1. , ei.. . l . ,.l ) Noun Modifiers :(a. .> , . ) M1-1: articles :(Noun Modifiers Noun Conditions Translate Examplea, an (indefinite)_.l l. e. .l>l . e. , e. C ) _.> ,.l .,I .Il>>. ( , + N + . . ) > olc , .l ( , _ l - c. _) , ( >o . ) e>o ( l , >. e>l.. A man was standing A teacher should be active in the class.) C, ( _V > i,l. ,Iao . ...It is recommended to use a metal.. , o _ c. l >. _ . e>ls..l I , , .The(definite)_.l l. ao .l>l el.l .ls l , _ cl ) > olc , .l ( .io .io ) ,>l ( ., .ei.>l iIl .L.>o ... (M2)Ali gave me a book. I put the book on the table. ... _o ) cl ( .l. ) io .l. )( .l. ( ,..li ,o . l ... :.loI l _. _ lll l. . l .l . l ._l .l . ) el. ( l. . .i.. an o _ l , i ) l>li .> _... icl > a, e, i, o, u >l> :l....l >. .(An (umbrella, upset, unhappy, honor, honorable, honest, heir, orange, onion, apple) A (university, unanimous, unique, unicorn, union, horse, house, once-distilled) s el.l .l ) M1-2: Demonstrative adjective :(Noun Modifiers Noun Conditions Translate Examplethis, these l , _ .io .io ) ,>l ( . , .ei.>l iIl ... . ) olc> , .l : l , _ ... (These are nice. l , i... .> l. ). o , el.l (These books l , . _ l.lthat, those cl .io .io ) ,>l ( . , .ei.>l iIl ... . ) olc> , .l : cl ... (Those housesl .l> clsuch, such a(n) . , ._ , . C , l ._ , .. , cl. ._ ..l .cl.> ) olc> , .l : , o _ +( N + uSuch a book . , l. _ ; _ , Such water _.l _o ,Such students . , _ ) , . : , _ ( >..l> , l : _the very o , _ . .clo ) _l> . , e M2 = ( Before my very eyes,lo. _,o _.lo.. : These those ao _ o , i..l. el.l ) . ,.l elo , l , i. ( l . , o o>. l.l l. _ i.. . l. . such .o , _ ..l I . , : , l _, l. ..l >l>l the . , l , i : , , l. The sun, The moon .o .l . , _ The guitarl>l . . ci. The heart ... ,.l _ @ _S_ ci. M1 , Io .s l _ ) >so .. ( >li. clol . bookEnglish practiceAlis , my, one, ) an , this, such n (the, a2o , llo. . ) M1-3: Quantifiers :(M1-3-1: Quantifiers Simple Noun Modifiers Noun Conditions Translate Examplesome l. . . , e. ..l l. . . e.> . Someone (body) _.l. Some book ., , something . , s. , , i . Some white wire. _ .lo . _ Sometimesome l. . . o , lo. . l .. .>lia. .i. . ) l ( >. . _ ) l ( .a. _ ) l (l.l. l _>. ..l. .>lia. Some booksl _ >. . _ .ll Sometimessome l. . . o , lo. . l .. . lio . ) l (. .lio ) .l ( (water) Some sugarlio . . ) clo ( Some timesome>ic l _. , ..l i . >i> >i> .l. Some 5 booksany Il. .Vo> > _ , s.o l _ . . ) _a ( . . ) , _a ( , . + N + . e.I didnt see any students in the class.Is there any water in the jar?l , l ) , ( .l _ .. l >any .> .Vo> > . ...o>io , >li. ,.l . + N + . e.Any student (body) can answer your question.Any oil can be used in that engine.You can sit on any chair.many ,.l l. . . ) ba8 ( + _a go>) >lia. ( , >l . ) so ,.l > ( ... , l . l ) o> ,.l ( .) >lia. ( .. , l . .>ia.o . ic . , ei l . ) M2 ( o>. , .l.l. l .l,.. ..l. .>l, >lia. Many books.l,.. .l .l> ... Many houses are built from stone.We have many mistakes.>ia.o .ll...l lo . ) l...l .l , >l . ( l> , , .several >lia. .i. . ) l ( . ) i. , _ (Several students >..l> i. ) >lia. . >..l> l , cl ... (both (2 things) > Both books (Both of the books ) are .each.l , . . ba8 + _a o_ao + >so ,.l + . . , l C + ,.l o>Each (Every) student in the class had a book.>..l> _, ) cl,>..l> l C, ( ..l> _.l. _V > .every + >so ,.l + . . , l C + ,.l o> . ) o ( ) (Every of the books is .l. _ . l C, .l.l. ) l.l. o (either (2 things) , l C ) l , cl ._ ( .> ,li > lEither way is possible. (either of the ways is ) , l C ) cl ( > ..l _oo el .neither (2 things) ) . . NP iol s.o _a _ o>. o , >. ( , , l C ) l , cl ._ ( .> , > l ,liThe students in the class explained the terms in details in neither lesson. Neither way is true. , , l C cl > ..> el . , ..3Noun ModifiersNoun Conditions Translate Example all >io , >li. ,.l . ) ( o . .,lo. _.l _ ... (The entire) All (the) water is l.l. o ... (The whole) All (the) books are no .. NP iol) Icl _ Iaso. _ . , i . (...s.o _a _ o o>. _ >. , . + ,.l >so + .The (No) teacher asked the (no) students a (no) question in the (no) class on no Monday. - el , l : l.ao . . o. .i.l.. o ,lo. _ l cl. o > e>ls..l . Every of the students has ) ( - all o l.. , lo. . _, o o> _a l. .>. o> ia. ,.l l ..l _ l , o o>. o> i _ _c . >. .Functions NounConditions Adj Conditions TranslateExample More adj (N) , s. i , I _ l. l. . . , .s .__i.l.. _,l> C. .) _,l> > ... >. ,.o y, er, owl.. i. (,.l + .s + .. cl .l. more expensive book_.o ei,, . the more complicated problem . .. _,o. More difficult exercise* c.. ...,. >lia. . More strong columnsMore (adj) No , l. lo. . . ,.l@ . _ . . . @ . ___>lia. ) lio ( . , .. . +,.l >so +.s>l> ,l.l More corrugated pins ...,. >lia. li>l _, .li>l .l _,>l> ,l.l More purified gold. _Il> .VL .l. .VL ...,. lio_. C. ...,. >lia. More bright colorsC.> _.i,.. ...,. >lia. More cold drinksLess adj (N) , s. i , I _ _c l. . l . .s___ .s cl l>. .) >li. _L. l> . (,.l + .s.o,.l + _c .s + .o.l _ l ... .o ...l l>>. ) >l> (. .l .,. Less big apples.. _Il>l. i,.l _,. Such less pure acid _.l.>> i.l>>. ..o _,l., l Less beautiful girls. C.> .l,.i,.. Less hot drinksLess (adj) N o , l. lo. . . ,.l . @ . ___.o lio . + ,.l+ .s>l> ,l.l ) ( Less hot drinkl> _.i,.. ..o lio . C.> _.i,..>l> ,l.l Less contaminated water.l ..o lio e>Il .l e,l .>l> ,l.l ) ( Less purified gold4Functions Noun Conditions Adj Conditions TranslateExamplemost (adj) N o , l. lo. . . ,.l _ @__.l ) eioc .,Lcl _. (+ o> ,.l + .s) (Most important problems ,o _,l.o .lMost clever students l. cl,>..l> .lMost complicated processesei,, .li.,l .lThe most adj (N) , Ilc i _ l.__i.l.. _,l> C. .) _,l> > ... >. ,.o y, er, owi.l.. (.s + . , _ ) + ,.l (_,.oo _.o _o My most important problem.>> _,.l., The most beautiful girl>l> ,l.l The most beautiful girls cl.>> _,.l., l., cl.>> _,..,.The most (adj) N o , l. lo. . . ,.l _ @_ @ __. , .. , _ + o> ,.l +.s_Il> .VL _,..,. The most pure gold >l> ,l.l The most important problems_,l.o _,.oo ) .V.o ( ,o _,l.o _,..,.Much adj (N) , i.. i , l. i . .s __l _ .s much>. l .) >li. _L. l> . (,.l + .. , l + .sUl.> l,.. cl,>..l> Much happy students_I. l,.. .lLl> Much bitter memories _oc , l,.. .l .l>> Much shallow riversC,l. l,.. .l I,o Much narrow rodsMuch (adj) N o , l. lo. . . ,.l . @ . ___ lio , >l . + ,.l +.s.l. l,.. .VL - .VL .>l, lio .l. Much pure goldl> l,.. .l l> .l .>l, lio Much hot waterNoun Modifiers Noun Conditions Translate Examplefewer o , lo. . .. ,.l l. @ . _ . .o >lia. .Fewer interesting novels. .Il> clo ..o >liaFewer unsolvable problems_., _.o ..o >lia.little,.l l. . @ . _ o , lo. . .. ). ( .. lio , o l _ Little sugar few,.l l. @ . _ .. >lia. , o l _ ) >iao . l ( Few friends - l> . . . .Il l .l , o. .. _ . > e>ls..l cl ) , _ .Il> c>. , i . .s _ l.l ( . - less _I,s. .s little ..l . little l _. ,.l @ . _ o , lo. . . , .. .s ..l l. . ,.l l.ao . . : little boy .5o .S: (NP of the NP + V) :o , llo. . . e>l. >io , ,.l . ) >so ( i.l> ) each, either, ( l. of >io , , i.l> ,.l . the ) C,I.o. ( o , o> ,.l l. i.l _a lo. .,o l. _.lLo ) >so ( o _ l , i. . Every room is (Every of the rooms is )One of the books is >io l.l , l. .i.li. ,.l . of >io , , i.li. ,.l . the ) C,I.o. ( o , o ,.l l. ..l..o _a l. i.l _ l , i. .Two books are (Two of the books are ) _ All of the book is ( books are )( water is ) Some of the book is ( books are )( water is ) l> :l.o l >lia. . ) l ( a, i, o, u, e , . l , .o , y , l.o l . .o ai, oi, ei, av ) l . l . . _l . . l . ) ( >. LsI. ( > , oI cl .i.l. oI :>l> l> >lia. clo ) e >l y o. .l.> Ul _ >. ( .re (1) o m le (1),u re (2), r u st oi se (1), m ou l (4), h u f i t u a e b (1), y dirt se (1),oi (2), n w o ll e Y.S: :* , .c .I . , o , l _, , .> l _ . , . . , o , l _, I.l > , . _ . lo. _.l , .. .* s l..l > . ,.l _ @ l.l . , o el.l cl i>l l _ i. ) i. l.l sugars( . ) ..l I ... > .(* I.l > , . _ , lo.> . o o>. _ i.. : more, less, fewer +er l> :. .s _, > l l e _ o o>. . l. _ i.. : ) . , .. additional, further (6Intensifiers: 8 , a: og j :much, very, so, quite, pretty, far, too +(adv/adj)== .. , l ) + .s / , i (too +(adv/adj)== . , i> l _ ) + .s / , i (rather, fairly+(adv/adj)==l.... ) + .s / , i (much (quite, far) more interesting . .Il> l,.. much (quite, far) less big. C l,..* very more>. _o. e>ls..l .* Io> > l to verb .iol too . l _ much i,l. ..l I i,l,. much >. .i> ) l much too >li. _Il.l i,l,. ( .>lc .Il> > . too much..l l,..l,.. _.ao . >li. _I.o : much too hot to drink very * o , . lo. . , .. . lia. l M1 _Io .s l, . ,.l l _. , l , ..l el.l .s i . >li. _.ao l ) ..li. >o V. ( o>. _l> .>. _o . _.o : _l> .ll. _,l = these very storesM1+ very+N=o , clo ._Before my very eyes = o _.lo , ,lo. _ - the very markers = l,lo clo- this very books = l.l. _,o far * .s l _. l , l , . i , l , l.ao . .i . . > , .. . l., l,.. = far beautiful.7M1-3-2: Quantifiers Compound Noun Modifiers Noun Conditions Translate Examplea few ,.l l. @ . _ >lia. . . i. ) .i. . : a. o >li _ (A few friends , a few more booksvery (so, too)few >lia. .. , ..l , o l _ ) l. , . (quite a few >lia. , >l .a little . @ . _ lio . ) .i. . : o lio _ (very (so, too) little lio .. , ..l , o l _ ) l. , . (quite a little lio , >l .a lot of are+ _ @is+ _ @ >lia. ) lio ( , >l . ) l (lots of Lots of people,>o l .>l, >lia.plenty of the whole >io , i. ,.l . >l _ .,lo. .othe entire The entire city . ,lo. all the All the book(s) .l. o ) l (a great (good)deal(s) of ba8 . @ . _ lio , >l . ) l (a (small, limited) great(good, large, huge,) amount(s) of lio , >l . ) o _ ) ( l (o l > , , >l . ) o _ ) ( l (a large amounts of sugar a(small) large(immense, huge, extreme,)quantity(ies)of lio , >l . ) o _ ) ( l (o l > , , >l . ) o _ ) ( l (a (small) great (good, large, huge,) sum of are+ _ @is+ _ @ >lia. , >l . ) o _ ( ) l (lio , >l . ) o _ ) ( l (a great (good)many of @ . _ . + _a go> >lia. , >l . ) l (8Noun Modifiers Noun Conditions Translate Examplea (small, limited)large (enormous, great,) number(s) of ba8 @ . _ . >lia. , >l . ) o _ ) ( l (A large numbers of books area couple of . . > ) > olc , .l , _ l.> ( l.ioc .l>. two >. _o e>ls..l ) _.,ao _I,> >..,. (a pair of,.l @ . _ . + >so _a (is) , C . , .s> CA pair of socks(gloves) is .l> .s> C, ) _..