famous leaders in the 20th century

8/14/2019 Famous Leaders in the 20th Century

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Famous Leaders in The 20th Century



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20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~ dKvf}uD;rsm;Famous Leaders in The 20th Century (Burmese version)

Drum Publication Group

P.O Box 66Kanchanaburi 71000Thailand

[email protected]

September, 2008ISBN 978-974-362-328-8



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rmwifvlomuif;a*stm(&f) (Martin Luther King Jr.) 1

e,fvqifrif'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela) 10

tJvDEd k¶kpbJ h (Eleanor Roosevelt) 15

a';Apfbiful&D,ef (David Ben-Gurion) 19

rm*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger) 23vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (Lech Walesa) 28

z&efŒuvif;'DvmEd k¶kpbJ h(Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 32

bv,fwDrmvDeif (Vladimir Lenin) 38

oDtd k'd k¶kpbJ h (Theodore Roosevelt) 46

rg*&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher)

51r[wWr*EN D (Mahatama Gandhi) 58

ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf (II) (Pope John Paul II) 65

qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (Winston Churchill) 71

rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) (Mikhail Gorbachev) 75

t,mwd kvmuk drDeD (Ayatollah Khomeini) 80

[d kcsDrif; (Ho Chi Minh) 84armfpDwH k; (Mao Zedong) 94

t'd k;zf[pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) 102

a&mfe,f(vf)&D*if (Ronald Wilson Reagan 112

wif hum;vlom; od kŒr[kwf trnfrodawmfvSefa&;orm;(The Tank Man or Unknown Rebel) 119



IV

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"We will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence

of our friends."

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King Jr.) onfvlxktcGif hta&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;Y acgif;aqmiftjzpfyg0ifcJ h+yD; xif±Sm;ausmf=um;aomtar&duefEd kifiHom;wpfOD;jzpfcJ honf?

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ajrmufyd kif;±S dzJeDpvm;AeD;,g(Pennsylvania) od k @oGm;+yD; (Crozer TheologicalSeminary) Ybmoma&;ynm&yfavhvmoif=um;cJhonf? xd kausmif;Yynmavhvmoif=um;aepOf tdEN d,Ed kifiH.bmoma&;acgif;aqmifjzpfaomr[wWr*E< D.oif=um;r_rsm;ud k avhvmqnf;yl;cJ honf? r[wWr*ED <.a&;om;csufrsm;xJwGif t=urf;zufr_ud koH k;+yD;vlr_a&;ajymif;vJr_rsm;ud k rvkyfEd kifa=umif; owday;xm;onf? txl;ojzif h *ED <ajymcJ haompum;jzpfaom“u|Ef kyfwd k @.emusifr_rsm;a=umif h ,if;wd k @.w&m;r#wr_r±S djcif;rsm;ud k odjrifvmaprnf” onfrmwif.ESvHk;om;udkxdcdkufapcJhonf? bmoma&;ausmif;wGif tom;ta&mifuG Jjym;aomvlrsdK;pkrsm;yg0if+yD; vljzLtrsm;pkyg0ifaomrmwif.tcef;wGif ,if;tm; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfa±G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif bmoma&;qd kif&m'D*&Dud k&±S dcJ h+yD;

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Scott) ESif hawG @qH kcJ honf? olronfpdwf"gwf=uH @cd kifum pGrf;tm;ESif hjynf hpH k+yD;vlxktcGif hta&;rsm;tay: tvGef*±kpd kufaomrdef;rjzpfcJ hayonf? r=umrDwGif

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&mjzpfcJ honf? armif*d krm&Donf tjcm;awmifyd kif;a'o±S d+rdK@rsm;rSmuJ hod k @yifbwf(pf)um;rsm;ay:wGif cG Jjcm;r_rsm;±S dcJ hygonf? 'DZifbmv 1 &ufae@ 1955ckESpfwGifjzpfay:cJ haomtjzpftysufud k vlxktH kºuGr_qDod k @ *,uf±d kufapcJ honf? xk dnaewGifvlvwfyd kif;t±G,fpufcsKyform;±d kpmywf(cf)onf tvkyfcGifrSarmyef;pGmjzif hjyefvmaoma=umif hbwf(pf)um;ay:±S dvljzLa,musfm;wpfa,mufud kae&may;&efjiif;qd kcJ honf? Ttr_jzif hyif ±d kpmywf(cf)ud kzrf;

qD;csKyfaESmifcJ honf?

±d kpmywf(cf)ud kzrf;qD;csKyfaESmif+yD;onf haemufyd kif; rmwifvlomuif;ESif hol.taygif;taz:rsm;onf bwf(pf)um;pD;&mwGifcG Jjcm;r_±S djcif;tay: qENjyr_rsm;vkyf&efulnDcJ honf? bwf(pf)um;ay:wGif c&D;onfrsm;a&mpD;cGif hr&rcsif;vljzLrsm;tm; bwf(pf)um;rpD;bl;[kjiif;qef&ef qH k;jzwfcJ honf? Tv_yf±Sm;r_a=umif h uif;ud kzrf;qD;vd kuf=u+yD; ol.tdrfud kvnf;Ak H;azmuf+yD;rD;avmifapcJ honf? armif*d krm&Dbwf(pf)um;oydwfarSmufyG JwGif yg0ifcJ haomtjcm;vlrsm;onfvnf; apmfum;r_trsdK;rsdK;ESif htqH k;pD&ifr_rsm; cHpm;&aomfvnf;oydwfarSmufyG JrSmqufvufv_yf±Sm;qJyifjzpfonf?

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ta±G;cs,fcHEd kifzG,f±S donf?



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1964 ckESpfjynfol @tcGif hta&;tufOya'Y trsm;jynfolESif hqd kifaomae&mrsm;jzpfonf h±kyf±Sif±H k/ pm;aomufqd kifrsm;ESif h[d kw,frsm;Y tom;ta&mifcG J

jcm;jcif;rSmw&m;Oya'ud kcsdK;azmufonf[k jyXgef;cJ honf? xd k @twltvkyf±Sifrsm;ud kvnf;vltm;vH k;tay:om wlnDr#tvkyfvkyfcGif hay;&rnf[k vnf;yg



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tcGif hta&;±S donf? rsm;aomtm;jzif h awmifyd kif;jynfe,frsm;wGif tar&duefvlrnf;rsm;ud k rJay;cGif hray;acs? awmifyd kif;a'o±S dEd kifiHa&;orm;rsm;uqef @usif=uaomfvnf; v$wfawmftrwftrsm;pku (333rJ 48 rJ) jzif htEd kif&IrJay;yd kifcGif htufOya'jyXgef;a&;ESif hqD;edwfv$wfawmfrS (77 rJ 19rJ) jzif htEd kif&±S dIrJqENay;Ed kifcGif htufOya'ud kjyXgef;Ed kifcJ honf? Tw&m;Oya'uEd kifiHawmftpd k;&u a'ocHjynfe,frsm;urJay;&eftwGufemrnfpm&if;wifoGif;

ray;olrsm;ud k emrnfpm&if;rsm;a&;rSwfay;onf?uif;uTta&;}uD;aomw&m;Oya'ESpf&yfud kjyXgef;Ed kif&ef }udK;pm;+yD;aemufqif;&Jom;rsm;ud kulnD&ef }udK;pm;tm;xkwfcJ hygonf? uif;uvlrsdK;pkESif hpD;yG g;a&;tcGif hta&;rsm;rSmeD;pyfr_±S d+yD; t+rJ'GefwG Jaeaoma=umif h uif;uypPnf;OpPmrsm;ud k vltrsm;twGufjzef @jzL;ay;&ef vd ktyfa=umif;a[majymcJ honf?

uif;utmz&duef-tar&duefrsm;ESif hqif;&Jom;vljzLrsm;rS&Jabmf&Jzufrsm;jzpf+yD; ,if;wd k @twlwuGvufwG Jvkyfaqmifygu vlr_tzG J @tpnf;ud kajymif;vJEd kifa=umif;tm;ay;wd kufwGef;cJ hygonf? uif;utmvfbm;rm;±S dpJvfrmwGifTod k @rdef @cGef;ajym=um;cJ hygonf? “vGefcJ hwJ h 12 ESpfwkef;uwd k @awG[mjyefvnfjyKjyifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_awGrSmyg0ifcJh+yD; ('gayrJhtck) wdk@awG[macwftopfwpfcka&mufvm+yD;/ 'Dacwftopfud kawmfvSefa&;acwfvd k @ac:&r,f”

rdrd.}uD;xGm;vmaom tajccHususwpfzufpGef;pdwfud k vSpf[jyocJ hygonf?



-8-


1967 ckESpf{+yDv 3 &ufae@wGif rmwifvlomuif;a*stm(&f)rS tb,fa=umif hAD,uferfppfyG Jud kqef @usif&onf hta=umif;rsm;ud k az: jyxm;ygonf?

Trdef @cGef;ud kajym+yD;onf haemuf =oZmv$rf;rd k;r_±S daomyk*d ~KvfwpfcsdK@u uif;ud k 1968 ckESpforRwa±G;aumufyG JwGif wwd,ygwDtjzpf0ifa&mufyg0if&efwd kufwGef;E_ d;aqmf=uonf? uif;uTt}uHay;csufud ky,fcscJ haomfvnf;AD,uferfppfyG Jtay: qef @usifv_yf±Sm;r_ud k qufvufaqmif±GufcJ honf? uif;uAD,uferfppfyG Jtay: qef @usifaoma=umif hrdef @cGef;rsm;pwifajymcJ hojzif htpd k;&u,if;tay:rESpfoufvd kr_rsm;±S dcJ honfud kawG @&rnf?

rwfv 28 &ufae@ 1968 ckESpfwGif uif;utvkyform;tcGif hta&;twGufulnD&efrif;zd(pf) (Memphis) ±S dqENjyyG Jud k ud k,fwd kifOD;aqmifcsDwufcJ honf?csDwufyG JOD;aqmifolrsm;ucsDwufolrsm;ud k t=urf;zufr_vkyfief;rsm;a±SmifusOf&eftrdef @ay;aomfvnf; vli,fwpfpkrsm;rSm vrf;!$efcsufrsm;ud kem;raxmifyJ +rdK@awmfcef;rod k @csDwuf&mvrf;wpfav#muf±S dqd kifrsm;ud k zsufqD;ypfcJ honf? touf 16 ESpft±G,fom±S dao;aomvm&Dzif; (Larry Payne)[laomaumifuav;wpfa,mufud kykvdyfuvk,ufoltjzpfpGyfpG J+yD; ypfowfcJ honf? od k @aomfrsufjrifoufaorsm;u vm&Dud kykvdyf rsm;ypfowfcsdefwGifol.vufud kajr‡mufxm;onf[kajym=uonf?

uif;ucsDwufyG JwGif xd kod k @t=urf;zufr_vkyf&yfrsm;jzpf&jcif;rSm tpd k;&.&efpv_ H @aqmfolrsm;jzpfonf[k tcd kiftrm,H k=unfcJ honf? xd knuuif;uol.emrnfausmf=um;qH k;rdef @cGef;jzpfaom “u|efawmfwd k @awmifxdyfay:a&mufcJ hw,f” [laomrdef @cGef;ud k rdef @=um;cJ honf? ol @rdef @cGef;ud k Tod k @tqH k;owfcJ honf? “'Dae@up+yD; bmawGjzpfvmrvJqd kwmrodygbl;? 'gayrJ hta±S ›rSmcufcJwJ hae@&ufawG±S daevdrf hr,f? 'gayrJ h'Dt&mawG[m u|efawmf htwGufbmrSr

jzpfavmufawmhygbl;? bmjzpfvd k @vJqd kawmh u|efawmfawmifxdyfud ka&mufcJ h+yD;? awmifay:uvSrf;=unf hvd kufwJ htcg uwday;xm;wJ he,fajrud k awG @&



-9-


w,f? 'De,fajrrSm cifAsm;wd k @eJ @twlra&mufaumif;ra&mufEd kifbl;? 'gayrJ hcifAsm;wd k @tm;vH k;ud kodapcsifwmu wd k @awGvlrsdK;pkwpfckvH k;taeeJ @'Duwd

ay;xm;wJ hajrud k a&mufrSmrkcsjzpfw,fqd kwmud k odapcsifygw,f? 'gha=umif hvJu|efawmfwu,faysmfygw,f?”

aemufwpfae@rSmyJuif;u ol&J h[d kw,favomaqmifrSm &yfaewkef;typfowfcHcJ h&w,f? olaoqH k;oGm;onf haemufqufwG Jtjzpf+rdK@ 125 +rdK@wGifqlylaomif;usef;r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; vlav;q,fajcmufa,muftowfcHcJ h&

onf? ESpfvt=umwGif*sdrf;t,f(vf)a&; (James Earl Ray)

qd konf h olud kvef'ef+rdK@wGifzrf;qD;+yD; tar&duefod k @yd k @vd kufonf? xd koltm;uif;ud kvkyf}uHr_twGufaxmifxJud k;q,f hud k;ESpfcsvd kufonf?

rmwifvlomuif;towfcH&onf htay: pH kprf;axmufvSrf;r_rsm;rsm;pGmjyK vkyfcJ h+yD; tar&dueftpd k;&ESif htufzfbDtd kif (FBI) wd k @rS ,if;vkyf}uHr_.aemufuG,fwGif±S donf[k xifjrifcsuf±S d=uonf? tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;p&mtcsufwpfckrS *sdrf;ud kvef'efwGifoJvGefp±SmIzrf;qD;cJ holrSm tufzfbDtd kifr[kwfbJuae'gykvdyfrsm;jzpfonfuk dod±S d&onf?

1988 ckESpfwGif axmifxJwGiftusOf;cscHae&aom*sdrf;ud k ±kyfjrifoH=um;awG @qH kar;jref;cef;jyKvkyfcJ h&mwGifolu FBI at;*sif hrsm;u ol @ud kuif;tm;owf&ef0efcHcd kif;+yD; tu,fI0efrcHygu ol.zcifESif hnDtpfud kwpfa,mufud kaxmifxJcsrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufcJ honfud kajymcJ honf? *sdrf;uolud k FBI uuif;tm;owfjzwfr_twGuftuGufqifzrf;cJ honf[kqd konf?

1983 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&ufu tar&duef.jynfol @tcGif hta&;v_yf±Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wpfa,mufjzpfonf hrmwifvlomuif;ud k *k%fjyKaomtm;jzif h Zefe0g&Dvwwd,ywfwevFmae@ud k rmwifvl

omuif;ae@[kowfrSwfcJ honf?



-10-


±k dvDvmvmrif'Jvm;onf 1918 ckESpfZlvd kifv 18 &ufae@wGif vlrnf;wd k @.

arG;&yfajrjzpfaomx&efpuD (Transkei) wGifarG;zGm;cJ honf? ol.zcif[ife&DrSm oifbleef;rsdK;eef;EG,f (Thembu Royal Family) .tav;pm;cH&aomt}uHay;yk*~ dKvfwpfa,mufjzpfonf? ol.emrnfjzpfaom±d kvDvmvm.t"dy` g,frSm “'kuQay;ol” [kt"dy` g,f&onf? xd k @a=umif h ol.rlvwef;ausmif;q&muol @emrnfud k e,fvqif[kajymif;ac:cJ honf?

rif'Jvm;.i,fpOfb0wGif +idrf;csrf;pGmaexd kifcJ h&+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzif hEGm;ausmif;jcif;ESif htdrftvkyfrsm;ud kvkyf&onf? od k @aomfol.zcifuG,fvGef

]]uRefawmfwdk Uwd kif;jynfrSmaxmif uscH&NyD ;wJh aemuf rS mor® wjzpf vmrS mjzpf w,f/}}“In my country we go to prison first and then become President.”

]]b0rSm*kPf,lp&mtaumif;qHk;[m wpfcgrSmrvJuswmr[kwfbl;/'gayrJ h ud k ,f vJ uswJ h tcgwd k if ;jyef xjcif ;jzpf w,f/}}

“The Greatest glory in living lies not in never falling,but in rising every time we fall.”

]]wpdwfwa'ovGwfvyfrIqdkwmr½Sdbl;/}}“There is no such thing as part freedom.”

e,fvqifrif'Jvm; (1918 - )

vqifrif'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela)

onfvljzLvlrnf;cG Jjcm;a&;0g'±S daomawmiftmz&duEd kifiHud k vlrsdK;aygif;pH k±S daom 'Drd ku

a&pDEd kifiHtjzpfajymif;vJ&eftwGuf OD;aqmifcJ holjzpfygonf? olonf 27 ESpf=umaxmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJ h& +yD;aemuf ol.wd kif;jynfY yxrOD;qH k;vlrJorRwjzpfcJ honf?

e,f



-11-


oGm;+yD;onf haemuf oifblrsdK;;EG,ftwGuf ud k,fpm;tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef,l& aom =oZmv$rf;rd k;r_±S donf haqGrsdK;wpfa,mufESif hoGm;ae&onf? od k @aomf

vnf; azgh(wf)[J(&f) (Fort Have) omoemjyKaumvdyfausmif;rSxGufoGm;+yD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;.vljzLud kvd keDtkyfcsKyfa&;tay: qENjyjcif;rsm;wGifyg0ifcJ honfrSpI rdrd.ud k,fyd kifvGwfajrmufa&;ESif htrsdK;om;v$wfajrmufa&;twGuf v_ H @aqmfr_c&D;±Snfud kpwifcJ honf?

rif'Jvm;onf 1942 ckESpfwGif 0d0gwm;(pf)&JefwuUod kvf (University of

Witwatersrand) wGifOya'bmomjzif hatmifjrifcJ honf? olonftmz&dueftrsdK;om;uGefu&uf–African National Congress (ANC) .vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg0ifv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wd k;yGm;vmcJhonf? ANC onfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkrSawmiftmz&duEd kifiHod k @ Ed kifiHa&;t&ajymif;vJr_rsm;±S dvmatmif v_yf±Sm;aqmif±GufaomtzG J @tpnf;jzpfonf?

1948 ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;ygwDutm%m&±S d+yD; “vljzLvlrnf;cG Jjcm;a&;0g'”ay:vpDud k pwiftaumiftxnfaz: jcif; od k @r[kwf vlrsdK;a&;tay:rlwnfIoD;oef @cG Jjcm;jcif;rsm;ud k twif;t=uyfvkyfaqmifcJ honf? ANC url TvlrsdK;cG Jjcm;a&;0g'tay: qef @usifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;ud k pwifvkyfaqmifcJ honf? 1952 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;u ANC .vufaxmufOuUXwpf

a,mufjzpfcJ honf? 1950 ckESpf ESpfukefyd kif;wGif tpd k;&.zdES dyfqufqHr_rsm;jym;vmaoma=umif h rif'Jvm;ESif hol.oli,fcsif;td kvDAmxrfbd k (Oliver Tam-

-bo) ESif htjcm;olwd k @u ANC ud kyd kItajccHusaom ajymif;vJr_rsm;bufod k @OD;wnfcJ honf? 1956 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;ud k wd kif;jynftay:opPmazgufr_jzif hpGyfpG JcJ h+yD; axmifxJwGif ig;ESpfus+yD;aemufw&m;aov$wfay;cJ honf?

1960 ckESpfrwfvwGif vljzLvlrnf;cG Jjcm;a&;0g'ud k qef @usifaomvlrnf;69 a,muftm; ykvdyfrsm;u ±SyfzJbD;vf (Sharpeville) wGifowfjzwfvd kuf



-12-


onf? tpd k;&u wd kif;jynfwGif;ta&;ay: tajctaexkwfjyef+yD; ANCud kydwfqd k @cJ honf? Ttcsufud kwH k @jyefonf htaeESif h ANC u t=urf;rzufa&;ay:

vpDud kpGef @y,fI rif'Jvm;u ANC twGuf “Umkhonto we Zizwe” od k @r[kwf “The Spear of the Nation–wd kif;jynf.vSw” [kac:onf hvufeufud kifwyfzG J @ud kzG J @pnf;cJ honf? xd k @aemuf ol @ud kAd kvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tjzpfcef @tyfjcif;cH&+yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;wufcGif h&&efESif h ANC twGuftaxmuftyH hrsm;±SmazG&eftwGuf Ed kifiHjcm;wd kif;jynfrsm;od k @c&D;xGufcJ honf?

ol @Ed kifiHod k @jyefvmonf htcsdefwGiftzrf;cH&+yD; tusOf;axmifxJ ig;ESpftusOf;cstrdef @ay;cHcJ h&onf? 1963 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;ESif htjcm;aom ANC acgif;aqmifrsm;tpd k;&ud k t=urf;enf;jzif hxkwfy,f&ef v#dK@0Suft}uHtpnfrsm;a&;qG JcJ honf? aemifwpfESpfrSmyif rif'Jvm;ud k wpfoufwpfu|ef;us&eftrdef @ay;cJ honf? xd k @twGuf oluTtrdef @twGuf rdrdud k,fud kckcHumuG,faomed*H k;csKyfpum;rSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfonf?

