fao final june3 no cover · average daily dietary energy consumption of a filipino was 1940 kcal....

BATAN ES

CEBU

BOHOL

N

Region I-Ilocos(Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,La Union, Pangasinan)

Region II-Cagayan Valley

(Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino)

CordilleraAdministrative Region (CAR)

(Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga,

Mt. Province)

Region III-Central Luzon(Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,

Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales)

National CapitalRegion (NCR)Manila - Capital

Quezon City, Pasay City,Caloocan City, Makati City

Mandaluyong CityMuntinlupa City,Parañaque City,Las Piñas City, Marikina City,

Valenzuela City, Pasig CityMalabon City, Navotas,

Taguig, San Juan, Pateros

Region IVB-MIMAROPA

(Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro,

Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon)

Region VI-WesternVisayas

(Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo,Guimaras, Negros Occidental)

Region IX-Zamboanga Peninsula (Basilan, Zamboanga del Norte,

Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay)

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) (Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-tawi)

Region X-Northern Mindanao

(Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte,

Misamis Occidental,Misamis Oriental)

Region XIII- Caraga(Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surgao del Sur)

Region VIII-Eastern Visayas (Eastern Samar, Leyte,

Biliran, Northern Samar,Samar, Southern Leyte)

PHILIPPIN

E SEASO

UT H

CH

I NA

S EA

LUZ O

N S

E A

L U Z O N S T R A I T

Region VII- Central Visayas(Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental,

Siquijor)

Region XII-Central Mindanao

(Cotabato, South Cotabato,Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat)

SIBUYAN SEA

VISAYAN SEA

CAMOTES SEA

S U L U S E A

BOHOL SEA

M O R O G U L F

BABUYAN CHANNEL

D A V A O GULF

Region IVA-CALABARZON(Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon Rizal)

Region XI - Davao(Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur,

Davao Oriental, Compostela Valley)

Region V- Bicol(Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,

Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon)

BATAN ES

CEBU

BOHOL

NN

Region I-Ilocos(Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,La Union, Pangasinan)

Region II-Cagayan Valley

(Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino)

CordilleraAdministrative Region (CAR)

(Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga,

Mt. Province)

Region III-Central Luzon(Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,

Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales)

National CapitalRegion (NCR)Manila - Capital

Quezon City, Pasay City,Caloocan City, Makati City

Mandaluyong CityMuntinlupa City,Parañaque City,Las Piñas City, Marikina City,

Valenzuela City, Pasig CityMalabon City, Navotas,

Taguig, San Juan, Pateros

Region IVB-MIMAROPA

(Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro,

Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon)

Region VI-WesternVisayas

(Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo,Guimaras, Negros Occidental)

Region IX-Zamboanga Peninsula (Basilan, Zamboanga del Norte,

Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay)

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) (Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-tawi)







Region XIII- Caraga(Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surgao del Sur)





PHILIPPIN

E SEASO

UT H

CH

I NA

S EA

LUZ O

N S

E A

L U Z O N S T R A I T

Region VII- Central Visayas(Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental,

Siquijor)

Region XII-Central Mindanao

(Cotabato, South Cotabato,Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat)

SIBUYAN SEA

VISAYAN SEA

CAMOTES SEA

S U L U S E A

BOHOL SEA

M O R O G U L F

BABUYAN CHANNEL

D A V A O GULF

Region IVA-CALABARZON(Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon Rizal)





Region V- Bicol(Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,

Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon)

Republic of the Philippines National Statistics Office

PHILIPPINE MAP

Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 2 Derived from the 2003 Philippine Family Income and Expenditure Survey

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study introduces some concepts and methodological procedures for deriving food consumption and security statistics using data collected from the 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES). It presents results on the prevalence of food deprivation (hunger) and other food security statistics for the purpose of analyzing food security situation of the country at national and sub national levels. The 2003 FIES data file with food data was used as input in the statistical program on Food Security Statistics Module (FSSM) developed and provided by the Statistics Division of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for the preparation, processing, analysis and report writing of food security situation in Philippines. The 2003 FIES collected food data information from 42,094 families who were successfully interviewed during two visits. The FIES required families to report the monetary values of food consumed as well as the corresponding food quantities. The results of this study indicate that about two in five Filipinos (39 percent) did not consume the daily minimum dietary energy requirement of about 1711 kcal per person. The average daily dietary energy consumption of a Filipino was 1940 kcal. The dietary energy unit value from consumed food at country level was estimated at P15.90 for every 1000 kcal, while the balanced-energy unit value by the lowest income quintile was estimated at P11.90 for every 1000 balanced-kcal. For every P100 consumed by a Filipino family, about P46.50 was used for food. Of the total amount for food, the biggest share went to food purchases eaten at home (76 percent). About 17 percent was for food eaten away from home, while other sources (including those given in kind) recorded a share of seven percent. On the average, a typical Filipino diet provided 358 grams of carbohydrates, 54 grams of protein and 33 grams of fats daily. The dietary pattern of Filipinos was characterized by a diet with strong reliance on rice, fish and vegetables. Cereals, including rice, contained the highest concentration of carbohydrates (73 percent), energy (63 percent) and protein (52 percent). Inequality on access to food as measured by the gini coefficient of food consumption in terms of energy consumption was recorded at 12 percent. In terms of monetary value, it was recorded at 27 percent which is more than twice than the gini of energy due to higher variability in food prices. The gini of income (43 percent) was higher than that of the gini of total consumption (37 percent). The study showed that the food consumption data collected in the FIES can be properly analyzed with other available household data and provide a wide variety of food security indicators useful for food policy actions. The FAO methodological procedures for the assessment of food deprivation at national and sub national levels contained in the FSSM proved to be convenient in producing useful food security data.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

LIST OF FIGURES/LIST OF TEXTUAL TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

LIST OF STATISTICAL TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

II. THE FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A. Scope and Purpose of the Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 B. Sampling Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C. Survey Operations and Main Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 D. FIES Food Data File and their Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

III. FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 A. Magnitude of Food Deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 B. Depth of Hunger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 C. Critical Food Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 D. Food Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

D1. Dietary Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 D2. Dietary Energy Unit Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 D3. Monetary Value of Food Consumed and Share of Food

Consumption in Total Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 D4. Share of Food Consumption from Different Sources

in Total Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

E. Diet Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 F. Inequality in Income and Food Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

F1. Inequality in Access to Food and Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 F2. Food Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

IV. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

V. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

VI. GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28


ANNEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

A. Sampling Design of the 2003 FIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 B. Deriving Estimates from Available FIES Data Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 C. Items in Pieces and in Bundles and their Equivalent Weight

in Grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36 D. Items Contained in the Variable Total Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 E. Regrouping of 17 Regions to Eight Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 F. Regrouping of Major Occupation Groups

and Major Industry Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

STATISTICAL TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40


LIST OF FIGURES/LIST OF TEXTUAL TABLES

Figure No. Title Page

No.

1 Proportion of Food Deprivation in Total Population, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

2 Food Deprivation by Household Size, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Depth of Hunger, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 Critical Food Poverty by Educational Attainment of Family Head, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

5 Critical Food Poverty by Selected Groupings, Philippines: 2003 . . . 17

6 Average Dietary Energy Consumption by Income Quintile, Philippines: 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

7 Average Dietary Energy Unit Value by Income Quintile, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

8 Share of Food Monetary Value to Total Consumption by Educational Attainment of Family Head, Philippines: 2003. . . . . .

20

9 Share of Dietary Energy Consumption by Food Sources, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

10 Energy, Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats Consumption in Total Nutrient Consumption by Item Group, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . .

23

11 GINI of Income – FULL by Selected Groupings, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

Textual Table No.

Title Page No.

A Severity of Undernourishment According to the Level of Food Deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

B Total Food Consumption by Food Groups, Philippines: 2003 . . . . . 22


LIST OF STATISTICAL TABLES

Table No. Title Page

No.

1 Food Deprivation by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . 40

2 Indicators on Hunger by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . 41

3 Number of Sampled Households, Average Dietary Energy Consumption and Average Monetary Value of Food Consumed by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42 4 Share of Food Consumption to Total Consumption

in Monetary Value and by Food Sources and by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 5 Share of Food Consumption to Total Consumption by Food

Sources and by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

6 Food Consumption in Monetary and Nutrient Values by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

7 Total Energy and Macro Nutrients by Item Group: 2003 . . . . . . . . . 46

8 Energy, Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats Consumption in Total Nutrients Consumption by Item Group: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . .

47

9 Inequality Measures: Income, Food and Total Consumption – Coefficient of Variation by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . .

48

10 Inequality Measures: Income, Food and Total Consumption – Gini Coefficients (Log Normal Assumption) by Categories and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49 11 Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income by Categories

and Groupings: 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50


I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The National Statistics Office (NSO) is the primary statistical arm of the Philippine government by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 591. It is responsible for the collection and dissemination of statistical data. NSO aims to provide timely, accurate and reliable information as bases for plans, policies and decisions and as inputs to academic pursuits, researches and development projects of the country. The NSO continues to provide information derived from the results of household and establishment censuses and surveys. In the area of food consumption and expenditures, NSO has been collecting food data through the FIES. These food consumptions were basically collected in monetary terms, although quantities were also collected simultaneously. Processing of data has been focused mainly on food monetary value. The NSO, in coordination with FAO carried out the project Food Consumption Statistics Derived from Household Surveys. The project introduced concepts and methodological procedures to maximize the use of available food consumption data from the FIES for the purpose of estimating food security statistics at national and sub national levels to better identify and locate the food insecure population groups. FAO Statistics Division provided the statistical programs for the processing, analysis and report writing which were included in the FSSM program module they developed. Applying the guidelines set by FAO, a comprehensive food data file was prepared together with other relevant information collected from the 2003 Philippine FIES. In addition, the macronutrients conversion factors for the FIES food items were prepared from the Philippines Food Composition Table. The generated food and related data files were used as input to run the statistical programs on the FSSM which produced a suite of food security statistics including the MDG indicator 5 on the prevalence of undernourishment.

II. THE FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY

A. Scope and Purpose of the Survey

As of 2006, the FIES has been conducted in the Philippines 14 times since 1957. The FIES is the major source of both food and non-food data on family consumption with the food items being the major component. The FIES is conducted every three years and has the following objectives:

a) provide data on family income and family living expenditure levels and patterns,

b) determine sources of income and income distribution, levels of living and spending patterns, and the degree of inequality among families,


c) provide benchmark information to update weights in the estimation of consumer price index (CPI), and

d) provide inputs in the estimation of the country’s poverty threshold and incidence.

With these objectives, priority is given to processing the monetary values collected from the FIES. The survey involved the interview of a national sample of about 51,000 sample households deemed sufficient to provide reliable estimates of income and expenditure at the national and regional level. The sample households covered in the survey were the same households interviewed in the July 2003 and January 2004 rounds of the Labor Force Survey (LFS). The reporting unit was the household which implied that the statistics emanating from this survey referred to the characteristics of the population residing in private households. Institutional population is not within the scope of the survey. The data collection for the 2006 FIES has recently been completed in January 2007 and data processing is currently being undertaken. For the purpose of this project, the data file of the 2003 FIES results was used to run the FAO FSSM. Hence, analysis on food security was based on the results of the 2003 FIES.

B. Sampling Design

The 2003 FIES used the sampling design of the 2003 Master Sample (MS) for household surveys. A detailed discussion of the 2003 MS is included in Annex A.

C. Survey Operations and Main Contents Starting 2003, FIES adopted a new questionnaire design wherein separate questionnaire with the same sets of questions for both visits were used. Previously, FIES adopted the “shuttle type” of data collection, that is, the samples were interviewed in two separate operations using the same questionnaire. Basically, the first phase of survey operation was conducted in July of the survey year and data gathered were for the period covering the first of January to the 30th of June 2003. The second operation was conducted in January 2004 and gathered information for the period covering the first of July to 31st of December 2003. The method of two visits minimized memory bias of respondents and captured the seasonality of income and expenditure patterns. The concept of “average week” consumption for all food items was utilized in order to further reduce memory bias. Moreover, the reference period for Fuel, Light and Water, Transportation and Communication, Household Operations and Personal Care and Effects were not limited only to the “past month” but in some specified


cases the concept of “average month” consumption was used. For all other expenditure groups, the “past six months” was used as reference period. Data gathered in the survey include sources of income in cash and in kind and the level of consumption by item of expenditure. Related information such as family size, number of family members employed for pay or profit (wage/salary or own-account workers), occupation, age and educational attainment of household head, and housing characteristics were also included. Nationwide processing of food quantities from FIES started with the 2000 FIES. Before that, food quantities from the 1997 FIES from four regions namely, National Capital Region, Cordillera Administrative Region, Eastern Visayas and Western Mindanao, were initially processed using food prices to determine its usefulness in analyzing food consumption. Since then, several studies have been conducted using these processed food quantities. In 2002, the 2000 Philippine FIES processed food quantities were used as one of the inputs on food security analysis at the 2002 National Demonstration Center in Bangkok conducted by FAO to demonstrate the methodology and procedures for measuring food deprivation.