> (A pair of scissors (glasses) is _, C, ) C.,c (Two pair of slippers are _,l,o> .s> >a dozen (of) . . + o> _a l. ) .l,olc > e> _ l. e>l> (A dozen spoons are A dozen of guest are scores of .>l, >lia. l> . Scores of articles are l. o> .. cl> .li>lof ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillionHundreds of books .l. liTens of millions of cells UI. c,I,o l e>Dozens of classes _V l e>none of ba8 @ . _ . , , : ) l ( . , ,li ) l.i. l ( None of the students is (are) in the class. a number of . . + o> _a .i. >lia. . ) l (>lia. .i. . ) l ( o> _a ,.l @ . _ . ..lo. .,o oao the l _o. >. . ..l .o el a number ofelo. . .lo. ) o> ,.l (l. _.lLo _a NP Ul >io , >li. ,.l .lo. .,o..,.oao the l . _o > .l ..,. .o ell.>l. NP of NP i. _o ., .The number of.. :- o l , o.l .. l. _.lLo ia. _a .i.l. .o lo. . _ l ..l NP of NP l. _.lLo i.l. NP ..l Ul .- none .. ,.l l. ..l ,o none books i,l _o. .- l more o l ia. , lo. . . > , . , l , l.ao . .i . > , ..l ). > .l. i. , a few more books (- l. . o , llo. . _, l.l o>. >lia. , >l . o ..l _ l. l cl. , l o>. . many ) .. , l . >ia.o .l . . (... > e>ls..l .9oIcI ) M1-3-3: Numbers :(lo. >licl . _ ) _Il ( ) Cardinal :( zero, 1, two, 3, , infinity>ic .lo. _ . _ ,.l l _. . , l , i o , ..l lo. . > . , l , .ao . .. _ ..l elo. .5(M1) apples = .,. - apple 5 (M4) = elo. .,. .. >licl , . _ ) Ordinal :(M1 Il , _ - ... , _ o> , _ o. , _ ol , _ l o , _ >l , _ .l , _The first (1st) The second (2nd) The third(3rd) The fourth(4th) . . . The lastM2 Ul - ... ,> ,. ,l l , >l - l , .l _* >licl .. , . _ l. i,l. i.,l,. ,.l l. l the i.,l,. l o>. > l ,.l l _. , .i. M1 . ,.l l ia. l i.l , l , .i. M2 i.l .. , .. , o , c _ M1 - c . , .. , , : M2The twenty first(21st) century. >licl . :. >licl . .l i..lo _ o ... _ .i.. , .a _ .lo. _. > l _ .. , . _ .. , o _ , i.. .,. _. five thirds ,.. l four eighths- ,. > _. five & two ninths - ,.. C, a(one) sixth l. . s l. o .>. _o. elo of the>li. ,.l .,>io i,l,. i.l> _o ,.l l. _a .Two thirds of the apple(s) is(are) Four fifths of my clothes are _o. .,. A third apple ,. .,. .,. _,o. The third apple10 a l lc c _ ) M1-4: Superlative adj :(adj + est (=M1) + N Themost + adj (=M1) + N _ .>. _o o>. ,.l l _. M1 o lol ...l , o. . . l , .. .The most important , , , : oI (M1)..l ...l _Ilc .s _,.oo _.a, .The most important problem _.o _,.oo Our biggest issuelo _.o _,.. The most beautiful flowers lI _,.l., _n: j @.ao m :i. l. _..o ) .i.. , o i.. , cl i. ( > oI l , ..l ei. .>l. . l,o ,,li. _.,I.l _.l > i. c ) .. ll.l. > _.,I.l > ( ..l. ...l _.c cl. > ..,. i. cl,oli.., / i.. _o. _c l oI . i> . _o .s ,.l l _,l.l i.l. - >. _o. , l. .a + sleep= asleep(n)ei,.l>em + power =empower(v) c>l> .i i.. _o _c l oI . li.. .l:gaj u aI lc _la :, psychology ) _.l.. _,o ( - logy:biology, geology , economy ) .l. ,Ic ( - nomy:agronomyis s physics, mathematic ics: -- ry: chemistry, history- aphy: geography- ophy: philosophyl. ,Ic _ol.l _olo. ic ical .s _. l _.l.. ,lo. .i.. _o .s i.. _o _.>l.. i.. :_.>l.. .., biological - . co ..>l.l economical - _l, mathematical - _o,i ._,l. historical11 cla M2 :.ls M2 .ls .V> . M1 i.. _o o>. ,.l l ia. o .Ul.oo>_: I_a g cla.ao j b clared, big, nice, heavy, dark, my,>li. ..l _clo. ._Io .ls o . .l oI C, simplearrive + al = arrival> - U>>purpose + al = purposal>l..,necessity +ary = necessary .dictionary _l l. _o , ,.l _.o > : ary _a + al= ,.l ,.l + al = .sical, ic, al, ary, ory, ful, less, some, y, like, poor, rich, able, ible, ous, free,ish, ive ,(bound, based, oriented, led, driven, centered) noun-derivedDerivationalo . _,lo > redish yellow .lo>l ._o>l fool foolishC. e,. darkish ish .s l l. .s l..ishadj-derivedThe(M1) running(M2) man(they are running)ei.> >o - > Ul> > >obig(M2) destroying machineso .l> .l.,.l ei.. ) .l, ..o ( C.The moving chair ei.. .> _Ii. ) C.o ._ .> (io + ei. ei.. .Il> > ,>o Ul>> + io Icl .s .l. _ .c _Uli.o .l > _ e>l. l, _..o .s_.lV+ing Icl .s _ M2 o _ i.l. .M1 + Ving + N M2*verb-deriveda broken arrow ... .,. ) ei. (the punished boy ei. ,... . ) ...o (big(M2) destroyed building clo.>l. ei. .l> ) cl, ) ei. ( .o . ( . C ei. ei.. .Il> > ,>o Iaso .s .l. _ .c _.l > Uli.o _ _..o .s , e>l. l_.lp.p Iaso .s _ M2 o _ i.l. .M1 + (V)p.p + N M2 12 l:gaj u aI _I _la ua :economic, historic- ic- icalbiological-- al>l. _o ,.l , .s , -- ory -- ary) C.l. .l., ( - fulcolorful, beautiful ) l,. .clo.l> _. ( - lessjobless, homeless) >> .ei.>ll C.. ._,l. ( - somehandsome, troublesome, bothersome) ..l .Ilo. ._.ll. ( - y rainy, hairy, cloudy) i..lo cl..l .i..lo C. ( - like humanlike, doglike) c,.l , .c.,. , Cl> ( - poor oxygenpoor, nitrogenpoor soil) c,.l .l ( - rich oxygenrich air) _...> _.l ._o> _.l ( - able accessable, portable ) U.o ) .l ( C> _.l . ( - iblecomprehensible, responsible) .o . Cl.L> ( - ous dangerous, famous.s , .>l. _o ,.l , el C, > cloo -- ive ) .i. ci. _. ci. .li ( - free fatfree food, sugarfree ) . _...o ... _l.l.. ... . ... .o ... .o ... .l ... .>l,.. ... .lio ... _, () _V . _...o .lio _V .o _V ._.V .l.,Ila ( -- bound homebound activities) o .,I. ..,I. . _...o ) lio .>l,.. (( -- basedtaskbased) o U .l e ) >l,.. ( U . _...o . ( -- orientedmonyoreinted projects) o >..l> ._,>..l> .llL. ) lio ( >..l> . _...o . ( -- led studentled demonstrations) .l.,.lo .o . ._. (... -- driven electricitydriven cars) l..l .o cl..l .lio c (... -- centered humancentered13 al:.s = + al ,.l,.l + al =_a) ,.l : .i> ( removeremoval) .s : _. ( culture culturalory, ary:) .s : _.loio ( introduction introductory) ,.l : .l>i ( observatory) .s : .>l,.. .,Il ( elementelementary) ,.l ( dictionaryive:) _,> , ._... ( relative ) .... .L.l ( relation ) ,.l : ., ) ( .s : .l..o .,> ._,,l> ( alternative* V+ing l ia. ..l _a _.lo tobe _,. ..l .s _.lo i,l,. M1 N l, M2 N i,l,. .V+p.pl ia. ..l _a _.lo tobe i,l,. ) U>o _a ( l ia. l, have i,l,. ) _ol clo ( _,. ..l .s _.lo M1 N l, M2 N i,l,. .** _Iaso .s _Iaso .. _Icl .s ) . , ( >. _o. o>. _Icl .. .tobeam is are Ving was were . . . be . . . been . . . being 14 _SI tobe_n8 _I _;8 ing oga _o u_I_o.aI _n8 .jl,; : VingUl> > .,.i,> _o ,> ) .l,olc> : ,> _o ,l> ( (am, is, are) running .lo..l Ul>Ul> > ,> ,i,> _o .,>. ci ) .l,olc> : ,,> _o ,..l> ( (Was, were) running .lo..l ..iUl> > >. ,l> ci,> Will be running .lo..l ei.,lUl> > >. ,l> ci,> Would be running ..i > ei.,l .lo..lUl> > e>. ci,> ,l ) ..l ( ,l ei,> _o . ) ..l ( (Have, has) been running .lo..l _ol Ul>Ul> > ,l e>. ci,> ) ..l ( - ) ,>. ( ,l ei,> _o . ) ..l ( - ) ,i,> _o ( Had been running .lo..l _ol ..i_.nj _olS _ have lo.> g o_Io P.P jI _o OI _I n; P.P:,l ... ) ..l ( (Have, has) broken _ol Ul>,>. ... Had broken _ol ..i,l ... ) ..l ( Will have broken _ol ei.,l,>. ... - ,... _o ) _o + _lo _. ( Would have broken _ol ..i > ei.,l.S: : _o . _o Ul> > l. .lo..l o>. >. . o>. will would i. _o. _ . i.l. ei. ,lo. ei.,l > _.,ao clo l. _Ioc _.a, _ol ei.,l . l> o>. > have .>. __ ,,li _o e .U>o _a : ) l tobe >li. l.ao o>. > ci. ...li. ,. .o. (.,l ei. ... ) ..l ( >. _o ... (am, is, are) broken U>o e>l. Ul>i. ... (was, were) broken U>o e>l. ..ii. il> ... Will be broken U>o e>l. ei.,li. il> ... Would be broken U>o ..i > ei.,l..l ei. ... (have, has) been broken U>o _ol Ul>>. ei. ... Had been broken U>o _ol ..i..l ei. ... Will have been broken U>o _ol ei.,l>. ei. ... i. _o ... Would have been broken U>o _ol ..i > ei.,l15 uS_o cla (M2-3: Compound):_g_ l u S_: , u : _.,I.l cl. > ,,l> c> .o .l. .Il> : - > i. l, ,,.l.. _o , . l oI . ) oao ) .,o . ( L. l .o el l .>. _o ,.l .o oI .>. ,.l l ...l .l. >l el l. . >. ll .> (...1. sticking words together (blackboard, greenhouse, intake ,hereby ,herewith, understand, upon, nevertheless, notwithstanding)l L. . .l.liao ol. _,ll. I,..,i. .lI.i>intake .o ,.l . ) _al ( hereby.o i, . ) ll .> l ( understand .o _a .into .o ll .> . Basketball .o ,.l - C e,. > C, l e>ls..l i. _,. el l. ) _,ll,. (2. hyphenation (well-known, mother-in-law, well known)LL> :Hyphen) - : ( L.o . . , . > i. l, elDash) : ( l.li> L.o . . . l.>l. > . ) _> ia. >. _o e>l> (3. stress shift (a 'book case, a book 'case) - ._..l _o ,,a. ..l l.s > i,l _o. l . o>. > . ) _.l.l> ..l. Lso ( - % el l . ..l ,> oI . l .o . ,,. _o .Io .e. .i> . eVc l, .>. _o .>l. e. .i> l. _ll .,. l. _s .,. l _.l > .l. .o .i.I. _i = _ .l . i.I.i = .V ,,. _o e>ls..l ..l.o ll .> l .>li. .l> , l. l : .,. ei.. C.> l l. ,.16 Ul.o o>_: I_a g cla.ao j b clao _, red beard>o . o _, a red-bearded man>o cl ... the hard-headed mena cold-blooded murderer >..> _I.lo.l> V>l i. _ a bad-tempered lady - ,.l ) e. .i> l. ( + .s- .Io ._Ia> .s) ed ,.l . _Ia> l,,i,o (adj-n edCompoundThe(m1) hair-removing(m2) spray(N).o .,.l ) .o _Icl .s (air-cooled systems ei.. C.> l l. .lo..,. ) .o _Iaso .s (Hand-made objectsl. ..> .l,.l ) ..> .>l. (- ,.l ) e. .i> + ( .s_..o _a l- o . cl .I- l. ..l.o ll .>.o _Icl .s n-Vingn-p.p.s so a .o _In-vd adj***_.> . ei. .>l.. ) ,>l : .o ( well-knownthe rapidly-moving vehicles ,I. ,l. i.. ) ei.i.. (.l,.I ei. . .> well-cooked beans.,ao> , _Ll.o Thinly-populated areas,,a. Ul> > .c. . cl> Rapidly-changing world , i + _..o .s _a l.o _Icl .s adv-Vingadv-p.p.s so a .o _Iadv-vd adja 10-meter-tall mast_I> - ..o ) ls.l . - .o (a 16-year-old lady_o.l> I Il. ) _. . I Ul. (2-meter-wide hole .l. . .l Il ) _c ( .o8-story (tall) buildings .l.lo.>l. A .L- >ic + i>l + . l . . . .) ,lc o>. (- . + ,.l ) .s + ( >ic +i>l ) _. o>. (number-unit-adj** - _ol.l >ic l ia. .l.,. > s i., _o. o> .tall. s It is 10 meter old. s I am 16 year . s I have 20 dollar - >. _o .i> , .s _l ..l..l .l - .> 20-doller notes (worth).l.lo.>l. - .L 10-story buildings (high)17 M3 : l . ,.l o Il. _ i.,l,. Il ,.l . _ ..l >l ,.l ,> .l. > M3 i... . M3 o.l _ > ,.l ..l , . l , o . _ i. ) ,Il .lo ( . M3 oao s o. o> _ i , > ) > o>. o> c>. >so , . cl. _o ,I . > ( . .li> > M3 , o.l .. l _ _ ..l l>o . el M3 ... .s .. _ . ,.o ) ..l .. . _, . ( o o>. _ >. .,o Il .lo .lo .. , ) e. c>l ( o>. . o _ >. .Young(m2) smart(m2) oxford(m3) university(m3) students(n) demonstrated(v)._,.. ,l. clol. (m3) organization industry heavy(m2) industries the organization of heavy _l> _ol.l ) i.. _o . C. .