“u|efawmf&J hb0oufwmwpfckvH k;ud k tmz&duefvlrsdK;awG&J hv_yf±Sm;r_awGxJrS epfjrKyfxm;ygw,f? u|efawmf[m v$rf;rd k;csKyfud kifwJ hvljzLawGud k awmfvSefwd kufcd kufovd k vlrnf;tkyfpd k;olawGud kvnf; awmfvSefwd kufcd kufrSmjzpfw,f? u|efawmf[m 'Drd kua&pDeJ @vlawGtm;vH k;o[mZmwjzpfatmif ae

xd kif+yD; tcGif hta&;om wlnDr#&±S dwJ h vGwfvyfwJ hvlr_tzG J @tpnf;tawG;tac:yH kpHud k vd kcsifwmjzpfw,f? 'DtawG;tac:ud k u|efawmfu zG H @+zdK;wd k;wufvmatmifvkyfcsifwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJ hvd ktyfvm&if 'DtawG;tac:eJ @vJud k,f htoufay;+yD;paw;Ed kifygw,f?”

ol @ud kcdyfaxmif; (Cape Town) urf;±d k;tjyifbufY±S daom a&mhbifu|ef;rSm

axmifoGif;tusOf;cs+yD; aemufqH k;jynfrxJrSm ±S dwJ hzd k;vfprd k;tusOf;axmifxJod k @ajymif;a±$ @cJ honf? olaxmifxJusaepOftwGif; olonfEd kifiHwumvl



-13-


jzLvlrnf;cG Jjcm;r_ud k qef @usifonf[ktrSwftom;wckjzpfvmonf?

axmifxJwGif ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fausmfuscH+yD;aemuf rif'Jvm;u wpfcsdK@aomta&;}uD;onf hta&;udpPrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifuqH k k;jzwfcsufrsm;ud k ud k,fwd kifcs&rnf[ktcd kiftrm,H k=unfonf htwGuf enf;vrf;topfwpfckud koH k;&efqH k;jzwfcJ honf? Tod k @jzif h 'kuQcH}udK;pm;r_rsm;a=umif h urBmay:wGifemrnft}uD;qH k;t usOf;om;ud kOD;aqmifI orRw±H k;wGifawG @qH kaqG;aEG;yG Jud k v#dK@0SufpGmusif;ycJ honf? xd ktajctwifaqG;aEG;yG JwGif ol @ud kv$wfay;&efomr

u Ed kifiHxJ±S dvljzLvlrnf;cG Jjcm;a&;pepfud k 'Drd kua&pDpepfod k @ajymif;vJ&ef}udK;pm;cJ honf? 1990 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufae@wGifawmiftmz&dutpd k;&rSjynfwGif;jynfyzdtm;ay;r_rsm;ud k wH k @jyefjcif;tm;jzif h rif'Jvm;ud k v$wfay;vd kuf+yD;onf hwpf+ydKifeuf ANC tay: ydwfqd k @r_ud kvJ &yfpJvd kufonf? 1991ckESpfwGifrif'Jvm;u ANC .acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf?

1993 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;ud k xd ktcsdefuawmiftmz&du.orRwjzpfaomFW De Klerk ESif hwG JzufI Ed kb,fvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qlud kcsD;jr‡if hcJ honf? aemufqufwG JESpfrSmyif awmiftmz&duonf ,if;.yxrOD;qH k;vlrsdK;aygif;pH ka±G;aumufyG Jusif;y+yD; rif'Jvm;ud kawmiftmz&du.yxrOD;qH k;vlrnf;orRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fvd kufonf? 1998 ckESpf *a&;pmrufcsJ(vf) (Graca Machel)ESif h

wwd,t}udrfvufxyfvd kufonf? olronfuG,fvGefoGm;+yD;jzpfonf hrd kZrfbpforRw.ZeD;onfjzpfonf? rif'Jvm;ESif h 1958 ckESpfwGif vufxyf+yD;1996 ckESpfwGifuGm±Sif;cJ honf f h'kwd,ZeD;onfjzpfaom 0ifeDonf vljzLvlrnf;cG Jjcm;r_ qef @usifa&;v_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;tjzpf qufvufaqmif±GufcJ honf? 1997 ckESpfwGif ol.orRwoufwrf;rSmvnf;ukefqH k;oGm;cJ honf?

rif'Jvm;onf txl;ojzif htdyfcsftd kifAG D–attd kif'Dtufpfqef @usifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_ESif h tjcm;v_yf±Sm;r_ rsm;wGifvnf; wpfwyfwpftm;qufvufI ulnD



-15-


tJvDEd k±kpbJ honf 1884ckESpfatmufwd kbmv 11&ufae@wGif e,l;a,mufpDwD;+rdK@Y zGm;jrifcJ honf? olr.zcif {vd,uf±kpbJ h (Elliott Roosevelt) onf

,cif (1901–1909) wGif orRwjzpfcJ hzl;aom oDtd k'd k±kpbJ h (TheodoreRoosevelt) .nDtpfud kjzpfonf?

tJvDEd ktouf±SpfESpft±G,fwGif olr.rdcifrSm qH kqd k @emESif haoqH k;oGm;cJ h+yD;olrESif htjcm;tpfud kESif harmifrsm;ud k rdcifbufrStzGm;jzpfaom rm&Dvwfvd ka[m(vf) (Mary Ludlow Hall) ESif hoGm;aeapcJ honf? tJvDEd ktoufq,f

ESpfjynf honf htcsdefwGif olr.zcifrSm t&uftvGeftu|Haomufonf ha&m*ga=umif h aoqH k;oGm;cJ honf? TtcsdefrSpI olronfvnf; rdbrJ huav;

]][kwfw,f? wwf Edkifw,f vdkUajymEd kifzdkUtmPmr½Sd wJh vlawGud k]r[k wfbl;? rwwfEdkifbl;} vdkUajymcGifhray;ygeJU/}}

“Never allow a person to tell you ‘no’ who doesn’t havethe power to say yes.”

]]oifoabmrwl yJ eJ U oif hud kb,folrSudk ,fh ud kud k,ftxifao;atmifrvk ygEdk if bl l l;/}}“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”

]]urÇmay:rSm rk ef ;wD ;jcif ;eJ Utwif ;tBuyfcdk if;apjcif;wdk U[m oD;oef U½S d aeNyD ; tjcm;t&mawGay:rSm ouf a&muf rI r½Sd bl ;qd kwmrjzpf Ed kifygbl ;/}}

“Hate and force cannot be in just a part of the world withouthaving an effect on the rest of it.”

tJvDEdk±kpbJh (1884–1962)

ar&dueforRwz&ef @uvif;±kpbJ h.ZeD;ESif h Ed kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJ haom tJvDEd k±kpbJ h

(Eleanor Roosevelt) onf jynfol @tcGif hta&;ESif h trsdK;orD;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;wGif a±S ›qH k;rSOD; aqmifyg0ifcJ holwpfOD;jzpfonf?

t



-17-


tJvDEd kuEd kifiHa&;wGif wufºuGpGmv_yf±Sm;yg0if+yD; trsdK;orD;rJxnf holrsm;.toif; (League of Women’s Voters), trsdK;om;0,f,lpm;oH k;olrsm;t

oif;ESif h trsdK;orD;tvkyform;or*~tzG J @0iftjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJ honf? xd k @twl tmz&dueftar&duefvlrnf;ynmwwfrsm;ESif h ta&miftaoG;±S dolrsm;wd k;wufa&;twGuf trsdK;om;tpnf;t±H k; (NAACP) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wd k @ESif h&if;ES D;u|rf;0ifcJ honf? TuJ hod k @&if;ES D;u|rf;0ifr_a=umif h tJvDEd konf tmz&dueftar&duefwd k @. jynfol @tcGif hta&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;Y pdwfyg0ifpm;vmcJ honf?

olr.cifyGef;onf.Ed kifiHa&;rJqG,fyG Jrsm;wGif wpfwyfwpftm;yg0ifaqmif±GufcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olr.cifyGef;onfz&ef‹uvif;'D±kpbJhrSm e,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf0ef (1929) tjzpf jzpfapESif h tar&dueforRwtjzpf (1932ckESpf) wGif ta±G;cs,fcHcJ h&onf? tar&dueford kif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGiftJvDEd konfEd kifiHa&;wGif yg0ifv_yf±Sm;aom yxrqH k;orRwuawmftjzpf

wifpm;cH&onf? olr.cifyGef;onftwGuf jzpf&yfrSefrsm;pkaqmif;±SmazGay;&eftwGuf c&D;rsm;pGmxGufcJ h&onf? tJvDEd ku vdifbufqd kif&mESif hvlrsdK;a&;&m wd k @Ywef;wlnDr#r_±S dap&ef aqG;aEG;a[majymcJ honf?

1935 ckESpfwGiftJvDEd ku orRwz&ef @uvif;'D±kpbJ htm; Oya'ESif htnDw&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJ ao'g%fay;jcif;ud k qef @usifonf hOya'=urf;ud k uGef*&uf

wGif;od k @wifoGif;&ef awmif;qd kcJ honf? (Oya'ESif htnD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJao'g%fay;jcif;rSm vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufud k w&m;r0ifpGmpGwfpG JI tqH k;pD&ifjcif;jzpf+yD; ,cifwGifvljzLrsm;uvlrnf;rsm;ud k Tenf;jzif howfjzwfavh±S donf?) rnfod k @qd kapumrl±kpbJ hu TOya'=urf;ud k axmufcHa=umif;t

rsm;a±S ›wGif xkwfaz:ajym=um;jcif;r±S dcJ hay? tb,f ha=umif hqd kaomf TOya'

=urf;onf rdrdwd k @.tusOf;om;rsm;ud k Oya'ESif htnD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJowfjzwfcGif hay;onf haxmifrSL;rsm;ud k ta&;,lEk difonf? xd k @a=umif holu



-18-


TuJ hod k @vkyfv#if awmifyd kif;±S dol @ud krJay;aomvljzLrsm;u ol @ud kcGif hrv$wfEd kifyJ aemufrJa±G;yG Jrsm;wGifol @ud krJay;awmhrSmr[kwfbJ a±G;aumufyG JwGif±_ H;

edrf hvdrf hrnf[k qifajcay;cJ honf?1945 ckESpf{+yDvwGif z&ef @uvif;'D±kpbJ huG,fvGef+yD;onf haemuf tJvDEd kuEd kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_wGif qufIyg0ifv_yf±Sm;cJ honf? 1946 ckESpfwGif tar&dueforRw[if&Dtuf(pf)=xL;rif; (Harry S.Truman) utJvDEdk±kpbJhtm;ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH.ud k,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJ h

onf? ukvor*~vl @tcGif hta&;xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufpmwrf;wGif olruta&;ygpGm0ifa&mufyg0ifcJ honf? ±kpbJ hu ukvor*~vl @tcGif hta&;aumfr±Sif. yxrOD;qH k;OuUXtjzpf yg0ifcJ honf? 1948 ckESpfpufwifbmv 28 &ufae@naeyd kif;wGif ±kpbJ hua=ujimpmwrf;ud k ud k,fpm;jyK+yD; xd ka=ujimpmwrf;ud k “The international Magna Carta of all mankind”- vltm;vH k;twGuftajccH'Drd kua&pDjzpf+yD; xd kpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaomt&mrsm;ud k vd kufemaqmif

±Guf&rnf-[kwifpm;cJ honf? ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHuxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufud k 1948 ckESpf'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@wGif vufcHusif hoH k;cJ honf?1953 ckESpf Dwight D. Eisenhower orRwjzpfvmonf htcg ±kpbJ huolr.ukvor*~&mxl;rS E_wfxGufcJ honf? tJvDEd ktouf±SifpOfwGif rdrd.ud k,fa&;&mZ0ifrsm;ud ka&;om;cJ h+yD; “My Story (1937),” “This I Remember

(1949)” ESif h “On My Own (1958)” wd k @tygt0if jzpfonf? tJvDEd k±kpbJ h

onf 1962 ckESpfEd k0ifbmv 6 &ufae@wGifuG,fvGefoGm;cJ honf?

i,fpOfutJvDEd k±kpbJ honf rdrdud k,fud k±d k;±d k;om;om;ESif h vd kvm;awmif hwr_±S daomolwpfOD;omjzpfaomfvnf; }uD;vmonf htcg tjrifus,fvm+yD; rdrdawG @onf hc|wf,Gif;csufrsm;ud k wm0ef,lum trsm;twGufoufawmif houfom±S dr_ESif har#mfvif hcsufrsm;ay;cJ haom olwpfOD;tjzpf &mpkESpf 20 wGif

todtrSwfjyKcH&ol jzpfvmonf?



-20-


a&;ud koif=um;&+yD;bmoma&;ESif htwl tjcm;aombmom&yfrsm;ud k wG JIoif=um;cJ h&onf?

biful&D,ef.acgif;aqmift&nftcsif;/ Ed kifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESif htjrifwd k @rSm i,fi,fuav;uwnf;uyif xifay:ausmf=um;vmcJ honf? ol.touf 14 ESpft±G,fwGif vli,fuav;rsm;ud kpkpnf;I tDZm (Ezra) [kac: aom [Db±l;bmompum;ud komajymqd krnf h olrsm;tzG J @ud k wnfaxmifcJ honf? touf 17 ESpft±G,fwGif Poaleizion (Zd kif,mtvkyform;rsm;)

tzG J @xJwGifyg0ifcJ honf? TygwDonf yxrqH k;aomqd k±S,fvpfZd kif,mepfEd kifiHa&;tzG J @ tajccHtzG J @tpnf;wpfckjzpfonf? TygwDonf Zd kif,medpef*.vlr_a&;ESif hEd kifiHa&;wnfaqmufyH krsm;ud k q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tkyfpd k;v$rf;rd k;cJ h+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzif h biful±D,ef.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGifjzpfonf?

1906 ckESpfwGif ygvufpwd kif;od k @ajymif;a±$ ›cJ h+yD; *sL;pd kufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.vdarRmf+cHYtvkyform;tjzif hjzpfap/ 0d kifod kavSmifonf hae&mrsm;wGifjzpfaptvkyfvkyfcJ honf? Tpd kufysdK;a&;+cHud k Zd kif,mepfwd k @u t&ifvkyfaqmifcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? aemufyd kif;YumvDv (Galilee) wGiftapmif htjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJ honf?

bifonfav;ESpfvH k;vH k; ol.v,f,majrrsm;Y tvkyfvkyfaeaomfvnf;tvkyform;tcGif hta&;a&;&mrsm;Y pdwf0ifpm;r_±S d+yD; Poaleizion ygwDA[k dtzG J @0ifjzpfvmonf? 1910 ckESpfwGif ol @ud kygwD.owif;pmxkwfvkyfaom*s±kpvifY t,f'Dwmtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&+yD; ola&;om;aompm

* Zd kif,mepf0g'Donf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;. ,cifygvufpwd kif;wGif *sL;Ed kifiHjyefvnfxlaxmif

a&;ESif hacwfrS DaomtDpPa&;vfEd kifiHaxmufyH ha&;wGif qufvufyg0if&ef vkyfaqmifonf h*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.Ed kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_jzpfonf?



-22-


vnfjyKjyifa&;v_ H @aqmfr_rsm;a=umif h pD;yG g;a&;zG H @+zdK;wd k;wufr_rsm;±S dvmcJ honf?xd k @twl Oa&myrS'kuQonftrsm;tjym; tDpa&;(vf)Ed kifiHod k @ tajccs&ef

tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufcJ haomay:vpDtwGuf =um;0ifaphpyfajymqd kr_rsm; jyK vkyfcJ honf?

a';Apfbiful&D,efonf 1963 ckESpfwGif t+idrf;pm;,lcJ honf? od k @aomfaemufESpfESpft=umwGif Ed kifiHa&;avmuxJod k @ Mapai Party acgif;aqmif.twd kuftcHtjzpf jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJ honf? bifonf 1974 ckESpfwGifuG,f

vGefcJ honf?



-23-


rm*&ufpif*gonf 1884 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@Yacgeif;(Corning)

/e,l;a,mufòrd ‹wGif zGm;jrifcJ honf? olr.zcifrSmaysmfaysmfaewwf+yD; bmoma&;wGift,H kt=unfr±S daom (Free Thinker) wpfa,mufjzpfonf?od kŒaomfolr.rdcifutvGefbmomw&m;ud kif;±d _if;+yD; uav; 11 a,muf±S dcJ honf? olrruG,fvGefrS D umvwpfav#mufrSm wDbDa&m*gud kcHpm;&+yD;wDbDyd k;awG[m olr&J htqkyfeJ @t±d k;awGud k jyif;xefpGmwd kufcd kuf&if; aemufqH k;

wGif olruTa&m*gjzif hyif uG,fvGefcJ h&onf? rm*&uf. zcifEk difiHa&;±_axmif hrsm;jzpfaom trsdK;orD;rsm;rJay;yd kifcGif h/ tcGeftaumufrsm;ud kjyef

]]trsdK;orD;awGrSm olrdcifwpf a,mufjzpf csifovm;? 'grSr[kwfoluav;b,fESpf a,muf vd k csifovJ qd kwmud k a½G ;cs,f Edk if zdk U tajccH vGwf vyf cG ifh awG ½Sd&r,f/}}“Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of

choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how

many children she will have.”

rm*&ufpif*g (1884-1966)

*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger)

onfoaE<wm;qD;a&;twGuf v_yf±Sm;aqmif±Gufr_rsm;rSm trsdK;orD;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf±Sm;r_

rsm;ud k tpysdK;v_ H @aqmfaponf? tar&duefEd kifiHolrm*&ufpif*g. ody` Hqd kif&moaE<wm;qD;jcif;/ rdom;pkpDrHudef;a±;qG Jjcif;ESif hvlOD;a&wd k;wufr_tay: xdef;csKyfjcif;wd k @wGif a±S ›aqmifvrf;jyv_yf±Sm;r_vkyfcJ hojzif h urBmwpfv$m; xif±Sm;ausmf=um;cJ honf?

rm



-24-


vnfaumif;rGefvmatmifjyKvkyfjcif;wd k @u olrtay:v$rf;rd k;r_rsm;±S dcJ honf?TuJ hod k @tjrif±_axmif hrsm;a=umif h olr.rdom;pktay:tdrfeD;csif;rsm;u

acgif;rmolrsm;[kxifjrif=uonf?

rm*&ufonf a'otxufwef;ausmif;wGifatmifjrifcJ h+yD;aemuf e,l;a,muf+rdK@[wfqif (Hudson) ±S dcvmA&uf (Claverack) aumvdyfwGifatmifjrifcJ honf? xd k @aemufrm*&ufu e,l;*smpDwGif q&mrtjzpfw0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemufwGif olr.aovkarsmyg;rdcifudkjyefI=unfh±_apmif h

a±SmufcJ honf? 1896 ckESpfwGif olr.rdcifaoqH k;oGm;cJ honf? xd ktcsdefwGifrm*&ufrSm ol @rdciftwGufpdwfraumif;jzpf&+yD; rdrdud k,fwd kifrdciftay: aumif;rGefpGmrjyKpkcJ h&jcif;ESif h vlr_tod kif;t0ef;rsm;. aq;ynmt&vspfvsL ±SLr_rsm;tay: pdwfrauseyfjzpf+yD; tvGefyifylaqG;0rf;enf;cJ hygonf? rsm;r=umrS Drm*&ufonf 0d _ufzvdrf; (White Plains) e,l;a,muf+rdK@od k @oGm;+yD;olemjyKoifwef;wufcJ honf? xd k @aemufolru e,l;a,muf+rdK@od k @oGm;Ie,l;a,[email protected] kif;ta±S @zufa'o±S d qif;&Jom;rsm;&yfuGufwGifoGm;I wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf? 1902 ckESpfwGif 0DvsHpif*gESif hvufxyfcJ honf? aemufwpfESpf rm*&ufud k,fwd kiftqkyfa&m*g±S daomfvnf; olwd k @.yxrOD;qH k;om;OD;uav;ud k arG;zG g;cJ honf? aemufwGif om;wpfa,mufESif horD;av;wpfa,mufarG;zG g;cJ h+yD; orD;av;rSmuav;b0Yyif uG,fvGefoGm;±Sm

onf?