D. FIES Food Data File and their Limitations

The 2003 FIES data file contained food data items from 42,094 families who were successfully interviewed during the two visits. The food data file originally contained only the food monetary values which were captured as to meet the FIES objectives. The corresponding food quantity values, although electronically entered simultaneously with the monetary values, were processed only after completing the consistency checks of the food monetary items. The food data file with quantity was completed in May 2005. With the FAO project, further editing and consistency checks were extensively made on the food details in terms of units of quantity measurement, monetary values and calorie content to fit the data file format required to process data using the FAO FSSM. The FIES contained only the aggregate quantities of food consumed by the families for both purchases and in kind, since during the interviews the families were required only to report the total for the quantity; while separate monetary values of food consumed for purchases and in kind were reported. To estimate the quantities of food purchased and those received in kind from the available food monetary value, the FAO suggested methodology was used as indicated in Annex B. The food items “Prepared Meals Bought Outside and Eaten at Home” and “Food Regularly Consumed Outside the Home” have no corresponding quantities, hence nutrient estimates were derived using the nutrient unit monetary values estimated at family level.


The quantities of several food items (as listed in Annex C) were indicated as pieces and bundles. Standard measures were set to convert these to their equivalent in grams. The file format of FSSM caters to four food sources, these were (1) purchases, (2) own production, (3) from other sources, and (4) bought and consumed away from home. Food items that did not have any quantity value were merged with food items having code “(4) bought and consumed away from home” for the estimation of the nutrients equivalent. No food items were recorded as code “(2) own production” since the values cannot be specifically separated from the original FIES food data file. Food macro nutrient conversion values from the 1997 Philippine Food Composition Table (FCT) prepared by the Philippine Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) were used and complemented with the ASEAN FCT for other FIES food items not present in the Philippine FCT. During the consistency checks of calories derived from food quantities from the FIES original food data file, it was found that based on FAO standard, about 388 records showed aggregate food consumption, particularly cereals (rice & corn), exceeding 3000 calories per person per day. For these cases, the food consumption quantities were imputed to reflect more valid consumption. The FIES data file contained the total family expenditure but not the total family consumption expenditure. Since the FAO FSSM required total family consumption expenditure, it was necessary to subtract the family non-consumption expenses from the total expenditure. The non-consumption expenses included taxes, gifts and contributions to others, other expenditures such as life insurance and retirement premiums, and interest payments on loans among others. Items contained in the family total consumption are enumerated in Annex D. The data for the Philippine FIES was grouped into 17 regional geographic units. Regrouping was done as indicated in Annex E. Further to geographic grouping, there was no breakdown of urban-rural in the sampling design used for the 2003 FIES. Hence no analysis was done for urban-rural. The Philippine FIES followed the 1994 Philippine Standard Industry Classification to classify the family industry/ies, with 17 major industry divisions. The occupation was based on the 1992 Philippine Standard Occupation Classification with 10 major occupation codes. Regroupings are indicated in Annex F. Other demographic and functional population groupings such as age, gender and educational attainment of head of family together with the family size were likewise included in the data file, hence analysis were made on these.


III. FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

This report highlights the assessment of food security situation in the Philippines resulting from the analysis of the food consumption data file from the 2003 FIES. The FAO methodology for computing food security statistics from household surveys was used in deriving the estimates at national and sub national levels. A. Magnitude of Food Deprivation

According to the 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), two in every five of the Philippine population were food insecure and did not consume the minimum dietary energy requirement, indicating a very high level of undernourishment in the country. The MDER for the Philippines was about 1711 kcal per person per day.

Table A. Severity of Undernourishment According to the Level of Food Deprivation

Level of Food Deprivation Severity of Undernourishment

<2.5% negligible 2.5% - 4% very low 5% - 9% low

10% - 19% moderate 20% - 34% high

>35% very high

Source: The State of Food Insecurity (FAO)

Food security refers to a condition for all people, at all times, having both physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and healthy variety of food, satisfying dietary needs and food preferences while having an active and healthy life in a sustainable manner. Food insecurity exists when people are undernourished as result of insufficient physical availability of food, limited economic and social access to adequate food and/or inadequate food utilization. The degree of severity of food insecurity depends on the level of food deprivation. Food deprivation refers to the condition of people whose food consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement. This is based on the distribution of food consumption expressed in terms of dietary energy. The minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) is the amount of energy required for light activity of individuals with a minimum acceptable body-weight for attained height compatible with a healthy life; it is estimated using expert criteria on energy requirements; it is derived by aggregating the estimated sex-age-specific minimum dietary energy requirements using the relative proportion of the population in the corresponding sex-age groups as weights. Food deprivation increases when food is scarce and not properly distributed among individuals in the population versus a minimum level of food consumption. Three components help in understanding food security in the country, these are: food availability, food access and food utilization. (Source: FAO)


Food deprivation was higher in lower income levels. The population in households of the lowest two income quintiles were more food deprived than the national level food deprivation; on the other side, only three percent of the population among families in the highest income level were food deprived as shown in Figure 1. Food deprivation was higher than the national average among persons belonging to families with more than five members (50 percent). On the other end, 12 percent of the population among families with one or two members were food deprived, while 28 percent of population among families with three to five members were food deprived (Figure 2).

Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey


Figure 2. Food Deprivation by Household Size, Philippines: 2003

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Nationw ide 1 or 2 familymembers

3 to 5 familymembers

More than 5 familymembers

In p

erce

nt

Figure 1. Proportion of Food Deprivation in Total Population, Philippines: 2003

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Nationw ide Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5

Income Level

In p

erce

nt


Members of families headed by male were more deprived on food (40 percent) than those members of families headed by female (28 percent). Food deprivation was higher among families whose head was very young (33 percent), had no grade completed (61 percent), engaged in agricultural activity (52 percent), or whose occupation were farmers, forestry workers and fishermen (52 percent). Among the geographical groupings in the Philippines, the population in Mindanao generally had high level of food deprivation (ranging from 50 to 60 percent), while NCR posted the lowest proportion of population who were food deprived (18 percent).

B. Depth of Hunger

At country level, the average daily dietary energy consumption (DEC) of a food deprived Filipino was 1412 kcal, about 299 kcal would be needed to bring a Filipino who was food deprived back to the minimum requirement level of 1711 kcal.

The intensity of food inadequacy indicates how far the access to food falls short of requirements. This shortfall is measured from two perspectives namely for the undernourished or whole population. The first perspective indicates the depth of food deprivation of the undernourished population and measures the gap between the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population having inadequate energy consumption and the MDER. The depth of hunger is considered low when the absolute food gap is less than 200 kcal/person/day and high when it is over 300 kcal/person/day. The second approach is meant to shed light on the seriousness of the challenge facing a country if all its people are to have adequate access to food and refers to the gap in relation to the population as a whole and compares the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population having inadequate energy consumption with the average dietary energy requirement in the total population. (Source: FAO)


Figure 3. Depth of Hunger, Philippines: 2003

1412 1412 1412 1412

299 299 299

229 229223

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Average DEC of FoodDeprived

MDER Average DEC ADER

kcal

/per

son/

day

(1711) (1940) (2163)

528 751


The energy consumption of persons belonging to the first quintile was 1390 kcal/person/day (less than the food deprived at national level). It required an additional 321 kcal to bring a Filipino belonging to the first quintile back to the minimum dietary energy level. The absolute food deficit of 321 kcal indicated that the depth of hunger for those belonging to the first quintile was higher than the absolute food deficit at country level. However, the depth of hunger decreased among those persons belonging to the second quintile who with a DEC of 1670 kcal/person/day, only an additional 41 kcal would be needed to bring them back to the minimum. The nationwide average DEC was recorded at 1940 kcal/person/day. A Filipino still needs 223 kcal to meet the average dietary energy requirement (ADER) of 2163 kcal/person/day. The ADER was 751 kcal higher than the energy consumed by the food deprived at country level; furthermore, the ADER was 773 kilocalories higher than the energy consumption in households with the lowest income level.

C. Critical Food Poverty The prevalence of critical food poverty in the Philippines was eight percent (figure 4). Filipinos in the first income quintile were living on less than the cost of the 1711 balanced-kcal of MDER, that is critical food poverty line of 20 percent. This was valued at the price of P11.92 per 1000 balanced-kcal in food consumed by members of families in the first income quintile.

The average dietary requirement (ADER) is the energy requirement for a median body weight (50th

percentile) to attained height and moderate physical activity associated to a specific sex/age category of the population. (Source: FAO)

The prevalence of Critical food poverty (pCFP) refers to the proportion of persons living on less than the cost of the macro-nutrient balanced MDER (for MDER see below and for balanced diet see Glossary) with food prices from households in the lowest income quintile.(Source: FAO)


Figure 4. Critical Food Poverty by Selected Groupings,

Philippines: 2003

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Male headed families were worst off than female headed families in terms of critical food poverty. About one out of 11 families (9 percent) headed by male was critically food poor, compared to only 3 percent of female headed families. At least one in five persons (20 percent) belonging to families headed by a member engaged in agricultural activity was critically food poor. Education-wise, families headed by a person who did not reach high school tend to have higher critical food poverty with the prevalence of critical food poverty ranging from six to 30 percent; on the other hand, families with family head who was a college graduate reported less than one percent in prevalence of critical food poverty (Figure 5).

D. Food Consumption and Expenditures

D1. Dietary Energy Consumption At the national level, the average dietary energy consumption of a Filipino in a day was 1940 kcal. Filipinos belonging to the top two quintiles of the family income group exceed the national average for dietary energy consumption with 2570 kcal for the 5th quintile and 2080 kcal for the 4th quintile (Figure 6). Persons belonging to female headed families reported higher dietary energy consumption of 2130 kcal compared to 1910 kcal for family members headed by male. The average dietary energy consumption of a person belonging to families with more than five members

Figure 5. Critical Food Poverty by Educational Attainment

of Family Head, Philippines: 2003

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(1740 kcal) was lower compared to families with three to five members (2090 kcal) and families with one or two members (2720 kcal). Members of families headed by persons who had not completed high school reported less than 2000 kcal dietary energy consumption.

D2. Dietary Energy Unit Value The 1940 kcal average daily food consumption of a Filipino when translated to peso value was estimated at about P30.89 per person/day. Relatively, the actual dietary energy unit value per day of a Filipino was estimated at P15.90 for every 1000 kcal. A Filipino belonging to the lowest 20 percent income group spent about P9.74 to purchase 1000 kcal of energy (Figure 7). This amount was more than doubled

Figure 7. Average Dietary Energy Unit Value by Income Quintile, Philippines: 2003

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Figure 6. Average Dietary Energy Consumption

by Income Quintile, Philippines: 2003

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(P21.60) among persons belonging to families in the top quintile group. There was limited difference on the peso value of dietary energy per person among families when classified by age of family head (range of P15.61 to P16.88). Persons belonging to families headed by a person engaged in agricultural activity spent lower (P12.14) to purchase units of calories compared to members of families headed by a person engaged in non-agricultural activities (P17.66) and family heads without any economic activity (P18.23).

D3. Monetary Value of Food Consumed and Share of Food Consumption in

Total Consumption

For every P100 consumed by a Filipino family, about P46.50 was used for food. Going further down the sub-grouping, low-income families had larger amount of consumption on food (65 percent) which tend to confirm the Engel ratio. More so, the food ratio declined as income increased, with families belonging to Quintile 5 reporting 38 percent share of food peso value to total consumption. The higher the number of family members, the higher was the share of food consumption to total consumption. Families headed by person who had not graduated from high school had more than half (52 to 58 percent) of their total consumption devoted to food. (Figure 8)

The share of food consumption to total consumption is an indicator of expenditure patterns in the population. (Source: FAO)


Figure 8. Share of Food Monetary Value to Total Consumption by Educational Attainment of Family Head : 2003

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D4. Share of Food Consumption from Different Sources in Total Consumption

Of the share of food monetary value to total food consumption, the biggest share went to food purchased and eaten at home (76 percent). About 17 percent as for food eaten away from home, while other sources (including those given in kind) recorded a share of seven percent. Among the sub groups, families located in NCR (a very urban area) showed the biggest share of peso value spent on food eaten away from home (26 percent). Families in the first quintile had the highest share of monetary value for food from other sources with 21 percent. Similarly, the largest share of DEC to total consumption was seen in food purchased and eaten at home with 75 percent. The share of DEC from food eaten away from home is 15 percent and about 10 percent went to other sources. Families belonging to the middle income class reported the highest share of food purchased and eaten at home (77 percent). A big difference can be seen among the quintile grouping in the share of food eaten away from home. High income


Food consumed by families were either (a) purchased (consumed inside the home or consumed outside the home); (b) sourced from own production; or (c) from other sources (such as those received as gift from other families). For this report, data limitation was that food from own production could not be estimated separately as it was recorded as purchases. Further, food items having missing quantity values were estimated using quantity unit monetary values from similar income and other characteristics by region; also food eaten away from home was estimated using household nutrient unit monetary values.

Figure 9. Share of Dietary Energy Consumption by Food Sources, Philippines: 2003

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families tend to consume more on food eaten away from home (24 percent for the 5th quintile) compared to the low income group share of only five percent. With reference to family size, families with one or two members had a lower share of purchased food (70 percent) compared to 76 percent share in families with three or more members.