> l. ( i.li. _o.l e icl .,lc . .l.>l , . Heavy Industries Organization (HIO)) ,,. _o _oc . _,i. ,.l > l _,. e>ls..l .l. ( London oxford university of Student _.l.lo .l.. The telecommunications companies..> .l..ll News agencies.l e,>. .ll. chain stores.l .io . . school boy_. .l.s ) m3 ..,. ( sports shoesrl...aI : l. _.,I.l > el > s l.l l _, .i.. _o .s sport ..l m2 >. _o .o>_: _o c>g _lna :> , . ol _L,l. , .. >li. cl M2 l, M3 i.. L. . _oIc l, Uao .l. i. Ul> .>. o>. _o.l .. l _, .18 M4 :..l .ao l.l l _, ..ao ) Appositive ( ..l .l.>l. . oao , > _ . () . [] . {} . " " . . : . . lol o l _ , > , l c .l.l. i.e (Id est) l, that is .Dash) ( .l.> , _ . l.>l. > . . o li> , l l _ i. .ao o _ >l. ..l Io> >l cl ,> .o. >. _, l . .Ali, my brother, went ton m2n NPlo.> >. .i> Io> l i,l. ) i. _o _.o l Io> _l C> c ( Io> o>. l _ . i,li. >> .l> . l.l ) ..,. Io> _l :> .(C. .. _oo ,. lol i...,. .ao l lol o ) Io> .l..l _o> ( i,l,. .l.: , _ l.l l App .> .>l. _ cl NP i.l. .. .>. l ,.l l ia. IlV. , _ M4 o _ cl . i> _.l > Ui. o _ , i. .o>. > M4 .loI l _.a, l, i,.l. _o ) .l,.>l ( i,. e>ls..l .> .Il> M4 ) Ui. ( o .oVc ci. _ l , i : ol. _ M4 i.l. _l> ,.l ) >. . C. .> l. ( . my brother Ali went to ,.l l ia. >ic i,l,. ) i,l,. lol l. i,l. >. ... .> .. l ( elo. cl _.ao >. _o . elo. .,. the apple 4 _l Bold l, Italic >. _o _c cl .. l, >. _o . ...19 M5 :Io i.. _ ) Relative Clause :(RCRelative Pronouns ( lo , Io _ ) + Sentence M5 _>. l.l l RC o _ i.l. >. _o o>. .RC l, _.,I.l > M5 _,..l> l, ..l NP >. _o ) RC NP() .i.l.. ,.l cl _. l NP >. _o .(That* wh l ) >. while( i.l Uo .In 1944 when the world war started * Ul. > ) ,ol. ( _.l> C.> ...* >. _o ,. where l cl > i,. o>. .The palace where the Queen live .i. _o _i. Io cl > . ...l. , lo , Io _ o>.Noun thatwhich who whom whose clo ,.l whenclo ,.l wherethe reason why , . M5 . , i...whatwhether=if how 20 _j;: psr _a_l8 ; _a,lS:I :NPE(M1)3(M2)(M3)2N (M4)(M5)(M5) (M4) (M2) (M3) N (M1)NPFNPEM1aM1bM2aM2bM2cM3aM3bN M4aM4bM5 M5 M4aM4bM2aM2bM2cM3aM3bN M1bM1aNPFThat big crowded 5-story chain store, Ghods, which is located at such a wide busy intersectionsellsPrep M1 M2M2 N V M1 M2 M2 M2 M3 NNP=M4 R VNP1a great deal of fresh medium-sized trout fishthat is considered a vital prolific cholesterol-free dietespeciallyM1 M2M2M3NR V M1 M2 M2 M2NadvNP2for the young growingdeprived kidsPrep M1M2 M2 M2N who are suffering from any of these fatal malnutritious diseases. R VPrep M1M1 M2M2N.l e,>. el. cl U _lo .>l, lioi. _o_,c I. Ll. _,. > ..l ei. l . _i _.a, . C. I. .L .l ..l ei. _Loel. ..o eli.l ) >. _o ( cl> i. Ul> > ,o .l . .l.lo_.l,> .iao U..I ci. _,li ,, C, ) l i.. _o _. ( l.o .l ,ia. :. .l,lo,. _,l l C, . i.,V..o ... :suffer ..l c>. _. _.ao . . cl > .i.l.. _,, _.o l, .lo,. ,.l cl l ia. l . ci. l> l, i... V..o . >. _o o>. .21 uI 8lI O_> og_S Prepositional Phrase (PP):PPEPrep NPNP PrepPPFia. .>. _o o>. ll .> Ul NP ...,. _.l _.,I.l _,. C, . C, L.l ll .> > ) _.a, in >. _o. o>. > .,o ( .>. _o o>. l..o . . ll .> : ( _. _a .l..o . ( .l..o . NP _. ( .l..o . NP ia.1)(We got interested) in such huge organic molecules Prep M1 M2M2 NPP) . ,,i. i.o Vc lo ( _. _Il .lIIo _,.>search on these wild American camels, lamas, showed theoretical re detailed A 2) M1M2 M2 NprepM1M2M2N NP=M4 VNP PP_Iso .L. _ ) . on ( _,l,ol .l.. _,l el.> >l> cl.. .llo _.a, ._.> ...3)ona cold dark night Prep M1 M2M2NNPPP) . on( .>. C,l. .. > ) >I ua ; o_S: ulj ;a> _o _ (22 8lI O_> of :i. _Il. > NP . NP i. _o ..lLo cl l. _a ..l _Il _Il ) ,.l . _Il. _c . ( Io> ci,o .l. . ) _.l>i.. ( cl. _o NP Ul. L. > l _a .NP of NP of NP of NP of NPPPPPPPPP. .> :i> _o . , . l _.> C, l .c > ) _a .i, .,.l l.> (... . _Ia.o .. L.o .l .e. >. _o o>. .> ia. . _,l l NP of NP . of C, _> ..l .l C, NP ..l ...,. .> >l, .l e. _,l, o ) cl... L. .li> . l ( ..> . _.. cl .li>l. . _Ia.o Cl.l > . L.o .l e, The handles of the door of the cabin of the captain of that ship> NPoof NP.,o l.,. NPoco>o , NP>o , l .>. _o e>ls..l . .> .l o>. l ..l >. _c. co ) >li. .l> o>. ( .of l l. l, .ll> i,. o>. .l. .>o ) .ll> ( >lia..l _.>.l. ) >lia..l _.>o ( A man of incredible talent cll .,ol l. _co A mater of great significance 23 ,8 Ig:I _a,lS:I : - .s ) ,.ll,, ( l. ly .,o . ...l i, l.ioc ) l. ,.l ly >l. _o .s ( 1- adj-ly .l..> .l. A friendly (N-ly) behavior ..o el.,ll The orderly arrangement_o.o .l>li, The likely events.o, cl .l.cl. The costly (N,V) watchesl.o .l>V. The deadly weapons(dead = deadly) i.oIl. >ll ) _I,s. old ( The elderly people - .oVc ci. .li, ) ( : . _clo. . >l, i,l .often, never, (now, tomorrow, yesterday, today ), here, there, seldom, (yet, still, however, nevertheless, nonetheless ), (somehow, somewhat ), already, always, almost, also, so, then, hence, moreyet still l U .i.,l,. Io> lol l, _I . .>. _o o> . . ...l _, .s i, .Il> , _>. > : fast, hard, late, long, just _.L .s. a long trip l.io . i. _o It was long thought that l C, U>lc _ ) .s : U>lc ( Just : a just judge i, : _,> ...> l . ) cl _,o _l ( Just : .cl. _l ..> v Just at 7 o'clock _o >l. Just my brother,>> ll. cl _,o _o I just had my lunch PP ) ll .> l..cl . (Onacold nightPrepM1M2N(Prep NP = PP) NP ..l ei. .i> cl ll .> e>. .l ll .> e ...,. i, ., .(at) last night, (in) next week, (in) this year, (for) two times24 _.a, ...l _I _,ll i. .l.l. > , > o I l L .i.l .i> e>lo ll .> Uo .The man (that, who) I saw - .i, Io> : i> _o i, _,.. ia. Io> l. .i, :> .,. l .ADVerbial Sentenceadverbial particles ( adv ) + S,l Io> S: i> _o .i, Io> _,.. ia. Io> l. I. ..,. i, > , . .i, :> .i,l _o cl ia. l, _. il> _o ,l Io> lo.> ..l , Io> .,o .i, Io> .8 rI_>I , u :. .> ) conjunction ( .i...,. .l.,. l. i.> _o . , . l Io> > c i.. _o o>. ) ..l ei. .i> o . _>. > .(as long as : cl ia. l NP >. ) my trip was as long as her trip ( .l> . >. _o o>. .as far as : cl ia. l NP >. ) My house is as far as her house ( .> . >. _o o>. .>. _o L.o _o . _,l> l. As far as I am concernedBecause : o>. .i,l,. Io> Ul > l l, i> _o. .l> .S + ADV S advSADV + S advS , S25 advo>. if l ) ( - ) _. > (unless o ) l , .. .l (although l ) ( ) ( .l , .though even though even if l _.> _. > _.>when . _ ol. , where l>> , _ while Il>> _ whilst whereas whenever . _ wherever l> asas far as l> l. , _ as long as .lo l. _ - ol>lo , as soon as .l _o . .l >>o .no sooner than (in)sofar as l> l. _, (in) as much as .i> l. L. _,l lbecause ... . ) _,I> .Ll> ( .l - l,so that .,l l. .L .such that cl.as if _, ) ( l.l ) (as thought lest l>l.o ) (L..o > l.l , .l eiol l>o .. _ .i i. i.l el . , _.a V.o :> , , Uo , .i ) R ( o _ i..l. i..l. . l > , ei. ) ,. ( i.l> e>l> _>i. .WhetherHowever Whoever Whatever such as like provided (that) providing incase once 26 S(sentence) my problems were solved.S my problems. M2 NV M2N NP NP Sbecause ( adv )(S) .l Ll> . ..l _,I> . ..l ... . ) i. _> ,.V.o (because of (NP) Ll> . ._,I> . .... . ) ,.V.o (.l , . .l although ( adv ) (S) , . in spite of (NP)despite_,l . eVc . l.o .eVc . ) .i, :> . ..l i, ( in addition. eVc in addition to (NP)_c > instead (adv) (S).l> . instead of (NP).l.. _,l as a result (adv) (S). >,.. > as a result of (NP)_,l.l.. ._l.l _,l. accordingly (adv) (S) __.L . according to(NP)_.lo > in contrast (adv) (S) __c. ._.V> . in contrast to(with) (NP)_.l > in response(S). _.l > in response to(NP).,lo > in comparison (S)> l. .,lo in comparison with (NP)27 Alibought a new carforhis wife bumpedthe old car into a tree.NP1 V M1 M2N Prep M2 N V M1M2N NP2advnp1 np2PP ADVo>_: clo_o : - Uo ll .> ...l ,l> _l .. _,I> ci. o>. . , > c>l . .i, :> . ll .> _,i.. :l _ el v >. l Io> , ll .> ) li..l _.a, NP clo . _Ia.o _Ia _,. NP i,l,. ( ei. _,i.. .i, :> . ll .> .>. il> .l.,. ,. cl o>. ..,l .l. 1- for ) _a _. have i.l. ..l> ( _.lo l 2- since ) >lo ,. > ( ,,l>.l l " -) ,l. l ia. : after dinner ( .l l _ 3- after.l l _, 4- before) l> l. : till tomorrow ( .,l l. 5- till .,l l. 6- until l ) .l ( . .... . ) .l ( 7- than ,> _o . .l l than I thought (ADV).l> l than her sister (PP).l ia. after l _. before i,a. _lo ) l. _a had ( i,l _o .28 _a_l8 _o ,8 Ig:I : - _.c cl. l _ _.,.. >, : l.ioc . lls.l . l.... ) ... i,i. _.c , oI . l _,.. i,li. _> : l.sI. .l.l> .ll (... - . + ,.l | .s : .i.. . ._.> . ..i. . ..c. . - _..o >, - ,.l | .s + .l : .lcl>. ..l>o - lo _. ) . .l.o ,l _a + ( cl : cl. .cli.> - ,.l + l .. .l.l : l co,o ...o, .l.l _,. - .oVc ci. .li, ) ( : .. ..> .,. ...l .i.. ..>l ...Il .l> . .c.l.cll. ..._.l > A- i, , i.l .s , .l .s i> . _.o : . .>l - .>l _Ii. - .l ll .> e ) PP : ( _oIc L . .,o .>l.l LlI . - NP ) ei. .i> ll .> ) : ( > ( ...i .. ) .l. ( ..o >I - .i, Io> ) ADV ( .l.,. + Io> ) .io : l .l>l.o .i. .c .l, .l.l ._, .o .l (* ..l o>. _.l _.l >, l ,li l. _.,I.l >, l ,li ) ..l .l ,I. .( V.o : quickly la,. .c. . ,. .c.l. _I,> l l. > _o .c. .I ..l> .>l, .c. _Il> > .29 ,8 : i. _o .,. l > cl .l ei.. .,. .s _a ..l .l oI i, ) .,. l ,.l . i. _o .(One of my (relatively) intimate friends drank a (relatively) cold tea (relatively) quickly (exactly) inhis office (exactly) before I arrived.M1m2adv m2 N V M1 advm2N advadvadvPrepm2 Nadvadv NP1VNP1 NP2PP ADVcl..> l _, ) l.... ( .l i,.. _o _o,o ) l.... ( .>. ) l.... ( .c. . ) l,> ( .> > ) l,> ( ,.. _o .,l l _. .,8 Ig:I : i. _o .,. l _a .i, : el. o > >. _o o>. l> clo > >. _o l l ) ..,l el. clo o .o>. .l. cl o _,....l eiol . ( i. _o .,. l .s .i, : >. _o o>. .s l _, >. _o l .s l _, IlV. ) >. l.... .l .(@I_I og,8 :, _oo .,.l , L . >li, _oo l,.. >li,l ) _oo ,.l , >li, = I ( A dramatically important eventM1adv m2 NNPL. .. e>l.l l _, .l L>Vo _.l .l - l,.. .. _, .l e>l.l l A considerably trivial pointe>. e>l.l l _, I. .e>.. L>Vo _.l Vl .. .l> ei.> _l...> L. ,I, . - l> ei.> l,.. ,I, . ) _l...> l> ei.> ,I, = I ( A horribly comic movie _.l > i,i.. i, l,.. ..l ) _I,> .l,olc > ( li,i. ..,l. _. ..i. . .e>laIl l . ... > e>ls..l cl. _o ,. ._s.o _s.o l, ..l ...o ...o l, _.a, ...l _s.o l, ...o .,L . > ll i, . >. o>. l.,c i,l. e>.. ll i, ..,l , > ._oo .>l.l LlI . >li, ) _oo .>l.l >li, = I ( an economically important event e>l.l l _, _oIc LlI . .. .l ) >l.l l _, _oIc .. .l = I ( A scientifically trivial point i. _o .,. l ,> i, .i, : >. _o o>. ei. l ,> i, l _, IlV. ) l .