qif;&Jom;&yfuGufYrdcifrsm;onf rm*&ufpif*gxHod k @vmI ud k,f0efr±S d&efrnfod k @a±Smif±Sm;&rnf howif;tcsuftvufrsm;ud k toem;cHar;jref;jcif;rsm; }uHKawG @&cJ hygonf? TtawG @t}uHKrsm; jzwfoef;vmcJ h&aoma=umif hrm*&ufrSwjznf;jznf;vlr_a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_vd kvm;ol jzpfvmcJ honf?

xd k @aemufrm*&ufu qd k±S,fvpfygwDxJod k @0ifcJ honf? qd k±S,fvpfygwDonftpd k;&rStm;vH k;ud k tkyfcsKyfEd kifcGif h±S d+yD; ,if;wd k @rSypPnf;rsm;ud k jyefvnfa0iSay;



-25-


rnfponfhEdkifiHa&;t,ltq±SdonfhygwDjzpfonf? rm*&ufonfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf csDwufyG Jrsm;pwifwufa&muf+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&;

enf;vrf;tm;vH k;ud k pwifzwf±_awmhonf? olru rdom;pkta&twGufrsm;vGef;jcif;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ESif h }uHKawG @&onf htajccHtcsufjzpfonf[k,H k=unfonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif ‘Woman Rebel’ “awmfvSefoltrsdK;orD;”[laomowif;pmud k wpfvv#ifwpf}udrfxkwfa0cJ honf? xd kowif;pmwGiftrsdK;orD;rsm;ud k rdrdwd k @.rdom;pkOD;a&ud k uef @owfwwfvm&efESif h “oaE<wm;qD;a&;(Birth Control)”qd konf hpum;vH k;ud k yxrqH k;oH k;cJ holjzpfonf?

xd kpmtkyfajcmuftkyfajrmufud k yH kES dyfxkwfa0+yD;onf htcsdefwGif rm*&ufud kzrf;qD;um npfnrf;onf hpmayrsm;ud k xkwf,ljzef @csDonf[kw&m;pG Jqd kcJ honf? olruvnf; Oa&mybufod k @xGufajy;v$wfajrmuf+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&;ta=umif;qufvufavhvmcJ honf? xd k ‹twlaq;cef;rsm;ud k vSnf hvnf=unfh±_I aq;bufqdkif&mokawoejyKolrsm;ESifhvnf;aqG;aEG;cJhonf?

pif*gu 1916 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEd kifiHod k @jyefvmcJ honf? TwGifolrtay: w&m;pG Jqd kcsufrsm; oufwrf;ukefqH k;oGm;cJ h+yD;jzpfonf? xd ktcsdefrSpI Ed kifiHw0Srf;vH k;a[majyma&;vkyfief;rsm;ud k pwifvkyfaqmifcJ honf? e,l;a,muf+rdK@wGif olrESif htaygif;tygwpfcsdK@u tar&duefEd kifiH.yxrOD;qH k;oaE<wm;

qD;a&;aq;cef;ud k qif;&Jom;rsm;±S d&mae&mwGifzGif hvSpfcJ h+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&;ESif hywfoufonf hypPnf;rsm;ESif h owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ud ka0iSay;onf?xd k ‹a=umif h Ed kifiHawmfOya'csdK;azmufr_jzif htzrf;cH&+yD; olr.nDtpfrESif htwlaxmifwpfvtcscH&onf? 1917 ckESpfwGif t±S defjrif hrm;vmap+yD;/ a[majymyG Jrsm;ESif h e,l;a,muf+rdK@±S drdrdtm;axmufcHolrsm;xHrS tultnD&efyH kaiGawmif;cHjcif;rsm;ud k vkyfaqmifcJ honf? xd k @twl Birth Control Review

ud kpwifxkwfa0jzef @csDcJ h+yD; ,if;rSmolr. 23 ESpftwGif; v_yf±Sm;r_twGufaºuG;a=umfoHjzpfcJ honf? e,l;a,mufw&m;±H k;. oaE<wm;qD;a&;vkyfief;



-26-


rsm;tay: av#mhcsr_rsm;ðyvkyfr_a=umif h olr.wd kuf±d kufv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ud k&yfqd kif;+yD; oif hawmfaomjynfe,fESif hz,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJwGif xnf hoGif;Ed kif

&efóud;pm;cJ honf? rm*&ufpif*gu t+rJwrf;e,l;a,muftm%myd kifrsm;ESif hjy\emjzpfaomfjim;vnf; olruqufvuf+yD;vlxkrsm;a±S ›wGifa[majymyG Jrsm;jyKvkyf+yD; Oa&myoaE<wm;qD;jcif;qd kif&mokawoetzG J @ESif hvnf; tquftoG,ft+rJwrf;±S dcJ honf? 1922 ckESpfwGif*syefok d @ c&D;xGufcJ honf?,if;c&D;pOfrSm tm±Sc&D;pOfxGufjcif;rsm;xJrS yxrqH k;t}udrfjzpfonf?aemufwpfESpft=umwGif rm*&ufESif holr.oli,fcsif;rsm;rS aq;bufqd kif

&mokawoevkyfief;tzG J @ud k aq;bufqd kif&mord kif;a=umif;rsm;ESif h oaE<wm;qD;a&;qd kif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ta=umif; pkpnf;&eftwGufe,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf/ csDum*d kESif hatvDEG dKif;wd k @Y zGif hvSpfcJ honf? 1930 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEd kifiHw0Srf;vH k;Yaq;cef;aygif; 55 ckud kzGif hvSpfEd kifcJ honf? xd ktcsdefwGifpif*gu ol.vuf±S da,muf sm;ESif huGm±Sif;+yD; a*sEd ktmtdyf(csf)pvD;(J. Noah H. Slee) ESif hvufxyfcJ honf?

1927 ckESpfwGifrm*&ufpif*gu qGpfZDvefEd kifiH/ *seDAm+rdK@wGifusif;yrnf h yxrOD;qH k;urBmhvlOD;a&tpnf;ta0; (World Population Conference) jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDjyifqifay;+yD; xd ktpnf;ta0;Ypum;ajymcJ hojzif holr.trnfrSm urBmw0Srf;vH k;wGifausmf=um;vmcJ honf? rm*&ufESif ht

aygif;tygrsm;uqufvufI jynfe,fESif hz,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJ±S d oaE<wm;qD;a&;qdkif&mudpPESif hjynfoloufomacsmifcsda&;qd kif&m tpDtpOfrsm;YoaE<wm;qD;a&;qd kif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzef @a0&eftwGuf }udK;pm;+yD;ajymqd kaqG;aEG;cJ honf? 1940 ckESpfwGif tar&duefoaE<wm;qD;a&;v_yf±Sm;r_tzG J @rS aq;cef;rsm;zGif hvSpf+yD; aq;bufqd kif&mu|rf;usifolrsm;.vufcHr_ud k &,lI aemufqH k;wjznf;jznf;vlxk.vufcHr_ud k&±S dvmonf?

tar&dueftrsm;pktwGuf rm*&ufpif*grSm oaE<wm;qD;a&;v_yf±Sm;r_[k



-27-


odrSwfxm;=uonf? 1939–45 ckESpf'kwd,urBmppftwGif; Oa&mywyfrsm;ESif htar&duefrS*smreD/ tDwvD/ *syefwd k @ESif hyËdyuQjzpfaeonf htcsdefwGif olr

.emrnfausmf=um;r_rSm wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vmcJ honf? pif*grStar&duefu ppfyG Jrsm;wGifyg0ifjcif;tay: twd kuftcHjzpfcJ honf? (pif*guppfyG Jrsm;onf Ed kifiHvlOD;a&rsm;tqrwefwd k;yGm;vma&;&v'fjzpfonf[k cd kifrmpGm,H k=unfonf?) 1946 ckESpfwGif Ed kifiHwumrdbpDrHudef;z,f'a&;±Sif; (Intern-

-ational Planned Parenthood Federation) ud kulnDxlaxmifcJ honf? Tv_yf±Sm;r_onf olrtwGuft}uD;qH k;ESif haemufqH k;v_yf±Sm;r_jzpfcJ honf? olr

.aemufqH k;toufwmtESpfESpfq,ftwGif; olr.ESvH k;tm;enf;yifyef;armyef;aomfvnf; qufvuf+yD;c&D;xGufw&m;a[majymyG Jrsm;ESif hwk HŒjyefa=ujimcsufrsm; jyKvkyfcJ honf? olronf 1966 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 6&ufae@wGif wwfqef (Tucson) t&DZd k;em; (Arizona) wGifuG,fvGefoGm;cJ honf?



-28-


vuf(cf)onf qif;&Jom;v,form;wpfOD;.om;jzpf+yD; 1943 ckESpfpufwif

bmv 29 &ufae@wGif yd kvefEd kifiH±S dyd kyd k0d kwGifzGm;jrifcJ honf? toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ausmif;wpfckYatmifjrif+yD;aemuf um;0yfa±SmhwpfckY 1961 rS

]]uRefawmfuysif;w,f/ 'gayrJhysif;wJhvlawGubD;awG? pufbD;awGwDxGifwm r[kwfvm;/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmholwdkUuvrf;ravQmufcsifvdkU 'grSr[kwf

ypö nf ;awG ro,fcsif vdk Uaygh/}}“I’m lazy. But it’s the lazy people who invented the wheel and the

bicycle because they didn’t like walking or carrying things”

]]pd wf ysuf rI? cg;oD ;rI awG eJ Utul tnD rJ h rI awG eJ UvT rf ;rd k ;rI awG eJ UêuH awG U&aer,f qd k&if bmudk rQwnf axmifEdk ifrSmr[kwf bl ;/}}

“It is hardly possible to build anything if frustration, bitterness and a

mood of helplessness prevail”

]]uRef awmfh tjrif eJ Uajym&&if taumif ;buf uajymif ;vJ rIawG ½Sd vmatmif twG uf tajc cH uswJ h tcsuf uawmh vlom;awG tay:0ef aqmifrI ay;jcif ;jzpf w,f vd k Uxif ygw,f/}}

“The Thing that lies at the foundation of positive change, the wayI see it, is service to a fellow human being”

vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (1943- )

(cf)0,f(vf)pm (Lech Walesa) onfyd kvefEd kifiHom;jzpf+yD; ,if;onfEd kifiH

a&;orm;ESif h ,cifutvkyform;or*~ESif h vl @tcGif hta&;twGufv_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;jzpfcJ honf? ,if;onf Solid-

-arity (Solidarnosc) [laomqd kAD,ufEd kifiH. yxrOD;qH k;

vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~jzpfcJ honf? vuf(cf)onf 1983 ckESpfwGif Ed kb,f(vf)+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&±S d+yD;1990rS 1995 ckESpftxd ydkvefEdkifiH. orRwtjzpfwm0efxrf; aqmifcJ honf?

vuf



-29-


1965 ckESpftxdtvkyfvkyfcJ honf? oluppfwyfxJwGif 2 ESpf=umtr_xrf;cJ h+yD; wyf=uyf&mxl;txd&±S dcJ honf? 1967 ckESpfwGif (Gdansk) oabFmusif;

wGif v#yfppftvkyform;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf? 1969 ckESpfwGif'Ekwmud kavmh (Danuta Golos) ESif hvufxyf+yD; uav;±Spfa,mufxGef;um;cJ honf?

vuf(cf)onf tvkyform;or*~wGif wufºuGpGmv_yf±Sm;yg0if+yD; 1970 ckESpfpufr_ta&;tcif;wGif oabFmusif;vkyfom;rsm; qENjyyG JaumfrwD.obm

ywdtjzpfyg0ifaqmif±GufcJ honf? tpd k;&utpm; taomufaps;E_ef;rsm;jr‡if hwif+yD;onf haemuf abmvfwpfurf;±d k;wef;a'owpfav#mufwGif qlylaomif;usef;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmonf? xd ktcsdefwGif Gdansk ±S dtvkyform;t=um;wGifxif±Sm;aomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJ honf? Gdansk ESif h}uD;rm;aomvDeifoabFmusif;rsm;onf tpd k;&ud kqef @usifqENjy&mwGif OD;wnfcsuftjzpftoH k;csjcif;cH&onf? vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pmu jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ud kaxmufcHaomfvnf; xd kjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&eftwGuf toH k;jyKaomenf;pepfrsm;tay: xdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyf&rnf[k wd kufwGef;ajymqd konf?rSwfom;p&maumif;aom tjzpftysufwpfckY qENjyaeaomvltkyf20˜000 ausmfud kteD;±S d tusOf;axmifud krwd kufcd kuf&ef vltkyf}uD;ud kqG Jaqmifajymqd kEd kifcJ honf?

1976 ckESpfwGif 0,f(vf)pm.tvkyform;or*~v_yf±Sm;r_a=umif h tvkyfxkwfy,fjcif;ud k cH&onf? xd k @a=umif hESpftenf;i,ftwGif; ,m,Dtvkyfrsm;ud kvkyfud kifcJ h&onf? oluqufvufI uGefjrLepfr[kwfaomtvkyform;or*~ud k wnfaxmif&mwGifyg0ifcJ honf? 1980 ckESpfwGif ol.oli,fcsif;rsm;ESif htwl Solidarnosc (Solidarity) ud kxlaxmifcJ honf? tzG J @tpnf;xl

axmif+yD;r=umrS DwGif tzG J @0if 10 oef;ausmf±S dvmcJ h+yD;0,fvfpmrSm ,if;.+ydKifbufuif;aomacgif;aqmifjzpfcJ honf?



-30-


1980 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGifolu Gdansk oabFmusif;qENjyyG Jud k OD;aqmifcJ h+yD;xd kqENyG J}uD;u Ed kifiHw0Srf;±S dqENjyyG Jrsm;ud kjzpfay:vmap+yD; ol @ud kacgif;aqmif

tjzpftrsm;urSwf,l=uonf? t"duawmif;qd kcsufrsm;rSm tvkyform;rsm;. tcGif hta&;jzpfonf? tpd k;&tm%myd kifrsm;u 0,fvfpmtm;tnH hcHt±_ H;ay;&efESif haphpyfoabmwlnDr_&±S d&ef wd kufwGef;Ed _;aqmfcJ honf? 1980ckESpf=o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGif Gdansk pmcsKyfY vufrSwfa&;xd k;&efESif hxd kpmcsKyfwGif tvkyform;rsm;twGuf qENjycGif htcGif hta&;ESif hrdrdwd k @.vGwfvyfaomtzG J @rsm;zG J @pnf;cGif hay;cJ honf?

ol.v_yf±Sm;r_ud k uufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;cJ h+yD;1981 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif 0,f(vf)pmud k ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efayg(vf)uAufwDuefwGif ol @ud kv_ dufvJ SpGm}udKqd kcJ honf? 0,f(vf)pmonfvnf;uufovpfbmomonf ol @twGuftiftm;rsm;ESif h pdwf"gwfwufºuGr_rsm;jzpfvmaponf[k qd kcJ honf? 1980–1981 ckESpftwGif;0,f(vf)pmonf tDwvD/*syef/ qG D'if/ jyifopfESif hqGpfZvefEd kifiHrsm;od k @ Ed kifiHwumtvkyform;tzG J @tpnf;.{nfhonftjzpf a&muf±SdcJ honf? 1981 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGifGdansk Yusif;yaomyxrOD;qH k;trsdK;om; Solidarity uGef*&ufwGifobmywdtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf?

wd kif;jynfwGif&±S daom wc%wmvGwfvyfr_rsm;rSm 1981 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif ukefqHk;oGm;cJ honf? xd ktcsdefwGifAd kvfcsKyf}uD;*s±kpDvuD; (General

Jaruzelski) rSqd kAD,ufwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwd kufcd kufr_a=umuf±G H @aoma=umif hppfOya'ud kcsrSwfcJ h+yD; Solidarity ud kvnf; &yfqd kif;cJ honf? xd k @twl acgif;aqmifrsm;ud kvnf;zrf;qD;+yD; 0,f(vf)pmud kvnf;aus;vufawm±Gm±S d tdrfwpftdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;ud kcH&avonf?

1982 ckESpfEd k0ifbmvwGif 0,f(vf)pmud kv$wfay;+yD; Gdansk oabFmusif;



-31-


wGiftvkyfvkyfcGif hay;onf? 1983 ckESpfwGif ppfOya'ud k±kyfodrf;cJ haomfvnf;vlwpfOD;pD.vGwfvyfr_tay: wif;=uyfr_rsm;±S daeao;onf? xd kESpfukefyd kif;

wGif0,f(vf)pmuyd kvefEd kifiH.t=urf;rzufawmfvSefa&;twGufEd kb,f(vf)+idrf;csrf;a&;qkcsD;jr‡if hjcif;cH&onf?

yd kvefwGif±S d jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfolrsm; tultnD&±S djcif;rSm ud kbmacsmh(yf)uqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&±SdcJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? 1986 ckESpfwGif ud kbmacsmh(yf)u ta±S ›Oa&my±S dEd kifiHrsm;. tdrfwGif;

a&;Ed kifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_vkyfawmhrnfr[kwfa=umif; twdtvif;a=ujimcJ honf? TwGif Wojciech Jaruzelski u0,f(vf)pmESif htwltvkyform;or*~v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ESif h awG @qH kaqG;aEG;&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&onf?&v'ftjzif hygvDrefa±G;aumufyG J&±S dcJ h+yD;/ uGefjrLepfr[kwfaomtpd k;&u tm%m&±S dcJ honf? xd k @aemuf 1989 ckESpfwGif Solidarnosc uw&m;0iftzG J @tpnf;jzpfvmonf?

1990 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif0,f(vf)pmu yd kveforRwEd kifiHwGif orRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? orRwtaejzif hatmifjrifr_r&±S dyJ ol @ud ka0zefolrsm;u wd kif;jynfud ktm%m±SifpHepftkyfcsKyfa&;yH kpHjzpfvmatmif tkyfcsKyfonf [ka0zef=uonf? ol.tjyKtrlrSm yH krSefr[kwfyJ ppfwyfESif hvH k+cHK

a&;rsm;ESif h&if;ES D;pGmtquftoG,f±S donf htay: a0zefjcif;cH&onf? 1995ckESpfEd k0ifbmvrJa±G;yG JwGif 0,f(vf)pmud k ,cifuGefjrLepfjzpfaom tvufZENm;uGmeD,lpuD; (Aleksander Kwasniewski) rStEd kif&±S dcJ honf?



-32-


z&ef @uvif;'DvmEd k±kpbJ honf oDtd k'd k±kpbJ hESif haqGrsdK;om;csif;awmfpyf+yD;1882 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 30 &ufae@wGif [d kuf('f)ywf/ e,l;a,mufwGifzGm;jrif

cJ honf? ±kpbJ hrdom;pkrSm csrf;omaomrdom;pkjzpfonf htwGuf tdrfwGifq&mac:+yD;pmoifcJ honf? touf 14 ESpfa&mufonf htcgrSom a*:wefausmif; (Gorton School) wGif ausmif;qufwufcJ honf? z&ef @uvif;onfpmawmfaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; [m;AwfwuUod kvfESif hud kvJbD,gOya'ausmif;wGifwufa&mufatmifjrifcJ h+yD; 1970 ckESpfwGife,l;a,muf+rdK@w&m;±H k;Ytvkyf0ifcJ honf?

1905 wGifz&ef @uvif;u ol.0rf;uG JESrtJvDEd k±kpbJ hESif hvufxyfcJ honf?

]]aMumufjcif;xufaMumufp&maumif;wmbmrSr½Sdbl;/}}"There is nothing to fear but fear itself."

]]igh rSm½S d wJ h&efolawGud kMunfh NyD;ighud kqH k ;jzwf yg/}}"I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made."

]]a½S › qufoGm;zdkUvrf;trsm;BuD;½Sdw,f/'gayrJ h ud k ,fh ae&mrS m&yf wnf zd k Uenf ;vrf ;wpf ck xJyJ ½S d w,f/}}

"There are many ways of going forward, but only one way of standing still."

z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJh (1882–1945)

&efŒuvif;'DvmEd k¶kpbJ h (Franklin Delano Roos-

-evelt) onftar&duef. 32 a,mufajrmuforwWjzpf+yD; 1933 uae 1945 txdtkyfcsKyfcJ honf?

olonfoufwrf; 4 ESpfwd kifta¶G;cHcJ haom yxrOD;qH k;orRwjzpf+yD; wd kif;jynfud k 'kwd,urBmppfESif h pD;yG g;a&;uyfqd kufonf h=um;rSmyif a¶S ›aqmiftkyfcsKyfcJ honf?

z



-33-


olr.zcif{vd,uf±kpbJ h (Elliott Roosevelt) rSm 1901–1909 ckESpfY tar&dueforRwjzpfcJ haom oDtd k'd k±kpbJ hESif hnDtpfud kawmfonf? olr.cifyGef;uJ h

od k @yiftJvDEd konf 'Drd ku&ufwpfa,mufjzpf+yD; Ed kifiHa&;wGifwu,f hpdwf0ifpm;cJ holjzpfonf?