E. Diet Composition

The average amount of carbohydrates consumed by a Filipino was reported at 358 grams per day. Persons belonging to families in lowest 20 percent of the income group consumed daily 281 grams of carbohydrates, a little more than half of that consumed by those in the top most quintile (437 g/person/day). Carbohydrates consumption were more than 400 g/person/day for persons belonging to families with 1 or 2 members (492 g/person/day), with family heads who were college graduates (413 g/person/day) or professionals (408 g/person/day). At the national level, protein and fat consumption were noted to be on the average at 54 and 33 g/person/day, respectively. For both nutrients, the highest consumption was recorded in the top quintile (79 and 56 g/person/day for protein and fat respectively). The typical dietary pattern of Filipinos was characterized by a diet with strong reliance on cereals and related products, mainly from rice. The typical one-day food consumption of a Filipino was composed mainly of 349 grams of cereals and related products, fish and fish products at 61 grams and vegetables at 51 grams. Meat products (42.9 grams) and fruits and related products (33.9 grams) likewise add to the typical Filipino diets but in a lesser proportion. Translating this typical consumption to peso value, a Filipino would spend daily about P7.80 for cereal and related products, P4.75 for meat and P3.90 for fish and fish products. Lesser peso value was spent for vegetables (P1.60) and fruits (P1.40). These daily food intake when converted to kilocalorie consumption, translates to 1233 kcal per day intake of cereals, 101 kcal of meat and 41 kcal of fish and fish products. The other dietary intake conversion of food to kilocalories is indicated below:

Table B. Total Food Consumption by Food Groups, Philippines: 2003

Item Group Total Food Consumed (kcal/person/day)

Cereals and Products 1233 Roots and Tubers and Products 21 Sugars and Syrups and Products 75 Pulses 5 Oil Crops 30 Vegetables and Products 16


Fruits and Products 25 Stimulants 11 Spices 3 Alcoholic Beverages 34 Meat 101 Eggs 8 Fish and Fish Products 41 Milk and Cheese 14 Oils and Fats (Vegetable oils) 56 Oils and Fats (Animal fats) 1 Non Alcoholic Beverages 12 Miscellaneous and Prepared Food 266

Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Cereals, having the largest quantity in Filipino meals contained the highest concentration of carbohydrates (73 percent), energy (63 percent) and protein (52 percent). Cereals reported 23 percent of fat content, second only to the share of fat in meat products (24 percent). Meat shared 13 percent of the total protein .

Cereals and products

63.5%

Miscellaneous and prepared food

13.6%

Meat 5.2%

Others 14.2%


52.2%


13.9%

Meat 13.0%

Fish and fish products 11.8%

Others 9.0%

Energy Protein

Carbohydrates Fats


73.5%


13.2%

Sugars/syrups and products

5.2%

Others 8.6%

Meat 24.0%


23.2%Oils and fats

(vegetable oil) 18.8%


15.6%

Oil crops 6.6%

Others 11.8%

Figure 10. Energy, Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats Consumption in Total Nutrient Consumption by Item Group, Philippines: 2003



F. Inequality in Income and Food Consumption

To evaluate the access to food of a country, inequality measures were estimated including the coefficient of variation (CV), gini coefficients, dispersion ratios and food income elasticities. Detailed discussions on computing for these indicators can be referred in the FAO Manual.

F F1. Inequality in Access to Food and Income

The CV of food consumption due to income in terms of monetary value was higher than that of DEC as it includes the variations of food prices. It was 51 percent at national level in Philippines, more than twice the value of the CV of DEC due to income which was 22 percent. Inequality on access to food among Filipino families was not highly distinct with the gini coefficient of DEC due to income recorded at 12 percent at the national level. Families headed by very young person (less than 35 years old) recorded the highest gini coefficient of DEC with 13 percent. Among the various sub-groups, the biggest range of gini coefficient of DEC may be seen among the regions (9 to 12 percent).

Gini coefficient for the monetary value of food consumption due to income was noted at 27 percent, higher than those recorded for the dietary energy which was estimated at 12 percent. Among sub-groups in this category, families headed by younger family heads recorded the highest gini coefficient of 27 percent.

The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of inequality that can be derived from the variance under the assumption that the distribution of food dietary energy consumption is log-normal. The CV of dietary energy consumption comprises two main components: one reflecting the inequality of food consumption associated with income and the other associated with non-income factors. The gini coefficient is computed and explained in conjunction with the Lorenz curve. The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area between the equality line and the Lorenz curve to the area below the equality line. The gini coefficient ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). When the Gini coefficient depicts, for example income (%) and income receiving units (%), it refers to Full Gini coefficient of income (due to income). However, when it depicts dietary energy consumption (%) and income receiving units (%), it refers to the Gini coefficient of energy consumption due to income. The elasticity of food (in dietary and monetary value) due to income variation provides with a good estimate of the family food consumption response to income fluctuation. The higher is the elasticity the more sensitive to income are the families. A small increase in the income of poor families could improve considerably their level of food consumption and have a huge impact on level of food consumption. Economic changes, improvements or deteriorations may exchange food item consumption behavior to cope with dietary energy needs. These changes have implications in food security policies. Food consumption inequality in dietary energy consumption is lower than that in monetary value as data in dietary energy value remove price effects on food consumption. (Source: FAO Manual)


The gini coefficient of income was estimated at 43 percent, higher than that of the gini of total consumption (37 percent). Higher inequalities as observed from gini of income were noted from families with 1 or 2 members (43 percent) compared to families with 3 to 5 members and families with more than five members (40 percent). Further, male-headed families had higher gini coefficient of income (42 percent) compared to female-headed families (40 percent). Income inequality was noted to be lowest among families headed by plant and machine operators and assemblers (30 percent).

F2. Food Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income

For the demand elasticity with respect to income for the food monetary value (FMV), the first decile group showed the highest with 2.9 percent and the lowest at 0.3 percent for those belonging in the 10th decile.

The food demand elasticity with respect to income for the DEC among the 10 income decile groups ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 percent. The higher income decile, those belonging to the 8th, 9th and 10th decile group recorded the lowest elasticity at 0.2 percent. Among sub-groups, families with more than 5 members from the first decile reported the highest demand elasticity at 0.6 percent indicating that this group was more sensitive to income with regard to their responsiveness to food demand in terms of dietary energy consumption.

Figure 11. GINI of Income - FULL by Selected Groupings, Philippines: 2003

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IV. CONCLUSIONS

The study showed that the FIES is an important source of a wide variety of food security statistics at national and sub national levels. The food quantities collected from the FIES were given emphasis in the FAO system for processing food security statistics. The results of the study then poses a challenge to the food data contents of household surveys such as the FIES. Enhancement on the data collection of food quantities need to be looked into as to capture appropriately the required data right at the original capture of all FIES data. A serious limitation during the 2003 FIES data processing was that the quantity data, although entered simultaneously with the monetary value, were processed at a later stage. Processing of monetary values was prioritized to meet the data requirements for the timely release of regular FIES data. Matching of quantity and monetary values could not be performed immediately which somehow affected the editing and consistency checking processes. The Philippine FIES have food items which were measured in local units such as bundles and pieces. The conversion factors which were used to change these food items quantities into grams or liters should be studied further to provide appropriate quantities of those food items. Possible improvement can be made in collecting food data by distinct food sources most common in Philippines by updating appropriately the units. To convert the food quantities from FIES into nutritive values, this study used both the Philippine FCT and the ASEAN FCT. The food items as indicated in the FIES questionnaires contained some broad groups of items for which it was difficult to have the corresponding nutrient values. Thus, it will be valuable if a food composition table be crafted specifically following the FIES food groups. The Philippine FNRI has released the results of the 6th National Nutrition Survey (NNS) indicating in their report several items on food consumption and nutritional status of several population groups. Comparison of the NNS results with those from this study would provide comprehensive analysis of food data particularly that the NNS made use one fourth of the sample households from the FIES. Further, the FIES food security analysis could be complemented with other demographic (age-sex-population structure) and anthropometry data on height of individual at national and sub-national levels to derive more accurate and reliable estimates of food security indicators. Again, the NNS which also captured data on weight & height of population groups can be used thoroughly together with the FIES data to further enhance the food data analysis. Processing the FIES data using the FSSM initially resulted to be a complicated task mainly because of its big volume. The FIES, with more than 42,000 sample households covered more than 2 million record items corresponding to food items consumed. It is recommended to have a powerful computer for successfully running the FSSM program.


With the availability of the 2006 FIES food quantity data by next year, another challenge posed is the evaluation of the food situation in Philippines at national and sub-national levels for monitoring the food situation between 2003 and 2006. The comparative results between the two periods will provide necessary inputs for the assessment of any food policy programme.


V. REFERENCES

1. National Statistics Office (2003). Enumerator’s Manual 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. Manila, Philippines.

2. FAO (2003). Methodology for the measurement of food deprivation. Statistics

Division, Food Security Statistics. Rome. Available at the Metadata of the Food Security Statistics webpage

http://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/Files/undernourishment_methodology.pdf 3. FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 1 – Processing User Manual,

FAO July 2006. 4. FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 2 – Analysis User Manual, FAO

July 2006. 5. FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 3 – Reports User Manual, FAO

July 2006. 6. Naiken L (2002). FAO Methodology for estimating the prevalence of

undernourishment. Key note paper presented at the International Scientific Symposium on Measurement of Food privation and Undernutrition (26-28 June 2002).

7. Sibrián R (2006). Indicators for monitoring hunger at global and sub national levels.

In: I World Congress of Public Health Nutrition Congress Proceedings. Barcelona, Spain.

8. Sibrián R Ramasawmy S and Mernies J (2007). Measuring hunger at sub national

levels from household surveys using the FAO approach: MANUAL. FAO Statistics Division Working Paper Series No. ESS/ESSA/005e. Available at the webpage. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/faostat/foodsecurity/Papers_en.htm .

9. WHO (2003). Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition

and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. WHO Technical Report Series 916. WHO, Geneva. Available at http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/WHO/AC911E/AC911E00.HTM

10. Food and Nutrition Reasearch Institute (2006). Philippine Nutrition Facts and

Figures 2003. Department of Science and Technology, FNRI. Manila, Philippines. 11. Food and Nutrition Reasearch Institute (2002). The Phillipine Food Composition

Tables 1997. Department of Science and Technology, FNRI. Manila, Philippines. 12. Puwastien, Praspasri; Burlingame, Barbara; Raroengwichit, Monthip; and

Sungpuag, Pongtron (2000). ASEAN Food Composition Tables 2000. Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol university (INMU), Bangkok, Thailand.


VI. GLOSSARY

BALANCED DIET

A diet is balanced when it is judged to be consistent with the maintenance of health in a population. It is possible to examine the balance in terms of the contributions of the various energy-supplying macronutrients and other nutrients. A macronutrient-based balance food consumption pattern should contribute to total energy from proteins, fats and carbohydrates within recommended ranges as follows: proteins from 10 to 15 percent, fats from 15 to 30 percent and carbohydrates from 55 to 75 percent, as taken from a technical report of the 2002 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation (WHO 2003).

CRITICAL FOOD POVERTY

The prevalence of critical food poverty (pCFP) refers to the proportion of persons living on less than the cost of the macro-nutrient balanced MDER with food prices from households in the lowest income quintile. It is possible to estimate this at national and sub-national level.

DIETARY ENERGY UNIT COST

The dietary energy unit cost is the monetary value of 1000 kilo-calories of food consumed.

DEPTH OF FOOD DEPRIVATION

This refers to the difference between the average dietary energy consumption of an undernourished population and its average minimum energy requirement (MDER).

DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

This is food consumption expressed in energy terms. At national level, it is possible to calculate this from the food balance sheet (FBS); this estimate refers to both private and public food consumption. At sub-national level it is estimated using food consumption data in quantities collected in national household surveys; this estimate refers to private food consumption.

DIETARY ENERGY DEFICIT

Same as Depth of Food deprivation


DIETARY ENERGY REQUIREMENT

This refers to the amount of energy required by an individual to maintain body functions, healthy and normal physical activity.

The minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) refers to the amount of energy considered adequate to meet the energy needs for normative minimum acceptable weight for attained height while performing light physical activity in good health. The average dietary energy requirement (ADER) refers to the amount of energy considered adequate to meet the energy needs for normative average acceptable weight for attained height while performing moderate physical activity in good health.

FOOD BALANCE SHEETS

The food balance sheets (FBS) are derived for each commodity using food production and imports data and opening-year food stocks after deduction of food exports and end-year food stocks, as well as all non-food consumption (animal feed, industrial use, seed, wastage and other non-food use); this estimate refers to both private and public food consumption.

FOOD CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION

Food consumption distribution refers to the variation of consumption within a population. It reflects both the disparities due to socio-economic factors and differences due to biological factors, such as sex, age, body weight and physical activity levels.

FOOD DEPRIVATION

Food deprivation refers to the condition of people whose food consumption is continuously below its requirements. The FAO measure of food deprivation refers to the proportion of the population whose dietary energy consumption is below the MDER.

FOOD INSECURITY

A situation when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life. It is possible that a cause of this is the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power or inappropriate distribution. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory.


FOOD SECURITY

A situation that exists when all people, at all time, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

GINI COEFFICIENT

The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality and ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). In this document it refers to inequality of income.

GINI COEFFICIENT DUE TO INCOME

The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality in food consumption due to income and ranges from 0 (when income has no effect on food consumption) to 1 (when food consumption depends only on income). In this document it refers to inequality in food consumption in monetary or in energy terms.

HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

Total household consumption expenditure, as defined in the United Nations guidelines, is the sum of all monetary value or expenditure on goods and services intended for consumption, goods produced and consumed from own production or own-business stocks, including the imputed rent of owner-occupied housing, and goods and services received in kind.

HOUSEHOLD FOOD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

Household consumption expenditure refers to food consumed by household members during a specified period, at home and outside the home, for example, at restaurants, bars, the work place, school, and so on. It includes food from all sources, purchased or from garden or farm. Further deductions are necessary to allow for wastage and losses occurring from acquisition to cooking and plate and kitchen wastage.