> > l,> .,. l.... .(30 _n8 :... ..> > _ , ..> > . _a ) Vi )( li.l. intransitive( i.a.o . ) Vt )( li. transitive ( ... , .o , _ > l.ol .i.. l... ...> . ., _.a .o _.o _ >. .Ic _ > , . . , . lo. . 1) NP1VIAli went to the cinema yesterday.VIPP adv NP1NP1V PPadv> :lo , o . > :l > l , i . 2) NP1VIINP2Mark saw Merry in the park yesterday. NP1V NP2 PPadv VIIPP NP2advNP1> :lo , >. _ :l > _ o . . >l> . 3) NP1VIII NP2NP3Mark gave Merry a rose in the park yesterday.NP1 VNP2 NP3PP advVIIPPNP2PPadv NP1* el , Ia . _ I.l > , . _ l. , > cl U>lao _a . .l _ .V>. Uoao Ul .i.l.. .l. oao , . _a .l _ , _ .o ..l .o . , .> _ NP >llo .Vo>> glno elo NP2 >. il> . . PP , .a _ >. o>. ..l.o ll .> l. .I , .Vo> > _ Ug>o c>.. .l. . > , .. NP >llo elo NP1 ..l . . PP , .a _ >. o>. ..l.o ll .> l. .* _.l. > NP3 o. l ,, ) i..o ( o _ l.l.. .i..s , lIa _ . . , . _ l o. ,, , o _ ,, , .* lIa . . , . _ .l > _ i.l>io : _..li. = _..l.l ol. ._...l> . , ci = ci.l> ) l.ao . . ol. , ci ( . , c> _ ._.l = I. _ c> ._. L.> = c> ..o = l .l.> . .c> _.>l. = ci.l> .* .l U>lao l _ _a cl l . o. ,, , .l .i.l. _ . cl , . _ > l ..l , . _ ..l .* _a l ia. l M1 , Io .s l _ > _a .iol , . _ ..l .* _a l ia. l NP > _a .>. , . l , . _ o _ >. .31 a_l8 Uolno _ : ( NP1VI: Ic _ . . . , > lo. , ..Il ( NP2VIINP1) l ( (. ( PP VINP1.Il ( NP2VIII NP1) l ( NP3 (. ( PP VII NP1NP2) l ( - .Il ( l NP2.l. ao _..li .i l olIl _ ..l . Ic _ li >> Ali ate foodIc _ l li >> ) li . c.oo ( Ali ate the food . ( .loo l i.>. .iI l.l _ ..i .. . They enjoyed the party last night. * l Ul. , l l _ .>l> .l> _a l _a > , . _ o o>. _ >. . .Il ( o . ol. , i> :.c i , > l i , _ . Merry called her new doll Jane. NP1VIII NP2NP3 . ( o . >l> :lo . > :l >l _. _ cl , ) that ..l ao .l.. .( Mark gave Merry that rose in the park yesterday.The English political authorities grantedthat major economic issuethat sufficient attention.m1m2 m2 N VIIIm1 m2 m2N m1 m2 NNP1NP2NP3. .lolo , .l _ I.l , . _ i.> lLcl ) .. , i.i i...l> Ui.o . ( >l.l o cl . . l >.,o _ l .32 * el I>o _a l _ _ NP I .>. l , o. cl _a _ ,, , .i.l.. NP1 o o>. ..l.o ll .> l. l.l _ . , , ) .l L. . ..Il NP1 clIt l.. >o ci. .i. ] ,. . L.o ( [i> :.c , ol. i , > i. ei , _ ) ol. _a , o. ci ,, , ..l ( Her new doll was called Jane.That big crowded chain store, Sharvand, has been granteda lot of useful facilities.; >. el. cl , l e . .C. I. , .a _ lio ..l ei. lLcl .i.. , >l . so .l.lol , i .o . >l> :lo . >. _ _ . Mark gave Merry a rose.(VIII)o . . >. _ i. e>l> _ . Merry was given a rose.(PVII)Ug>o Uln8I o>_: (Passive Verbs (PV)) : ( > ._.. .ci.l e>ls..l , ci ( il. _a l e>ls..l ) , ( l.ao , :The kids burnt the forest. The forest was burnt by the kids.i. ei.l. _.> ) _.l i. e> ( .>. _.>l . .. ) . _.l ( l . ..> .* Io> l by >.. e>ll _a l >.>> ,so i,.l. .lo ...li. ) l .o % :(. _.l _.> ) . i. _o .i> l _olc i> _o >.>> .l.ao . ..l _, i. . _.l _ ( The forest was burnt.* l>. . o .. _ cl. . l .l .l. ...> . . L l . , _ >. l. l .l.. , i> _ , i . i. e>l ..i. ) iol ..i. ( . New results were achieved. ( >o ... . l .Ic _ . l Ul. >o . Ali was questioned. ( , . _ l. . (Impersonalization) ( i.. , ,Iao . U>o _ (Passive Active)33 b;_ Og_> (Conjunctions) :L , cl _ , ..l cl. X n; . cl , l , i ) .,.l , ..s .i .Io> (... . _;8 cl o , _ l , i .and ...or ...but ......) ,. (... as well as...) ... C,, ( neither nor) ) l, ... ( l, (... either or ) l.. . ... ... ,. (... not only but (also) .) , ... , ... _ ... )... > (( both and ) el> ... el> ... _ ... ... _ ) l, ...( l, (... whether or > both, not only , either , neither ,Il.l > >li. .l Ul .o. ) l. nor, or, but, and ( ..l . .> .and :,> i. ..l. Io> Uo _. NP .l,.>l l.c >li. clol _a ) ll .> e .i, (... i,l,. i.l. _o .) I ,Il.l The school principal punished Merryand her sister broke the window. (NP1VII NP2V NP M1 M3 NVIINP2M2 N VIIM1 NNP1 NP1NP2l l> .o > ,... .io ,io ; _l .,. _... ) I o>. ( . S S... l.,. l> l .o > ,... .io ,io .The laser beams should attack the electrons and the positrons should be preserved.NP1 VIINP2NP1 pV l.., l..Il . >. ei,.l. i,l. ,I a.l S i... .Llo i,l. ) I o>. .( l..Il . >. ei,.l. i,l. ,I a.l i... .Llo i,l. l.., ) >.. ei,.l. l.l . a.l .(and i> _o . , . l Io> > .lIl.o > .34 Neither Ali nor Javad will leave the country tomorrow. NP NP VII NP2 i.l. C. C,, >l> _Ic l> l . > ). . o>. ... . ... >. _o. ,.> _a . c .>, _o I l..l, l .(Either Ali or Javad will leave the country tomorrow.l> l . > i.l> C. >l> l, _Ic ). , o>. ... , ... ..l I (Not only Ali but Javad will leave the country tomorrow.l> l . > il> C. ,. >l> _Ic l.. . .Both Ali and Javad will leave the country tomorrow.>l> _Ic ) > ( l> l . > i.l> C. .) , l _ .i> _o. .l> > o>. ll> _I,> ... , ... i,. e>ls..l .(Whether you stay at hotel or come my house _,l,. _o .l> ._.lo. _. ) ... el> ... l, .... ... l, ... i..l. _o I .(as well as :..l i, i., _o _>. . asas >. _o e>ls..l i, l, .s ..l. .l. .>l. _.> . .l, >l. _o l.,o . Mina plays the piano as well as her brother.i. _o _i..l >lo _Ll,.>l _. . l . She drives as carelessly as her mother. ..l >l. .ii.I. . _Ic . Ali is as tall as his brother.Asghar, Ali, Gholam, Taghi and Ghazanfaras well as Kambiz went to school yesterday.NP1NP2 VIPP adv_. .,V ._Ic .al s. _,: g ) _.> . ( i.. ,.ol . ...35 * . .> llol _,l ) and ( i... .* ..l L.,l cl c>. i, _,l.l.. as ia. . ,> as l .i,l>. l Ul well _ i. i, as well as _.> . >. _o ..l i, .* _,L l as well as _o > >. _,l.ao .. _.> C, l as ia. . ,> as ,,..l>. l Ul well i.l . .> l.,l .>.. i, ,l .l. ... ,. ... ,,. _o o>. .* >l> _o .l> l . .> i, .Il> > l ) i,> , l> ( . i..lo i..lo i,. o>. ) > > ..,. I _I ..,. .Io .i, .Il .(The strategic sites, the oil reserves, the power plants, and the major damsshould be protected against the missile attacks.M1 M2 NM1M3N M1M3 NM1M2 N PVIPrepM1M3NNPNP NPNPNP1C,.l..l .l.,l. ) .>.l .l.lo ( . ) _.a, ( . .l .l>l ..s. clo ) ll,. ( _.o .Vo> .l. > >. .Llo i,l. ,o .li. .* l _.a, i., _o. l C,.l..l .l.,l. :> C,.l..l .l.lo ,l. >. e>l .** . .> _,L lol _,L el l. i,l.. >. i.l> . .> _o llol .i.l. _,l.ao .. _.> C, l .l.l l _ lL.o >. el...l .ao .* ,and _.l > ..l _... > _,l I C, lol ,,li. .Ig:I ,and : x, x, x, and (or, but) x : x . l .c ,,. _o .,lc l _,o _,c , _.l > e>l> . , . x, and (or, but) x, ) .al l> i.l lol :( .. lol cl ia. _I ..,. lol cl _. . .ao Io> ) App ( ..l .>l. ) x ,o .ao _>l>..,. .(al l> ) >l> ( i.. lo.,. . ,> . Haj Asghar, and Javad, went to the cinema yesterday* _.l > lol ,,li. _ . l .ao Io> ,,> _o cl.. ..l l. .** i,l _o >so _a ...l .i> _.l .ao Io> c . ) Haj Asghar, and Javad, is (a long withHaj Asghar a long with Javad is l. elo together withl. _a .i.l ll .> l.,l c NP1i. _o ..lLo .with36 x, and (or, but) x: ,> .lol cl _. . cl ia. . ...l ) ..l _,. Cl.L> .(PPNP Io> .l >lo i> ) S ( .l l, VP . _.lo i> C, > i.l x i> _o . _. l. .1)NPaP NPband NPcV NPa_a ..l cl i, ,. e>l> ,l>.l l . _.lLo _a NPa..l .The jewelryinthe boxes and the antique bagswas stolen.NP1..,. Io> .l _ .>li. >> _a l, Io> cl _. c ) ..l _.lo i> C, :> ( . 2) NPaP NPb, and NPcV , NPa, NPc_a i.l e>l> ,l>.l l P NPbi,l _o o> .. cl _a ..l cl i, .PPThe jewelryinthe boxes, and the antique bagswere stolen.l .a> _>l> .ll> g i.i. ei,>> ,.c .l ., . The jewelriesinthe boxes and the antique bagswere stolen.NP Prep M1N M1M2NpVINP NPNPl .a> _>l> .ll> _,: g i.i. ei,>> ,.c .l ., . The jewelriesinthe boxes ,and the antique bagswere stolen.) i.>. l .a> _>l> .ll> (NPPP NP pVI37 Not only but (also) :* l not onlyl. ,. .i,i,> but l.l . I. l, ... ,. i,. o>. ) _l...l C. .l el. > l. i,.,.. cl .l. lol o>.i,.. .(also * i,l,. l el. o > ..l i, c l, i,l,. ..l _oo .but * _. _. ..l _s.o cl ,l ) not only, not ( I. o>. _o >. ) lol . .(l> > il> C. l . ,. >l> I. _Ic l.. . . Not only Ali but (also) Javad will (also) leave (also) the country tomorrow. * ..l _oo but i,l,. also ,. l lol >lo _,l > .i,l ) ..l . .> ( I. i,. o>. .* not > not only but(also) l >li. ei.. _s.o _. only> l ,,. .i not ..l ei.. _s.o NP i. _o _s.o l Ul ._Ic . ) ( > il> C. l . l> >l> I. . Not Ali but Javad * but ..l i, .i,l,. _.o. > .lIa _,. l l l.. >. _o o>. .,,. lo. . , C, ,.l. _o l.. _o . I can but tell you one thing.* but l .> ..l _oo i.l. l >. .>. _o o>. .so but or o . e>. or ..l ei. .i> cl ) _Ic >. = but or Ali .(_o >. _.loo . i.. o . Everybody went to the party but me.> _.l lo Ul. l.l l _, > cl,>..l> o i.>l . All the students but one answered my question.** l _ > but ,,l> lol . I. ) . .> ( . >. ) ll .> ( l, l l.. . ) i, ( i.. _o o>. .38 Ambiguity : _.o .,i,.s. ... ...> l.l . ) interpretability ( ,l.l >. _o ) ambiguity ( i., .1)Lexical 1-Grouping Ambiguity2)Structural2-Transformational (Functional) 3)Semantic _.ll ,l.l ) Lexical :( i,l _o i,i LsI , .l el >> L.l. .C,>. l .l..cl C.l. ) .l>> _>l. l, ( >l..,l _o . She was standing near the bank. _.>l.. l.ao ,l.l ) Semantic :( .l l.l _. l , l. l _I i...,. ,.o cl.>> .L. i., _o l , l. > el > >l>,l ,l>. _o .Ali passed the river yesterday._I .>li. ,l.l _.aI , Io> > pass the river .l.ao > _..i .l>> l c>o >l> . >. _o _.o _, .l.ao Io> ,. l . - _ ,l.l ) Structural Grouping :( > ..l _,l o i... e , l. Ul el > ,li el . .,. . ,li i. _o _.o Io>..l ..> .,. ..l., cl.>> - l., .>> ...,. >lia. More beautiful girls X company undertakes to deliver the galvanized girders and beams at y port by 26th 1994... x i.. > l e,.lIl .l,. l,. el. ii. _,. i. _o ia. y l. I Ul. ,.l ... x i.. > l e,.lIl .l,. el. l,. ii. _,. i. _o ia. y l. I Ul. ,.l .** l ,l.l i,l. l, ,.o l.>l. > > o>. >l _o.l .. l l l, > . >. _o _..o _.l . l.,c ,l.l .i,. o>. >l l l .* M2 l, M3 ,,. _o o>. >l _o.l .. l ,l.l Ls> .l. ..l ,.o .i,l,. l, i,l,. l.l _,. . .> .,l l ,cl _o.l .. > l _. .l. cl. cl.>> Smart (m2) boys and girls_,l. .l.l. l ,Iao History (m3) books and teachers. > e,..> C ) .> l, > . _. ci.l> e. ,,a. l. . >> _o . e, ( A big door handle 39 - .l.. ,l.l ) ...> :(VIINP2VP : Cl.L> i.l. i.l. _o C. .ll,. ci,. . Smoking cigars can be dangerous. NP : i..l. Cl.L> i..l. _o c> >> Ul> > C. .ll,. .M2 NVIIM2 NP NP1VP NPVIINP2VP : l l ..l l. >l> ..> l . Shelikes jumping horses.NP : l ei.> .l ..l >l> ..> l .NP1VIIM2 NVIINP2VP : i.l. Cl.L> i.l. _o l,. l. ci,.> . Fighting lions may be dangerous.NP : i..l. Cl.L> i..l. _o C.