1910 ckESpfwGif±kpbJ honf e,l;a,mufqD;edwftrwftjzpf a±G;cs,fcH&+yD;aemuf e,l;a,mufEd kifiHa&;avmuwGifxif±Sm;ausmf=um;vmcJ honf? ±kpbJ h.t&nftcsif;rsm;ud k tar&dueforRw0l;'±d k0Dvfqif (Woodrow Wil-

-son) uawG @±S d+yD; 1913 ckESpfwGif,if;ud ka&wyf.vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfcef @xm;cJ honf? ±kpbJ huxd k&mxl;ud k ajcmufESpfwm=umatmifxrf;aqmifcJ honf?

0l;'±d k0DvfqifESif htjcm;'Drd ku&ufwpfacgif;aqmifrsm;u cufcJaomtcsdefumvtwGif;Y ±kpbJ h.tm;oGefcGefpd kufaqmif±Gufr_wd k @ud k=unf hI oabm

wusjzpfcJ honf? 1917 ckESpfYtar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS yxrurBmppftwGif;odk@0ifa&mufonfhtcsdefY ±kpbJhrSwdkif;jynftwGif; a&wyfqdkif&mypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfaompuf±H krsm;ESif hoabFmusif;rsm;ud k aqmufvkyfEd kifcJ honf? ppftwGif;olu ajrmufyifv,fwGif±S daomppfyG JtwGuf enf;AsL[mrsm;a&;qG J&mwGifulnDcJ h+yD; xd kpDrHudef;uyif*smrefwd k @. U-boat enf;AsL[mud ktiftm;avsmhenf;apcJ honf?

1921 ckESpfaEG&moDwGif ±kpbJ htvGefyifemrusef;jzpfcJ honf? aemufqH k;wjznf;jznf;wGifyif yd kvD,d ka&m*gcHpm;&onf[k prf;oyfawG @±S donf? xd ktcsdefwGifolonfwpfud k,fvH k;avjzwfcH&eD;yg;jzpf+yD; aemifwGifol ‹ajcaxmufud krnfonf htcgr# aumif;aumif;rGefrGeftoH k;jyKEd kifjcif;r±S dawmhacs? ol @ud kaumif;aumif;rGefrGefod±S daom qD;edwftrwfz&ef @ppfz,fuif; (Frances

Perkins) u±kpbJ h.a&m*grsm;u ol.trltusif hud kajymif;vJap+yD; yd kIaumif;vmaomvlwpfa,mufjzpfapcJ honf[kqd konf? z&ef @ppfz,fuif;



-35-


±kpbJ hue,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpf atmifjrifpGmwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hojzif h1932 ckESpf'Drd ku&ufwpforRwa±G;yG JY a±G;cs,fp&macgif;aqmiftjzpf odom

xif±Sm;pGmay:vGifvmonf? ±kpbJ hrSpD;yG g;a&;jy\emtay: rnfod k @ajz±Sif;& rnf htay: odomxif±Sm;pGmraz: jyEd kifaomfvnf; ol.&Dywfbvpfuef&efolud ktvG,fwulatmifEd kifcJ honf?

±kpbJ horRwjzpfjzpfcsif;rSmyif wd kif;jynfwGifjzpfyG g;aeaom b%fvkyfief;t±_yftaxG;jy\emESif h}uHKawG @&avonf? pD;yG g;a&;jy\emrsm; pwifvmonf h

tcsdefrSpI wd kif;jynf±S db%fig;yH kwpfyH kud k ydwfcsypfvd kufonf? aemufqufwG Jtaejzif h vlrsm;.b0toufwmtwGuf pkxm;aomaiG 15μ aysmufqH k;cJ h&avonf? 1933 ckESpfESpfOD;yd kif;wGif tar&duefwd k @u,if;wd k @.b%fvkyfief;tay:,H k=unfr_enf;vm+yD; rdrdwd k @.aiGrsm;ud kxkwf,l+yD;onf haemuftdrfwGifjyefxm;=uavonf? ±kpbJ horRwjzpf+yD;aemufwpf&ufwGifyif b%ftm;vH k;ud k ydwfcd kif;avonf? xd k @aemufuGef*&uftpnf;ta0;ac:I aemif

aiGa=u;jy\emay:vmv#if aiGpkolrsm;rdrdwd k @.aiGa=u;rsm;ud k rqH k;±H _;ap&eftmrcHay;onf h w&m;Oya'ud kwifoGif;&efawmif;qd kavonf?

1933 ckESpfrwfv 9 &ufae@wGif ±kpbJ hutxl;uGef*&ufwpfckud k ac:,lcJ honf? olutzG J @0ifrsm;ud k tvkyfvufrJ hjy\emud kajz±Sif;&ef enf;vrf;wpfckrSm “tpdk;&udk,fwd kiftvkyfac:,lcef@xm;&ef” jzpfonf[kajymonf?

aemufoH k;vtwGif; ±kpbJ hutvkyfvufrJ hjy\emajz±Sif;&ef ta&;}uD;onfh Oya'rl=urf;rsm;wifoGif;+yD; uGefu&ufrStwnfjyKay;cJhonf?txl;uGefu&uftpnf;ta0;ud k&ufw&m[kac:qd k+yD; ±kpbJ h.vd ktyfcsufrsm;ud kxkwfaz:cJ honf?

tpd k;&u tvkyform;rsm;pGmud k tvkyfcef @ac:,lcJ honf? ±kpbJ hutvkyf

vufrJ hjy\emud kenf;yg;vmatmif }udK;pm;Iajz±Sif;aepOf wcsdefwnf;rSmyiftvkyfrvkyfEd kifaomolrsm;twGuf tcuftcJud kavsmh enf;vmatmif



-36-


}udK;pm;onf? ±kpbJ hutultnDwu,fvd ktyfolrsm;ud k tpd k;& axmufyH ha=u;aiGay;&eftwGuf z,f'&,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@

(Federal Emergency Relief Administration) ud kwnfaxmifcJ honf? 1935ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif vlr_vH k+cHKr_tufOya'ud k twnfjyKcJ honf? TtufOya'onf touft±G,f}uD;yifpifESif hz,f'&,fESif hjynfe,fwd k @.tvkyfvufrJ htay: u,fq,fa&;taxmuftyH hay;jcif;wd k @jzpfonf?

NAACP uz&ef @uvif;±kpbJ hud k 1932 ckESpfwGif a±G;cs,fvd kufjcif;tm;jzif h

Oya'ESif hw&m;pD&ifjcif;r±S dbJ ao'g%fay;jcif;ud k+yD;qH k;Ed kifvdrf hrnf[k ar#mfvif hxm;ygonf? tmz&dueftar&duefom;rsm;ud k Oya'ESif htnDw&m;pD&ifjcif;r±S dbJ &yfpJa&;v_yf±Sm;oltmz&dueftar&duefom;ESpfa,mufu ±kpbJ htEd kif&±S datmifulnDay;cJ honf? ol.ZeD;tJvDEd k±kpbJ honf w&m;Oya'ESif htnDpD&ifjcif;r±S dyJao'g%fay;jcif;qef @usifa&;vkyfief;rsm;ud k tcsdef=umjrif hpGmvkyfud kifcJ honf? rsm;r=umrDwGif w&m;Oya'ESif htnD pD&ifjcif;r±S dyJao

'g%fay;jcif;ud k qef @usifonf hOya'rl=urf;ud ka&;qG JcJ honf? TOya'xJwGifw&m;Oya'abmifay:wGif tvkyfvkyfaomwm0ef±S dyk*~ dKvfrsm;u w&m;r0ifao'g%fay;jcif;ud kjzpfay:aomtcsdefwGif rdrdwm0ef0wW&m;twd kif;rvkyfaomolrsm;ud kw&m;Oya't&pD&ifjcif;jyKvkyf&efyg0ifonf? 1935 ckESpfwGif±kpbJ htm;TOya'=urf;ud k axmufcH&efpnf;±H k;jcif;cH&onf? rnfod k @qd kapumrl±kpbJ hu xd kOya'rl=urf;twGufoluulnDv#if awmifyd kif;±S dvljzLvlrJqENay;olrsm;u ol @ud kcGih frv$wf rJay;awmhrnfr[kwfa=umif hjzpfonf?

vGefcJ haom 1936 ckESpforRwa±G;aumufyG JwGif ±kpbJ huEd kifiHawmf.aiGa=u;pm&if;ud k uwday;xm;onf htwd kif;rxm;Ed kifI taESmif ht,Sufay;jcif;cH& onf? wcsdK@uvnf; ±kpbJ hud kuGefjrLepftjzif h pGyfpG Jajymqd kcJ honf? od k @aomf

vnf;pDrHudef;topf (New Deal)

uwu,fvl}udKufrsm;I &Dywfbvpfueftrwfud k vG,fulpGmtEd kif&±S dcJ honf?



-37-


±kpbJ hu wwd,t}udrfta±G;cHrnf[ka=ujimcJ h+yD;aemuf trsm;u ol ‹ud ktm%mrsm;vGef;onf[kpGwfpG Jr_rsm; rsm;oxufrsm;vmonf? xd k @a=umif h

±kpbJ hu tar&dueforRwoufwrf;ESpfckud kom,l&rnf[k a&;om;cJ haomOya'ud kyxrOD;qH k;csdK;azmufI wwd,t}udrfta±G;cs,fcHcJ h+yD; 1940 ckESpfwGiftEd kif&±S dcJ honf?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; tar&duef. =um;ae0g'rSwqif hr[mrdwfrsm;ud krsufESmomay;cJ h+yD; aemufqH k; *syefwd k @u ykvJqdyfurf;ud k0ifwd kufcJ h+yD;onf h

aemuf tar&duwd k @uppfyG JxJud k0ifcJ honf? 1944 ckESpfwGif pwkwÎt}udrforRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h&onf? z&ef @uvif;'DvmEd k±kpbJ honf 1945ckESpfarv & &ufae@Y *smreDwd k @vufeufcsjcif;rwd kifrDoH k;ywfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJ honf?

oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ±kpbJ h.ZeD;onftJvDEdk±kpbJ hESif hol.om;ESpfa,mufjzpfaom *sdrf;(pf)±kpbJ hESif h z&ef @uvif;±kpbJ ha*stm&fwd k @rSm Ed kifiHa&;avmuwGifqufvufv_yf±Sm;cJ honf?



-38-


vDeifonf 1870 ckESpf{+yDv 10 &ufae@wGif ppf=bpf (Simbrisk) +rdK@±k±Sm;Ed kifiHYzGm;jrifcJ honf? ol.zcifrSm ausmif;ppfaq;a&;jzpf+yD; uGefqmaA;wpftjrif±S dolwpfOD;jzpfonf? xd k @twlolonf ±k±Sm;atmoa'ghbk&m;ausmif; (Orth-

-odox Church) .bmoma&;ud kif;±d _if;aom toif;om;wpfOD;jzpfonf?ol.rdcifrSm ajryd kif±Sifq&m0ef}uD;wpfOD;. orD;jzpfonf? vDeif.rdom;pkrSm

]]vG wfvyfjcif;qdk wmwu,fhud ktzdk;wefw,f/ tzdk;wefvGef; vd kUcG Jwrf ;eJ Uay;&rS mjzpf w,f/}}

“It is true that liberty is precious – so precious thatit must be rationed”

]]aoewfwpfvuf½SdwJhol[m aoewfwpfvufrSr½SdwJh vlta,muf 100 udkxdef;csKyfEdkifw,f/}}

“One man with a gun can control 100 without one.”

]]vd rf nmrI awG udk cPcPoHk ;r,f qd k&ifaemuf rSmtrS efw&m;jzpfvmEd kif w,f/}}“A lie told often enough becomes the truth.”

bv,fwDrmvDeif (1870–1924)v,fwDrmvDeif (Vladimir Lenin) onfEd kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESif h 20 &mpk.awmf

vSefa&;tawG;tac:±S daomoljzpf+yD; ±k±Sm;Ed kifiHESif hom

ru wurBmvH k;tay: eufeJaomxda&mufr_rsm;±S dcJ honf? vDeifonf 1917 ckESpfwGifabmf±S DApf (Bolshe-

-vik) u±k±SEd kifiH.tm%modrf;cJ hpOfu pDpOf!$ef=um;cJ holwpfOD;jzpfonf? xd k @twl vDeifonf qd kAD,ufEd kifiHud k wnfaxmifolESif hyxrOD;qH k;aom acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpfonf? ol.rm;ppf (Marxist) oDtd k&Dtay:

ud k;um;csufrsm;ud k(vDeif0g'(Leninism)[ktrsm;uod±S dygonf?

b



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ujym;trd sK;jzpf+yD; ol.rsdK;qufrsm;rSm ±k±Sum;vfrpf (Kalmyk)/ *sL;/ *smrefESif hpG D'ifvlrsdK;ESif htjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEd kifonf? tpfud kt

vufZENm; (Alexander) .awmfvSefr_Ed kifiHa&;tjrifu vDeiftay: euf±d _if;pGmoufa&mufr_±S d+yD; tvufZENm;uyif vDeiftm;cg;vfrwf(pf) (Karl

Marx) tawG;tac:ESif hrdwfqufay;cJ honf?

vDeifonf ausmif;wGiftvGefxufjrufaom ausmif;om;jzpfonf? Ttcsufa=umif hvnf; oli,fcsif;rsm;ESif h uif;uGm&onf? vDeifonf ol @q&m/

q&mrrsm;. uGefqmaA;wpftjriftay: txifao;pufqkyfaomfvnf;ausmif;pmwGifrlawmfygonf? olonfpmzwf0goemyg+yD;*d k;tJ h(of)(Goethe)

ESif h Turgenev wd k @.ta&;tom;u ol @b0wpfoufvH k;tay: xda&mufr_rsm;±S dcJ honf?

vDeifi,fpOfu 'kuQqif;&Jr_}uD;}uD; 2 ckud kausmfjzwfcJ h&+yD; ,if;wd k @a=umif holawmfawmfpdwfxdcd kufcJ h&onf? 1886 ckESpfwGifvDeif.zcifrSm (Cerebral

Hemorrhage) a&m*gESif haoqH k;oGm;+yD; ol @touf 17 ESpfjynf haom 1887ckESpfarvwGif ol.tpfud k}uD;tvufZENm;rSm Zmbk&iftvufZENm;oH k;a,mufwpfa,muf. touftE W&m,fud ktE W&m,fjyKaprnf h t=urf;zuform;AH k;cG Jr_wGifyg0ifojzif h tzrf;cH&+yD; }udK;qG JcscHcJ h&onf? tvufZENm;

ud k zrf;rdonf htcsdefwGif ol.tpfr}uD;tefemu yg±S daeojzif htefemud k umZef (Kazan) rSuDvd krDwm 40 ausmf±S donf haus;±GmqDod k @ e,fESif'g%fay;cH& onf? Todk@jzifhvDeifonf aoqHk;oGm;aomawmfvSefa&;orm;wpfa,muf. nDwpfa,mufjzpfonf htwGuf ol @twGufwHcg;rsm;pGmydwfqd k @cJ honf? xd ktcsdefrSpI vDeifu bmoma&;,H k=unfr_ESif h Ed kifiHa&;pepfwd k @ud kpGef @cGmvkdufonf?

aemufqH k;wGif umZefwuUod kvfrS vDeifud kvufcH+yD; Oya'ynmoif=um;



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cGif hay;cJ honf? wuUod kvfwGif ynmoif=um;aepOfyif vDeifu Ed kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_wGifyg0ifcJ honf? ausmif;wuf+yD; oH k;vtwGif;rSmyif ol @ud kqENjyyG Jrsm;

wGifyg0ifr_jzif h a'o&Jpcef;od k @ tzrf;cHjcif;cHcJ h&onf? &Jtm%m±S dwpfa,mufuol @ud k “vli,f&,f–awmfvSefa&;vkyf+yD; 'DeH&HawGumxm;wJ hae&mrSmvmae&wmbmvd k @ awmfvSefa&;vkyfcsif&wmvJ?” vDeifu ud k,f hud k,fud k,H k=unfr_tjynf hjzif h “'DeH&Hu',drf;',d kifeJ @/ eJeJav;wGef;vd kuf,if+ydKoGm;rSm” [lIajymcJ honf? &v'ftaejzif h ol @ud k wuUod kvfrSarmif;xkwfvd kuf+yD;ynma&;avmuwGif 0k dif;y,fjcif;cH&avonf? ausmif;Yxkwfy,fvd kufjcif;

cH&+yD;aemuf pdef @yDwmbwfod k @oGm;+yD;tjyifausmif;wufcJ honf? 1891 ckESpfwGif Oya'pmar;yG Jatmifjrif+yD; ausmif;om;OD;a& 124 a,muf±S donf hteufoluyxrqk&±S dcJ honf? vDeifu prfr&mwGifOya'jzif h toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðycJ honf?

1893 ckESpfwGif pdef @yDwmbwfod k @ajymif;a±$ @+yD; Oya'tvkyfxrf;aqmifcJ honf? xd ktcsdefrSmyif rm;ppf (Marxist) ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;tpysdK;ay;cJ honf? ol.tzG J @ud k tzG J @i,fajcmufzG J @tjzpf cG Jxkwfvd kufonf?qd kvd konfrSm puf±H ktvkyfrsm;.tajctaersm;ud k ±SmazGpH kprf;jcif;/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;aumuf,ljcif;ESif h vufurf;pmwrf;rsm;a&;xm;jcif; ponfwd k @ud kvkyf=uonf? TtzG J @uav;rsm;cG JI tvkyfvkyfonf htcsdefrSmwGifyif ol.

ZeD;onfem'uf'gc&yfpum,m (Nadezhda Krupskaya) ESifhawG@±Sd+yD;1898 ckESpfwGifolwd k @ESpfa,mufvufxyfcJ h=uonf?

1895 ckESpfwGif qGpfZmvefEd kifiHod k @xGufoGm;+yD; olESif htawG;tac:wlnDonfqd k±S,f'Drd ku&ufwd k @ESif hawG @&efoGm;cJ h+yD; a*smf*sDzvufcaemh (Georgi Pl-

-ekhanov) ESif hawG @qH kpum;ajymcJ h=uonf? olwd k @onf ±k±Sm;jynftwGif;

ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&mwGif rnfod k @rnfyH kvkyfrnfjzif h jiif;cH kaqG;aEG;=uonf?zvufcaemhu tv,ftvwfwef;tqif h vpfb&,fvlwef;pm;rsm;ud k



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xnf hoGif;vd k+yD; vDeifurl qif;&Jom;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;ud komxnf hoGif;vd konf? Tod k @tjiif;tcH kjzpfr_wd k @a=umif h aemufqH k;wjznf;jznf;

qd k±S,f'Drd ku&ufwpfygwDonf rif±S DApf (Mensheviks) ESif habmf±S DApf (Bolsh--eviks) [lItzG J @ESpfzG J @uG JoGm;onf?

vDeif±k±Sm;od k @jyefvmonf htcg olESif htwl w&m;r0ifvufurf;pm±Gufrsm;,lvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;owif;pmwpfapmifpwifxkwfa0&ef aqmif±GufcJ honf? xd kowif;pmxkwfa0aomnrSmyif olESif htjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;t

zrf;qD;cH&onf? axmifxJwGifpkpkaygif; 15 vtcscH&onf? xd k @aemufol @ud kqk dufab;&D;,m;od k @ jynfESif'g%fay;vd kuf+yD; xd kae&mYyif olESif hc&yfpum,mwd k @vufxyfcJ honf? jynfESif'g%fay;cHcJ h&aomtcsdef+yD;qH k;oGm;+yD;aemufolwd k @onf qGpfZmvefEd kifiHod k @ xGufoGm;+yD; aemufqH k;wGiftpPcg&m (Iskra)

qd konf howif;pmud kxkwfa0Ed kifcJ honf? tpPcg&m.t"dy` g,frSm t*Fvdyfvd k(Spark–rD;yG g;jzpfonf? Ttrnfud k uAsmwpfyk'fxJ±S dpmyd k'frS &±S dcJ honf?xd kuAsmpm yd k'frSm “The spark will kindle a flame–rD;yG g;awG[m rD;awmufawGjzpfvmatmifEd _;qGay;wJ ht&mjzpfw,f” [lIyif? qGpfZmvefwGifaepOftwGif; qd k±S,f'Drd ku&ufwpfygwDud k tm%m±S dvmatmif vkyfaqmifEd kifcJ honf? oltaejzif h acgif;rm+yD; aphpyfa=uat;wwfwJ h tjrifr±S djcif;a=umif hygwDud kuG JoGm;aponf ht"dutcsufwpfckjzpfonf?