HOUSEHOLD NON CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

This refers to income taxes, other direct taxes, pension and social security contributions, remittances, gifts and similar transfers made by the household in monetary terms or in kind, including food such as given away raw or ready to eat.

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

Consumption plus non-consumption expenditure made by the household, including food.


HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Income is the sum of all receipts, in money or in kind, which as a rule are received regularly and are of recurring nature, including food.

INCOME ELASTICITY OF FOOD DEMAND

The income elasticity of food demand measures the responsiveness of the food demanded (in quantity, monetary or nutrient terms) to a unit change of income.

INCOME INEQUALITY

Inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of income.

INEQUALITY IN FOOD CONSUMPTION DUE TO INCOME

The inequality refers to the variation of the food consumption level within a population due to disparities in the income distribution.

KILOCALORIE (Kcal)

Kilocalorie is a unit of measurement of dietary energy. In the International System of Units (ISU), the universal unit of dietary energy is the joule (J) but Kcal is still commonly used. One kilocalorie = 4.184 kilojoules (KJ).

MICRONUTRIENTS

The vitamins, minerals and certain other substances required by the body in small amounts. They are measured in milligrams or micrograms.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS

The physiological state of an individual that results from the relationship between nutrient intakes and requirements and from the body’s ability to digest, absorb and use these nutrients. Lack of food as well as poor health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status.

SHARE OF FOOD EXPENDITURE

The proportion of household consumption expenditure allocated to food; it is also known as the Engel ratio.

UNDERNOURISHMENT

Same as Food Deprivation.


ANNEXES ANNEX A. Sampling Design of the 2003 FIES

The 2003 FIES used the sampling design of the 2003 Master Sample (MS) for household surveys starting in July 2003. 1. Domain

The 2003 MS considers the country’s 17 administrative regions as defined in Executive Orders (EO) 36 and 131 as its sampling domain. A domain referred to as a subdivision of the country for which estimates with adequate level of precision were generated. It must be noted that while there is demand for data at the provincial level (and to some extent municipal and barangay levels), the provinces were not treated as sampling domains because there were more than 80 provinces, hence the large resource requirement that goes along with such a large number. Below are the 17 administrative regions of the country:

National Capital Region Region VII – Central Visayas Cordillera Administrative Region Region VIII – Eastern Visayas Region I - Ilocos Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula Region II – Cagayan Valley Region X – Northern Mindanao Region III – Central Luzon Region XI – Davao Region IVA – CALABARZON Region XII – SOCCSKSARGEN Region IVB – MIMAROPA Region XIII – Caraga Region V – Bicol Autonomous Region in Muslim Region VI – Western Visayas Mindanao

2. Sampling Frame

As in most household surveys, the 2003 MS made use of an area sample design. For this purpose, the Enumeration Area Reference File (EARF) of the 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) was utilized as sampling frame. The EARF contains the number of households by enumeration area (EA) in each barangay. This frame was used to form the primary sampling units (PSUs). With consideration of the period for which the 2003 MS will be in use, the PSUs were formed/defined as a barangay or a combination of barangays with at least 500 households.

3. Stratification

The 2003 MS considers the 17 regions of the country as the primary strata. Within each region, further stratification was performed using geographic groupings such as provinces, highly urbanized cities (HUCs), and independent component cities (ICCs). Within each of these substrata formed within regions, the PSUs were further


stratified, to the extent possible, using the proportion of strong houses (PSTRONG), indicator of engagement in agriculture of the area (AGRI), and a measure of per capita income as stratification factors (PERCAPITA). PSTRONG was defined to be the percentage of occupied housing units that were classified as made of strong materials in terms of both the roof and outer walls, based on the data from the 2000 CPH. A roof was considered made of strong material if it was made of either galvanized iron, aluminum, concrete/clay tile, half galvanized-half concrete, or asbestos. The outer wall was considered made of strong material if it was made of concrete, brick, stone, wood, half concrete-half wood, galvanized iron, asbestos or glass. AGRI was determined in the following way: initially, an indicator variable was computed at the barangay level. That variable has the value 1 if more than 50 percent of the households in the barangay were engaged in agriculture or fisheries and 0 otherwise, based on the 2000 CPH Barangay Schedule. To obtain a measure at the PSU level, a weighted average of the barangay indicator variable was computed for all the barangays within the PSU, weighted by the total number of households in the barangay. Thus, the value of AGRI at the PSU level lies between 0 and 1. PERCAPITA was defined as the total income of the municipality divided by the total population in that municipality. Note that the PERCAPITA value of the PSUs was the same if the PSUs were in the same municipality. The data on municipal income refer to year 2000 and were taken from the Department of Finance. However, if the 2000 municipal income was not reported to the Bureau of Local Government Finance (BLGF), 2001 income was used. If no 2000 or 2001 municipal income was reported, the income classification from the BLGF for this municipality was obtained. Using the data on income, which were presented in income intervals, the average of the lower and the upper values of the income interval for the municipal class to which this municipality belongs were determined.

4. Sample Selection

The 2003 MS consists of a sample of 2,835 PSUs. The entire MS was divided into four sub-samples or independent replicates, such as a quarter sample contains one fourth of the total PSUs; a half sample contains one-half of the four subsamples or equivalent to all PSUs in two replicates. The final number of sample PSUs for each domain was determined by first classifying PSUs as either self-representing (SR) or non-self-representing (NSR). In addition, to facilitate the selection of subsamples, the total number of NSR PSUs in each region was adjusted to make it a multiple of 4. SR-PSUs refered to a very large PSU in the region/domain with a selection probability of approximately 1 or higher and was outright included in the MS; it was properly treated as a stratum; also known as certainty PSU. NSR PSUs refers to a


regular too small sized PSU in a region/domain; also known as non certainty PSU. The 2003 MS consists of 330 certainty PSUs and 2,505 non-certainty PSUs. To have some control over the sub-sample size, the PSUs were selected with probability proportional to some estimated measure of size. The size measure refers to the total number of households from the 2000 CPH. Because of the wide variation in PSU sizes, PSUs with selection probabilities greater than 1 were identified and were included in the sample as certainty selections. At the second stage, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected within sampled PSUs, and at the third stage, housing units were selected within sampled EAs. Generally, all households in sampled housing units were enumerated, except for few cases when the number of households in a housing unit exceeds three. In which case, a sample of three households in a sampled housing unit was selected at random with equal probability. An EA was defined as an area with discernable boundaries within barangays consisting of about 150 contiguous households. These EAs were identified during the 2000 CPH. A housing unit, on the other hand, was a structurally separate and independent place of abode which, by the way it has been constructed, converted, or arranged, was intended for habitation by a household.

5. Sample Size The 2003 FIES involved the interview of a national sample of about 51,000 sample households deemed sufficient to gather data on family income and family expenditure and related information affecting income and expenditure levels and patterns in the Philippines at the national and regional level. The sample households covered in the survey were the same households interviewed in the July 2003 and January 2004 round of the LFS.


ANNEX B. Deriving Estimates from Available FIES Data Items

Food Sources Questionnaire Reference

Part/s

Frequency of Data

Collected

Quantity Monetary value

Estimate Remarks

1 Food consumed at home

Part II: A1 weekly Total of purchases & in kind

Total of purchases & in kind

Unit price of food item at household level dividing total monetary value by total quantity

Purchases or cash

Estimate the quantity using the unit price by food item with the household

Available

2 Food consumed outside home

Part II: A2 weekly Not applicable Available by items within household

3 Alcoholic beverages

weekly Part II: A3



Unit price of food item at household level dividing total monetary value by total quantity

Purchases or cash

Estimate the quantity using the unit price by food item with the household

Available

4 Gifts Part II: A5 6 months Available Available Exclude No 12 - cigarettes

5 Special occasions

H.1 and H2 6 months Not applicable Available at household level

Only total for food & alcoholic bev. (H1 & H2 separately)

6 Net share of food by other HH

Section B page 50

6 months Not applicable Available at household level

7 Own consumption from FSA

Section F page 55

6 months Not applicable Available at household level

Exclude logging etc.

8 Crop farming and gardening

Part IV A1 b 6 months Not applicable Available at household level

Exclude 4 a & c) tobacco & other

9 Livestock & poultry raising

Part IV A2 b 6 months Not applicable Available at household level

10 Fishing Part IV A3 b 6 months Not applicable Available at household level

11 Hunting Part IV A4 b 6 months Not applicable Available at household level

Only 5 wild animals/ birds

12 Wholesale & retail

Part IV A5 Not applicable Not applicable Consumption of food not collected in this section

13 Manufacturing Part IV A6 d 6 months Not applicable Available at household level

Nutrients values will be estimated using the household unit nutrient costs.

Exclude no. 8 non food items.


Number/Pieces Equivalent in Grams

Items in Pieces

Pandesal 1 25

Corn on the Cob 1 200

Cassava Cake (slice) 1 100

Haleya (slice) 1 100

Papaya 1 1000

Coconut 1 1000

Tokwa 1 50

Chicken Eggs (medium size) 1 40

Quail Eggs 1 8

Duck Eggs 1 50

Other Eggs 1 50

Balut 1 40

Salted Eggs 1 50

Centruy Eggs 1 50

Ice Candy, etc 1 100

Ice, Ice Water 1 1000

Items in Bundles

Camote Tops 10 250

Malunggay Leaves 10 150

Pechay 4 150

Okra 8 100

String Beans 10 150

List of Items

ANNEX C. Items in Pieces and in Bundles and their Equivalent Weight in Grams


Item Code

FoodTotal Food Consumed at Home

Cereal and Cereal Preparations 111990Roots and Tubers 112990Fruit and Vegetables 113990Meat and Meat Preparations 114990Dairy Products and Eggs 115990Fish and Marine Products 116990Coffee, Cocoa and Tea 117990Non-Alcoholic Beverages 118990Food Not Elsewhere Classified 119990

Food Regularly Consumed Outside the Home 120990Alcoholic Beverages 130990Tobacco 140990Fuel, Light and Water 211990Transportation and Communication 221990Household Operation 231990Personal Care and Effects 311990Clothing, Footwear and Other Wear 321000Education 411000Recreation 421000Medical Care 431000Non-Durable Furnishings 511000Durable Furniture and Equipment 521000Rent/Rental Value of Occupied Dwelling Unit B4014House Maintenance and Minor Repairs 721000

Item

ANNEX D. Items Contained in the Variable Total Consumption


Code Region Names Code Region Names

1 National Capital Region 13 National Capital Region

2 Luzon 1 (Plain) 1 Ilocos3 Central Luzon

3 Luzon 2 (Mountainous) 14 Cordillera Administrative Region2 Cagayan Valley

4 Luzon 3 (Islands, Mountains) 41 CALABARZON42 MIMAROPA5 Bicol

5 Visayas 6 Western Visayas7 Central Visayas8 Eastern Visayas

6 Mindanao 1 (Muslim Mindanao) 9 Zamboanga Peninsula15 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

7 Mindanao 2 10 Northern Mindanao16 Caraga

8 Mindanao 3 11 Davao12 SOCCSKSARGEN

New Grouping Orignal Grouping

ANNEX E. Regrouping of 17 Regions to Eight Regions


A. Occupation

Code Major Occupation Group Code Major Occupation Group

1 Officials of Government 1 Officials of Government and Special-Interest Organizations, Corporate Executives, Managers,Managing Proprietors and Supervisors

0 Special Occupations

2 Professionals 2 Professionals3 Technicians and Associate Professionals

3 No Occupation

4 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market 4 ClerksSales Workers 5 Service Workers and Shop and Market

Sales Workers

5 Laborer and Unskilled Workers 9 Laborer and Unskilled Workers

6 Farmers 6 Farmers, Forestry Workers and Fishermen

7 Trades & Related Workers 7 Trades and Related Workers

8 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers 8 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers

B. Industry

Code Major Industry Group Code Major Industry Group

1 Agricultural Activity A Agriculture, Hunting and ForestryB Fishing

2 Non-agricultural Activity C Mining and QuarryingD ManufacturingE Electricity, Gas and Water SupplyF Construction

G Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal and Household Goods

H Hotels and RestaurantsI Transport, Storage and CommunicationJ Financial IntermediationK Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities

L Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security

M EducationN Health and Social Work

O Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activities

P Private Household with Employed PersonsQ Extra-territorial Organizations and Bodies

3 Without Activity


ANNEX F. Regrouping of Major Occupation Groups and Major Industry Groups



STATISTICAL TABLES

Categories and GroupingsNumber of sampled

households

Average number of persons in

household

CV of dietary energy

consumption (kcal/person/day) -FULL as defined

by FAO (%)

Minimum dietary energy

requirement as defined by FAO

(kcal/person/day)

Average dietary energy

consumption (kcal/person/day)

Proportion of food deprivation in total

population as defined by FAO

(%)

Nationwide 42,094 4.8 30.0 1711 1940 39.0Income level

Quintile 1 8,418 6.0 20.0 1390 87.0Quintile 2 8,419 5.1 20.0 1670 59.0Quintile 3 8,419 4.8 20.0 1860 37.0Quintile 4 8,419 4.6 20.0 2080 19.0Quintile 5 8,419 4.1 20.0 2570 3.0