> Ul> > .l,. .M2N VIIM2NP2VIINP2VP : Il.o _,l > _oo _. i.l. ..l> i.l. _o l. c>l> a.. . Developing countries can have an important role in this issue.NP : a.. Ul> > .l. Il.o _,l > _oo _. i..l. ..l> i..l. _o .M2 N VIIM1M2 N PPNP1 NP2l.l L. .l.. , :* l _, el NP l. Io> .ll .l Ving >. ll ) , cl l _, _.a, M . l l.l i,l,. .,> e>l. M2 i. >io _Icl .s _.a, (l _ .l . L.o Ving ,. M1 i,l,. _Io .s l, ) . l.l VP NP i. >io .io o>. ( Il> ,,l> il. l .l.. ,l.l l _.>o. .l..l l _, o>. cl. _o _.o . l>l l. l.. el.l .i.l. _L.o Uao l.>l. > l _l> .l.ao l >. .* el,l> > io .>l. el NP1 > ,l.l c>.. l, >> i,o ,. _a c>. o> l, >so .>. l l, >. il VP NP ) i..lo M2 NP RCNP ( elo o_ao ..l .40 C. .ll,. ci,. ... Smokingthe cigars M2 VPNP M1 N.l _,. l. ci, >l> ..> l _,l . . She likesjumping such horses.M2 VP NP M1 NVP : _o .l,. l. ci,.> ... Fighting my lions M2 VPNPM2 NVP : l. _>. c>l> a.. ... Developing some countries NP : c>>> Ul> > C. .ll,. ... The smoking cigars NP : C. C.> Ul> > .l,. ... Big fighting lions NP : .l a.. Ul> > .l. _,. ... Such developing countries VP : Cl.L> .. C. .ll,. ci,. . Smoking cigars is dangerous.NP : Cl.L> i... c> >> Ul> > C. .ll,. . Smoking cigars are dangerous.VP : i.l. Cl.L> .. l,. l. ci,.> . Fighting lions is dangerous.NP : i..l. Cl.L> i... C.> Ul> > .l,. . Fighting lions are dangerous.NP : i.l> a.. Ul> > .l. ... Developing countries have an VP : >l> l. c>l> a.. ... Developing countries has an 41 _l.aS Transformation :_.,..l> l.. ) _.,,l> :( _ILo i X .l> _,l NP i..,.. _o ) .l> _.a, NP ., ..l cl ,o ...,. ,o .l> NP i.,.. _o .(NP > i. _o li, _c el,l> C, _Il el,l> : NP1 V NP2 NP3, M4(, NP,) PNP . Pronouns : l> i.l. _o ., _,Il _,.. NP ..l ,lo .>. ) . ,.l .l> . i,l _o _o.l e .l> ..l .l oI ,o _ .( el,l> o>.PronounsNP1.. ._o ... I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They _Icl SubjectiveNP2, PNP.. ._o ... me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them _Iaso Objective>li. .,>io.. Ulo ._o Ulo ... mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs _Io PossessiveNP2, PNP>>) e>ls..l .. ., .l,olc >>. _o : ,>> (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, yourselves, ourselves, theirselves (themselves)_.la.l ,lol,.i,l. >,Reflexive Pronounsor Emphatic adverbs* my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their i... _Io .ls .* >. _o LsI. , _I,> Ul _. ..l ,> .l> . _..l _.la.l ,lo > .* _... .. : .>. _olc . _oc _la.l l himself, >.. _olc . _oc _la.l l him, >. _o e>ls..l .** .l> _Icl ,o >li. clol NP i,l,. ll .> l ia. ) ... ,. NP1 ..l : ( for I ) for >. _o .i, :> . _,i.. .(* . i,. l>.l> l i, l, i,. o>. .l,olc .. l, i,l. >, o>. > >. ei.l> ..> l :) >> ( _o ) >> ( l _Ic ) >> ( Cl > ) >> ( ,i,> . I myself saw Ali in the park. * l _Io ,lo o>. > Ulo i,. o>. cl .l> l.l >o i,.l. _o .i,..li. ..> l :_Ic .l. . ... _o .l. ) _o Ulo ( ..l ,o . . Ali's book is on the table. Mine is on the table.42 ,a:l> ,ogo NP . M1 uaI ) M1 NP .(o>. : ( ,. _.l > l.,c M1 .l>. l NP1,,. _o o>. . ( l.l_Il >o l, _..l.o _..> _o.l .. j l M1 i,. o>. ) ..l. lL> i> .>. _o. ,. _,l Vl . i,.l. .lo i,,. el...l l >o ( : o .Il.o . , .l .> ._. .ol ... ..ILo ..._,l ) o .Il.o . (... . e>l. _. . >. _,.. i.l. _o . This can be explained in an easier way.M1 NP pVIPP i.,. ..l _oo _>. ... Some may say that i.i.ao .l,.. ... Many believe that .l Il. M1 :that of, that which_,..l> l.,l _. NP i.l> l ,o ,> .i.. _o jl; >. o>. l.l .l>. l.l >o .>. l>.l ) ..l> >> ( l l l>> ,..l>. _o lol .,o . l>> .>l, >lia. . There were many pens on the table ,but I took that of Reza.NP1VIINP2PPNP1VIIM1 NP NP ... >. _Ii. . l _,ll>> ,..l>. _o lol . those on the chair.... >. _Ic . _Ia.o l .l>> ,..l>. _o lol . that which belonge to Ali.... >. _Ic . _Ia.o l _,ll>> ,..l>. _o lol . the ones which belonged to Ali.* _l one i,l _o .lll Ul >li. >o .i,. i.l. _o cl..l ... .s cl. _o. ... One may say thatthose(the) one (the) ones 43 ,a:l> ,oga NP . M2 uaI . ) M2 NP .(o>. : ( ,. _.l > l.,c M2 .l>. l NP ,,. _o o>. : l., .. l She is beautiful (She is a beautiful girl) ( l.l _Il >o l, _..l.o _..> _o.l .. j , l M2 i,. o>. ) >. _o. ,. _,l Vl ( : ..>> .. l ) .> ( l., ( C, the ,,l> .,I M1 ..,. . _l M2 l. elo the _,..l> NP >. _o . ,,.l. _o ,,. o>. o> l.l ,,,lo. ,.l _,..l> l .s .The poor can not compete with the rich.) >ll ( i.o.. l. i. ..l i.l. _o. , . ) cli.o.. l. i.. ..l i..l. _o. l (M2 NP1VIPPThe disabled should attend ordinary classes. ) >ll ( .>lc .l.V > i. .. i,l. UIao . i.. .. i,l. cIao. ....S: :* C, .li> M2 _,..l> ,,.l. _o NP ..,. . ,,.l. ..l> .) I ( She is beautiful attractive.She is beautiful and attractive.* , M l _. .,> e>l. M2 _,..l> NP i,l,. i.l. _o. .She is (the, a, this, such, ) beautiful. RC ,a:l> NP ) RC NP ( :RC l M5 >l> .Il> > i.l.. . l. l, that i,l _o .,l . l. l, >. _o o>. wh .. i,l _o ,.l wh + l, ) .,l ( + ,o_.. >. _o o>. .Mina said that her husband was sickand that he had to stay in bed.RC NP2NP1VIIR NP1VIIM2 NP2 RNP1VIPP.s l.,o S lo,. >. . S.jI i.lo. >. .>o ) i.lo _o i,l. ( ... > .l _. c thatIo> Ul ) S ( _ eiol,. M5 _,..l> ..,. NP2 ..l . _o > M1 l, ..,. :>. _o _. Io> Uo ... ) l ia. NP2 i,l _o _a .(, _Io .ls l _. .,l ,> M i.l. .o .l o .>li. clol ,> e>l. . C, .c _,Il .,o _Io .s _ NP ..l .(this, such, big, small, ) (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their) - many of his problems ,a lot of my friends 44 .l> l.l l _, l. _l .i,.l. iI. i,l. l o>. >i> _o. ...,. _Il. , Io> ) >li. .oVc ( _ what = R .What you saidwill be used against you in the court.( RCNP1)R NP1VIpVIppPPel>l> > lo. ,Ic i. il> e>ls..l i,.s lo. .l ) . .,l ... i> _o. .l> (..l ,o i,.slo. .l )... ..l ,o i,.s lo. _ .,l (... What you said is important l> ,.l> _o. _o ) l _,l> ( .ll> > cl. l .o l . I don't know whereshe hid the stolen jeweleriese.( RCNP2)NP1 VIIR NP1VIINP2When : . ,.l> _o. _o ) l _.lo ( .ll> > cl. l .o l .Why : l ,.l> _o. _o ) l _I,I> ( .ll> > cl. l .o l .Who : _. ,.l> _o. _o ) _. l ( l> > cl. .l .o l .Wheter : .ll> > cl. l l,l ,.l> _o. _o .o l .Whom : .ll> > cl. _. ,.l> _o. _o .o l .R = wh ,.l wh + ) .,l + ( _.. ,owhich .l ) .,l ( ,liwho _. ) .,l ( _. whosewhom _. ) .,l ( _. where _,l> _Io . ) .,l ( l>when _.lo _. . ) .,l ( . why _I,I> _.Ic . ) .,l ( lwhat .l . ., ) .,l ( whether ) .,l ( l,lhow . .l e,.. _. .l e. ) .,l ( L ) . (45 Verb Phrase : Io> l el NP1 _Ia e i.lo _o _l. .l .i,. .i> l ) VP ( ..l . VP V(NP(NP))R i,l _o. Io> l. .,o ) RC RS( i,l _o _Ia e l. , _l . ) RC RVP .(She told mewhy she suffocated her husband.RC(RS)NP3NP1 VIIINP2RNP1VIINP2Sl _o . .s l ) l _I,I> ( > s> l . .Where : l> _o . .s l ) l _,l> ( . > s> l .How : L _o . .s l ) l _. ( > s> l . .She showed mewho suffocated her husband.RC(RVP)NP3R VP_. _o . >l> cl.. l ) l _. ( l . > s> .What : ., _o . >l> cl.. l ) l .l ( l . > s> .Whom : _. _o . >l> cl.. l ) l _. ( l . > s> .l ia. ll .> They were talking about why she assassinated the mayor. RC NPNP1VIPrepR NP1VIINP2 _I,I> el.> i.> _o .. l.l ) l .,l ( l l>. > . l .SWhere : _,l> el.> i.> _o .. l.l ) l> .,l ( l l>. > . l .When : _.lo el.> i.> _o .. l.l ) . .,l ( l l>. > . l .How: . l.l el.> i.> _o . . _ ) .,l . ( l l>. > . l .Whthere : l l>. > . ll,l .,lel.> i.> _o .. l.l .They were talking about whoassassinated the mayor. _. el.> i.> _o .. l.l ) _. .,l ( l l>. > . .46 RC _,..l> NP ll .> l ia. :Ul .Il> : Uo l _. ll .> ) PrepR ( :.iol Uo l _. ll .> el ia. . _,ll RC NP >. _o .o>. : ( ll .> + ,.l wh + ( ll .> + .,l + _.. ,o ) ...l _, .,l ..l ll .> l ia. c (ll .> + .,l + _.. ,o ll .> + ,.l wh + PrepR. .,l l _.lo l ) _. ( fromwhenl> .,l . _,l> . ) _Io ( towherel .,l . _I,I> . ) _.Ic ( towhy .,l > .l > in what.> l,l .,l el aboutwhetherL .,l l. _. l. ) .l e. ( withhow.,l > ) L. _,l l ( inthatl . > C. l _.lo l l ,>l. ,i,i. _o ) i> _o. .l> . .,l l ( I hadn't see my brotherfrom whenhe left the country. ..l ..li. l>.l . l _, _,l> . ,,l e> s. lo . We have travel to whereno one . _I,I> .,l> _l.cl _o ) l .,l . ( l.. l>.,l > l lo i,l ..l> . lo. . I have objection to whyyou get us here alone.>l> _o . .l >l li,I ,..li _o . I put the keys in what he gave me.>. > . l l,l .,l el.> l l . About whether she assassinated the mayor. _. l._.o ,l> _o ) L .,l l. ( l _V i. _o el>l l . I have problem with how he handles the class...l _.l .,> ..l el,. _, .,l >i.l .ls.o C,lo > _,l . These two markers are different in that one is black and one is blue.47 VP NP :VP_,..l> NP .i.l. _l. _a l l >. _o Ving ci. tobel. io l, to ) i...,. _a l.,l ., c .(,lo. _,l.l.. ...l _a c>. ,.l _,c > ..l ..c io VP NP . .io .. l > i.. _o o .l c> l.. >l> ..> l . She likes swimming.NP1 VIIVPNP2.lo _,. ci.l> . ..l i.o Vc l .l ..L . She is interestedin reading such comic novels.NP1pVIPrepM2 VIIM1M2 NNPl ,o s, .. .l>l .l ol. _,l _... . (To write) Writing these business lettersishis major duty.M2 VIIM1 M3NV M2 M2NNP2 VP NP1l .l, _.>l. _o . >l> >l, l . She taught me playing the piano.NP1 VIIINP2VIIM1NVPNP3eol _oo , l.,. .. _al l>l ..> c>li, . (Finding) To find a real loyal friendis almost impossible nowadays. VIIM1M2 M2 N VIIadv M2NP2advVP NP1* cl > i.l. ,.o Io> l.>l. ..l _oo Io> . .... i,l. >. _o >l>,l .l.. ,l.l . i.l. ..li. ,l.l l.ao ..l _oo .>. o>. .VP NP2 VII She is interested in reading comic novels. M2 M2NVP : .L .l.lo ci.l> . ..l i.o Vc l . NP : ei.. ci.l> .l.lo . ..l i.o Vc l ) .ci.l> Ul>> ._ ci.l> (...Writing business letters is his major duty.VP : l _Il s, .. .l>. .l ol. _... . NP : ei.. _... .l>. .l ol. ) Ul>> ._... . ...(...VP NP1 48 lal.a _j l o_la :cl. l.c : ( l. co>o ) Open set :( N, adj, V, adv . >io l.l >lia. , . c> .. _.l .. , .. . l.c cl. LI . .i> ll l ) o . _. (o _ i. . ( ...co>o ) Closedset :( Prep,R,adv , conj,Pronouns o .. ..l>iocl.>lia. _ i.. : :>.Uo.ll.> , i . .lo , o Ulal . _ l cl..l _> . .. l l. l.c o ... l.c , o _ _ i> .llo: __o ) Border Markers :(1) Puntuation ( li L. . ) . , : ; ( { [ __ ! ? 2) PrepNP 3) adv S4) R S, VP 5)...V6) 100% N RT27)... N [ NP (M1)(M2)(M3) N (M4) (M5)] 8)...........9) Xs 90% N 10% VI90% N 10% VI90% N 10% VI70% N 30% VIII90% N 10% VIPronounsol.l _ _l>M1my, their Vs: _. ,. _a s Ns:o> ,.l s 49 ( l , o l. _ , I. el. i. _ ..l ei. ,lo. . _a , : , . _ ..l . ( PP , l.l.. ...l _ol el. : , l. _ , I. el. i _ i.l. ei. ,lo. . ( Io> , i . , ..l _ol el. : . ADVadv S ( lIa . > , . _ o _ol. , l _ c .