1905 ckESpfwGif jzpfyG g;cJ haom pdef @yDwmbwftpkvd kuft+yHKvd kufowfjzwfr_a=umif h vDeifud k t=urf; zufvkyfief;rsm;pwifvkyfaqmif&ef wd kufwGef;ay;ouJ hod k @jzpfonf? tpkvd kuft+yHKvd kufowfjzwfr_rSm Father Georgi Gapon

OD;aqmifaom +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyaeaomtzG J @ud k Cossacks wd k @rS ypfcwfjcif;rSpwifcJ hygonf? Tjzpf&yfa=umif h ±k±Sm;wGifqENjyyG Jrsm;pGmjzpfay:vmcJ honf?

vDeifonf ±k±Sod k @ESpfESpf=umjyefvmaecJ haomfvnf; oluwdjyKxm;cJ haomqENjyyG J/ od k @r[kwf vlxkawmfvSefa&;yG J}uD;jzpfrvmcJ hacs? tb,f ha=umif hqd k



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aomf Zmwd k @uvlxk}uD;ud k tcGif hta&;wpfcsdK@ay;+yD; auseyfESpfodrf hapcJ honf? 1906 ckESpfwGifvDeifud k ±k±Sm;qd k±S,f'Drd ku&ufwpftvkyform;ygwD

(Russian Social Democratic Labor Party [RSDLP]) .tr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG J @0iftjzpf a±G;cs,fcH&aomfvnf; ta±G;cH&onfrSpI 1917 ckESpftxdrsm;aomtm;jzif h Oa&mywpfcGifY jynfESif'g%fay;jcif;cH&onf? olonfcufcJcg;oD;aomb0ud k jzwfoef;&aomfvnf; Ed kifiHa&;pmaywd k @ud k qufvufa&;om;Ed kifcJ honf?

yxrurBmppfpwifjzpfay:onf htcsdefwGif vDeifu =op}wD;,mrSmyif±S daeao;onf? 1914 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif ±k±SaxmufvSrf;a&;tjzpf tzrf;cH&+yD;axmifxJwGiftusOf;cscH&onf? od k @aomf axmifxJwGifc%=umomtzrf;cH&+yD; qGpfZmvefod k @ajymif;oGm;&ef tcGif hay;vd kufonf? bmeD(Berne) Yusif;yaom tpnf;ta0;wpfckxJY rdrd.ppfyG JESif hywfoufaomtjrifrsm;ud kaz: jycGif h&cJ honf? oluyËdyuQud k e,fcsJ @ 0g'[kac:qd k+yD; ppfud kaxmufcHaomqd k±S,fvpfrsm;tm; qif;&Jom;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;ud k azgufjyefaomolrsm;[kpGyfpG JcJ honf?

Oa&my±S dqd k±S,fvpfrsm; ppfyG Jud kaxmufcH=uonfud k vDeiftaeESif hxdwfvef @tH h=ocJ honf? xd ktcsdefrSpI vDeifu tm;oGefcGefpd kuf “e,fcsJ @ppfyG Jrsm;ud kjynf

ol @ppfyG J” rsm;tjzpfod k @ajymif;vJ&ef vH _ @aqmf0g'jzef @r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJ honf? vDeifu r[mrdwfwyfom;rsm;u ,if;wd k @.±d kifz,frsm;ud k ppfAd kvf}uD;rsm;qDjyefvSnf h+yD; qd k±S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf 0g'jzef @csDa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifcJ honf?

1915 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif eDud kvyf(pf) II u a±S @wef;wGifwd kufcd kufae

aom ±k±SwyfrawmfwGif =oZmv$rf;rd k;r_±S donf[k,lqxm;onf? xd k @a=umif hppfbufqd kif&mqH k;±_ H;r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; 1917 ckESpfwGif ol @tpd k;&ud k axmuf



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cHr_rsm; usqif;oGm;cJ honf? wd kif;jynf.ppfa&;ppf&mtay:wGif y&d,m,frºuG,f0jcif;ESif hjzwfpm;v'fpm;vkyfr_wd k @a=umif h ±k±Sm;wyfrawmftwGuf acwf

rS DaomppfyG Jud kwd kuf&ef vd ktyfaomvufeufypPnf;rsm; axmufyH hIr&awmhacs? 1917 ckESpfwGif ppfom;aygif; 1˜300˜000 ausmfwd kufyG JwGifusqH k;oGm;+yD; 4˜200˜000 xdcd kuf'g%f&m&um 2˜417˜000 a,muftzrf;cHcJ h&onf?

TppfyG J}uD;onfvnf; ±k±Sm;pD;yG g;a&;twGuf qd k;usdK;oufa&mufr_ jzpfay:apcJ honf? tpm;tpmavsmhenf;vm+yD; aps;E_ef;vnf; tqrwef}uD;rm;vm

onf? 1917 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif zufwd ku&ufY ukefaps;E_ef;rSm ajcmufqwd k;vmcJ honf?

1917 ckESpfwGif ±k±Sm;Ed kifiHYawmfvSefa&;ESpfckpwifcJ honf? rwfvwGif pdef @yDwmbwfwGif±S daom pwD;vkyfom;rsm;u oydwfarSmuf=uonf? wjznf;jznf;TqENjyyG JrSm }uD;rm;vm+yD; vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwd k @onf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGifwef;pDqENjyae=uonf? TwGif Zmbk&if. tm%mqH k;±_ H;cJ h+yD; tvufZENm;uD&ifpuD;OD;aqmifaom 'lrmtzG J @u tm%modrf;,lcJ honf?vDeifu *smrefwd k @ESif h oabmwlnDr_wpfckjyKvkyfcJ honf? tu,fI*smrefwd k @u ol @tm; ±k±Sm;od k @tEW&m,fuif;ab;±Sif;pGmyd k @aqmifay;Ed kifv#if olutm%modrf;,l+yD; ±k±Sm;wyfud k ppfyG JtwGif;rS±kyfodrf;ay;rnf[lIyif? uD&ifpuD;

uwd kif;jynfwGif tcuftcJrsm;}uHKawG @&+yD; ±k±Sm;wyfrawmfrS t±H _;ESif h&ifqd kif&aomfvnf; ±k±Sm;wyfud kjyefI±kyfodrf;&efpdwfrul;ay? atmufwd kbmvwGif vDeifu wd kif;jynftm%mud k aoG;pufrusavmufatmifyif odrf;,lEd kifcJ honf?

bv,fwDrmvDeiftouf 47 ckESpft±G,fwGifuGefjrLepfygwD (Society of

People’s Commissars)wd k @.acgif;aqmifjzpfvm+yD; wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif wd kif;jynf.orRwjzpfvmonf?



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tpd k;&topfjzpfaom uGefjrLepfygwD.tcuftcJrSm enf;yg;vSonfr[kwfacs? *smreDESif hjzpfyG g;aeaomppfyG Jrsm;vnf; ±kwfw&uf+yD;qH k;oGm;onf? (ol

.aºuG;a=umfoHrSm ‘aygifrkef @ay;ygppfyG Jr[kwfyg’ [lIjzpfcJ honf)? ±k±Sm;wd k @rSolwd k @.aygifrkef @jcif;jzpfaom ,lu&def;ud k *smreDrsm;vufod k @qH k;±H _;oGm;vd kuf&aomfvnf;rsm;r=umrD*smreDu ppfyG JwGifqH k;±H _;oGm;aomtcg olwd k @rS,lu&def;ud k jyefvnf&±S dcJ honf? v,f,majr rsm;ud kcG J,lr#a0+yD; wcsdK@ud ktrsm;yd kifajrtjzpfxm;cJ honf? tpd k;&u puf±H krd kif;vkyfief;rsm;ESif hb%frsm;ud k Ed kifiHawmfyd kifodrf;yd kufvd kufonf? xd k±k±Sm;atghoa'h gbk&m;ausmif;ud k zsufodrf;cJ h

onf?

vDeiftwGuf twd kuftcHygwD±S dcJ h+yD; 1918 ckESpfwGifrif±S DAdwf (tjzL) abmfv±S DApf (teD) wd k @t=um; jynfwGif;ppfrsm;jzpfcJ honf? tjzLrsm;ud k +AdwdefESif htar&duefwd k @u ulnDcJ haomfvnf; aemufwGiftjzLrsm; ppfyG JwGifta&;edrf hcJ h&onf?

1919 ESif h 1921 ckESpfrsm;wGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_ESif hwd kufzG dKwfa&m*grsm; ±k±Sm;jynfwpfjynfvH k;Yjzpfay:cJ h+yD; vl 27 oef;ausmfr#ud k toufqH k;±_ H;apcJ honf?Tjy\emrsm;ud kajz±Sif;&eftwGuf vDeifu pD;yG g;a&; vkyfief;pOftopfwckcsay;cJ honf? Tvkyfief;pOfud k ysufpD;±_yfaxG;ae+yD; ±k±Sm;jynf}uD;.aoqH k;ae

+yD;jzpfaompD;yG g;a&;pepfud k jyefItouf±Sifvmap&ef t&if;±SifpepftawG;tac:rsm;jzpfay:vmawmhonf? v,form;rsm; v[mjyifaps;wGif aps;a&mif;cGif h&±S djcif;ESif htvkyform;iSm;&rf;Ed kifcGif hrsm;&±S dvmonf? v,f,majrwd k;csJ @vkyfud kifaom v,form;rsm;ud k ukvwf (a±S;±k±Sjynf±S dv,form;}uD;rsm;) [kod±S d=uonf? tvkyform;ta,muf 20 xufenf;aompuf±H krsm;ud k jynfolyd kiftjzpfrSE_wfy,f+yD; ,ciftvkyf±Sifrsm;vufxJod k @ jyefay;cJ h

onf? od k @aomfvnf; ol.vkyf&yf&v'frsm;ud k olaumif;aumif;rawG @±S dcHpm;&awmhay? 1918 ckESpf=o*kwfv 30 &ufae@wGif qd k±S,fvpfawmfvSefol



-45-


rsm;.tzG J @0ifjzpfaom 'd k&mupfvefu ol @ud kaoewfESif hypf+yD;aemuf ol @usef;rma&;vnf; qkwf,kwfvmavonf? ol.cE<mud k,fxJod k @ usnfqHESpf

awmif h0ifcJ h+yD; cG Jpdwfxkwf&eftwGuf tE W&m,f±S dvGef;ojzif hrxkwfcJ h&acs?

1922 ckeSpfarvwGif vDeifavjzwfcH&+yD; aemufwpfESpfrjynf hrS D xyfIavjzwfcH&onf? oltoufraoqH k;rD aemufqH k;ESpfESpftwGif; wd kif;jynf.vGefu|HpGmjzpfay:aeaom jzpf&yfwpfcsdK@ud k }udK;pm;jyKjyifcJ honf? ol.tjrifrSmt&if;±SifEd kifiHrsm;ESif htwl ,SOfwG Jaexd kif&ef avhvmjcif;wd k @vd ktyf+yD; xd

a&mufr_r±S daomAsLwd kua&pDpepfud kvnf;&yfpJ&eftwGufjzpfonf? xd k @twlol.ae&mud k pwmvifur[kwfyJ xa&mfpuD;ud ktm%m&±S dapvd konf?od k @aomf olratmifjrifcJ hay? pwmvifonftvGefyifjzwfxd k;Om%faumif;+yD; vDeifuJ hod k @vltwGufyifwu,fyiftuif;yg;vnf0JoljzpfcJ honf? 1923ckESpfwGif vDeifud k avaemufwpfcgxyfjzwfI olud k,fwpfjcrf;aooGm;+yD;pum;rajymEd kifawmhay? xd k @aemuf olrnfonf htcgr# jyefaeraumif;awmhyJ 1924 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 21 &ufae@wGif OD;aESmufaoG;a=umjywfa&m*gjzif huG,fvGefoGm;cJ honf?



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oDtd k'd k±kpbJ honf 1858 ckESpfatmufwd kbmv 27 &ufae@Y e,l;a,muf+rdK@wGifzGm;jrifonf? olonfcsrf;omºuG,f0aompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfOD;.pwkwom;jzpf+yD;ol.i,femrnfrSm “xuf'D” jzpfonf? oluxd kemrnfud kvH k;0r}udKufay? ol @wGifyef;em&if=uyfa&m*g ESif htvGefyifrsufpdr_efaoma&m

*g±S donf? xd k @a=umif hol.zcifonfol @tm; tEd kifrcHt±_ H;ray;yJ rdrd.a&m*grsm;ud kwGef;vSefEd kif&efTod k @tm;ay;cJ hygonf? “om;rSmOm%fAv±S dayrJ h um,Avr±S dbl;? 'ga=umif hum,Av±S datmif vkyf,l&r,f?” ol.zcifrSol @om;ud kulnD&eftwGuf tm;upm;±H kud k olwd k @.tdrfwGifyifwnfaxmifay;cJ honf? Tod k @ESif hxuf'DrS wjznf;jznf;rdrd.cE<mud k,fusef;rmoefpGrf;vmatmif tm;upm;vd kufpm;vmcJ h&maemifwGif “u|J±d kif;wpfaumifvd kusef;

rmoefpGrf;vmonf” [kEd _if;,SOf&vmatmif usef;rmoefpGrf;vmygonf?toufi,f±G,fpOfu oDtd k'd konfol.rdom;pkESif htwlOa&mywpfcGifvH k;c

]]pum;udkcsdKompGmajymNyD;wkwfBuD;BuD;wpfacsmif ;udkifxm;yg/}}"Speak softly and carry a big stick."

]]r½d k uf yJ eJ Ua½S mif Ed k if&if vH k ;0r½dk uf ygES if h? 'gayrJ h ½dk uf&if b,f awmh rS jznf ;nif ;pG mr½d kuf ygES if h/}}

"Don’t hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting,but never hit soft."

oDtdk'dk±kpbJh (1858–1919)

td k'd k±kpbJ h (Theodore Roosevelt) onftar&duefjynfaxmifpk. 26 a,mufajrmuf

orRwjzpf+yD; olonf}uH @cd kif+yD; vkyfief;wGiftm;oGefcGefpd kuftvkyfvkyfaqmifaom acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; tar&duefEd kifiHud kEd kifiHjcm;a&;&mudpPrsm;Y yg0ifaqmif±Guf

r_rsm;rsm;jym;vmapcJ hygonf?

oD



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&D;vSnf hvnfcJ h+yD; xd kae&mwpfYyif ol.jyifopfpum;ESif h*smrefbmompum;ud ku|rf;usifpGmwwfajrmufcJ honf?

1876 ckESpftouf 18 ESpft±G,fwGif oDtd k'd konf[m;AwfwuUod kvf0ifcGif h&cJ honf? olupm;aomtm;upm;rsm;rSmavSavSmfjcif;/ vufa0S ›upm;jcif;/jrif;pD;upm;jcif;ESif hpcef;csupm;jcif;rsm;ud kESpfoufonf? oDtd k'd konfynmavhvmoif,l&mwGifpdwf0ifpm;r_±S d+yD; trSefwu,fajym&v#if v_yf±Sm;wufºuGaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; pmoif=um;yd k @cs&mwGif tm;wuf

oa&mavhvmoif,lonf? wpfcgwkef;uqd kv#if ol @ud kpmoif=um;yd k @csaomya&mzufqmuoDtd k'd kud k “'DrSm=unf hoDtd k'd k/ igu'Dtwef;xJrSmq&mjzpfaewmvJowd&tH k;aemf” [l.?

1878 ckESpfwGifoDtd k'd ku emrnfausmf=um;aomabmhpwefrdom;pk.orD;jzpfol tJvpf[moma0;vDESif hawG @qH kcJ honf? ,if;wd k @ESpfOD;cspfol&nf;pm;tjzpftcd sef=umjrif hpGmaexd kifcJ h+yD; 1880 ckESpf/ atmufwd kbmv 27 &ufae@wGiftJvpfESif hoDtd k'd kwk d @vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJ honf? TtcsdefwGifrSmyif ol.zcifrSm tpmtdrfuifqmjzif h 1878 ckESpfazazz:0g&Dv 9 &ufae@wGifuG,fvGefcJ honf? ol.zcifaoqH k;oGm;+yD;aemuf toufESpfq,f hwpfESpft±G,f±S doDtd k'd konf ,if;.rdom;pktwGuf tdrfaxmifOD;pD;jzpfvmcJ h&onf?

xd k @aemufoDtd k'd ku ud kvHbD,m±S dOya'ausmif;ud kqufwuf+yD; 1881 ckESpfwGifausmif;rSxGuf+yD;e,l;a,mufc±d kifjynfol @v$wfawmfwGif ae&m&atmif}udK;pm;cJ honf? ol @ud k&Dywfbvpfuef (Republican) wGifta±G;cs,fcH&+yD;&Dywfbvpfuefud kOD;pD;OD;aqmif&eftwGuf ESpf}udrfwd kifwd kif ta±G;cHcJ h&onf?

oDtd k'd k.uHaumif;oxufaumif;vm+yD; ol @b0wGif vsifjrefpGmwd k;wufr_rsm;±S dvmonfud kawG @&rnf? od k @aomfvnf; 1884 ckESpfwGifol.b0rSmwpf



-50-


±kpbJhonf yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;wnfaxmifa&;udk tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJhonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif Russo–Japanese ppfyG Jud k +yD;qH k;atmifjyKvkyfcJ honf h

twGuf Ed kb,f(vf)qkud kcsD;jr‡if hjcif;cHcJ h&onf?

±kpbJ huorRw&mxl;rS 1908 ckESpfwGift+idrf;pm;,lcJ honf? 1912 orRwa±G;aumufyGJwGif ol‹.ae&mudkqufcH&±SdcJhaom0DvsHxyf(zf).ay:vpDudkróudufojzif h olESif hòydifIrJa±G;cJ honf? xd k ‹a=umif h &Dywfbvpfuef.rJud kESpfzG J ‹cG Jovk djzpf+yD;aemuf 'Drd ku&ufwpftrwf 0l;('f)±d k0DvfqifuorRwjzpfvmcJ h

onf?

±kpbJ honf 1919 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 6 &ufae@toufajcmufq,ft±G,fwGifaoqH k;oGm;cJ haomfvnf; ol.tarGtESpfrsm;usef&pfcJ honf? oDtd k'd konftar&duef. orRwaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfonfomru opPm±S daomcifyGef;onfpHjyzcifESif hEd kifiHawmftwGuftusdK;jyKonfomru urBmwpfckvH k;

tusdK;twGuftusdK;jyKvkyfaqmifcJ haom jynfol @om;aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfcJ honf? olonfpma&;q&maumif; wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; vl @tcGif hta&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;Y rem;raeyg0ifaqmif±Gufonfomru acgif;aqmifr_t&nftcsif;ESif hjynf hpH konf hEd kifiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfonf? rdrd.teD;tem;wpf0d kuf±S durBm}uD;ud k yH kpHoGif;onfomru rnfonf htvkyfud krqd kvkyf&mwGifvGwfvyfr_/ w&m;Oya'atmufwGifw&m;r#wr_ESif hpdwfcsrf;omr_tay: wGifrlwnfonf?

ol.emrnf “xuf'D” ud ktpG JjyKI 0uf0H±kyfuav;rsm;ud k xuf'D±kyf[kac: onf?



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rm*&ufa&mbwfonf ukefpH kqd kifa&mif;ol.orD;jzpf+yD; 1925 ckESpfatmufwd kbmv 13 &ufwGif =urforf (Granham)/ vifuGef;±_ dif;,m; (Lincolns-

-hire) wGifzGm;jrifcJ honf? atmufpzd k @'fwuUod kvfwGifatmifjrifcJ h+yD;onf h

aemuf rm*&ufonf okawoejyK"gwkynm±SifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf? xd k @aemufolru Oya'ynmud kqufvufoif=um;I 0wfvH kawmf&a±S @aewpf

]]trsdK;orD;wpf a,mufu td rf OD;pD ;xdef ;csKyf&mrS m jzpf ay:vmwJh tcuftcJawG taMumif ;udkem;vnfygu wdk if;jynfudk tkyfcsKyf&mrSm ay:ayguf vmwJ h

jyóemawG taMumif;udk em;vnf vmzd kUeD ;pyf vmNyD;/}}"Any Woman who understands the problems of running a home will

be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country."