HH Size 1 or 2 family members 5,968 1.8 29.0 1868 2720 12.0 3 to 5 family members 20,968 4.0 28.0 1724 2090 28.0 More than 5 family members 15,158 7.1 28.0 1676 1740 50.0

Gender of head of HH Male 35,366 5.0 29.0 1703 1910 40.0 Female 6,728 3.9 29.0 1730 2130 28.0

Age of head of HH HH very young 9,650 4.2 31.0 1534 1830 33.0 HH young 11,379 5.4 30.0 1670 1870 41.0 HH not so young 13,710 5.2 30.0 1819 2030 41.0 HH senior 7,355 4.0 27.0 1750 2060 32.0

Industry Agri Activity 17,033 5.0 28.0 1695 1730 52.0 Non-agri activity 19,545 4.8 29.0 1702 2060 30.0 Without Activity 5,516 4.3 28.0 1757 2110 30.0

Education No Grade Completed 1,634 4.2 29.0 1718 1650 61.0 Elementary Undergraduate 9,774 4.9 28.0 1703 1740 53.0 Elementary Graduate 8,360 5.0 28.0 1714 1850 44.0 High School Undergraduate 5,273 4.9 27.0 1689 1870 39.0 High School Graduate 8,399 4.8 28.0 1695 2000 32.0 College Undergraduate 4,628 4.6 28.0 1711 2170 23.0 College Graduate 4,026 4.5 30.0 1741 2430 16.0

Region National Capital Region 3,972 4.7 30.0 1711 2330 18.0 Luzon 1 5,838 4.8 27.0 1711 2010 31.0 Luzon 2 3,722 4.7 26.0 1711 1820 45.0 Luzon 3 8,495 4.8 29.0 1711 1990 35.0 Visayas 8,158 4.8 30.0 1711 1850 45.0 Mindanao 1 3,598 5.0 28.0 1711 1660 60.0 Mindanao 2 3,941 4.9 29.0 1711 1740 53.0 Mindanao 3 4,370 4.8 28.0 1711 1770 50.0

Occupation Officials of Government 4,383 4.8 29.0 1745 2220 24.0 Professionals 1,773 4.6 29.0 1732 2370 17.0 No Occupations 5,516 4.3 28.0 1757 2110 30.0 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 2,778 4.5 29.0 1702 2110 26.0 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 6,711 4.9 29.0 1667 1790 46.0 Farmers 13,471 5.0 28.0 1704 1750 52.0 Trades & Related Workers 3,881 5.0 28.0 1692 1920 37.0 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 3,581 4.9 27.0 1679 1980 31.0


Table 1. Food Deprivation by Categories and Groupings: 2003


Categories and GroupingsFood

Deprivation (%)

CV of food consumption

(Dietary energy) - FULL as

defined by FAO (%)

Average food consumption

in dietary energy value (kcal/person/

day)

Minimum dietary energy requirement (kcal/person/

day)

Dietary energy unit value of the first quintile (LC$/1000

kcal)

Critical food

poverty line of the 1st quintile

(%)

Total consumption expenditure

(LC$/person/ day)

CV of total consumption

DUE TO income

(%)

Prevalence of Critical

Food Poverty

(%)

Income quintile having better

balance nutritional

diet

Nationwide 38.5 29.7 1940 1711 11.92 20.4 66.40 77.2 8.3 4HH Size

1 or 2 family members 12.2 29.4 2720 1868 11.92 22.3 117.87 80.8 2.3 4 3 to 5 family members 28.2 27.6 2090 1724 11.92 20.5 77.70 69.8 3.6 4 More than 5 family members 49.7 27.8 1740 1676 11.92 20.0 51.95 70.4 11.7 4

Gender of head of HH Male 39.8 29.4 1910 1703 11.92 20.3 62.47 75.4 9.0 4 Female 27.9 29.4 2130 1730 11.92 20.6 91.36 75.0 2.9 4

Age of head of HH HH very young 33.2 30.6 1830 1534 11.92 18.3 61.74 74.4 6.7 4 HH young 40.5 29.7 1870 1670 11.92 19.9 60.03 75.7 9.6 4 HH not so young 41.0 29.5 2030 1819 11.92 21.7 70.46 78.2 8.7 4 HH senior 32.0 27.3 2060 1750 11.92 20.9 76.23 76.1 5.7 4

Industry Agri Activity 52.2 27.9 1730 1695 11.92 20.2 37.88 61.1 20.2 4 Non-agri activity 30.4 29.4 2060 1702 11.92 20.3 80.68 68.6 2.8 4 Without Activity 30.1 28.3 2110 1757 11.92 20.9 94.09 70.3 2.0 4

Education No Grade Completed 61.2 29.3 1650 1718 11.92 20.5 31.94 60.3 30.2 4 Elementary Undergraduate 52.8 28.5 1740 1703 11.92 20.3 37.84 59.0 19.3 4 Elementary Graduate 44.4 27.6 1850 1714 11.92 20.4 47.43 56.5 9.0 4 High School Undergraduate 39.5 26.6 1870 1689 11.92 20.1 52.93 56.4 5.7 4 High School Graduate 31.8 27.7 2000 1695 11.92 20.2 69.56 55.3 1.6 4 College Undergraduate 23.3 27.8 2170 1711 11.92 20.4 98.46 57.6 0.4 4 College Graduate 16.4 30.1 2430 1741 11.92 20.8 158.43 63.1 0.1 4

Region National Capital Region 18.1 29.7 2330 1711 18.41 31.5 120.00 64.4 2.4 1 Luzon 1 31.5 26.9 2010 1711 13.23 22.6 68.24 63.2 5.3 3 Luzon 2 45.5 26.0 1820 1711 12.87 22.0 59.94 71.5 10.8 3 Luzon 3 34.9 29.1 1990 1711 11.29 19.3 69.71 77.0 6.2 4 Visayas 45.1 29.9 1850 1711 11.83 20.2 51.45 83.4 17.8 5 Mindanao 1 59.7 27.6 1660 1711 11.48 19.6 37.30 72.5 25.4 5 Mindanao 2 53.2 28.9 1740 1711 12.06 20.6 45.70 79.7 21.7 5 Mindanao 3 50.4 28.3 1770 1711 12.08 20.7 50.24 76.1 16.5 5

Occupation Officials of Government 24.3 29.3 2220 1745 11.92 20.8 111.10 74.1 1.4 4 Professionals 17.4 29.5 2370 1732 11.92 20.6 136.02 61.7 0.1 4 No Occupations 30.1 28.3 2110 1757 11.92 20.9 94.09 70.3 2.0 4 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 26.3 28.6 2110 1702 11.92 20.3 86.40 56.8 0.7 4 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 45.7 28.9 1790 1667 11.92 19.9 44.53 58.5 11.2 4 Farmers 51.9 27.9 1750 1704 11.92 20.3 38.45 60.7 19.5 4 Trades & Related Workers 37.4 27.9 1920 1692 11.92 20.2 57.38 53.1 3.2 4 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 31.1 27.1 1980 1679 11.92 20.0 66.10 48.0 0.8 4


Table 2. Indicators on Hunger by Categories and Groupings: 2003



households

Average number of persons in

household

Average dietary energy

consumption (kcal/person/day)

Average monetary value of food consumed

(LC$/person/day)

Average dietary energy unit value (LC$/1000kcals)

Average total consumption

(LC$/person/day)

Nationwide 42,094 4.8 1940 30.89 15.90 66.40Income level

Quintile 1 8,418 6.0 1390 13.55 9.74 20.84Quintile 2 8,419 5.1 1670 19.39 11.61 32.02Quintile 3 8,419 4.8 1860 25.74 13.81 45.87Quintile 4 8,419 4.6 2080 35.07 16.85 70.51Quintile 5 8,419 4.1 2570 55.52 21.60 147.09

HH Size 1 or 2 family members 5,968 1.8 2720 47.84 17.58 117.87 3 to 5 family members 20,968 4.0 2090 35.42 16.94 77.70 More than 5 family members 15,158 7.1 1740 25.48 14.62 51.95

Gender of head of HH Male 35,366 5.0 1910 29.75 15.55 62.47 Female 6,728 3.9 2130 38.16 17.88 91.36

Age of head of HH HH very young 9,650 4.2 1830 30.84 16.88 61.74 HH young 11,379 5.4 1870 29.12 15.59 60.03 HH not so young 13,710 5.2 2030 31.64 15.61 70.46 HH senior 7,355 4.0 2060 32.82 15.97 76.23

Industry Agri Activity 17,033 5.0 1730 21.05 12.14 37.88 Non-agri activity 19,545 4.8 2060 36.31 17.66 80.68 Without Activity 5,516 4.3 2110 38.47 18.23 94.09

Education No Grade Completed 1,634 4.2 1650 18.63 11.29 31.94 Elementary Undergraduate 9,774 4.9 1740 21.41 12.33 37.84 Elementary Graduate 8,360 5.0 1850 25.42 13.77 47.43 High School Undergraduate 5,273 4.9 1870 27.59 14.72 52.93 High School Graduate 8,399 4.8 2000 33.74 16.87 69.56 College Undergraduate 4,628 4.6 2170 41.83 19.31 98.46 College Graduate 4,026 4.5 2430 53.83 22.19 158.43

Region National Capital Region 3,972 4.7 2330 49.39 21.23 120.00 Luzon 1 5,838 4.8 2010 33.46 16.63 68.24 Luzon 2 3,722 4.7 1820 28.92 15.89 59.94 Luzon 3 8,495 4.8 1990 31.95 16.05 69.71 Visayas 8,158 4.8 1850 25.15 13.58 51.45 Mindanao 1 3,598 5.0 1660 19.57 11.79 37.30 Mindanao 2 3,941 4.9 1740 22.40 12.87 45.70 Mindanao 3 4,370 4.8 1770 25.19 14.20 50.24

Occupation Officials of Government 4,383 4.8 2220 42.79 19.27 111.10 Professionals 1,773 4.6 2370 50.27 21.24 136.02 No Occupations 5,516 4.3 2110 38.47 18.23 94.09 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 2,778 4.5 2110 38.84 18.37 86.40 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 6,711 4.9 1790 24.71 13.81 44.53 Farmers 13,471 5.0 1750 21.25 12.17 38.45 Trades & Related Workers 3,881 5.0 1920 30.25 15.77 57.38 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 3,581 4.9 1980 33.69 16.98 66.10


Table 3. Number of Sampled Households, Average Dietary Energy Consumption and Average Monetary Value of Food Consumed by Categories and Groupings: 2003



households

Share of food consumption in

monetary value to total consumption

(%)

Share of food consumption in monetary value

purchased to total food value

(%)


from own production to total

food value (%)

Share of food consumption in monetary value eaten away from

home to total food value (%)


from other sources to total food value

(%)

Nationwide 42,094 46.5 76.4 0.0 16.8 6.8Income level

Quintile 1 8,418 65.0 74.2 0.0 5.0 20.9Quintile 2 8,419 60.6 77.1 0.0 8.1 14.8Quintile 3 8,419 56.1 78.6 0.0 12.0 9.4Quintile 4 8,419 49.7 78.7 0.0 16.8 4.5Quintile 5 8,419 37.7 74.3 0.0 23.8 1.9

HH Size 1 or 2 family members 5,968 40.6 71.3 0.0 20.7 8.0 3 to 5 family members 20,968 45.6 77.1 0.0 16.9 6.1 More than 5 family members 15,158 49.0 76.6 0.0 16.1 7.4

Gender of head of HH Male 35,366 47.6 76.3 0.0 16.5 7.2 Female 6,728 41.8 76.7 0.0 18.7 4.6

Age of head of HH HH very young 9,650 50.0 77.2 0.0 16.6 6.2 HH young 11,379 48.5 77.0 0.0 16.6 6.4 HH not so young 13,710 44.9 75.3 0.0 18.0 6.7 HH senior 7,355 43.1 76.7 0.0 14.8 8.5

Industry Agri Activity 17,033 55.6 73.3 0.0 8.6 18.1 Non-agri activity 19,545 45.0 77.3 0.0 20.1 2.6 Without Activity 5,516 40.9 78.1 0.0 17.7 4.2

Education No Grade Completed 1,634 58.3 73.9 0.0 7.4 18.7 Elementary Undergraduate 9,774 56.6 74.7 0.0 11.4 13.9 Elementary Graduate 8,360 53.6 76.1 0.0 14.2 9.7 High School Undergraduate 5,273 52.1 77.8 0.0 15.2 7.0 High School Graduate 8,399 48.5 77.3 0.0 18.3 4.4 College Undergraduate 4,628 42.5 76.8 0.0 19.9 3.3 College Graduate 4,026 34.0 75.7 0.0 21.8 2.5

Region National Capital Region 3,972 41.2 73.0 0.0 26.2 0.9 Luzon 1 5,838 49.0 78.7 0.0 15.8 5.5 Luzon 2 3,722 48.2 75.5 0.0 9.3 15.2 Luzon 3 8,495 45.8 75.1 0.0 19.0 5.9 Visayas 8,158 48.9 77.0 0.0 12.5 10.5 Mindanao 1 3,598 52.5 80.8 0.0 6.9 12.4 Mindanao 2 3,941 49.0 80.0 0.0 9.6 10.4 Mindanao 3 4,370 50.1 78.7 0.0 10.7 10.6