>. RC NP o _ i.l. i.l. . ( _a c > , o _a l. c ...l ... c>. l. _ _ o . _ >. . >l> o l. > ..l _ol el. c .I ( ...v ( I. .c _ _.l , . _ , . _ . , .. . oo cl ia. _ ..l M2 , l M3 . , l , i .A ( ..l> _l> ,.l , _ NP ..l NP , ..l _ol el. : . l.c ..lo .L > ia. _. cl , _.l , . _ , . _ ..l . ( l e X . ,.o s l _oLo i.l. , l i , _ s l. . . >> , .. . s ) ...ll ( l :> , . ..> _ , .. M2 ..l . o.l e > _ M4 lol l ...o e>ls..l _ >> i. , > ..l _ol el. : M5 . R o o _ i> M5 , ..l ocl .L> ..l _olel. : . l.l.. , > _ eo.l _ M4 M5 . , l , . i. , l , l ia. i. N ..l o . l ia. _ s o.l .. . o> _ o _ ..l o i.. .lo . L. , _ ) c _ :( ( .l NP : l _. of L. o , o _ _ l , i . NP of NP_,..l> .s . NP l _. of .>. of .> l cl ia. i,.. _ol l o i,,. ll . ( _Ia .l ) to l C. > ... :( VP to VP l cl ia. _. l, .>li. ..,. .Il> V l, VP ..l l _, cl ia. l, _. l, . V VP ..l . c V to V C, >. _o V _Il o _,l.l.. .el. .L > V l _. ..l to _c o >. _o >l>,l ._Ia .l o>. : ( ) ) .,l ( .l. . + ( _ol.Il lo ) ol _a + .l.. :( ,. .,.l. .,. ( ) . .L.o. ..> ..l. + ( io : _... . .c>> .l. ( >50 a)I wantto sleep.V to V,l> _o _o ) ( ,.l. .b)She decidedto write a book. VIto VP. ,,o. l ) .l. . ( i.,.. .l. ... . .l. _... . .c)They bought a novelto read.VPto VI _.lo i.i,> l.l ) l. ( i..l. ... . .l. ) . ..> L.o ( ci.l> .VP VP d)Theystartedto excavatethe tough groundnear that hillto unearththe possible relicsof an ancient civilization. VP to VP NP1 V VM1 M2 N Prep M1 N VIIM1 M2N M1M2N VIINP2 PP NP NP NP2 l i.> . l. ) l. . ( i... ) ci. . ( _,o l. ,. cl C,>. .. ) ( ,. i.l,. c ) c>l c,. .l. ( _.l..l. _.io. _Ilo.>l .l,l. ... :- C, to ll .> ) Prep( ,,l> , . They wentto the cinema.- l to cl l ia. IlV. .i.l. ll .> NP _o llol..l _ol cl l _. o >li.,. i.l. _o. Il l.l _,. , , i,l to .l .i.l. _Ia NP ..l _, L. cl o eiol _a l _. >. _o . . .L.l oI C, l .- ll .> _,. NP > i.lo _o o > _,. ll .> c .i,.. o ., cl ..,. _ol el. ., ll . .- i,. _.o l _. el. i,l. o _,,a. l _ elo .- o l ia. .> _,Il l M1 ,.l lo.> o _,l .c _,>l .>. ll .> l, _Io .s . ) N ( ..l .- l. NP >. _o. .,. , ll .> l. ei.. _.o cl elo. i,l,. ..i. _,l. ) NP of NP and NP or NP but NP NP = NP .(- l _. to . l. i,. .c i.l _Ia .l V l, VP i,.. .- ...,> l. l ,> .>, . ,Il.l _. >. _o .>l oI _al .l.ao c>li, ) >. _o _.o oI . c .(o l. , _ Il o _ c o _ l Io> ,lo. . l I. , . _ l.ao _...l> ci. l . , o oI : _ Il.l cl. , > .51 whichwhomRC _,..l> NP ll .> l ia. :Ul .Il> : Uo l _. ll .> ) PrepR : (o>. : ( ll .> + ,.l wh + ( ll .> + .,l + _.. ,o ) ..l ll .> l ia. c ...l _, .,l (> .Il> , : l _. ll .> which whom: RC=M5NPPrepSR .o- clo _l > . _>l> l.>l. c PP ..l PP _,..l> ., NP l>.,l > _,l.l.. ...,. lo.> RC=M5.l. ..l NP cl _. .- L.o ,o c>l . NP ..l . o>. > .- . . RC _,o. l _ .,,. _o l. l RS ) R NP V (NP) ( i,. ,> _a . .o l ,,i.. _o l . l>.lo lo.> .- cl. _o Io> _Il L.o .l,> .> _.l>i.. C,.. > RC _o.l e > el. .> .i> l NP1.l _l _o.l .. ,. . .RC=M5 The big cardboard boxesin whichAliputsome spare partsyesterdayhave to be transferred to the warehouse. M1M2 M3 NR NP1VIIM1M2 N advpVIPrepM1 N NP1NP2 PP . _,lo .l .a> _ i.. _..o i,l. ,> _i, aL .>lia. ..li _Ic l.l > ) i.. e>l> Ul..l ) i..l, (( l..l . ... :- l _. _.l > . >. _o ..li ) i.. _o , ao ,.l . . .(o>. : NP + + ll .> + . L.o ,o NP _.52 - NP under whichcl , NP The table under which a cat is lying is broken. ..l ei. ... ei,. l> . C, , .,o .- over which cl l . NP The river over which a plain is flying runs to the sea. o,l cl l . .l .l>> l,> . >, _o i. _o l _,l .- to whom... l . The man to whom I gave my book was a university prof.,.l. ,>l> _o l . .>o l el..l> >l..l C, >. .- beyond which... cl .lThe temperature beyond which water boils is 100 degree celsius... i.> _o .l cl .l _,lo> -- _,.I. > .- in front of which ... cl .I> > The mirror in front of which she was standing is cracked.l .,l ..l ..l>. C. >. e>l..,l l cl _.lo > . .- due to which ... cl L.l. The lie due to which I was fired was a white lie. . ,i. l>l _o cl L.l. _> > _.Io _> .- with whom ... l l. The lady with whom I went to cinema was my sister. ,l> >. lo.,. . ,. _o l l. _o.l> .- interms of which... ..> . ) _l.l. ..Il > ( clThe unit interms of which we measure electric current is ampere. ,ol .. l _,.Il cl,> ,,. _o ., eli.l lo cl ..> . .i>l .- as a result of which ... cl >,.. > 53 whichwhom,. .Il> : ll .> of l _. :RC=M5 SNPoof NPVP .o R c S = NPVP.l>. . > ...l S ,,>l> l l.l U>lao .of i> > _, > l > A >lo i> e. >. _o o>. . i> _o. .l> _I. o>. _,l.l.. . _,o .l. NP1> RC l NP,,. _o e>ls..l e. .l>. cl l o>. > ,,. _o .liol. .RC=M5 The small old bungalowsof which the sloped roofsare leakinginthis heavy rainaught to be reconstructedimmediately. M1 M2 M2N R M1 M2 N VIPrepM1M2 N pVIadv NPo NP PP i. _o l.l l> .,. .l .. _ _o,i .lV, ) >l> _... ( i.. .l.l. i,l. _,.. cll. _,l > l ) . .i.. .l.l. i,l. lV,l .. . (The armed guerilla troops of whichthe cruel commandershave instructedto annihilatethe residential zonesas well M1 M2M3 NR M1 M2 NV VM1M2 Nadv NPo NP VIINP2 are being briefedto commenceaheavy broad aggression. V V M1M2 M2 N. VIINP2 _>l. i.. >.l.i.l e>l> ..> l.l ,>,. cli.lo _I.o C, cl,l,. ,>l. i.. . i.. _o ,>. i.l>,. l _..o_.,.. e>.. ) . i.. _.l> : i.. _o ,>. i.l> cl,l,. (..... :- as well ..l i, ,. .>. _o o>. _,.o i,,. ,. .,o _I .s cl. _o , .- _.ao _.l, .l. armed i,l. ....,> > arm l.l _Ia .l.ao > li, l ed _I.o .> e>ls..l ei. _Iaso .s . ) o ,> .(o>. : NPo+ + NP+ e. + . L.o ,o NPowhichwhom54 whichwhom,. .Il> . :NP Io> RC .i.l _o . c,. e> l>.l> l l ia. _ of i,l _o _a . ..l ei. _c cl l ...l clo o>. .RC=M5 NPoNPof VP RC=M5 The lethal nuclear weapons the high-tech warheadsof whichhave been fully designedbya number of young motivated domestic expertsM1 M2M2NM1 M2N RpVIadv Prep M2M2 M2 M2 N NP1o NP1 PP are to be translocatedto anew secret dungeonfor security purposes. pVIPrep M1 M2 M2N PrepM3N i. _ol L. i.l ei. _>lLl.l .., .lV.l.o .l .. .l>V. _I>l> cl.l..l l i. _.. .. ) _o. ( > e,.l l. i,l.cl. l .i.. l>.l> _.,.ol .lil .l. .i,i> . ... :- i. _o li> , l l _a .o. > , cl ) fully ( i, ..l i, ..l i, . .- _. domestic Ll. ic cl M2 cl _. .i. laL , M2 c ..l M3 _. M2 i,l _o. .- ., o>. a number ofcl..l .l. l i. _.. i.l. _o .have toaught to.i.l . _.o l.,l to . .l.ao ..l cl.>> Ulo i,l. i.l. _o ) ..l i,l. _ to ..l >> Ulo cl ((am, is, are, was, were) to- ity _ ...l l. ,.l i.. _,. .ao security M3 ..l .whichwhom55 .i> l.. Reduction Transformation (RT):..l ei. .i> , C, _.a, i.i. _. icl _,l l> .i..l. :l....l V. _o icl l . .i> l.. ,li l. ,,.,.. ,,. _o _.. Ul,,. _o o>. .l.l. l _ .i.l> _o ._ > I >l> >> .i> eicl .RT1 :el Io> .l> l. > NP i.,l,. ,. .. IlV. ) lol ...,. l.l _,. , , (... i.l. ei. _. Io> Uo _,: g _a l. > , ..> .i.l. Io> cl > _ol _Il _,l ., cl Uo ei. .i> . ..l . ) .l.l. l _ RC=M5 >. _o _,.. o>.>. _o (NP1VII NP2( ) NP1VII saw the man (whom) my mother hits. > C. ,>lo l .>o ,i,> _o .NP1( ) NP1VIPP VII NP2RC=M5 The old man(whom) my sisterhas seenin the parkis her university prof.o > el..l> >l..l .. Cl > ..l ei,> ,l> _..o .M1 M2 N M1NVIPrep M1N VII M2 M3 N NP1 NP2 RT2 :RT2 . l. .c P.P Ving adj >l> l . . ,,. _o .l>l, l l.l .ll>. li..l . ,> _. . el ..l l>.l. i.,l,. .P.P: 1- to be ,l.l+ P.P =U>o _a 2- have ,l.l + P.P = _ol clo Ulal 3- P.P+ N= M2 _Iaso .s cl.c . ,.l l _. 4- P.P = ..i _a ) i.l. .l. cl ,> .o. l. _a ,. .o. _. (whichwhomwhichwhomwhichwhom56 Ving: 1- to be ,l.l+ Ving= .lo..l .l.lo Ulal 2- Ving+N = M2 _Icl .s cl.c . ,.l l _. 3- VPNP=.io o>. adj: 1- adj+N =M2 2- M2 NP el P.P Ving adj ,.l l ia. ) N ( i.l. o cl.ia. i.,l,. P.P i.l.. ..i _a ) i.l. _Il _a Io> >,> _a C, ( Ving _,..l> NPi.l.. ) ,> Io> NP il. ( .s M2 NP .i.l.. R be ,.l l ia. ) N ( ..l ei. .i> . R >l> _. ,.l . _... :who cl..l .l. which cl..l , .l. .RC lo.> M5 ..l . to bei,l _o Io> ,> _a _l.l . : is, are ei.,l Ul> .l. was, were ..i > ei.,l ..i .l. .RT2: RC=M5 R be P.Pa ..i _NP whois,areVingVPNPwhich was,wereadjM2 NPUl.o Ving : RC=M5The chemical liquids (R be) runningin spiral routesunder the vertically-arranged cupper platesevaporate and soon start M1M2 Nwhich arePrep M2 NPrepM1M2 M3 NVadv VNP1NP1 VIPP PPVII corrodingthe plates. _,lo .l,.o > i.. _o .l> _,l,o,. .la,lo .. _.o .ls ,VIIM1N(NP2)ei. ..li l .>oc ) ei. ..o ( c>> .> . i.. _o . i.. _o ,.. ) c>. ( l .ls .VPNP2 - running ci. to be..,. _a _ .eiol . VP NP ia. >. _o. RT1 ..,. Io> > _a l. > l, >. .- (liquids , evaporate) are- ..,. Uoao . i.. _o. _oc .c C, . , . l.. l. > .U>o ) to be P.P (o>. : NP + .lo..l ) to be Ving (.s + ci. .c>. ._..l ) to be adj (57 Ul.o adj : RC=M5_The young educated recently employed ladies ( R be )happyfor the sudden unexpected raisein their monthly wages M1M2M2 M2N who wereM2 NP2 Prep M1 M2 M2N PrepM2 M2 NNP1NP1 VIIPPPP invitedall their colleaguesto dinner. > _.ll. eL..o , _,ll .l.i.>. Ul.> _.l> e>I,. . ei. ,li..l el. .lo.lVIIM1 M2 N Prep N,l. . l cl..llo oi.> .c>cl. .l,lo .l>o..> > .NP2 PP - i,l,. ,.l l _. i,l. .s l. > NP i,l _o. Io> Ul .- (ladies , invited ) were- ly ..l .s .i... .s l , .l ei.lol . . > monthly . ly ,.. ,.l . ..l .s _ ei .Ul.o . P.P : RC=M5The rays ( R be )deviateddue to the thick cupper coilround the glass tube will be reflectedtothe photocellsM1 M3 Nwhich arePrepM1M2M3 NPrep M1M3 N pVIPrepM1 N NP1 NP1pVIPPPPPP RC=M5 (Rbe )transformingtheir energyintoafaint electric currentuponreachingasmall mirroron their way. whichareM2 N Prep M1 M2 M2 NPrep VIIM1 M2N Prep M2 NNP1VIINP2PP VP NPPP PP l. . i.. _o ..o .l ) i.l ei. ( _,lI.. .o. .i. i.l> _a.o.l .,. II > ._o, _.o , ,,. L.l.) .. .lII. ( . ci,. l _ _s,a _,.Il cl,> .l cl. ..l i.. _o _,i.. cl.,.o > _ .,l .- _a l. > i.l. _o. laL Io> .i.l. ..l> will be reflected ..l _a laL eiol _o _a l. c .- transforming c ..,. _a to be .eiol,. cl _. M2 _,..l> eiol _Io .s _. c ..,. NP ..l _., C, _. _a c ..,. .- P.P > _o. I i,.. Io> > ,> _a C, . _.lo l. .- la. o> a.l ..l _, l. ...l .>o l a.l ..l .58 _,l.l.. _> el . P.P > RT2 : - , NP i,.. iI. l _a , . The books(Rbe) publishedin Irancan be cheaper. NP1which are pVIPP VIIM2NP ..l U>o _a _ .i. _o ...o . >. _o ...o .l. to beil> _o . - _I i,.. iI. l _a _.ao NP i,..,. iI. l . _.ao V.o rays _.ao i,.l> _o. l deviated i,.l> _o l ) .o c> . .