]]tmPm½Sdw,fqdkwm rdef;rwpfa,mufeJUwlw,f/ wu,fvdkUoifbmjzpfw,f qd k wmudk ajymjy&&if oif rdef;rjzpfrSmr[kwf bl ;/}}

"Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people

you are, you aren't."

]]wu,fvd kUuRef rvdk csifwJ ht&mud k&rnfqdk vQifuRef rtvG ef U tvGef pd wf ½S nf Ed k if ygonf/}}

"I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own

way in the end."

rg*&ufoufcsm (1925- )*&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher) onf,lEd kufwufuif;'drf;.yxrOD;qH k;trsdK;orD;

0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf+yD; 1979 ckESpfrS 1990 txdtkyfcsKyfcJ honf?oufcsmu+Adwdef.pD;yGg;a&;zGHŒ+zdL;wdk;wufvmatmifvkyfaqmifrnf[kuwday;+yD; olru T&nfrSef;csufod kŒ

a&muf&S datmif tpd k;&yd kifpuf¶H krsm;ud k a&mif;csjcif;ESif hyk*~vduyd kiftjzpfod kŒajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vkyfud kifcJ honf?

rm



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OD;jzpfvmonf?

1951 ckESpf'DZifbmv 13 &ufae@wGif'Jepfoufcsm (Denis Thatcher) qd kaom atmifjrifaompD;yG g;a&;orm;wpfa,mufESif hvufxyfcJ honf? rm*&ufoufcsmonf uGefqmaA;wpfygwD0ifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; 1959 ckESpfatmufwd kbmvwGif (Finchely) ud kud k,fpm;jyK&ef a±G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf? aemifESpfESpft=um;wGif[m±d krufrDvef (Harold Macmillan) tpd k;&.yifpifESif hEd kifiHtmrcHa=u;XgewGif wG JzufygvDreftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif±GufcJ honf?

1964 ckESpf taxGaxGa±G;aumufyG JwGif uGefqmaA;wpfygwD±_ H;ES drf hcJ h+yD; [m±d k0Dvpif (Harold Wilson) u0ef}uD;csKyftopfjzpfvmcJ honf? uGefqmaA;wpfygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfvmoltuf'0yf[uf(of) (Edward Health) uolrud k twd kuftcHtpd k;&.yifpifESif hEd kifiHtmrcHa=u;XgewGif ajyma&;qd kcGif h±S dyk*d ~Kvftjzpfcef @xm;cJ honf? xd k @aemufolru twd kuftcHygwDbufrStdrf,mXge (atmufwd kbm 1965)/ b¿ma&; ({+yDv 1966)/ avmifpmESif hpGrf;tif (atmufwd kbm 1967)/ o,f,lyd k @aqmifa&; (Ed k0ifbm 1968) ESif hynma&; (atmufwd kbm 1969) wd k @YtoD;oD;wm0ef,lcJ h&onf?

1970 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyG Jrsm;Y uGefqmaA;wpfygwDtEd kif&onf h

tcsdefwGif oufcsmuynma&;ESif hody` Ha&;&mwd k @Y twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmonf? 1970 ckESpfatmufwd kbmvwGiftouf 7 ESpfausmfuav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;rsm;YEd k @ tvum;wd kufau|;r_ud k &yfqd kif;ypfjcif;ESif hausmif;wGiftpm;tpmzd k;rsm; jr‡if hwifay;jcif;rsm;vkyfonf htwGuf tjiif;yG g;r_rsm;jzpfay:apcJ honf?

xd ktcsdefwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftuf'0yf[uf(of)onf ukefaps;E_ef;ay:vpDESif h0ifaiGay:vpDrsm;csrSwf&ef }udK;pm;cJ honf htwGuf tvkyform;or*~ESif hyËdyuQ



-53-


jzpfay:apcJ honf? oluw&m;r0ifqENjyr_rsm;twGuf Oya'jyXgef;Ed kif&ef}udK;pm;r_rsm;a=umif h tvkyform;tvkyf±SifyËdyuQud kjzpfay:apcJ honf? 1973

ckESpfwGif owKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;. “tkyfcsKyfr_twGuftvkyfvkyfjcif;”(Work-to-rule) qENjyjcif;rsm;a=umif h v#yfppf"gwftm;jzwfawmufjcif;rsm;r=umc%jzpfay:+yD; wpfygwfoH k;&uftvkyfvkyfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf?1974 wGif[uf(of)u “rnfoltkyfcsKyfonf” qd konf hudpPtay: taxGaxGa±G;aumufyG Jud kac:,lusif;ycJ honf? TwGiftuf'0yf[uf(of)u tEd kifr&awmhbJ [m±d k(vf)0DvfqifESif havbmygwDrSm tm%mjyefvnf&±S dvm

onf?

1975 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif oufcsmutuf'0yf[uf(of)ud k uGefqmaA;wpfygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,SOf+ydKifta±G;cH&efpdefac:cJ honf? azaz:0g&Dv4 &ufoufcsmu[uf(of)ud krJ 130 rJESif h 119 rJjzif htEd kif&±S dcJ honf? xd k @aemuf Tta&;}uD;aom trsdK;orD;Ed kifiHa&;ygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf?[uf(of)u ±_ H;ES drf hjcif;ud kvufrcHEd kifyJ oufcsm.uufbdeufwGiftvkyfqufvkyf&efjiif;qefcJ honf?

1976 ckESpfrwfv 16 &ufae@wGif*sdrf;acgv*ef (James Collaghan) u[m±d kvf0Dvfqif.0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ud k qufcH&,lcJ honf? wpfjznf;jznf;ouf

csmu vuf,m0g'D0g'ud kyd kIvufcHusif hoH k;um aps;uGufpD;yG g;a&;pepfod k @yd kItm±H kpd kufvmonf? 1978 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif olruvlrsm;uEd kifiHjcm;wd kif;jynfrSa±$ @ajymif;aexdkifvmolrsm;. “v$rf;rd k;r_” cH&rSmudkpdk;&drfonf hta=umif;rdef @cGef;ajym=um;cJ hojzif h jypfwif±H _ @csjcif;cHcJ h&onf?

1978 ckESpfwGifEd kifiHt}uD;tuJ "Chancellor of the Exchequer" jzpfol'Jepf

[Jav (Denis Healey) uaiGa=u;rsm;tay: wif;=uyfpGmxdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;jyK vkyfcJ honf? aiGa=u;xdef;csKyf&mwGif jynfolwd k @.ynma&;ESif husef;rma&;t



-54-


wGuf &efyH kaiGrsm;ud kygjzwfawmufcJ honf? a0zefoH k;oyfolrsm;u Tod k @jyK vkyfjcif;rsm;a=umif h aiGa=u;xkwfvkyfr_ud ktajccHaompepf (Monetarism)

ud kjzpfay:vmaponf? 1978 ckESpfwGif jynfolwd k @twGuftoH k;p&dwfrsm;jzwfawmufvd kufonf htwGuf rauseyfr_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; qENjyyG Jrsm;ay: aygufvmcJ honf? xd k @a=umif h 1979 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyG JwGif avbmygwDta&;edrf hcJ honf?

TwGifrm*&ufoufcsmu +AdwdefEd kifiH. yxrOD;qH k;trsdK;orD;0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf

vmonf? 1979 ckESpfEd k0ifbmvwGif oufcsmu Oa&mypD;yG g;a&;tod kif;t0d kif; (European Economic Community–EEC) .xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufcJ h+yD; EEC xJod k @ +Adwdefxnf hoGif;&aomaiGyrm%twGuf n‡ dE_ dif;aqG;aEG;r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJ honf?

oufcsmtpd k;&onf 'Jepf[JavtpysdK;cJ haom aiGa=u;xdef;csKyfr_ (moneta-

-rist) ay:vpDud kqufvufusif hoH k;cJ honf? 1979 ckESpfESif h 1980 ckESpfrsm;wGifaiGodyfonf;r_E_ef;avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf; tvkyfvufrJ hE_ef;rSm ESpfqwd k;yG g;vmonf? 1981 ckESpfwGif Exchequer .t}uD;tuJjzpfol qm*sufz&D[d k0D (Sir. Geoffrey Howe) ujynfoltwGuf toH k;p&dwfrsm;jzwfawmufcJ honf? Tumvwpfav#mufwGif jynfol @qENaumuf,lcsufrsm;Y +Adwdef.ord kif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGif rm*&ufoufcsmonf jynfolt}udKuft

enf;qH k;0ef}uD;jzpfcJ honf?

oufcsmtpd k;&u yk*~vduyd kifod k @ajymif;vJjcif;pDrHudef;jzif h &efyH kaiG±SmazGcJ honf? TwGif+Adwdo#a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;/ +Adwdo#av,mOfc&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;/ ±d kvf±d GKuf(pf)ESif h+Adwdo#pwD;vkyfief; ponf hEd kifiHyd kifvkyfief;rsm;ud k yk*~vduvufod k @ jyefay;jcif;tygt0ifjzpfonf?

1982 ckESpf{+yDv 2 &ufae@wGiftm*sifwD;em;uazghuvef (Falkland) u|ef;



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pkrsm;ud kusK;ausmfodrf;yd kufcJ honf? aemufwpf&ufrSmyif urBmhukvor*~oEM dXgef 502 ud kxkwfjyefcsrSwfcJ h+yD; tm*sifwD;em;ud k azmhuvefu|ef;pkrsm;rS

xGufcGmoGm;&efawmif;qd kcJ honf? {+yDv 5 &ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wd k @.a&wyfonf azgh(pf)armih f (Portsmouth) rSxGufcGm&ef azghuvefu|ef;pkbufqDod k @OD;wnfcJ honf? +Adwdefuazghuvefu|ef;pkywfywfvnfrd kif 200 ud koD;oef @ZH ktjzpfa=ujimcJ h+yD; 1982 ckESpfarv 2 &ufae@wGif tm*sifwD;em;ppfoabFm*sife&,f(vf)b,fvfu&mEd kud kepfjrKyfypfcJ honf? aemufESpf&uft=umwGif+AdwdefoabFm±SzD;vf('f)rSm'H k;ysHjzif htypfcH&onf?

arv 21 &ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wyfrsm; azmhuvefu|ef;pkpefumavmhwGifqk dufa&mufvmonf? wd kufyG Jrsm;qufvufjzpfyG g;+yD; aemufqH k;wGifazghpwefav (Post Stanley) utzrf;qD;cH&+yD; tm*sifwD;em;wyfrsm;u 1982ckESpf*|efv 14 &ufae@wGif vufeufcst±_ H;cHcJ honf? ppfyG Jrsm;atmifEd kifaoma=umif h rm*&ufoufcsm. emrnfausmf=um;vmaoma=umif h 1983 ckESpfwGifusif;ycJ haomtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyG JY uGefqmaA;wpfygwDu rJtrsm;qH k; 144 rJjzif htEk dif&cJ honf?

oufcsmu 0ef}uD;csKyfa&mfe,f&D*ifESif h &if;ES D;pGmaygif;oif;qufqHr_&±S dcJ honf? xd k @aemufolwd k @ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvH k;u qd kAD,uf,leD,Htay: wif;rmpGm

qufqH&efoabmwlcJ honf? oufcsmud ktrsm;u acgif;rmaomtrsdK;orD;[k0ifpm;ac:a0:=uonf? od k @aomf 1983 ckESpfEd k0ifbmvwGif+Adwdo#wd k @ESif h}udKIaqG;aEG;r_r±S dyJ +Adwdo#vufatmufcHu&ife'g (Grenada) ud ktar&duwd k @u usK;ausmfodrf;yd kufcJ honf htwGuf oufcsma'goxGufcJ h&onf?

oufcsmtpd k;&u rdrdwd k @.ay:vpDjzpfaom tvkyform;or*~.tm%m

av#mhcsjcif;ud kqufvufusif hoH k;cJ honf? trsm;tay:pmemaomqENjyyG Jrsm;ESif h qd kifydwfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;ud k wm;jrpfonf? or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u



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tdEN d,vlrsdK;rsm;rS ol ‹tm; r[wWr*EN D[kac:qd k=u+yD; “jrif hjrwfaomol”[k

t"dy` g,f&onf? *EN Donf tajymif;tvJud k rvd kvm;aom/ xH k;wrf;"avhud k rpGef @y,fvd kaomrdom;pkrS qif;oufvm+yD; touf 13 ESpft&G,fwGif

]]rsufvHk;wpfvHk;twGuf rsufvHk;udkay;qyf&&if awmh urÇ mwpf0Srf ;vHk ;yg rsufpd uef ;uk ef awmhrS maygh/}}

"An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind."

]]yxrawmholwdk Uuoifh udk Oayu© mjyKMuw,f? NyD;awmholwd kUuoif hudkavS mif ajymif&,farmMuvd rfhMur,f? NyD ;awmhoifh udkwdkuf cdkuf Muw,f? aemuf awmh

oiftEdk if&oGm;wmbJ/}}"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you,

then you win."

]]urÇmay:rSm ud k,fjrif csifwJhajymif ;vJrI twd kif; ud k,fhudk ,f udk ajymif;vJ&r,f/}}"We must become the change we want to see in the world."

r[wWr*END (1896-1948)

oma&;/ Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifESif havmukwWESif hvlom;wd k @tusdK;aqmif&Guf

ol 1869-1948 r[wWr*EN D (Mahatama Gandhi)

onf 1869 ckESpfatmufwd kbmv 2 &ufae@wGiftdEN d,Ed kifiHyd kbef'gY arG;zGm;cJ hygonf? olonf 20 &mpkwGiftxif&Sm;qH k;aom avmukwW&mESif hEd kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf? *ENDonftdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;

tm; t=urf;rzufjidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzif h +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrS vGwfvyfEk dif&ef jyKvkyfcJ hjyD;tdEN d,wk dif;oljynfom;rsm; rSol @ud kav;pm;tyfaomzcif}uD;wpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðycJ h=uygonf?

bm



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uwfpwbmqd kaomtouf 12 ESpft&G,frdef;uav;ESif h rdbrsm;.pDpOfr_jzif htdrfaxmifjyKcJ honf? *EN DwGif om;&wemav;OD;arG;zGm;cJ hygonf? om;

[m&DvmESif hrmeDvmud k tEN d,wGifarG;zGm;cJ h+yD;/ om;a';zf'gESif h&rf'gud k awmiftmz&duwd kufwGif arG;zGm;cJ hygonf? *EN Donf vltrsm;tm;vH k;tm; cspfcif=uifemr_xm;aomfvnf; rdrd.om;r,m;tay:wGif pnf;urf;wus=uyf=uyfrwfrwf±S dcJ honf?

*EN Donfvef'efwGif Oya'bmom&yftm; oGm;a&mufavhvmoif,lcJ h+yD;

1891 ckESpfwGif tEN d,od k @vufawG @toH k;cs&ef jyefvnfa&muf&S dvmonf?oljyefa&muf+yD;vtenf;i,ftwGif; rdcifuG,fvGefoGm;cJ hygonf? xd ktcsdefwGif *EN Dtouf 21 ESpfyif&S dao;onf? tEN d,wGif rdrd.w&m;Oya'twwfynmud k vufawG @toH k;cs&mwGif atmifjrifr_r&S dcJ haoma=umif h 1893 ckESpfwGif emwmvfawmiftmz&duodk@ a&S›aetoif;wpfckY tvkyfvkyf&efajymif;a&$ @oGm;ygonf?

xd ktcsdefwGif awmiftmz&duonf +Adwdo#wd k @.tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufwGif&S daeao;onf? +Adwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;xH rdrd.wef;wltcGif hta&;ud k wifjyawmif;qd konf htcg rw&m;zdES dyfr_ud kcH&+yD; tjcm;aomtEN d,vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; Todk @yifcHpm;ae&a=umif;olod&S djrifawG @vmonf? olESif htjcm;

aomtEd N,vlrsdK;rsm;onf rsufESmjzLrsm;ESif htxl;wef;&xm;wG Jrsm;wGif pD;cGif hrjyKjcif;/ wnf;cd kcef;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olwd k @tm; vufrcHjcif;wd k ‹tjyif &d kufESufjcif;/ rw&m;ojzif hjyKrlqufqHjcif;rsm;uk dcH&onf? olonfa'ocHtdEN d,vlrsdK;rsm;tay: rw&m;jyKrlqufqHjcif;rsm;ud k ckcH&efOya'enf;vrf;ud ktoH k;jyKcJ honf? [dENLt,l0g'v$rf;rd k;r_/ Jainism ESif hc&pf,mefbmomomoemwd k @v$rf;rd k;r_/ pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;jzpfaom Tolstoy ESif h Thoreau wd k @.

v$rf;rd k;r_ponfwd k @a=umif h *EN Donf Satyagraha (trSefw&m;ud kcspfcifr_)/trSm;rsm;ud k t=urf;rzufaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzif h ajz&Sif;jcif;vrf;pOfud k a&;



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om;cJ honf? Ed kifiHa&;qd kif&mrw&m;r_rsm;ud k ckcHwd kufcd kufonf h ol.t=urf;rzufvrf;pOfrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufjcif;/ trsm;ESif hyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&S d

jcif;/ vufurf;pmapmif rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESif hrjyif;xefaomckcHr_rsm;yif jzpfygonf? awmiftmz&duwGif aexd kifvmonf htESpf ESpfq,ftwGif;wGif*EN Donf t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcsjcif;cH&onf? 1914 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz&duwd kuftpd k;&rS *EN D.awmif;qd kcsufrsm;ud k rsm;pGmvufcHvmonf?

awmiftmz&duwd kufwGif atmifjrifr_&&S d+yD;aemuf 1914 ckESpfY *EN Donf

tdEN d,Ed kifiHod k @jyefvmcJ honf? ol.,m,Dvkyfief;rSwqif h vl @oduQmtm;todjyK&ef pnf;&H k;v_ H ‹aqmfa&;vkyfief;tm; tESpfESpfq,fausmftxd jyKvkyfvmcJ h&onf? *EN Dtouf 45 ESpft&G,fwGif +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrStEN d,vlrsdK;rsm;vGwfvyfa&;&&S da&;twGuf Ed kifiHa&;avmuxJod k @0ifa&mufvmcJ honf? 1919 ckESpfwGif +Adwdeftpd k;&ud k rESpfoufaomqENjyyG Jrsm; yd krd k}uD;xGm;vmcJ honf? +Adwdefwd k ‹rS ykefuef&efv_ H ‹aqmfaomolrsm;tm; tus,fcsKyfcs&efjzpfaom ±d kvuftufOya' (Rowlatt Acts) ud kxkwfoH k;onf htcsdefwGif *EN DrSvnf; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomaemufvd k fufom;rsm;tm; qG Jaqmifaponf h "Satyagraha" vrf;pOfopfud k csufcsif;xkwfjyefa=ujimaponf?