Occupation Officials of Government 4,383 38.5 77.2 0.0 20.1 2.7 Professionals 1,773 37.0 75.1 0.0 22.8 2.1 No Occupations 5,516 40.9 78.1 0.0 17.7 4.2 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 2,778 44.9 76.4 0.0 21.2 2.4 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 6,711 55.5 78.2 0.0 15.5 6.3 Farmers 13,471 55.3 71.7 0.0 8.3 19.9 Trades & Related Workers 3,881 52.7 78.5 0.0 18.4 3.1 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 3,581 51.0 77.8 0.0 19.7 2.5


Table 4. Share of Food Consumption to Total Consumption in Monetary Value and by Food Sources and by Categories and Groupings: 2003



households

Share of dietary energy purchased

to total food consumption

(%)

Share of dietary energy from own production to total food consumption

(%)

Share of dietary energy eaten away from home to total food consumption

(%)

Share of dietary energy from other sources to total

food consumption (%)

Nationwide 42,094 75.2 0.0 15.2 9.6Income level

Quintile 1 8,418 75.7 0.0 4.8 19.4Quintile 2 8,419 76.5 0.0 8.1 15.4Quintile 3 8,419 76.8 0.0 12.1 11.1Quintile 4 8,419 76.3 0.0 17.1 6.6Quintile 5 8,419 72.6 0.0 24.1 3.3

HH Size 1 or 2 family members 5,968 70.4 0.0 18.7 10.9 3 to 5 family members 20,968 75.8 0.0 15.2 9.0 More than 5 family members 15,158 75.5 0.0 14.5 10.0

Gender of head of HH Male 35,366 75.2 0.0 14.8 10.1 Female 6,728 75.6 0.0 17.5 6.8

Age of head of HH HH very young 9,650 77.1 0.0 14.8 8.2 HH young 11,379 76.0 0.0 15.1 8.9 HH not so young 13,710 74.3 0.0 16.2 9.6 HH senior 7,355 73.9 0.0 13.4 12.7

Industry Agri Activity 17,033 70.9 0.0 8.0 21.1 Non-agri activity 19,545 77.5 0.0 19.2 3.3 Without Activity 5,516 77.0 0.0 17.0 5.9

Education No Grade Completed 1,634 75.2 0.0 6.5 18.2 Elementary Undergraduate 9,774 74.2 0.0 10.4 15.4 Elementary Graduate 8,360 75.0 0.0 13.1 12.0 High School Undergraduate 5,273 76.9 0.0 14.2 8.9 High School Graduate 8,399 76.3 0.0 17.5 6.3 College Undergraduate 4,628 75.2 0.0 19.1 5.7 College Graduate 4,026 73.8 0.0 21.1 5.1

Region National Capital Region 3,972 72.5 0.0 26.4 1.2 Luzon 1 5,838 76.4 0.0 15.7 7.9 Luzon 2 3,722 70.1 0.0 8.6 21.3 Luzon 3 8,495 74.7 0.0 17.6 7.7 Visayas 8,158 74.6 0.0 11.4 14.0 Mindanao 1 3,598 81.2 0.0 5.9 12.9 Mindanao 2 3,941 78.4 0.0 8.6 13.0 Mindanao 3 4,370 77.6 0.0 9.7 12.7

Occupation Officials of Government 4,383 76.7 0.0 18.9 4.4 Professionals 1,773 74.4 0.0 21.8 3.9 No Occupations 5,516 77.0 0.0 17.0 5.9 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 2,778 76.2 0.0 20.4 3.4 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 6,711 79.8 0.0 14.2 6.0 Farmers 13,471 68.2 0.0 7.7 24.1 Trades & Related Workers 3,881 79.4 0.0 17.7 2.9 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 3,581 77.9 0.0 19.1 3.0


Table 5. Share of Food Consumption to Total Consumption by Food Sources and by Categories and Groupings: 2003


Categories and Groupings

Average food dietary energy consumption

(kcal/person/day)

Average food consumption in

monetary value of food consumed

(LC$/person/day)

Average food protein

consumption (g/person/day)

Average food carbohydrates consumption

(g/person/day)

Average food fat consumption

(g/person/day)

Nationwide 1940 30.89 54.3 358.2 32.6Income level

Quintile 1 1390 13.55 33.9 281.4 14.5Quintile 2 1670 19.39 42.8 327.5 21.2Quintile 3 1860 25.74 50.4 352.4 28.2Quintile 4 2080 35.07 59.8 375.7 37.8Quintile 5 2570 55.52 79.2 436.7 56.3

HH Size 1 or 2 family members 2720 47.84 76.6 491.8 49.9 3 to 5 family members 2090 35.42 59.5 379.3 37.4 More than 5 family members 1740 25.48 47.8 327.4 27.0

Gender of head of HH Male 1910 29.75 53.2 354.4 31.5 Female 2130 38.16 61.5 382.4 39.9

Age of head of HH HH very young 1830 30.84 51.5 333.3 32.0 HH young 1870 29.12 52.0 345.2 31.0 HH not so young 2030 31.64 56.7 374.7 33.6 HH senior 2060 32.82 57.3 379.6 34.3

Industry Agri Activity 1730 21.05 44.8 337.5 22.8 Non-agri activity 2060 36.31 59.6 369.0 38.1 Without Activity 2110 38.47 61.6 376.6 39.8

Education No Grade Completed 1650 18.63 41.1 327.5 19.6 Elementary Undergraduate 1740 21.41 45.3 337.4 23.0 Elementary Graduate 1850 25.42 50.1 348.6 28.0 High School Undergraduate 1870 27.59 51.4 350.4 29.8 High School Graduate 2000 33.74 57.5 361.9 35.9 College Undergraduate 2170 41.83 64.0 380.4 43.3 College Graduate 2430 53.83 73.9 413.3 53.0

Region National Capital Region 2330 49.39 72.4 399.1 49.0 Luzon 1 2010 33.46 58.3 360.2 37.7 Luzon 2 1820 28.92 51.4 330.8 32.4 Luzon 3 1990 31.95 56.0 361.2 35.9 Visayas 1850 25.15 49.2 356.8 25.5 Mindanao 1 1660 19.57 40.4 331.0 19.5 Mindanao 2 1740 22.40 44.9 340.7 22.2 Mindanao 3 1770 25.19 47.0 340.0 25.1

Occupation Officials of Government 2220 42.79 65.3 392.2 43.4 Professionals 2370 50.27 71.3 408.2 49.9 No Occupations 2110 38.47 61.6 376.6 39.8 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 2110 38.84 61.7 375.5 40.6 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 1790 24.71 48.7 338.1 27.0 Farmers 1750 21.25 45.0 340.3 22.9 Trades & Related Workers 1920 30.25 54.4 350.8 33.1 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 1980 33.69 57.3 357.8 36.0


Table 6. Food Consumption in Monetary and Nutrient Values by Categories and Groupings: 2003


Item groupTotal quantity

consumed (g/person/day)

Total monetary value of food consumed

(LC$/person/day)

Total food consumed

(kcal/person/day)

Total proteins consumed

(g/person/day)

Total carbohydrates (g/person/day)

Total fats consumed

(g/person/day)

Cereals and Products 348.8 7.81 1233 28.4 263.1 7.6Roots and Tubers and Products 19.4 0.38 21 0.2 4.8 0.1Sugars and Syrups and Products 18.9 0.55 75 0.0 18.6 0.0Pulses 1.4 0.10 5 0.3 0.9 0.0Tree Nuts 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oil Crops 18.9 0.29 30 0.5 2.0 2.2Vegetables and Products 51.1 1.58 16 0.8 2.9 0.2Fruits and Products 33.9 1.42 25 0.1 5.8 0.1Stimulants 2.9 0.72 11 0.4 2.0 0.2Spices 12.1 0.52 3 0.1 0.4 0.0Alcoholic Beverages 0.0 0.51 34 0.9 6.4 0.5Meat 42.9 4.75 101 7.1 0.5 7.8Eggs 5.7 0.64 8 0.6 0.1 0.6Fish and Fish Products 61.2 3.93 41 6.4 0.7 1.5Milk and Cheese 4.7 1.61 14 0.7 1.5 0.5Oils and Fats (Vegetable oils) 6.4 0.46 56 0.1 0.1 6.2Oils and Fats (animal fats) 0.1 0.02 1 0.0 0.0 0.1Non Alcoholic Beverages 30.8 0.74 12 0.0 2.8 0.0Miscellaneous and Prepared Food 1.7 4.87 266 7.6 47.6 5.1


Table 7. Total Energy and Macro Nutrients by Item Group: 2003


Item group

Energy Consumption in

Total Energy Consumption

(%)

Protein Consumption in

Total Protein Consumption

(%)

Carbohydrates Consumption in

Total Carbohydrates Consumption

(%)

Fats Consumption in Total Fats Consumption

(%)

Cereals and Products 63.5 52.2 73.5 23.2Roots and Tubers and Products 1.1 0.4 1.4 0.2Sugars and Syrups and Products 3.9 0.0 5.2 0.1Pulses 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.0Tree Nuts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oil Crops 1.5 1.0 0.6 6.6Vegetables and Products 0.8 1.4 0.8 0.5Fruits and Products 0.9 0.3 1.1 0.2Stimulants 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5Spices 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1Alcoholic Beverages 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7Meat 5.2 13.0 0.2 24.0Eggs 0.4 1.1 0.0 1.7Fish and Fish Products 2.1 11.8 0.2 4.5Milk and Cheese 0.7 1.2 0.4 1.7Oils and Fats (Vegetable oils) 2.9 0.1 0.0 18.9Oils and Fats (animal fats) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3Non Alcoholic Beverages 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.1Miscellaneous and Prepared Food 13.6 13.9 13.2 15.6


Table 8. Energy, Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats Consumption in Total Nutrients Consumption by Item Group: 2003



households

Average number of persons in household


(Dietary energy) DUE TO income

(%)


(Monetary value) DUE TO income

(%)

CV of total consumption

DUE TO income

(%)

CV of Income -

FULL (%)


(Dietary energy) FULL

(%)


(Monetary value) FULL

(%)


(Dietary energy) - FULL as defined by

FAO (%)

Nationwide 42,094 4.8 22.0 51.4 77.2 93.8 26.5 53.3 29.7HH Size

1 or 2 family members 5,968 1.8 21.6 48.2 80.8 96.2 29.6 52.7 29.4 3 to 5 family members 20,968 4.0 19.0 46.3 69.8 85.6 23.9 48.3 27.6 More than 5 family members 15,158 7.1 19.3 48.1 70.4 85.7 23.6 50.0 27.8

Gender of head of HH Male 35,366 5.0 21.6 50.7 75.4 92.7 26.1 52.9 29.4 Female 6,728 3.9 21.6 48.4 75.0 86.5 26.7 50.4 29.4

Age of head of HH HH very young 9,650 4.2 23.2 52.6 74.4 87.6 27.6 54.2 30.6 HH young 11,379 5.4 22.0 52.4 75.7 90.7 26.1 54.1 29.7 HH not so young 13,710 5.2 21.8 51.5 78.2 94.9 26.2 53.4 29.5 HH senior 7,355 4.0 18.6 46.6 76.1 95.8 24.8 49.6 27.3

Industry Agri Activity 17,033 5.0 19.5 41.0 61.1 78.8 24.6 44.4 27.9 Non-agri activity 19,545 4.8 21.6 45.3 68.6 84.8 25.4 46.9 29.4 Without Activity 5,516 4.3 20.0 44.8 70.3 86.9 25.2 47.4 28.3

Education No Grade Completed 1,634 4.2 21.5 43.1 60.3 77.6 27.0 46.7 29.3 Elementary Undergraduate 9,774 4.9 20.3 43.3 59.0 73.3 26.0 46.1 28.5 Elementary Graduate 8,360 5.0 19.0 41.6 56.5 69.1 24.3 44.5 27.6 High School Undergraduate 5,273 4.9 17.5 40.5 56.4 69.5 22.5 43.3 26.6 High School Graduate 8,399 4.8 19.1 40.0 55.3 68.3 24.1 43.1 27.7 College Undergraduate 4,628 4.6 19.3 39.7 57.6 78.3 24.3 42.8 27.8 College Graduate 4,026 4.5 22.5 40.6 63.1 77.7 27.3 45.0 30.1

Region National Capital Region 3,972 4.7 21.9 36.2 64.4 84.1 22.1 34.5 29.7 Luzon 1 5,838 4.8 17.9 40.0 63.2 76.3 27.1 46.4 26.9 Luzon 2 3,722 4.7 16.6 42.6 71.5 97.1 25.4 49.1 26.0 Luzon 3 8,495 4.8 21.1 50.3 77.0 96.8 28.5 55.0 29.1 Visayas 8,158 4.8 22.3 50.9 83.4 103.8 31.4 57.0 29.9 Mindanao 1 3,598 5.0 19.0 45.9 72.5 99.8 26.0 50.1 27.6 Mindanao 2 3,941 4.9 20.9 49.9 79.7 100.2 26.0 53.1 28.9 Mindanao 3 4,370 4.8 20.0 48.6 76.1 109.8 30.1 53.9 28.3

Occupation Officials of Government 4,383 4.8 21.4 46.2 74.1 94.7 26.0 48.7 29.3 Professionals 1,773 4.6 21.6 42.0 61.7 73.7 25.1 44.3 29.5 No Occupations 5,516 4.3 20.0 44.8 70.3 86.9 25.2 47.4 28.3 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 2,778 4.5 20.4 41.0 56.8 66.6 24.7 44.3 28.6 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 6,711 4.9 20.8 45.3 58.5 69.9 25.9 47.7 28.9 Farmers 13,471 5.0 19.4 40.9 60.7 78.8 24.6 44.5 27.9 Trades & Related Workers 3,881 5.0 19.4 40.1 53.1 63.0 24.2 42.4 27.9 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 3,581 4.9 18.3 36.7 48.0 57.6 23.2 39.7 27.1