( ..o _.l > lol ..l _., > c> NP2 i.l. U>o i.l. ei. ..o i,l. _ .>li. >> to bei.l. ..l> . to be l. RT2 >. .i> i.l. _o . - l _a _.ao . .i,.l> _o l ,.l _.ao . . . l , Ul.o > by (via, through) i,l. _a ,,> _o _,.. i.l. U>oThe rehabilitation dorms ( which are) revitalized by will be used.I,.. i.l ei. :l,>l .l. .ll.l> ... i. i.l> e>ls..l .RT4 :i,l,. Io> l , ., .i, :> l ia. ADVS >. _o _. Io> Uo . ) VP NP1 l, M2 NP1 _a l.l ia. i,l,. l .i,l,.>. _o _,.. Io> eiol ( . _,l NP be..l ei. .i> ...l ei. .i> l,l Io> il> _o ,l Io> lo.> ..l , Io> .i, Io> NP l >l> NP l. ,l Io> NP .i.l. .l. Io> _,l. _o i. _o .i> l .> cl. .> >. _o l. l. > . l, _ NP e>. .l. %) ( _.,. _, _.l l, ) It >o ci. ( e>. %) .() C, NP cl ..l _.,. _, _.l It >li. _.ao c ...l >o ci. (to be >. _o .l.l. ,l Io> _a clo . l , : .,l . Ul> ei am, is, are _ ..i > ei.,l ...i was, wereRT4: P.P VingVP NP1adjM2 NP1NPNP1NP beto VVP NP1advadv59 Ul.o adj :This exercise will enlargethe arm muscles if( NPbe)possible. M1NVIIM1 M3N Itisadj NP2 l l. .l ,lo > il> C. _,l i.l. ..l> clol cl l .NP1 VII) i.l. _oo ,l>.l l (- l ia. if ..l eiol .s eiol,. .i, Io> .Ul.o P.P. : ADVWhenever ( NPbe ) required, the mechanical engineersusethese delicate tools. Itis P.P.NP1VIINP2 ., .ll.l _,l l i.. _o e>ls..l C,.lo cl.i.o>. , . .NP1 pVI,o .. :i. . _,. cl. l o> .. , >so .. , .laI l _>. _.,I.l cl. > e ) _.c _.l _.o : >ll .> ( ..l . el _.l cl. >i.l> .oVc o> el , >so el , _,. cl. > lol .>l> .oVc o> . ,,. _o o , cl.>so el l ia. el. > _,l.l.. .-on o> -a_,. > >so .li.. -um -a) l .,l .cl _ ( -us -i-sis -ses o> >sophenomenon phenomenal ei,i criterioncriteriall,ao bacteriumbacterial ..l. datum datal e>l> curriculumcurricula_.> .l ol.. stimulusstimuli l Co fungusfungil l syllabussyllabil _. ) _> (corpuscorpi, corpora l e, ) aIlLo >o . (hypothesishypotheses _ ) .l, (.l..l _a ..l.o ) o> l, >so ( ..l ... ,.l> l.,l > .The bacteria are (is) , receive (recirves)advADV adv60 Ul.o Ving : ADVWhile(NPbe) preparingthe small white rats for the dissection sessionin the veterinary lab ,the vetssuddenly came across the vets wereM1M2M2 N PrepM1 M3N PrepM1 M3 N M1 NadvVII NP1 VIINP2 PPPPNP1 RC=M5 a queer phenomenon ( R be) contradictinga number of commonly-accepted principlesin this discipline.M1M2 Nwhich wasM1 M2N Prep M1N NP2NP1VIINP2PP .I> .l.l C i,s. .l.oi.> _o e>lolcl.,ol> _Il> > ._.,ol> el.,lol > _,.. l.l ) cl.,ol> ( i.i. >lo cll.l; .,>cei,i _ _I,. .. _,l > l ei. .,i Uoao L. Ul l .>lia. > _o _. .- .i, :> ci,> l ia. ) while ( i,l. cl.>> ..l I cl .li L. >.. l .i.l. eiol lol i,l. i,li. lol . _ol Io> C, ia. . lol l) ,l Io> ( i.l. i,l. .- o>. o .i,. ,Il.l Io> >l l. i,.. l o ll .> l _. i,l. .,o % > ...l _, _.ao >lo % cl _.ao _.lo >. _o .>o ) _c > iol : comeacross ( i,. C ...,> > ,> l, >l> _>VLl _.ao C, ll .> l. _a ) >lo .c> >>.ci. : come across ( . i. _c l ,l _a .l.ao i,,. , l. l ll .> _a _. _,l.l.. ) >li. .l> li> l .(- _ ...l _., C, _a C, ci. >lo NP2 ll .> l. l l. ,,l _o ..S: :_., . .lIa _,l.l.. .l. ) .>l _I,> ( C, me cl l ia. i,...l. l .i,li. _a l ia. NP _., . >. _o i,li. . .lIa >lia...l >io _.l i..lo , _.,I.l > _., . .Give me a book.Bring me a pen.Send me a letter.Buy me some flowers.Fetch me a coffee.Find me a friend.Consider me your friend.Receive me .adv61 Ul.o NP : ADVWhen( NPbe) stilla school boy ,Isoldflowerson the street.I was adv M1 M3 N NP1VIINP2PP NP1VIINP2cl.l,> > _,lI ,.> _o _o ..l .io . . ,>. _o _. ... :>l> o>. l. > e>l. ..i : - e>l. _lo : >. a> C, l . ,> l l ... _Ic . Ali washed the dishes yesterday. - lo..l _lo . : >. _oc l. l . _Ic ... _o >. cl> _. l l . Ali washed the dishes when he was young. Ul.o PP : ADVAlthough(NP be) justin its early yearsof emergencein the realmof sociology,Darvin's theory of evolutionwasadvPrepM2M2 NNP Prep M1NNP NP1VIPP PP RC=M5 Darvin's theoryof evolution could soon attractthe attentionof a good many of outstanding elites ( R be) philosophizingM2 N NP adv VIIM1NM1 M2N who wereNP1 NPNP NP1 VINP2 onthe meritsof such hypotheses. PrepM1N M1 NNPPP _,l> _ol. ,L. l ) _ol. _.,l> .. ( . > >_,li, l l ,Il .lIl. > l >. ) oI ( . _.l.. aol>>lia. >. i. .I> .> . ...l. cl el.> i.> _o .l> s.Il ..>. cl.. l .l,.. ) . ( _.l, _,. .ll,.ol ... :i,i,> Io> > l _Io .s ) its early years of emergence ( .,o . NP of NP i,. o>. >l l l .,Il .lIl. l _,li, l .lIl. _,li, ,Il l l> ,L. _ol. _., _,l> _ol. ,L.advadv62 u_oI co> Imperative Sentences (Simp) : ..l _Ioao .l Io> _.o cl Uo NP1 .,o cl You .,o c ...l You l .> cl. ..l .> _ ...l _.,. _, _.l ..li. _o .i> . ol Io> _,l.l.. NP1 .>. _o . _a l. >li. e>l. e>l. e>l. _a ._Ia . l..o .o>. :) . . + ( lo _. + ) i, (SimpNP VP VISit down..i,.,... ._,... NP1 VII NP2You Close the door.. i... ) i,i... ( l >VIIINP2NP3 Give me a book. ei. ) i,i. ( _.l. _o . .- lIa l _>. > . .l.,. l. _,lIa .>. .i> i.l. _o , cl Ul c> i.. l . open : i,. l. .i,.. l. .- i.. _o _..o ..> Io> l l.. C, l. i.l _.Vo> _Il. .ol .Vo> .- C, i.l. _o , _Il> e>l. _a C, i.l. Io> : Go, Do, Listen, Come, _.oIl . C, ) RT4 ( : ADV When( NP be) inRome , do asRomans do. you arePrep NVINP1VINP1VIPPSimpADVi.> _o ,l>.l l _o ,L.lo ei. ,l>.l ., > _.. . _. ). l. ... _l> (...- NP1 .,o ol Io> you _,l.l.. ...l NP1 , , Io> you ..l .- i,l,. i.l. _o , Io> l. i. l. ,l Io> C, .adv adv63 u,8 r_> as : - as (such as, like, unlike) NP :Alihas been workingin our companyasa Janitor. NP1VIPrep M2 NhewasNP2cl.> >. l ,Il> >lo .. > ..l e> _ol _Ic ) li,l. .(li,l. cl.c . ..l .i, .l:> _,l >o > ,,l _o l C, o>. ,,. _o. .l.l. l Io> l..o e> l. l .o>. as cl.c . >li. .l> l ..l ,L. .i..lo ._.o o>. such as, like ,L. .i..lo ._.o unlike : .V>. i.l. _o ..S: : >lo o o>. _oIc l> > ,I NP1 .. ) ..,. : unlike( ..lo ._.o i ,L. . ... i.l. _o ..S: : _,. such as ..l _oo NP i,l,. ) invert >. ( . such as .i, :> NP ..l cl ia. .l ._8l: ua: :Unlike the other kinds of birds,..cli. ,> l.l .V> . . ...a)there is no feather on the heads of the vultures. l. .l. . . , >li. >> .b)No feather grows on the heads of the vultures.. . i, _o. . , l. .c)The heads of the vultures lack any feather. ..l . . il l. . .d)Vultures have no feather on their heads. l.. . . , i.li. l. c ._oIc o>. l ,Il> > NP1 _.o ..,. ... i,> i,l. .>. e>ls..l NP1 i> _o .l> Io> ,li . ) NP1 = l. ( - as (such as, like, unlike) PP :i..lo >o _. e> l. l .l .l.l. l Io> o>. ,,. _o. l.l o ,L. .i..lo ._.o ..l .Womenare quite comfortableintheir officesasin their homes.NP1 VIIadvM2 NP PrepM2 N pp Vol i... l ,.l> ) l,.. ( .l> _>l> _.o cl. el>l > .>l cl. l .64 @_8 as l; such as . like g unlike :..> > ) elo > . ( l _ such as . like unlike .i,l _o. Io> NP PP i,l _o .She was walking so proudly she was a queen. a)such asb) like c) asd) unlike _I n; 8lI O_> as :ll .> l >o > with, for, to, of. L. > ,. .o ll .> cl. _o _.a, .> ,Il.l > > cl. _o ..o ll .> o>. : _> > ) el.> .>o> (.>li. .l> .o ll .> , l L. i..lo _.o , i.. _o o>. .As with me I should say ,,. i,l. ,>> _> > ... - as S :i.l. ..l> >> i.l. _o _,l.ao L.l . ,l Io> , Io> _,. . ( _.loo ) o>. : > _ol. . _Il> :( i..l _o ls.l cloo , ,l Io> . _Il> > ) ,ol. ( _,o ,>l.l .,i. _o > cl.l,> l . As I was crossing the street, I fell down. ( _Ic ) o>. : ,,l>.l l ) .l L.l. ..l _,I> . :(( , Io> ..l UIao ,l Io> .Ic .As I didn't have enough money, I couldn't buy that car..,..li. _l U ,,l>.l l ,. l _,.lo cl ,...l.. . ( _.lL. ) o>. : L.lo ..,l _.L . :( i.l _o ls.l , Io> _.L . ,l Io> .As my father said, the rate of precipitation in Mediterranean areas is high. l. .. .l .l.,io _>l. > l. cl,o ..s ,i L.lo . ( > % / - >lo l . i> _o. .l> .Il> . . _I. .l o>. . .Il> _,l > .,l i,. ll .) o>. : o ..,l _.o ..,l cl.c . .,l ,L. ..,l i..l (Mina was walking so proudly as she was a queen. >. Io l .,l _.o .l..o _I,> . _o el l .as withas for NP as to as of 65 .S: :_,. C. > . l l.. ,,li _o L.lo ,,. _o o>. ) . l, o ,so L.lo i> _o , l _.lo (_,. C. > . l l.. ,,li _o .,l _.L . o>. ,,. _o . ) i> _o , l ,,l>.l l _.ao .,l _.L . l, (_,. C. >. e>l> _,.. i,l. ..l _Ll. .jI_;l.; as l. cl. _o l eiol Io> cl ia. S _g:lo I _I S,jl>: > o>. .Z .aS g Ul> _:lo_ :i... .o .,o .i, Io> > , ,l Io> _a clo ) i. .,. l _a i,l. ..l i, , Io> c ( l _.a, . Z i.. _o ., _.lo .Ul>Ul>..i..i.,l ei ei.,l..i > ei.,l..i > ei.,l e>l. ..i _ol Ul>ei.,l ,l.l l, ..i ,l.l l. ..i > ei.,l clo _,.o .i,l,. i.l. _o ei.,l ,l.l l, Ul> clo ,l.l l. ei.,l clo i.l. _o ..i >i,l,. . l....l e>l. ..i _ol Ul> l.. : ..l. _o i... i i.,l,. , l. .RT5A:l P.P., Ving, adjel. ll > ) ,.Vc l ia. Io> >l Ul _.a, ) Puntuation (( i.,l,. i.l. o l.l l ia. .l L. . . Ving VP NP1 i.l..>o > adj M2 NP1 .i.l.. NP be ..l ei. .i> . .Il> > A .i, :> . while ..l ) _,c cl l ia. RT4 ..l ( ..,o l l Io> >l RT2 l. >li. .l> l ,,, _o RT5 ,, _o .RT5A: P.P. #Ving VP NP1NPbeadj M2 NP1advadv66 Ul.o Ving ) Ul.o RT4 ( :( NP be ) Preparing the small white ratsfor the dissection sessionin the veterinary lab ,the vetssuddenly came across While the vetswerea queer phenomenon ( R be) contradictinga number of commonly-accepted principlesin this discipline. whichwas Preparing ..,. _a Io> Ul > ) to beeiol,. cl _. ( . M2 ..,. ) _. M1 eiol ( _,..l> . NP ..,. ) , lol l ia. l, NP l. > >. _o eiolNP Io> ll > . l can be easy _,..l> .iol _o lol l _. NP i. _o .(Ul.o P.P. : ADV ADV( NP be ) Fully transformedtoan odd organismin the lab , the beaststartedto tremble ,( NPbe ) emittingWhilethe beast was Prep M1 M2 N PrepM1 N M1NV VwhileItwas NP1pVIPPPPNP1 VINP1 VII RC=M5a colored gasfrom its nostrils( R be ) rasing upward. M1M2NPrep M2Nwhichwere adv NP2PPNP1VI>. ei. _,i.. Vol ..l> _Il> > ) >. .l, _. ,,a. ( cl .el.,lol > _.,>c ei. >>o . ) .l> ( l> cl _Il> > .ci,I . > .l. .o. . i.>. ei. ..ll l _.,. .l>l. l _. .l > _o .- _a Io> Ul ed i,l _o ol e>l. _a .i,l _o. .- emitting ..,. _a ) to be >li. ( . M2 ..,. ) l _. M1 eiol ( _,..l> . NP ..,. _. _a ) eiol lol cl _. .(- rasing ..,. _a ) to be >li. ( . M2 ..,. ) eiol i, l _. ( _,..l> . NP ..,. _. _a ) NP ..l _ol Io> ( _ . RT2 ..l .advadv adv67 Ul.o adj :( NP be ) Reallysad for the sudden tragic demiseof his dear newly-wedded wife in such a horrible car crach , Mark WhileMarkwasadvM2 NP2 Prep M1 M2 M2 N M2M2 M2NPrep M1 M2 M3N NP1 NP1 VIINP PP PP wipedhis tearsand leftthe churchwith a tall blond lady VIIM2N VIIM1 N PrepM1M2M2 N NP2 NP2PP VP1VP2 >. .