1919 ckESpf {+yDvwGif "Rowlatt Acts" qENjyyG Jjcif;ud k +Adwdef "Amritsar"+Adwdo#ppfom;rsm;. t=urf;zufES drfESif;r_jzpfaom "Amritsar" tpkvd kuftðyHvd kufowfjzwfr_tm; jzpfapcJ hygonf? +Adwdeftpd k;&onf tdEN d,rSvnf; rdrdwd k @.a=u;eef;}udK;rsm;ud k jzwfawmuf+yD; teD;&S d&xm;vrf;rsm;ud kvnf; jzwfawmufvd kufa=umif; owif;&&S donf htcg jAdwdv#tpd k;&onf Ek difiHawmfta&;ay:tajctae (State of Emergency) tm;a=ujimvk dufjyD; rnfonf ht

pnf;ta0;rsm;rjyKvkyf&a=umif; a=ujimvd kufygonf? +Adwdo#tpd k;&rS rnfonf htpnf;ta0;yG Jud krS rjyKvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; a'ocHygwDnD



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vmcHtpnf;ta0;rSmjzpfajrmufcJ honf? xd k ‹a=umif hnae 5 em&D 15 rdepftcsdefwGif +Adwdo#-tdEN d,ppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;tpnf;ta0;yG Jud k 0ef;&Hvd kufyg

onf? wyf&if;rSL;&,f*sDe,f'd kif,m (Brigadier Reginald Dyer) .trdef @t& ppfom;rsm;onf vufeufrJ hpkpnf;qENjyaeaoma,muf sm;/ rdef;rrsm;ESif huav;oli,frsm;tm;ypfcwfcJ honf? Typfcwfr_onf tcsdef 10 rdepfr#=umjrif hI aoewfusOfqHaygif; 1˜650 r#ypfcwf+yD; ppfom;wpfOD;v#if y#rf;r#tm;jzif h usnfqH 33 vH k;r#ypfcwfcJ honf[k wGufq&ygonf? xd ktjzpftysufwGif vlOD;a&aygif; 379 OD;aoqH k;a=umif; +Adwdeft&m&S d Raj rSazmfjyygonf?

od k @aomf tjcm;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGifrl vlOD;a&aygif; 1˜000txufaoqH k;+yD;/ 2˜000 OD;a&txd'%f&m&&S donf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf?cG Jpdwfukq&m0ef a'gufwmprpfrS vlOD;a& 1800 cef @aoqH k;ok d @r[kwf'g%f&m&&S dcJ honf [kazmfjyxm;ygonf? T Amritsar tpkvd kuftðyHvd kufowfjzwfr_wGif +Adwdo#tm;axmufcHcJ hzl;aom oef;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmaomvlrsm;u tdEN d,ud k axmufcHtm;ay;vmonf htjzpfod k @ ajymif;vJcJ hygonf?1920 ckESpfwGif *EN Donf tdEN d,.Ed kifiHa&;wGif=uD;pd k;v$rf;rd k;aomyk*~ dKvfwpfOD;jzpfvmonf? olu tdEN d,trsdK;om;nDvmcHud k jyKjyifajymif;vJvd kuf+yD;rdrd.+idrf;csrf;aom vkyfief;pDrHudef;jzpfaom rnfonf h+Adwdo#tzG J @tpnf;rsm;ESif hryl;aygif;bJ jAdwdo#tpd k;&.xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;uk doydwfarSmufjcif;wd k @jyKvkyfcJ haoma=umif h axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;zrf;qD;

csKyfaESmifjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf?

1922 ckESpfwGif *EN Dud k,fwd kifaxmif'%f 6 ESpfus&efpD&ifjcif;cHcJ h&onf? od k @aomf 2 ESpfaemufyd kif;axmifrS v$wfajrmufvm+yD; Ed kifiHa&;avmurSE_wfxGufoGm;I qd k;&Gm;aeaom[dENL-rlpvif.qufqHa&;wif;rmr_jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmapa&;wGif tm&H kpd kufaqmif&GufaecJ honf? 1930 ckESpfwGif

qm;tcGefaumufcHa=u;tay: qENjyonf htaejzif h pnf;&H k;a&;w&yfud kjyK vkyfcJ hjyD; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;jzif h qm;±S d&myifv,fod k @csDwufjyD;



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qufoG,fa&;vrf;rsm;ud k pwifwnfaqmufavonf?

1945 ckESpfwGif +Adwdeftpd k;&u 1947 avmh'farmif hbwfweftpDtpOfESif hbmoma&;,H k=unfr_tay:rlwnf+yD; ud k,fyd kiftcsKyftjcmtm%m±S d vGwfvyfaom Ed kifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;oGm;rnf h tdEN d,ESif hygupPwefEd kifiHxlaxmifa&;ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif f; +Adwdo#tpd k;&rS aphpyfaqG;aEG;yG JjyKvkyfcJ hygonf? 1857 ckESpfuwnf;u +Adwdo#wd k @.ud kvd keDEd kifiHjzpfcJ haom tEN d,Ed kifiHonf 1947 ckESpf=o*kwfv 15 &ufwGifvGwfvyfaomEd kifiHjzpfvmonf?

[dENLESif hrlpvifwd k @t=um; txdu¶k%f;onf qd k;&Gm;pGmqufvufjzpfay:aeonf? *EN D u tdEN d,Ed kifiHpnf;vH k;nD!$wfa&;twGuf [dENLESif hrlpvifwd k @+idrf;csrf;pGmaexd kif&ef pnf;&H k;ajymqd kcJ honf? Tod k @ESif h 1948 ckESpfwGiftdEN d,([dENLtrsm;pkjzpfonf) ESif hygupPweftjzpfESpfEd kifiHjzpfvmonf? ta&S @yd kif;ESif htaemufyd kif;rSm (rlpviftrsm;pkjzpfonf)/ ta&S @yguDpwefonf ,cku|Ef kyfwd k @ac:aeaomb*Fvm;a'h&S fjzpfvmonf? *EN Donf tdEN d,Ed kifiHESpfyd kif;uG JoGm;onfud kqef @usif+yD;/ Tbmoma&;tkyfpkESpfckt=um; jzpfay:aomt=urf;zufr_rsm;twGuf tvGef0rf;enf;ayonf? 1948 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 13 &ufwGiftouf 78 ESpf&S d+yDjzpfaom*EN Donf aoG;,d koH&JqENjyyG Jrsm;&yfwef @oGm;aponf h&nf&G,fcsufjzif h tpmiwfcHOykofapmif haecJ honf? 5 &ufjynf honf haemufyd kif; qef @usifolacgif;aqmifrsm;rS cd kuf&efjzpfr_rsm;ud k&yfwef @&efo

abmwlnDcJ hojzif h *EN DonftpmiwfcHOykofapmif hjcif;ud k&yfwef ‹apcJ hygonf?*EN D.tpmiwfcHOykofapmif hr_wGif t=urf;zufr_jzpfay:aeonf h [dENLESif hrlpvifESpfzufpvH k;&yfwef ‹apjyD; 4if;ESpfzG J @pvH k;tm; t&Suf&apcJ hygonf? od k @aomfvnf; ,ae@xdwd kifyif olwd k @.bmoma&;qd kif&mtxdu&k%f;rSm ,ae@txdqufvufjzpfyGm;aeqJjzpfygonf?

1948 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 30 &uf/ olonfOykofapmif hjcif;rS&yfqd kif;+yD; 12 &ufaemufyd kif;wGif a'vDY[dENLbmoma&;pG JolwpfOD;. vkyf}uHowfjzpfr_ud kcH&



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avonf? *EN D.=oZmtm%monf om;pOfajr;quf tqufquftay: qufvuftkyfpd k;aeqJjzpf+yD; tar&duefvlrsdK;rmwifvlomuif;onfvnf;

tar&duefEd kifiH. vlr_a&;ajymif;vJa&;twGuf *EN D.t=urf;rzufaomqENjyr_enf;vrf;ud ktoH k;jyKcJ honf?

*EN D.tokbY csD;usL;*k%fjyKonf hpum;aygif;rsm;pGmtxJrS xif&Sm;aom&lyaA'ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfonf[k Albert Einstein rSTuJ hod k ‹ajymoGm;ygonf? “Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this

walked the earth in flesh and blood.” t"dy` g,fuawmh- “aemifvmrnf haqGpOfrsdK;qufrsm;---taeeJ ‹'Dvd ktaoG;tom;eJ ‹ touf±SifcJ h wJ h vlwpfa,muf±S dcJ hw,fqd kwm ,H k=unf=urSmr[kwfbl;” vd k ‹qd kcJ hw,f?



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olonf ykyf&[ef;rif;.tkyfcsKyfyH kpepfud k acwfrS Datmifajymif;vJEd kifcJ honf?,cifu ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;rsm;onf vlrsm;ESif ha0;uGmpGmae+yD; AufwDeefESif ha0;aomae&mrsm;wGif roGm;cJ hbl;acs? od k @aomf *|efayg(vf)taeESif h rdrdwGifc&D;pOfrsm;jzif hjynf hESufaeonf? olonf bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf tDwvDtwGif; 102 }udrf/ tjyifbufwGif 144 }udrf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;

od k ‹c&D;xGufcJ h+yD; ol.ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpfonf houfwrf; 26 ESpftwGif;Ed kifiHaygif; 130 Ed kifiHod k @c&D;xGufcJ honf? olonf tjcm;ykyfrsm;oGm;cJ haom c&D;pOf

]]vGyf vyfa&;qd kwmudk ,f vkyfcsifwmudk vk yf wmr[k wf bJ eJU ud k,fvkyfoif hwJh t&mudk vk yf wmjzpf w,f/}}

“Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the rightto do what we ought.”

]]vlrI a&;w&m;rQwrI udk tMurf ;zuf wJ h enf ;eJU,l vd k&rSmr[k wf/tMurf ;zuf rIqd kwmolvdkcsifwJht&mudk owfvdkuf wmjzpfw,f/}}

“Social justice cannot be attained by violence. Violence kills what itintends to create.”

]]tem*wf[m'DaeUrSmpw,f/ reuf jzef rSmprSmr[kwf bl;/}}“The future starts today, not tomorrow.”

ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf (II) (1920-2005)

ayg(vf) II (Pope John Paul II) ud k

urBmwpfv$m;bk&m;zl;xGufaomykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;[kvltrsm;uod±S dxm;ygonf?olonf±dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;ordkif;twGif;tjcm;aombmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;xufurBmtES H @±S dae&mrsm;od k @c&D;xGuf+yD;vlaygif;rsm;pGmESif hpum;ajymcJ hzl;onf hyk*~ dKvfwpfOD;jzpfonf?

*Wef



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uDvd krDwmrsm;aygif;vd kufv#if olwpfOD;wnf;oGm;cJ honf huDvd krDwmu yd kIrsm;aeygonf?

1978 ckESpfatmufwd kbmv 16 &ufae@Y *|efayg(vf)touf 58 ESpfom±S dao;onf htcsdefwGif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;tjzpfta±G;cs,fcHcJ h&onf? Tod k @ESif h*|efayg(vf) II onf ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;touf ti,fqH k;ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpf+yD; 15 &mpkESpfaemufyd kif;±S d yxrqH k;aomtDwvDEd kifiHom;r[kwfonf hykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;vnf;jzpfcJ honf? ol @ud k vltrsm;u=unfndKzG,faumif;+yD;

wnf+idrf&if husufr_±S d+yD; ol @ud k awG @zl;aomolrsm;u ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;ud ktodOm%f/ tvif;a&mifay;onf hyk*~ dKvf[k rSwf,l+yD; oloGm;onf hrnf honf hae&mwGifrqd k ol @ud k jynfolvlxku}udKufESpfouf=uonf?

rwfv 4 &uf 2004 ckESpfwGif*|efayg(vf)onfyD,yf(pf) (Pius ix)

ESif hpdef @yDwmwd k @rSvG JIoloufwrf; t±SnfqH k;ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpfcJ honf?

emZDacwfuausmif;om;b0ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;. i,femrnf&if;rSm cg±d kvf0d k @vm (Karol Wojtyla) jzpf+yD;arv 18 &uf 1920 ckESpfY 0g'd k0_ duf(pf)yd kvefEd kifiHwGifzGm;jrifcJ honf? oltouf±SpfESpft±G,fwGif rdcifaoqH k;oGm;cJ honf? oH k;ESpfaemufyd kif; ol.tpfud kwpf

a,mufu eDjref;tzsm;a&m*gESif haoqH k;oGm;onf? 0d k @vm.zcifrSm wyf=uyf}uD;wpfOD;jzpf+yD; 1941 ckESpfwGifuG,fvGefcJ honf? ol @touf 20 t±G,fwGifol.rdom;pk0ifoH k;a,mufud kqH k;±_ H;cJ h&onf?

cg±d kvf0d k @vmonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESif htpkvd kufaewwf+yD; puD;pD;jcif;/ ajcusifc&D;xGufjcif;/ awmifwufjcif;/ a&ul;jcif;ESif havSavSmfjcif;wk d @ud k }udKufESpf

oufonf? xd k @twl pmud ktywfwukwf}udK;pm;aom ausmif;om;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf? olonf bmompum;wGiftvGefxl;c|ef+yD; bmompum;



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11 rsdK;ud ku|rf;usifpGmajymEd kifonf?

emZDvufatmuf±S d yd kvefEd kifiHwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfaom cg±d kvftaeESif hbmoma&;ud k tvGefvd kufpm;aomoljzpfonf? olonf ±d krefuufovpfjzpf+yD; r,fawmfrm&Dud k wu,fyif=unfndKav;pm;+yD; ol.ud k,fyd kifaqmifyk'fu vufwifbmomjzif h ''Totus tuus'' jzpf+yD; vufwifjzif h“tm;vH k;oif htwGufjzpf+yD;t"dy` g,frSm ‘rm&D’ ” jzpfonf?

cg±d kvf0d k @vmonf yd kveford kif;wGif touf 38 ESpft±G,fwGiftoufti,fqH k;*d k%f;csKyfbkef;}uD; (bD;a±Sm h(y f)) jzpfvmonf? aemufud k;ESpfwGif toufti,fqH k;uufovpf*d k%f;csKyf}uD;jzpfvm+yD; bmomw&m;r±S daomEd kifiH}uD;twGif;±S dvlrsm;ud k bmoma&;vrf;!$efr_rsm;ay;cJ honf? 1978 ckESpfwGifvltrsm;tH h=oaponf htcsufwpfckrSm *d k%f;tkyfrsm;.aumvdyfausmif;rSol @tm; ±d krefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;ud kOD;aqmif&ef a±G;cs,fcJ honf?

ol.tjrifwpfcsdK@u *|efayg(vf)ud kawmfvSefa&;orm;[k xifjrif=uonf? olonfvl @tcGif hta&;tay:wGif rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfay;jcif;/ ppftpd k;&rsm;ud k a0zefqef @usifjcif;/ *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;ESif hjyefvnfoif hjrwfaygif;pnf;a&;/ tjcm;aom

bmomw&m;,H k=unfolrsm;ESif h pum;pjrnfajymqd kaqG;aEG;yG Jvkyfjcif;ESif hwurBmvH k;±S dc&pf,mefbmom0ifwd k @. nD!$wfa&;twGuf}udK;pm;cJ honf?

trsm;u ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;taeESif h rdrd.Zmwd&yfajryd kvefwGif pnf;vH k;nD!$wfr_v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;jyKcJ honf htwGuf Oa&my±S duGefjrLepfpepfud kulnDI yaysmufaponf[kajym=uonf? xd k @twl vlcsrf;omESif hqif;&J om;rsm;t

=um;±S donf h vpf[mr_wd k @ud kod±S djcif;/ t&if;±Sifpepfrsm;vGef;jcif;tay: a0zefjcif;ESif h taemufEd kifiHwd k @.±kyf0g'wd k @tay: a0zefjcif;wd k @jyKvkyfcJ honf?



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ol @ud k oGm;ykyfavv$if hajymolrsm;uol @ud kwd k;wufjyKjyifajymif;vJr_ud kqef @usif+yD; wu,f hacwfopfwGifjzpfay:aeaomt&mrsm;ud k qef @usif+yD; em&Dud k

aemufjyefqG Jol[kxif=uonf? wpfcsdK@u ol @ud k tpGef;a&mufa±S;±d k;t,l0g'±S d+yD; trsdK;orD;&[ef;cHjcif;/ oaE<wm;qD;jcif;ESif hud k,f0efzsufjcif;wd k @tm;wm;qD;r_tay: ol @ud ka0zef=uonf? olu vltrsm;.vlOD;a&rsm;vGef;jcif;[kqd kaomt,ltqud k '¾&D,H kwrf;pum;tjzpfrSwf,l+yD; uGef'H k;ud k AIDS

a&m*gumuG,fa&;twGufoH k;jcif;onf xd ka&m*grsm;jyef @yGm;a&;twGuftultnDay;onf[kqdkonf?

{+yDv 2002 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuufovpf*d k%f;csKyf 12 a,mufud k 2&ufwmtwltpnf;ta0;ac:,l+yD; tar&duwGifuufovpf&[ef;rsm;uuav;i,frsm;tay: vdifqufqHa&;vkyfjcif;ponf h ausmfraumif;=um;raumif;t±_yftaxG;rsm;ta=umif;ud k aqG;aEG;ajymqd k=uonf? ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;u olESif h0ifa&mufawG @qH kaom*d k%f;csKyf}uD;rsm;ud k &[ef;rsm;ESif hbmomw&m;u uav;rsm;tay:vdifqufqHr_vkyfjcif;onf “&mZ0wfr_”[krSwf,l+yD; bk&m;ocifrsufpdxJwGif “xdwfvef @zG,faumif;aomtjypf”[kqd konf?

vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;jcif;

ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;onf 1981 ckESpfwGif ay:wl*DEd kifiHr,fawmfrm&D.zmwDrmblbk&m;ausmif;od k @oGm;pOftwGif; ol @ud kaoewfESif hypfI vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;cJ haomfvnf; olu ,if;taeESif hvGwfajrmufEd kifjcif;rSm r,fawmfrm&D.ulnDaoma=umif h[k,lqonf? aemifwGifol @ud k}udK;pm;I owfrnf hwl&uDEd kifiHom;rmruftvDt*g (Mahmet Ali Aga) ud k axmifxJwGifoGm;awG @+yD; ol @ud kcGif hv$wfcJ honf?

xd k @twl zufwDrmbk&m;ausmif;od k @oGm;+yD; r,fawmfrm&Dud k ol @tm;ao



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ab;rSulnDcJ honf htwGuf aus;Zl;wif&efoGm;onf htcsdefwGif "g;ud kifxm;aom&[ef;wpfa,mufu ol @ud k"g;ESif hxd k;owfawmhrnf haemuf bmrSrvkyf

yJol @zmomol&yfqd kif;cJ honf?

vltrsm;. “ykyf&[ef;rif;” .b0aemufqHk;c&D;ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;.aemufqH k;b0wGif a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK;ud k cHpm;&onf? 1992ckESpfwGif ol.tlr}uD;twGif; jrif;zka&mifemud kcG JxkwfcJ h+yD; 1993 ckESpfwGifol.ausmukef;tqpfvG JcJ h+yD; 1993 ckESpfwGifaygif±d k;usOf;jcif;ESif h 1996 ckESpf

wGiftltwufud k cG Jxkwfvd kuf&onf?

xd k @twl *|efayg(vf)onf yguifceferfa=uma&m*g/ ±d k;qufa&mifem/ wifyg;qH k±d k;emusOfjcif;ESif h 1991 ckESpfwGifvkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;r_a=umif h emwm±Snfa&m*gponfwd k @ud kcHpm;cJ h&onf? 1992 ckESpfwGiftl±S d jrif;zkemud kcG JxkwfcJ h&+yD; 1992 ckESpfwGif rawmfwqacsmfvJcJ haoma=umif h wifyg;qH k±d k;rsm;cG JpdwfcJ h&onf?

Ta&m*grsm;=um;xJuyif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;onf urBmtES H @c&D;pOfud k qufvkyf&efqH k;jzwfcsufcs+yD; ord kif;0ifc&D;pOftjzpf usK;bm;Ed kifiH/ awmiftmz&du/ qD;&D;,m;/ ,lu&def;/ *&dEd kifiHod k @oGm;+yD; vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwk @dud k awG @qH k

E_wfqufcJ h+yD; vli,fvl±G,frsm;ud kvnf;awG @qH kcJ hygonf?

od k @aomf 2005 ckESpfazaz:0g&DvwGif *|efayg(vf) II rSm touf±SLjcif;tcuftcJwd k @a=umif h aq;±H kc%c%wufcJ h&onf? &ufowWaygif;rsm;pGm=um+yD;aemuf ol.av¹yGefud kcG Juk+yD;aemuf touf±SLyd kufud k ol @vnfacsmif;xJod k @xnf hoGif;ay;cJ honf?

azaz:0g&Dv 27 &uf 2005 ckESpfwGif we*FaEGae@r,fawmfrm&Dtm; 0wfjyK



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&efacgif;avmif;xd k;aumif;csD;ay;jcif;ud k ud k,fwd kifrvkyfEd kifbJ rdrd.vufaxmufud kvkyfcd kif;cJ h&onf? Tt}udrfonf ol.ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;ouf

wrf;wpfav#muf yxrqH k;t}udrfjzpfonf?

c&pfawmf±Sifoefxajrmufawmfrlaom ae@aumif;csD;r*Fvmay;yG JrS vG JItjcm;uufovpf*d k%f;csKyfwd k @ud k wm0efay;I ol @ud k,fpm;wm0efxrf;aqmifaponf? c&pfawmf±Sifoefxajrmufawmfrlaom we*FaEGae@wGif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;u rdrd.AmwDuefjyLwif;aygufrS rsufESmaz: jyvm+yD; pdef @yDwmpuG J

wGif&yfaeaomvlxk}uD;ud k aumif;csD;ay;cJ honf? olpum;ajym&ef}udK;pm;cJ haomfvnf; aemufqH k;wdwfqdwfpGmyif pdwfxJYaumif;csD;ay;cJ h&onf?

ykyf&[ef;rif;. usef;rma&;wpwpqd k;±Gm;vm+yD;aemufwGif olu aq;±H kod k @ac:oGm;rnfud krvd kawmhyJ AmwDuefeef;awmfwGifomae&ef qH k;jzwfcJ honf?{+yDvESpf&ufwGif *|efayg(vf) II uG,fvGefoGm;+yD; ol.toufrSm 84 ESpfjzpfonf?



