It will also work the same as it is. Once you swipe the card into the

reader, the amount of fare will be automatically taken out and transfer to the drivers

account. But before that, we will discuss first how the circuit will know or how it will

calculate the fare of a certain passenger.

There will be a global positioning device that will be attached to the circuit of

the reader. This GPS will tell where the bus is at a certain time. Once a passenger

enters the bus at a certain location, the GPS will locate where it is. There will be a

button for REGULAR fare and for DISCOUNTED fare. Then the initial point of

the passenger will be indicated by the GPS and the final point where he/she will stop

will be chosen from a button with number designating the place. The numbers on the

button are already programmed in the circuit so that once it is chosen the device will

immediately compute the distance will be consumed by the input places. Once the

distance is computed, the result will be compared to the built in fare matrix in the

circuit so that it will tell the amount of fare to be paid by the passenger.

3.3 THEORITICAL ANALYSIS

This experiment is created to replace the old system of the payment of fare.

And this are some reasons why we needed to change the old system by this new and

much advance way of doing the work. For an operator of a bus, you may not be sure

the collector will be truthful to his job. There are times that human do things that

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violates his will because of problem he faces. Therefore, there are times that they may

not do their duty. You may be surprised to discover that you actually run two

businesses: one when you're there and its evil twin when you don't happen to be

around. Many operations suffer in employee efficiency and customer service when

the boss is away and in your case, it is much possible because you are not with them

during the whole travel time. Automating a host of functions via this device can help

boost those areas, no matter where the head honcho happens to be.

Another one is that the efficiency of the driver in monitoring the places where

he will stop will be much better due to the on time posting of the next stop in the

screen of the built monitor. By just looking at that monitor the will know what they

need to do. And also, the elimination of extra laborer will be promoted and the

operator will have much more income. The travelling system will be organized well

because there will be placed an allotted unloading places that will be included in the

GPS mapping system.

But how can we make sure of the effectivity of the whole device?

Through GPS satellites are orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 11,000 miles.

The DOD can predict the paths of the satellites vs. time with great accuracy.

Furthermore, the satellites can be periodically adjusted by huge land-based radar

systems. Therefore, the orbits, and thus the locations of the satellites, are known in

advance. Today's GPS receivers store this orbit information for all of the GPS

satellites in what is known as an almanac. Think of the almanac as a "bus schedule"

advising you of where each satellite will be at a particular time. Each GPS satellite

continually broadcasts the almanac. Your GPS receiver will automatically collect this

information and store it for future reference.

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The Department of Defense (US) constantly monitors the orbit of the satellites

looking for deviations from predicted values. Any deviations (caused by natural

atmospheric phenomenon such as gravity), are known as ephemeriserrors. When

ephemeris errors are determined to exist for a satellite, the errors are sent back up to

that satellite, which in turn broadcasts the errors as part of the standard message,

supplying this information to the GPS receivers.

By using the information from the almanac in conjunction with the ephemeris

error data, the position of a GPS satellite can be very precisely determined for a given

time.

3.4 SUMMARY

In this study, we tried to create a reloadable card that will be used as the

swipe card that is programmed according to the specifications needed in the project

and it will be used solely for this project and not for any other transactions. But still

we dont erase the further studies that will associate this card into bigger and wider

used through the combined account of willing participants. We also create a machine

that consists of a set of buttons, reader, and a monitor. The set of button are to input

some information that is necessary for the whole system so that it can perform the

task that it is intended for. There will be a programmed code in the machine that once

you press it, the machine will identify the button and each button corresponds to a

certain specification that will be put into it.

Finally, this machine is attached to a mini-monitor located near the driver.

After calculating the distance and the fare that should be paid, the card will be swipe

in the machine and it has done its part. Then a notification will be post through the

monitor that says where he should stop next.

3.5 CONCLUSION

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In this report, the researchers had concluded that it is possible to create a

device that will generate as a FARE COLLECTOR. After this discovery, we can

create a much better and much efficient kind of fare collection than before. It will also

help the bus operators to have a track on the records of the income. It will also

generate a better and faster way of paying for the passengers.

Appendices

GPS Tracking

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GPS Locating

GPS Devices

Transceiver

Bibliography

Book References:

Wuorio, Jeff, Introduction to the Global Positioning System for GIS and

TRAVERSE, 1000 AE Armsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V., 2006

Pratap, Misra, et al, Global Positioning System: Signal, Measurements and

Performances, The McGraw-Hill, Inc, 2004

The Small Business Depot, Point-of-Sale: A Beginners Guide to a Computerized

POS Software, Bars & Stripes, revised 2005

Electronic References:

Magnetic stripe card,http://wikepedia/magnetic-stripe-card

http://wikepedia/magnetic-stripe-cardhttp://wikepedia/magnetic-stripe-cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GPS_Receivers_2007.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GPS_Receivers_2007.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpghttp://wikepedia/magnetic-stripe-card

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Card Reader,http://wikepedia/cardreader

GPS Navigational Devices, http://gps-navigations

http://wikepedia/cardreaderhttp://wikepedia/cardreaderhttp://wikepedia/cardreader