>ll. lal Clo ,Il> > .l. ..i> ) . ( o _.ll. ,.l , > Cl l . _l...> _,.o.l .>l. _,. > ,c _c el. .l l.,I > C. l _,l.l .i i.I. . ,.l> C, l. ...1-still sobbinghardfor this catastrophe. a>l _,l .l. _.. . > _o _ _ . .RT2: R be adv PP whowasNP1 VI2-, still sobbinghardfor this catastrophe. a>l _,l .l. > _o _ _ _.. . . >> _Il> > .RT5: NP be advPP while he was NP1 VI- c NP l ia. and .ei. . . .L.l oI C, l left ..l _a and.l NP ..,. .- o >. _o ,.l> cl i,li. lol l _.l> >. _o i,li. l .> _.. .advadv68 ,; @_8 : g ; :; clo and > ..l % Io> > .l >lo ..l ) ,,li. L. i.l L.ol. _I,> . ,,li. lol i.l L.o , . _I,> . ( > % ..l ,> .l el. .l _.lo ) , l. and ..l .( . o o> i,li. .,,li. llol _,. .,l .l. ) .lol , .. ei..li> .lol , .l Io> > and ( l _,lol cl . and U, L. l .. ) ; (,,li _o .L.> (:.) ., ..l .ao .,o ) _Ioi.. .Io> .i, (... i,l,. cl > i.l. _o .a. l i : >l> .Il> . .ao : - ..l >lo > : There are just two ways to solve this problem: 1-2-. - ..l Ul.o > : There are many ways to solve this problem: . - ..l..,. _,. > ._.,I.l _,c o>. o : i,. o>. ..li . .l. lol l _.,I.l > lol .>. _o e>ls..l , U _. .l. .Il> . . eVc _.l >>. _o e>ls..l U _. .., o, _>l> i,l,. i.l. _o . i, NP o, >> ...,. NP2 ..l . Ali (Np1) said (VII), " quickly " (NP2)._l l _. > ) i.l. ei., l . ,o _. ( i.l _o l Io> ,. ia. ..li l _. Ul . " " (NP2), Ali (NP1) said (VII) ., _l Full inverti.. _o . " quickly " (NP2) , said (VII) Ali (Np1)... : Io> > " and " is a conjuction.o, NP1 . ..l and .69 lolS Ig:I : - ei..li> .lol : , . ) ADV PP, adv, ( i.. li> Io> _l l lol l. i..l. _o .i.,l,. Io> Ul l . # (PP, adv, ADV) , PP: In practice, For example-adv: However, Nevertheless , Today - lol . .> . (Conj) : , , , , , ,(and, or) . l and, or llol ,,o _o and l, i... or ) ..l ei. e>l> _,. V. ..l> _. . .( - ,,..o U _. .lol ) Direct speech :( > cl _,. : ; ..l eiol . - .ao .lol ) App :( l ,li, l.c _,. >li. clol lol Io> .lIo ) ..l Ulo ( .ao >l> , .,> .lol lo.> i,l,. l .>l. _o ) .> .lol _L. . i.l.. . .(1-S NP, , VPAli (NP1) , , V 2-VPV , , (NP(NP))has, , (PP, NP2) 3-RCR , , (S, VP)wh, , (S, VP) 4-ADV, , Sif, , (S, VP) 5-PPP , , NPin, at, instead of, in addition to 6-NP(M1) , , (M2) , , (M3) , , N (M4)(M5) 7-Conj , ,x (and, or, nor ,) , , x 8-AUX (auxiliary verb) 9-S , (NP)(PP, RC, RT) , adv70 - l ia. NP1 i,l,. ..l Ulo lol . - l ia. _a ) _o _.> ( i,l,. ,> .lol C, i,l. ...l .ao i,l,. lol l . - l ia. l R .iol lol RC i,. o>. . l, ..l _>l> l .ao i,. o>. l . - i,l,. ..l Ulo lol .i, :> l ia. . - i,l,. ..l Ulo lol ll .> l ia. .I - _,. .lol .lol _,.l.L> M2 ..l . ,:_; __o j_I: @> . ..l ei.. .,lc .s _Il. ii. cl.. il> _o lol _,l ) >..l ,o _.,I.l > _I ...,. ,o .s _Il. _.l ( . i,l. lo.> N .i.l. >>o NP M2 il> _o. lol .M2, M2, M2, M2 N tall, young, handsome, smart, welleducatedman - lo.> .iol lol Io> cl,l l .i. ,lo. Io> Uo App ..l . l l..o PP, adv, ADV, RC l ..,. ,o iol NP i,l,. ) l,.. i,l _o , >l, ( ..l ,o . _,l NP > % - .ll PP l, RC l, RT ,.l cl l _. l >l> ) NP2 ( o , Ui. .i.l. .ao . >. _..l .Theyanalyzedthe structures , the complicated constructionsassociated togetherin a logical manner. NP1 VIINP2 NP = M4 whichwereadv PP _L.o .l e,. . ,i, l. i.l ei. ..o l .l ei,, .l el. _.a, .l ll.>l. i.> _,I. l.l .- S , (S, VP) , : l.. lol i.l> _o . .> lo.> Io> l. > ) ci. ,and ( .> ., ..,. . . i.,l _o lol l. _,l .aol, Io> ., cl. _.> .>l. VP . ...l l. .l o .i.l. i.l. _o. ... i.,l,. .RT4 .8_a,j :l _ el R i,l,. Io> l , , )) RC R (S,VP ( l _ . . .l>.l. R . NP be l ei. .i> >. .l.l. i,l. .. .I don't know what ( I am ) to do. I don't know where ( I am ) to go. I don't know how ( I am ) to play football. 71 R _a,a> uS_o :of which of whom,,> _ l R _Il>> .i... .o what, which, whose & how i..l. _o R i.. .o . ... whatwhich ,li ... whichNPI don't know what((English (scientific)) book ) she is reading. ... _. whose NP1VIIwhose NP1V .o R,.l> _o. _o ) .l. ._.l. ) _oIc ( _.,I.l ( i.l> _o l .i .s / i, howadj/adv You don't know how beautiful (dumb, smart) she was. NP1VII.oR NP1V _.l> _o. . L ) l., i ) l. .C.> (( >. l .You don't know how horribly (beautifully) she was playing the piano.Cl...> i _.l> _o. ) l., ( l .l, .>l. _o l .-C, how l. ,,l> ,> many much . R >l. _o .o l. _o _.> l. i. NP >.. .o cl ia. .You dont knowhow many friends she has.You dont know how much she earns. NP1 V You dont knowhow much moneyshe spends on her dresses..o R NP1 VIPP - > however l ia. how i,l. i, ever eiol .ao _ cl i o _ >. . ever l. i,l,. i.l. _o lIo _,l o . ,however wahtever,whoevero _ .l. . i R .o , l :> , i . .l. .o . i . , .a _ i.l el> ) Ll. ever ( . Io> > , :> ...l U>o c , i . .l .o . ) , Vl l RCli. , , , ( their own interests had "been most peculiarly attended to" however "grievous" the effects on others. pVI.othey wereNP2 ... . _l> . >. . l >. >o cl.al.o , _. _ ..l i _oo > . cl..l.l i.>. l.l l. , cl .adv72 However hard I tried, she was not convinced. i.. .l l ,> V. _o .. i ..opVIHowever hard I tried wasuseless.,> V. _o .. i . _ l , >. ei .RCNP1.o R VIIM2 NP2 l> Uln8I :> _., . Ulal eiol _ el l NP2 _,..l> .iol .s NP3 >. _o : keep, make, find, turn, [leave, get, render, consider] ) i.l eiol .,ol .,.. . L. >o Ulal ( ) get render i..lo Vol make i... (Refrigerators keep the food cold. >. l li i.l> _o . lIl, ) . ..l >. l _,li i.l> _o . lIl, (Mina made her house beautiful with some flowers. _ .lio l. .>l. l., l l .l> l.,o ). _ .lio l. l., >. l l .l> .>l. l.,o (Ali found that novel interesting for its comic tone.Ll. .l, .Il> l clo cl _Ic . ) . .. ,ol.L _I Ll. >. .Il> l clo cl >li, _Ic (Sunshine turns the leaves of the trees red in fall.,,l > i.l> _o o l cl.>> .l. .l.l ) o l cl.>> .l. i.l>,o .l.l i... ,,l > (NP1 VIIINP2NP3PPShe left her friend alone..> l l.. l _..> l ) >. l.. l _..> > C. l (She considers her friend lazy. ( ...l> _o _... l _..> l ) >. _... l _..> . _oL.> lo>. : NP1 NP2 l V adjadv73 be to V :P.P.She is punished.U>o l.>l. VingShe is running..lo..l l.>l. be adjShe is beautiful.M2 NP2 NPShe is student. PPShe is at home. to V be to V : - be to i..lo have to ought to C, _SoS _n8 ) Aux ( ..l _a i.l. _o .l oI C, ) to ..,. li> _a l ( .c>. l.. .c>. l._..,l. _..,l. >. _o o>. .The studentsare to analyzethe sentencesbefore translating them. NP1AuxVIINP2PP ..l l cl,>..l> ) i,l. ...l.. ( l.l c> o>. l _. l .Vo> i.. ,>. .These books are to be published before Xmass. _o., l _. i.. ...o ..l l l.l. _,l .NP1AuxpVIPP My brother was to leave the country in July. ,, elo > l . i. C. >. l ,>l. .NP1Aux VIINP2 PP - .Il ( to l ln8 b;I_ _ ,,, _o . ..l _, L. o l>.,l . ,,. _o o>. i. .s _, L. o > clo . .Our major problem in the countryisto findthe right person for the managerial positions. . > lo _.l.l _.o ,l .. .l. _..l.o > ,,.. li, . _.,,io .l .. . - . ( be l ,,, _o _., > _a l to V l ia. . VP NP ,,, _o . o>. ) : i. .>. ...l + ( .io o>.74 Our major problem in the countryisto findthe right person for the managerial positions. NP1PPVIIVIINP2PP VPNP2 _.,,io .l .. .l. _..l.o >_.l, .. . > lo _.l.l _.o .- ..l . C.. o>. _I .i.l. . .. .lio ,> ,Il.l ..l _oo . i.. _o. , l. _ _ > ..S: :o>. be to V l. cl.,o .. i. l. _I > .l..l l _, o>. >l> _,.L. _.o l. >. o>. i,l. >l> ,l.l % - >. _ _, o>. . :- l ia. _a l be to> .>. U>o % - ..l _o _a lo ...l l ... >. _o o>. .- l NP1 lc ...l. _o ) agent ( > .i.l. _a % - ..l _o _a lo .-l NP1 _olc ...l.. ) agent ( i.l. _a % -- ..l ,> .Il> .RT5B:l. io el. ll > el to l. i,l,. NP cl l ia. _Ilo.>l .l VP NP1 laL .i.l.. NP be .i, :> ai.,l ..l ei. .i> if ..l ._ol Io> C, cl l _ i.l. eiol i,l. lol , .i, Io> .l..l ) l VP NP1 il> _o. , lol i,l,. i,l. _a cl ia. .i.l. .(To explain the problem in detail, the professor had to analyze it into its constituent parts. If the professor were NP1VIINP2 PPNP1 VIINP2PP ,>. i,l. l ._,s. . l _.o i. _,.. >. l . l l ei.l. .l>l . l.l > _o .- > if oao were ,,, _o ) lo.> ... > were eo > lol i,li. was i., _o , .(i,. _ l _.>l .l. ) I . ( ll .> .i> in order _,.. lol l. e>l.l ls.l PP o>. > i> _o L.o. >. _o o>. .adv75 In order to explain the problem in detail, the professor had to analyze it into its constituent parts.,>. >. .>o >l..l ._,s. . _.o c>l> _,. L.o. i. l ei.l. .l>l . l.l .uS_o 8lI O_> _I oola.aI jIg8 in order ) _olc _g_ ul>; :( - e>l. . i. c RT5B - _... ..> in order to >, _o :l....l l.l l _ e>l. _a ciol ...l> ll .> l . ..,. :l....l .Il> _,l > ,Il> >VP NP cl l. PP >. _o . - ... _>. cl. _o _oIc l. l.. l > _.>l . l .To mix the two acids safely , .. . . ._o,l L. i,.l > c> .,. L.o ...a)It is necessary for the chemist to use special tubes. _l> .l II l i. e>ls..l cli,o,. .l. ..l , .b)Using special tubes is necessary for the chemist. c)Special tubes should be used by the chemist. d)The chemist should used special tubes. > If NP be., Io> NP1 >, _o l ,l Io> . - l in order i.l. Io> :> NP1 ,,l. cl NP1 L.o _,l .l. .i.l. ,l Io> .l ll .> e C, ) l. .,o for ( l _. to _o _,,li . l _Il> > in order to ) _... ..> > ( C, cl c> .l. l.l cl. _o. .i.l. ll .> PP >l> l ,> .In order ( for the students)to explain the problem in detail, the professor had to analyze it into its constituent parts.Prep VPNP - ll .> .l ... > in order IlV. ,> to i,. _o. l . >. _a ia. l to V ia. l NP .>. for i,.. i,l. l .76 b;_ og,8 :.l o>. i. .l .Ul> . _,l.l.. . i.l I o .- However, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, still, but(at the first of sentence) i.l . i, _o o>. Io> .li..l > i.,l,. Io> . l _.> i.. l> o>. e>l, . i : o .li o .Ul> _,c > .Ul> _,l l. ._,l >> l. ._I .lol ..l o ..Il o ._,I ._I .CI> - however i> _o l Ul Io> l. >l. > l ,> Io> ..l _,l l ..l . i, _. .- l i. i> _o l ,> Io> l. >l. > l Ul Io> .i, :> i.l .i, :> .The teacher was teaching in the class however the students were not listened. lol>l> _o _> _V > ..l> ,Iao ) ._,l >> l. ._I (... i.>l> _o. cl,>..l> .Ig:I than :. . than ..l _, . o>. ,,l> _.,I.l > l. .. .... .l : ( C, than cl ia. ll .> NP i,l _o . ( C, than .i, :> Io> cl ia. ..l ) S ( i,l _o . ( ..l . .> .iol cl ia. .l ei.lol ,. .Il> > ) ..l _, cl ia. _. .(RT2 .8_a,j :l. io .Il> _,l > to _. _..o .>.