Table 9. Inequality Measures: Income, Food and Total Consumption - Coefficient of Variation by Categories and Groupings: 2003



households

Average number of persons in household

GINI of Food Consumption

(Dietary energy) DUE TO income

(%)


(Monetary value) DUE TO income

(%)

GINI of total consumption

DUE TO income

(%)

GINI of Income -

FULL (%)


(Dietary energy) -

FULL (%)


(Monetary value) - FULL

(%)


(Dietary energy) - FULL as defined by

FAO (%)

Nationwide 42,094 4.8 12.2 26.8 37.1 42.6 14.6 27.6 16.3HH Size

1 or 2 family members 5,968 1.8 12.0 25.3 38.4 43.3 16.2 27.4 16.1 3 to 5 family members 20,968 4.0 10.6 24.4 34.4 40.0 13.2 25.4 15.2 More than 5 family members 15,158 7.1 10.7 25.3 34.6 40.0 13.1 26.2 15.3

Gender of head of HH Male 35,366 5.0 12.0 26.5 36.5 42.3 14.4 27.5 16.2 Female 6,728 3.9 12.0 25.4 36.3 40.3 14.7 26.4 16.1

Age of head of HH HH very young 9,650 4.2 12.8 27.3 36.1 40.6 15.2 28.0 16.8 HH young 11,379 5.4 12.2 27.2 36.6 41.6 14.4 28.0 16.3 HH not so young 13,710 5.2 12.1 26.9 37.5 42.9 14.5 27.7 16.2 HH senior 7,355 4.0 10.4 24.6 36.7 43.2 13.7 26.0 15.0

Industry Agri Activity 17,033 5.0 10.8 22.0 31.0 37.7 13.6 23.6 15.4 Non-agri activity 19,545 4.8 12.0 24.0 33.9 39.7 14.1 24.8 16.1 Without Activity 5,516 4.3 11.1 23.7 34.6 40.4 13.9 25.0 15.6

Education No Grade Completed 1,634 4.2 11.9 22.9 30.6 37.3 14.9 24.7 16.1 Elementary Undergraduate 9,774 4.9 11.3 23.0 30.1 35.7 14.3 24.4 15.7 Elementary Graduate 8,360 5.0 10.6 22.2 29.0 34.2 13.5 23.6 15.2 High School Undergraduate 5,273 4.9 9.8 21.7 29.0 34.3 12.5 23.0 14.7 High School Graduate 8,399 4.8 10.6 21.5 28.5 33.8 13.3 23.0 15.2 College Undergraduate 4,628 4.6 10.8 21.3 29.5 37.5 13.4 22.8 15.3 College Graduate 4,026 4.5 12.5 21.7 31.8 37.3 15.0 23.8 16.5

Region National Capital Region 3,972 4.7 12.2 19.6 32.3 39.5 12.3 18.8 16.3 Luzon 1 5,838 4.8 10.0 21.5 31.8 36.8 14.9 24.5 14.8 Luzon 2 3,722 4.7 9.3 22.7 35.0 43.6 14.0 25.7 14.3 Luzon 3 8,495 4.8 11.7 26.3 37.1 43.5 15.7 28.4 16.0 Visayas 8,158 4.8 12.4 26.6 39.3 45.5 17.2 29.2 16.4 Mindanao 1 3,598 5.0 10.6 24.3 35.4 44.3 14.3 26.2 15.2 Mindanao 2 3,941 4.9 11.6 26.1 38.0 44.4 14.4 27.5 15.9 Mindanao 3 4,370 4.8 11.1 25.5 36.7 47.1 16.5 27.9 15.5

Occupation Officials of Government 4,383 4.8 11.9 24.4 36.0 42.8 14.4 25.6 16.1 Professionals 1,773 4.6 12.0 22.5 31.2 35.8 13.9 23.6 16.2 No Occupations 5,516 4.3 11.1 23.7 34.6 40.4 13.9 25.0 15.6 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Sales Worker 2,778 4.5 11.4 22.0 29.2 33.2 13.7 23.5 15.7 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 6,711 4.9 11.6 24.0 29.9 34.4 14.3 25.1 15.9 Farmers 13,471 5.0 10.8 21.9 30.8 37.7 13.6 23.6 15.3 Trades & Related Workers 3,881 5.0 10.8 21.5 27.6 31.7 13.4 22.6 15.3 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 3,581 4.9 10.2 19.8 25.2 29.5 12.8 21.3 14.9


Table 10. Inequality Measures: Income, Food and Total Consumption - Gini Coefficients (Log Normal Assumption) by Categories and Groupings: 2003


Categories and GroupingsDecile of grouping variable

Income (LC$/person/day)

Demand elasticity (DEC) respect to

income (%)

Demand elasticity (FMV) respect to

income (%)

Demand elasticity (ShareFMW)

respect to income (%)

Income levelDecile 1 18.17 0.4 2.9 0.8Decile 2 27.12 0.4 1.3 0.8Decile 3 35.26 0.3 1.0 0.8Decile 4 43.90 0.3 0.8 0.8Decile 5 54.78 0.3 0.7 0.8Decile 6 69.25 0.3 0.6 0.8Decile 7 88.20 0.3 0.5 0.8Decile 8 113.85 0.2 0.5 0.7Decile 9 153.46 0.2 0.4 0.7Decile 10 337.72 0.2 0.3 0.6

HH Size 1 or 2 family members 1 29.05 0.4 1.5 0.8 1 or 2 family members 2 43.97 0.4 0.9 0.8 1 or 2 family members 3 55.67 0.3 0.7 0.8 1 or 2 family members 4 69.96 0.3 0.6 0.8 1 or 2 family members 5 89.35 0.3 0.6 0.8 1 or 2 family members 6 113.99 0.3 0.5 0.8 1 or 2 family members 7 146.16 0.3 0.4 0.7 1 or 2 family members 8 194.88 0.2 0.4 0.7 1 or 2 family members 9 269.43 0.2 0.3 0.7 1 or 2 family members 10 608.57 0.2 0.3 0.6 3 to 5 family members 1 22.25 0.5 2.4 0.8 3 to 5 family members 2 31.95 0.4 1.3 0.8 3 to 5 family members 3 40.05 0.4 1.0 0.8 3 to 5 family members 4 49.73 0.3 0.8 0.8 3 to 5 family members 5 62.08 0.3 0.7 0.8 3 to 5 family members 6 77.53 0.3 0.6 0.8 3 to 5 family members 7 97.37 0.3 0.5 0.8 3 to 5 family members 8 122.18 0.3 0.5 0.7 3 to 5 family members 9 164.12 0.2 0.4 0.7 3 to 5 family members 10 337.84 0.2 0.3 0.7 More than 5 family members 1 15.18 0.6 27.5 0.8 More than 5 family members 2 21.07 0.5 2.7 0.8 More than 5 family members 3 26.43 0.4 1.7 0.8 More than 5 family members 4 32.83 0.4 1.2 0.8 More than 5 family members 5 40.40 0.4 1.0 0.8 More than 5 family members 6 49.88 0.3 0.8 0.8 More than 5 family members 7 63.70 0.3 0.7 0.8 More than 5 family members 8 82.89 0.3 0.6 0.8 More than 5 family members 9 110.81 0.3 0.5 0.8 More than 5 family members 10 222.91 0.2 0.4 0.7

Gender of head of HH Male 1 17.68 0.4 4.5 0.8 Male 2 25.97 0.4 1.7 0.8 Male 3 33.54 0.3 1.2 0.8 Male 4 41.49 0.3 0.9 0.8 Male 5 51.10 0.3 0.8 0.8 Male 6 63.94 0.3 0.7 0.8 Male 7 80.88 0.3 0.6 0.8 Male 8 105.31 0.2 0.5 0.7 Male 9 140.79 0.2 0.4 0.7 Male 10 311.36 0.2 0.3 0.6 Female 1 22.99 0.4 2.1 0.8 Female 2 37.03 0.3 1.0 0.8 Female 3 49.02 0.3 0.8 0.8 Female 4 65.13 0.3 0.7 0.8 Female 5 81.30 0.3 0.6 0.8 Female 6 101.49 0.3 0.5 0.7 Female 7 126.01 0.2 0.5 0.7 Female 8 160.72 0.2 0.4 0.7 Female 9 222.75 0.2 0.4 0.7 Female 10 436.51 0.2 0.3 0.6

Table 11. Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income by Categories and Groupings: 2003





income (%)


income (%)



Age of head of HH HH very young 1 17.80 0.4 3.0 0.8 HH very young 2 26.33 0.4 1.4 0.8 HH very young 3 33.32 0.3 1.0 0.8 HH very young 4 40.79 0.3 0.9 0.8 HH very young 5 51.43 0.3 0.7 0.8 HH very young 6 62.96 0.3 0.6 0.8 HH very young 7 80.78 0.3 0.5 0.8 HH very young 8 104.26 0.2 0.5 0.7 HH very young 9 140.14 0.2 0.4 0.7 HH very young 10 281.84 0.2 0.3 0.7 HH young 1 16.41 0.4 4.0 0.8 HH young 2 24.13 0.4 1.6 0.8 HH young 3 31.63 0.3 1.1 0.8 HH young 4 39.54 0.3 0.9 0.8 HH young 5 49.36 0.3 0.7 0.8 HH young 6 62.93 0.3 0.6 0.8 HH young 7 79.93 0.3 0.5 0.8 HH young 8 101.34 0.2 0.5 0.8 HH young 9 138.63 0.2 0.4 0.7 HH young 10 283.61 0.2 0.3 0.7 HH not so young 1 18.94 0.4 2.5 0.8 HH not so young 2 28.36 0.4 1.3 0.8 HH not so young 3 37.22 0.3 0.9 0.8 HH not so young 4 46.74 0.3 0.8 0.8 HH not so young 5 59.21 0.3 0.7 0.8 HH not so young 6 74.73 0.3 0.6 0.8 HH not so young 7 97.25 0.2 0.5 0.8 HH not so young 8 123.72 0.2 0.4 0.7 HH not so young 9 167.41 0.2 0.4 0.7 HH not so young 10 368.92 0.2 0.3 0.6 HH senior 1 21.95 0.4 1.8 0.8 HH senior 2 32.58 0.3 1.1 0.8 HH senior 3 41.11 0.3 0.9 0.8 HH senior 4 50.39 0.3 0.7 0.8 HH senior 5 61.77 0.3 0.6 0.8 HH senior 6 76.89 0.3 0.6 0.8 HH senior 7 96.53 0.2 0.5 0.8 HH senior 8 124.30 0.2 0.4 0.7 HH senior 9 174.38 0.2 0.4 0.7 HH senior 10 415.18 0.2 0.3 0.6

Industry Agri Activity 1 14.60 0.5 9.2 0.8 Agri Activity 2 20.32 0.4 2.3 0.8 Agri Activity 3 24.03 0.4 1.6 0.8 Agri Activity 4 28.12 0.3 1.3 0.8 Agri Activity 5 33.32 0.3 1.1 0.8 Agri Activity 6 37.72 0.3 0.9 0.8 Agri Activity 7 45.08 0.3 0.8 0.8 Agri Activity 8 54.37 0.3 0.7 0.8 Agri Activity 9 72.99 0.3 0.6 0.8 Agri Activity 10 150.73 0.2 0.4 0.7 Non-agri activity 1 25.69 0.4 1.5 0.8 Non-agri activity 2 39.08 0.3 0.9 0.8 Non-agri activity 3 49.78 0.3 0.7 0.8 Non-agri activity 4 61.47 0.3 0.6 0.8 Non-agri activity 5 75.93 0.3 0.6 0.8 Non-agri activity 6 92.16 0.2 0.5 0.8 Non-agri activity 7 111.31 0.2 0.5 0.7 Non-agri activity 8 136.04 0.2 0.4 0.7 Non-agri activity 9 180.29 0.2 0.4 0.7 Non-agri activity 10 390.52 0.2 0.3 0.6

Table 11. Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income by Categories and Groupings: 2003 --- (continued)



Decile of grouping variable



income (%)


income (%)



Without Activity 1 25.94 0.4 1.5 0.8 Without Activity 2 40.79 0.3 0.9 0.8 Without Activity 3 56.35 0.3 0.7 0.8 Without Activity 4 71.07 0.3 0.6 0.8 Without Activity 5 86.32 0.3 0.5 0.8 Without Activity 6 105.10 0.2 0.5 0.7 Without Activity 7 124.08 0.2 0.4 0.7 Without Activity 8 159.95 0.2 0.4 0.7 Without Activity 9 219.67 0.2 0.4 0.7 Without Activity 10 462.95 0.2 0.3 0.6

Education No Grade Completed 1 12.24 0.5 -11.2 0.8 No Grade Completed 2 17.72 0.4 3.6 0.8 No Grade Completed 3 21.78 0.4 2.1 0.8 No Grade Completed 4 26.51 0.4 1.5 0.8 No Grade Completed 5 30.66 0.3 1.2 0.8 No Grade Completed 6 33.78 0.3 1.1 0.8 No Grade Completed 7 42.34 0.3 0.9 0.8 No Grade Completed 8 46.70 0.3 0.8 0.8 No Grade Completed 9 62.75 0.3 0.6 0.8 No Grade Completed 10 130.53 0.2 0.4 0.7 Elementary Undergraduate 1 14.59 0.5 11.6 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 2 20.35 0.4 2.4 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 3 24.47 0.4 1.7 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 4 29.38 0.3 1.3 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 5 34.28 0.3 1.1 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 6 40.26 0.3 0.9 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 7 47.70 0.3 0.8 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 8 58.60 0.3 0.7 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 9 79.85 0.3 0.6 0.8 Elementary Undergraduate 10 140.44 0.2 0.4 0.7 Elementary Graduate 1 18.06 0.4 3.3 0.8 Elementary Graduate 2 24.76 0.4 1.6 0.8 Elementary Graduate 3 31.18 0.3 1.2 0.8 Elementary Graduate 4 36.51 0.3 1.0 0.8 Elementary Graduate 5 43.19 0.3 0.9 0.8 Elementary Graduate 6 52.28 0.3 0.7 0.8 Elementary Graduate 7 64.31 0.3 0.6 0.8 Elementary Graduate 8 77.64 0.3 0.6 0.8 Elementary Graduate 9 98.79 0.2 0.5 0.8 Elementary Graduate 10 168.30 0.2 0.4 0.7 High School Undergraduate 1 19.44 0.4 2.7 0.8 High School Undergraduate 2 27.81 0.4 1.4 0.8 High School Undergraduate 3 35.25 0.3 1.0 0.8 High School Undergraduate 4 42.26 0.3 0.9 0.8 High School Undergraduate 5 48.19 0.3 0.8 0.8 High School Undergraduate 6 58.74 0.3 0.7 0.8 High School Undergraduate 7 69.49 0.3 0.6 0.8 High School Undergraduate 8 88.70 0.3 0.5 0.8 High School Undergraduate 9 112.50 0.2 0.5 0.7 High School Undergraduate 10 192.06 0.2 0.4 0.7 High School Graduate 1 23.97 0.4 1.7 0.8 High School Graduate 2 36.16 0.3 1.0 0.8 High School Graduate 3 47.20 0.3 0.8 0.8 High School Graduate 4 57.55 0.3 0.7 0.8 High School Graduate 5 70.30 0.3 0.6 0.8 High School Graduate 6 81.35 0.3 0.6 0.8 High School Graduate 7 98.83 0.2 0.5 0.8 High School Graduate 8 116.36 0.2 0.5 0.7 High School Graduate 9 144.61 0.2 0.4 0.7 High School Graduate 10 256.42 0.2 0.3 0.7




Decile of grouping variable



income (%)


income (%)



College Undergraduate 1 32.27 0.3 1.1 0.8 College Undergraduate 2 51.26 0.3 0.7 0.8 College Undergraduate 3 66.70 0.3 0.6 0.8 College Undergraduate 4 84.96 0.3 0.5 0.8 College Undergraduate 5 101.93 0.2 0.5 0.7 College Undergraduate 6 120.47 0.2 0.5 0.7 College Undergraduate 7 136.41 0.2 0.4 0.7 College Undergraduate 8 167.30 0.2 0.4 0.7 College Undergraduate 9 210.36 0.2 0.4 0.7 College Undergraduate 10 467.52 0.2 0.3 0.6 College Graduate 1 54.68 0.3 0.7 0.8 College Graduate 2 92.42 0.2 0.5 0.8 College Graduate 3 119.34 0.2 0.5 0.7 College Graduate 4 143.55 0.2 0.4 0.7 College Graduate 5 172.02 0.2 0.4 0.7 College Graduate 6 202.65 0.2 0.4 0.7 College Graduate 7 251.50 0.2 0.3 0.7 College Graduate 8 300.36 0.2 0.3 0.7 College Graduate 9 386.33 0.2 0.3 0.6 College Graduate 10 770.63 0.2 0.2 0.5

Region National Capital Region 1 54.05 0.3 0.7 0.8 National Capital Region 2 77.34 0.3 0.5 0.8 National Capital Region 3 88.66 0.2 0.5 0.8 National Capital Region 4 96.21 0.2 0.5 0.8 National Capital Region 5 117.09 0.2 0.4 0.7 National Capital Region 6 129.47 0.2 0.4 0.7 National Capital Region 7 152.58 0.2 0.4 0.7 National Capital Region 8 191.30 0.2 0.4 0.7 National Capital Region 9 272.67 0.2 0.3 0.7 National Capital Region 10 599.24 0.2 0.3 0.6 Luzon 1 1 25.84 0.3 1.3 0.8 Luzon 1 2 37.11 0.3 0.9 0.8 Luzon 1 3 45.32 0.3 0.8 0.8 Luzon 1 4 53.71 0.3 0.7 0.8 Luzon 1 5 64.39 0.3 0.6 0.8 Luzon 1 6 75.88 0.3 0.5 0.8 Luzon 1 7 92.29 0.2 0.5 0.8 Luzon 1 8 115.23 0.2 0.4 0.7 Luzon 1 9 151.34 0.2 0.4 0.7 Luzon 1 10 278.65 0.2 0.3 0.7 Luzon 2 1 22.09 0.4 1.6 0.8 Luzon 2 2 29.84 0.3 1.1 0.8 Luzon 2 3 35.82 0.3 0.9 0.8 Luzon 2 4 43.52 0.3 0.8 0.8 Luzon 2 5 52.69 0.3 0.7 0.8 Luzon 2 6 62.87 0.3 0.6 0.8 Luzon 2 7 77.75 0.3 0.5 0.8 Luzon 2 8 100.41 0.2 0.5 0.8 Luzon 2 9 145.33 0.2 0.4 0.7 Luzon 2 10 317.77 0.2 0.3 0.7 Luzon 3 1 19.43 0.4 2.1 0.8 Luzon 3 2 29.38 0.3 1.1 0.8 Luzon 3 3 37.02 0.3 0.9 0.8 Luzon 3 4 45.82 0.3 0.7 0.8 Luzon 3 5 57.65 0.3 0.6 0.8 Luzon 3 6 69.89 0.3 0.6 0.8 Luzon 3 7 91.11 0.2 0.5 0.8 Luzon 3 8 118.54 0.2 0.4 0.7 Luzon 3 9 164.70 0.2 0.4 0.7 Luzon 3 10 357.49 0.2 0.3 0.6






income (%)


income (%)



Visayas 1 15.66 0.4 3.7 0.8 Visayas 2 22.59 0.4 1.6 0.8 Visayas 3 28.00 0.3 1.2 0.8 Visayas 4 33.71 0.3 1.0 0.8 Visayas 5 40.92 0.3 0.8 0.8 Visayas 6 49.63 0.3 0.7 0.8 Visayas 7 61.33 0.3 0.6 0.8 Visayas 8 81.67 0.2 0.5 0.8 Visayas 9 119.25 0.2 0.4 0.7 Visayas 10 271.57 0.2 0.3 0.7 Mindanao 1 1 11.75 0.5 -58.9 0.8 Mindanao 1 2 18.81 0.4 2.2 0.8 Mindanao 1 3 23.89 0.4 1.4 0.8 Mindanao 1 4 26.78 0.3 1.2 0.8 Mindanao 1 5 32.39 0.3 1.0 0.8 Mindanao 1 6 35.69 0.3 0.9 0.8 Mindanao 1 7 44.17 0.3 0.8 0.8 Mindanao 1 8 55.09 0.3 0.7 0.8 Mindanao 1 9 81.91 0.2 0.5 0.8 Mindanao 1 10 196.05 0.2 0.4 0.7 Mindanao 2 1 14.48 0.4 5.2 0.8 Mindanao 2 2 20.58 0.4 1.8 0.8 Mindanao 2 3 24.52 0.4 1.4 0.8 Mindanao 2 4 29.37 0.3 1.1 0.8 Mindanao 2 5 35.85 0.3 0.9 0.8 Mindanao 2 6 43.30 0.3 0.8 0.8 Mindanao 2 7 52.97 0.3 0.7 0.8 Mindanao 2 8 75.67 0.3 0.5 0.8 Mindanao 2 9 108.29 0.2 0.5 0.7 Mindanao 2 10 235.12 0.2 0.3 0.7 Mindanao 3 1 15.40 0.4 3.9 0.8 Mindanao 3 2 22.22 0.4 1.6 0.8 Mindanao 3 3 28.01 0.3 1.2 0.8 Mindanao 3 4 34.53 0.3 0.9 0.8 Mindanao 3 5 40.97 0.3 0.8 0.8 Mindanao 3 6 50.31 0.3 0.7 0.8 Mindanao 3 7 62.18 0.3 0.6 0.8 Mindanao 3 8 77.96 0.3 0.5 0.8 Mindanao 3 9 106.52 0.2 0.5 0.7 Mindanao 3 10 295.85 0.2 0.3 0.7

Occupation Officials of Government 1 30.00 0.4 1.4 0.8 Officials of Government 2 49.73 0.3 0.8 0.8 Officials of Government 3 68.29 0.3 0.7 0.8 Officials of Government 4 85.63 0.3 0.6 0.8 Officials of Government 5 107.77 0.3 0.5 0.7 Officials of Government 6 127.93 0.2 0.5 0.7 Officials of Government 7 154.30 0.2 0.4 0.7 Officials of Government 8 193.52 0.2 0.4 0.7 Officials of Government 9 277.76 0.2 0.3 0.7 Officials of Government 10 631.71 0.2 0.3 0.5 Professionals 1 43.16 0.3 0.9 0.8 Professionals 2 73.72 0.3 0.6 0.8 Professionals 3 102.84 0.3 0.5 0.8 Professionals 4 127.58 0.2 0.5 0.7 Professionals 5 154.64 0.2 0.4 0.7 Professionals 6 180.54 0.2 0.4 0.7 Professionals 7 211.93 0.2 0.4 0.7 Professionals 8 250.20 0.2 0.4 0.7 Professionals 9 353.01 0.2 0.3 0.6 Professionals 10 607.51 0.2 0.3 0.6






income (%)


income (%)



No Occupations 1 25.94 0.4 1.8 0.8 No Occupations 2 40.79 0.3 1.0 0.8 No Occupations 3 56.35 0.3 0.8 0.8 No Occupations 4 71.07 0.3 0.6 0.8 No Occupations 5 86.32 0.3 0.6 0.8 No Occupations 6 105.10 0.3 0.5 0.8 No Occupations 7 124.08 0.2 0.5 0.7 No Occupations 8 159.95 0.2 0.4 0.7 No Occupations 9 219.67 0.2 0.4 0.7 No Occupations 10 462.95 0.2 0.3 0.6 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 1 29.86 0.4 1.5 0.8 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 2 47.90 0.3 0.9 0.8 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 3 62.08 0.3 0.7 0.8 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 4 75.68 0.3 0.6 0.8 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 5 87.69 0.3 0.6 0.8 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 6 110.01 0.3 0.5 0.7 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 7 125.14 0.2 0.5 0.7 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 8 151.31 0.2 0.4 0.7 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 9 185.86 0.2 0.4 0.7 Clerks & Service Workers and Shop Market Sales Worker 10 319.76 0.2 0.3 0.7 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 1 16.43 0.5 11.0 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 2 22.92 0.4 2.4 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 3 28.11 0.4 1.6 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 4 33.51 0.4 1.2 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 5 39.96 0.3 1.0 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 6 47.04 0.3 0.9 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 7 57.94 0.3 0.7 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 8 74.05 0.3 0.6 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 9 94.14 0.3 0.5 0.8 Laborers & Unskilled Workers 10 154.99 0.2 0.4 0.7 Farmers 1 14.72 0.5 -51.8 0.8 Farmers 2 20.37 0.4 3.3 0.8 Farmers 3 24.41 0.4 2.1 0.8 Farmers 4 28.44 0.4 1.6 0.8 Farmers 5 33.89 0.4 1.2 0.8 Farmers 6 38.60 0.3 1.1 0.8 Farmers 7 46.46 0.3 0.9 0.8 Farmers 8 55.75 0.3 0.8 0.8 Farmers 9 75.32 0.3 0.6 0.8 Farmers 10 152.30 0.2 0.4 0.7






income (%)


income (%)



Trades & Related Workers 1 22.75 0.4 2.4 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 2 33.00 0.4 1.3 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 3 40.95 0.3 1.0 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 4 46.58 0.3 0.9 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 5 56.23 0.3 0.8 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 6 66.56 0.3 0.7 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 7 80.50 0.3 0.6 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 8 92.37 0.3 0.6 0.8 Trades & Related Workers 9 117.55 0.3 0.5 0.7 Trades & Related Workers 10 195.07 0.2 0.4 0.7 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 1 28.44 0.4 1.6 0.8 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 2 40.55 0.3 1.0 0.8 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 3 49.66 0.3 0.8 0.8 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 4 56.99 0.3 0.7 0.8 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 5 66.89 0.3 0.7 0.8 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 6 75.94 0.3 0.6 0.8 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 7 94.37 0.3 0.5 0.8 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 8 108.07 0.3 0.5 0.7 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 9 132.10 0.2 0.5 0.7 Plant & Machine Operators and Assemblers 10 207.79 0.2 0.4 0.7


Table 11. Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income by Categories and Groupings: 2003 --- (concluded)

fao final june3 no cover · average daily dietary energy consumption of a filipino was 1940 kcal....

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