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0ifpwefvD,d kewfpyifpmcsyfacs;(vf)onf Ed k0ifbmv 30 &uf 1974 ckESpfwGifbv,f[if (Blenhiem) eef;awmfatmufpzd k @±d _if;,m; (Oxfordshire)

wGifzG g;jrifonf? ol.zcif avmh('f)&efa'ghcyfacs;(vf)rSm xif±Sm;ausmf=um;aomEd kifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf? csyfacs;(vf)onfpif[wf (pf) Sandhust

ppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif atmifjrif+yD; ppfr_xrf;cJ honf? olonftaemufajrmufyd kif;tdEN d,ESif hpl'efEd kifiH¶S d ppfajrjyifrsm;Y wm0ef,lcJ h&onf? ppfxJwGif

tr_xrf;aepOftwGif; csyfacs;(vf)u ae@pOfppfa=u;eef;pmrsm;ud kzwf+yD;"TheStory of The Malakand Field Force (1898)" ESif h "The River War" ponf h

]]cHpm;rIuae vIH UaqmfrI eJ Utouf½SifvGwfajrmuf rI wd kUud k qG JxkwfEd kif&r,f/}}"We shall draw from the heart of suffering itself the means

of inspiration and survival."

]]ud k,f&wJ hpm;0wfaea&;twGuftoH k;jyKNyD; udk ,f ay;wJh t&meJ Utoufwm wpfckudk aqmufvkyfEdkifw,f/}}

"We make a living by what we get, but we make a lifeby what we give."

]]wdkUtaumif;qHk;vk yfaew,fvdkUajymwm bmrStoH k;rusygbl;/

vd ktyfaewJ h t&mudk vkyf wJh tcg atmifjrifrI ½S d&r,f/}}"It is no use saying, ‘we are doing our best. You have got to

succeed in doing what is necessary."

qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (1874-1965)

(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (Sir Winston

Churchill) onf rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfIzufqpf0g'ud k qef @usifaomEd kifiHacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; wurBmvH k;u'Drd kua&pDpepfwGif ,H k=unfr_±S dvmatmifESif h +AdwdefEd kifiHud k'kwd,urBmppftwGif;atmifjrifr_&±S datmifOD;aqmifEd kifcJ honf?

qm



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pmtkyfrsm;ud ka&;om;cJ honf?

1899 ckESpfwGif +AdwdefppfwyfrSE_wfxGufcJ h+yD; “armeif;zd k @pf Morning Post

owif;pmwGif ppfyG Jowif;axmuftjzpf wvvkyfcJ honf? awmiftmz&duwGif±S daom bd ktm (Boer) ppfyG JYowif;axmufaepOftwGif; bd ktm(Boers) rsm;uol @ud kzrf;qD;I axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJ h&onf? od k @aomfolvGwfajrmufvmonf htcsdefwGif acgif;}uD;yd kif;owif;rsm;ud k a&;om;cJ honf?t*Fvefod k @jyefa&mufonf htcsdefwGif ol.tawG @t}uHKrsm;ud k a&;om;I“London to Ladysmith” pmtkyftjzpf 1900 ckESpfwGifxkwfa0jzef @csDcJ honf?

1900 ckESpfwGifcsyfacs;(vf)u td k;[rf; (Oldham) ygvDrefwGif uGefqmaA;wpftzG J @0ifjzpfvm+yD; vlr_a&;jyefvnfwnfaxmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ud k axmufcHoljzpfvmonf? 1904 ckESpfwGif ol.ygwDt}uD;tuJrsm;vd kvm;aomtajymif;tvJud kem;rvnfed kifaoma=umif h csyfacs;(vf)uvpfb&,fygwDod k @ajymif;vJ&efjiif;ckefcJ honf? 1905 ckESpfa±G;aumufyG JwGif vpfb&,fygwDt

Ed kif&aomtcg csyfacs;(vf)ud k ud kvd keD±H k;YvufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfcef @tyfjcif;cH&onf?

1908 ckESpfwGif uufbdeuftwGif;od k @ukefoG,fa&;bkwftzG J @0if. OuUXtjzpf0ifa&mufcJ h+yD; 1910 ckESpfwGifjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;wpfa,muftjzpfolvkyfaqmifcJ honf ht&mrsm;rSm tusOf;axmif

rsm;wGif jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom tusOf;axmiftwGif;ynmay;a[majymyG Jrsm;ESif htusOf;om;rsm;twGuf *Dwya'omyG Jrsm;usif;yay;jcif; tygt0ifwd k @jzpfonf? xd k @jyif axmifxGuftusOf;om;rsm;ud k tultnDay;aomtzGJ@rsm;udkxlaxmifay;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl0uf(vf)(±S f) (Welsh) rd kif;wl;vkyfom;rsm;qENjyyG JwGif csyfacs;(vf)u ppfwyfoH k;cJ honf htay:olŒud k jyif;xefpGma0zefcJ h=uonf?

1911 ckESpfatmufwd kbmvwGif csyfacs;(vf)onf a&wyft}uD;tuJ (First



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Lord of the Admiralty) jzpfvmcJ h+yD; acwfrS Daoma&wyfjzpfvmatmifulnDay;cJ honf? csyfacs;(vf)onf 1912 ckESpfwGif a&wyfrawmf.av,mOfysH0ef

aqmifr_ (The Royal Naval Air Service) ud kwnfaxmifay;cJ honf? xd k @tjyif &±S dvmaomenf;pepfopfrsm;ud k aumif;rGefpGmtoH k;jyKEd kif&efava=umif;Xge (Air Department) ud kwnfaxmifcJ honf? csyfacs;(vf)u zG H @+zdK;wd k;wufr_rsm;wGif tvGefyifpdwfv_yf±Sm;wufºuGaoma=umif h av,mOfarmif;oifwef;ud kwufa&mufcJhonf?

1914 ckESpfyxrurBmppfjzpfay:cd sefwGif csyfacs;(vf)u ppfaumifpDwGif0ifa&mufyg0ifcJ honf? rnfod k @yifqd kapumrl 1915 ckESpf'g'efe,fw&m;a[m,ajymyG J (Dardanelles Campaign) ratmifjrifr_tay: tjypfwifjcif;cH& onf? xd k @aemuf “Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster” tjzpfae&majymif;ay;jcif;cH&onf? tpd k;&.ppfa&;rl0g'rsm;wGif yg0ifygwfouf&ef =oZm tm%mr±S dawmhonf haemuf olpdwfrcsrf;omawmhyJ aemufqH k;+Adwdo#

wyfrawmfxJwGif jyefvnftr_xrf;+yD; taemufyd kif;a±S ›wef;ae&mrsm;wGif±S daom “Royal Scots Fusiliers” wyf&if;ud kOD;aqmifcJ honf?

1917 ckESpfwGif tpd k;&tvkyfxJjyefvnf0ifa&muf+yD; vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf0ef}uD;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifonf? 1919 ckESpfrS 1921 ckESpftxdoluppfa&;ppf&mESif hava=umif;qd kif&mbufwGif wm0ef,l&aomtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfcJ h+yD; 1924–1929 ckESpftxd 0ef}uD; (Chancell of the Exchequer)

tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf?

xd kESpfrsm;aemufyd kif;q,fESpftwGif; ol @twGuf “uHqd k;rd k;arSmifusaomESpfrsm;” [kqd k&ayrnf? tdEN d,rsm;.rdrdud k,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfa&;tay: qef @usifa&;ESif h Abdication crisis–tcGif htm%mvufv$wfa&;ta&;awmfyH ktwGif;tuf'0yf(wf)tm;axmufcHtm;ay;r_wd k @a=umif h ol @ud kvltrsm;uvufr

cHawmhojzif h ol.emZD*smreDrsm;ay:ay:ufvmjcif;ESif h+AdwdeftaeESif h vufeuftopftqef;rsm;jyefvnfwyfqif&eft}uHay;jcif;wd k @ud k rnfolr#t



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a&;rvkyfawmhay? 1939 ckESpf'kwd,urBmppfjzpfay:onf htcsdeftwGif; csyfacs;vfonfa&wyf.t}uD;tuJ ( First Lord of the Admiralty) jzpfvm

onf? 1940 ckESpfarvwGif Neville Chamberlian u0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rSE_wfxGuf+yD;aemuf csyfacs;vfu ,if;.&mxl;ud kqufcHcJ honf? ol.emZD*smreDrsm;atmufwGif vufrajrmuft±_ H;ray;cJ hjcif;a=umif h wd kif;jynfrSol @ud k}udKufESpfouf=uonf? ppfyG JtwGif;umvrsm;Y ryifryef;bJ ol.wm0efrsm;ud k xrf;aqmifcJ h+yD; tar&dueforRw±kpbJ hESif hqufqHa&;rsm;aumif;rGef+yD; wpfcgwpf&HqufqHa&;cufcJaom qd kAD,uf,leD,Hjzif hyifqufqHa&;

aumif;rGefatmif aqmif±GufEd kifcJ honf?

1945 ckESpfppfyG Jt+yD; a±G;aumufyG Jrsm;wGif csyfacs;vfutm%mud kvufv$wfcH&aomfvnf; twd kuftcHygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf+yD;rdrd.ppfat;ppfyG J(Cold War) tay:pd k;&drfr_rsm;ESif h“Iron Curtain*”

[laompum;toH k;tE_ef;ud k wifpm;ausmf=um;vmatmifvkyf aqmifcJ h+yD;

Oa&myESif h "Trans–Atlantic" wdk @pnf;vH k;nDn$wfr_±S datmifvkyfaqmifEd kifcJ honf? 1951 ckESpfwGifolu0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfjyefvnfwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpfwGif E_wfxGufcJ haomfvnf; olraociftcsdefwd ktwGif;txd 0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf? 0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf)aoqH k;oGm;onf hwd kif ol.Ed kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;aqmif±Gufr_awGomrupmtkyfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmud kvJa&;om;cJ honf? xd k @a=umif h 1953 ckESpfwGifEd kb,f(vf)pm

ayqkud k&±S dcJ honf?

csyfacs;vfonf 1965 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 24 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefcJ h+yD; ol @ud kEd kifiHawmfu*k%fjyKo+*dKvfcJ honf?

* Iron Curtain “oHuef @vef @um” qd konf hpum;vH k;pm0gaqmEd kifiHrsm; (uGefjrLepfEd kifiH

–t"dutm;jzif htar&duESif htaemufOa&myEd kifiH) wd k @ud k cG Jjcm;xm;onf hpnf;rsOf;jzpf+yD; 1945 rS 1991 ckESpfppfat;ppfyG JukefqH k; onf htcsdefumvwGifjzpfonf?



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a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf qd kAD,ufpepfud kjyefvnf&Sifoefap&ef jyKvkyfrnfqd kaomfvnf; ‚if;pepfud kjzKwfcscJ hygonf? a*:bmacsmh(Af). taemufwd kif;Ed kifiHrsm;txl;ojzif htar&duefjynfaxmifpkESif h hjzpfyGm;aeaomwif;rmr_ajzav#mh

csifaomay:vpDonf 1940 ckESpfuwnf;uurBm}uD;ud k cG Jjcm;cJ haomppfat;yG J}uD;+yD;qH k;&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;aomxnf h0ifr_wpfckjzpfcJ honf?

]]uRef awmf r[kwf&if b,foljzpf rvJ/ aemuf NyD;tck rSr[k wfvd k U&Sd&if b,fawmhjzpfrvJ/}}

"If not me, who? And if not now, when?"

]]raeUuoiftrsm;BuD ;vkyf cJh NyD;NyDvd k Uxif ae&if 'DaeUoif trsm;BuD ;rvkyfEdkifawmh bl ;/}}

"If what you have done yesterday still looks big to you,you haven't done much today."

]]uRefawmf[muGefjrLepform;wpfa,muf? wu,fhuGefjrLepform;yg/ wjcm;ol awG twG uf awmh pd wf ul ;,Of p&mbJjzpf vdrf hr,f? 'gayr,fh uRef awmhf twG ufawmh w

u,f h&nf rS ef;csuf yef ;wd k if wpf ckyg/}}"I am a Communist, a convinced Communist! For some that

may be a fantasy. But to me it is my main goal."

rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) ( 1931- )

ac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) (Mikhail Gorbachev)onf 1931 ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;cJ h+yD; 1985 ckESpfrS

1991 ckESpftxd qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH(USSR) .acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJ hygonf? qd kAD,ufESif hta&S @yd kif;Oa&myEd kifiHrsm;.uGefjrLepf0g'ud k jzKwfcs+yD; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'ud kwnfaqmuf&eftaumiftxnfazmfcJ honfhaemufqHk;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfcJ hygonf?

rD



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a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf armfpudkwuUod kvfY Oya'qdkif&mbmom&yftm;wufa&mufoif=um;jcif;rjyKcif aumuf&dwfodrf;r_qd kif&mwm0efcHtjzpf

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hygonf? ausmif;om;b0wGifyif uGefjrLepfygwD(CPSU)wGiftzG J @0iftjzpf yl;aygif;yg0ifcJ h+yD; Raisa Titorenko ESif hvufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJ hygonf?

a*:bmacsmh(Af)wuUod kvfausmif;qif;+yD;aemuf uGrfqd krd kuGefjrLepfvli,frsm;tzG J ‹ (Komsomol Communist Youth Organizaion) wGif tcsdefjynf h0ef

xrf;wpfOD;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hygonf? 1995 ckESpfwGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf uGrfqd krd ke,fedrdwfqd kif&maumfrwD.twGif;a&;rSL;wpftjzpfcef @tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? a*:bmacsmh(Af)onfvkyfief;zG H @+zdK;wd k;wufr_rsm;pGmjyKvkyfcJ honf htay: 1960 ckESpfYpwm&d kyd kvfwGif uGrfqd krd k.xdyfwef;t&m&S dwpfOD;jzpfvmcJ honf? aemufESpftwGif;wGifa*:bmacsmh(Af)onf armfpud k&S d 22 }udrfajrmufuGefjrLepfygwDnDvmcHod k @ uGrfqd krd k.ud k,fpm;vS,ftjzpfapv$wfjcif;

cH&ygonf?

a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf pwm&d kyd kwGif pd kufysdK;a&;qd kif&mynmud k (1964-67ckESpftxd) aemufxyfavhvmoif,l+yD; 1970 ckESpfwGif pwm&d kyd ke,fedrdwfqd kif&mwGif twGif;a&;rSL;wpftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&cJ hygonf? rdrd.vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf jynfe,fvH k+cHKa&;qd kif&maumfrwD (KGB) .

OuUXjzpfaom,l&DtJef'&d kyd ktm; oabmusapcJ hygonf? xd ka=umif h tJef'&d kyd konf rdrd.tm%mud ktoH k;csum a*:bmacsmhtm;&mxl;wd k;¹r‡if hvd kufygonf?

1971 ckESpfwGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf uGefjrLepfygwD.A[d kaumfrwDtzG J @0ifwpfOD;jzpfvmcJ honf? aemufyd kif;wGif pd kufysdK;a&;qd kif&mtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf

wm0ef&S daoma=umif h armfpud kod k @ajymif;a&$ @oGm;ygonf? 1980 ckESpfY yd kvpfbl&d kwGif toufti,fqH k;aomtzG J @0ifwpfOD;jzpfvm+yD; av;ESpftwGif;wGif



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qdkAD,ufvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk±kyfodrf;a=umif; 1989 ckESpfwGifa=ujimvd kufygonf? ,if;a=ujimjyD;wESpfwGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)rS +idrf;csrf;a&;Ed k

b,f(vf)qkud k&&S dcJ honf?

ta&S ›Oa&myEd kifiHrsm;wGif uGefjrLepftpd k;&rsm;ud k qef @usifonf hqENjyyG Jrsm;wGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)onfqd kAD,uf.wif hum;rsm;tm; apv$wfryd k @ay;cJ honfud kowdjyK=unf hyg? Tod k @jyKvkyfjyD; r=umcifaom vyd kif;twGif;yd kvefEd kifiH/ [efa*&D/ bla*;&D;,m;/ &lar;eD;,m;ESif hta&S @*smreDEd kifiHrsm;wGif uGefjrL

epf0g'rsm;ud kyxkwfEd kifcJ honf?

(a&S;t,l0g'tkyfcsKyfr_)uGefqmaA;wpftm%myd kifrsm; tm%mwGif±S daeaomtcsdefwGif a*:bmacsmh h(Af)rS qd kAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD; 'Drd ku&ufwpfEd kifiHjzpfvm&ef}udK;pm;r_wd krSm atmifjrifr_r&cJ hay? 1991 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGifa*:bmacsmh(Af)onf uGefjrLepfygwDtrmcHrsm;rS tm%modrf;&ef =udK;pm;cJ honfud ka&Smif&Sm;Ed kifcJ honf? Tod k @jyKvkyfjcif;tm; wH kŒjyefonf htaejzif ha*: bmacsmh(Af)onfA[kdaumfrwDtm;zsufodrf;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfapqd kAD,ufEd kifiHjydKvJonf haemufyd kif; 1995 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 25 &ufae@wGifa*:bmacsmh(Af)&mxl;rSE_wfxGufoGm;cJ hygonf?



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uk drDeDonf bmoma&;qd kif&mynmwwfqm,pfarmhpwd kzm (Sayyid Most-

-afa) .om;jzpf+yD;,if;.touf 6 vt±G,fwGif ,if;.zcifuG,fvGefoGm;cJ honf? uk drDeD.touf 15 ESpft±G,fwGif ,if;.rdcifESif hta':aoqH k;

oGm;onf htwGuf tpfud k}uD;ujyKpkapmif ha±SmufcJ honf? uk drDeDonftpfud k}uD;ESif htwl cd k&efusrf;ud k tvGwfusufrSwf+yD; ±S D,mtpPvmrf (Shia Islam)

]]tD&ef rSmjzpfay:vmwJ hawmfvS ef a&;rS mvl awG utpö vmrf udk vd kcsifw,f vdk Ua<u;aMumf Muw,f/ 'D vlawG[m'D rdk ua&pD&zdkUxNyD;a<u;aMumfawmfvSefMuwmr[kwfbl ;/}}

“In the revolution that was achieved in Iran, people were screamingthat they wanted Islam; these people did not rise upso their country could have democracy”

]]uREk f yf wd kUud k qef Uusif wJ h vl awG [muif qmtBud wf eJ Uwl w,f/ol wd k Uud k cG J pdwf jzwf xk wf zdk Uvdkw,f/ 'D vd krSrvkyf&ifolwdk U[mtm;vH k;udkt*wd vdkufpm;rI awG vkyfrS mjzpf w,f/}}

“Those who are against us are like cancer tumors that need to beremoved surgically; otherwise they will corrupt everything”

]]rd cif wpfa,mufuom;ud kudk,fwdk ifw&m;½Hk;od kUydk UNyD ;aemufol r&Jhom;[m Bud K;rd efUay;cH&cJ hw,f/ 'D rd cifud k vl awG twk ,loifh w,f/

“People have to learn from the mother who brought her ownson to court and then her son was hanged”

t,mwdkvmukdrDeD (1902–1989)

,mwd kvmuk drDeD (Ayatollah Khomeini) .emrnft&if;rSmqm,rf±l[dkvm-tmvf-rl

qm0D-tmvf-uk drDeD (Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-

Khomeini) jzpfonf? olonfbmoma&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; Ed kifiH.jyifyrSaeIvlxk}uD;ud k OD;aqmif+yD;tD&efrS rd k[mruf&Dpm±Smygv0D (Muhammad Reza

Shah Pahlavi) (±Sm) ud k+ydKvJatmif 1979 wGifwGef;vSefEd kifcJ honf?

t



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.tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;ud kavhvmcJ honf?

rsm;r=umrS Duk drDeDonf (t&yf Arak) +rdK@od k @oGm;+yD; tpPvmrfrpfOya'ud kavhvmoif,lcJ honf? 1920 ckESpftapmyd kif;wGif ol.q&muuGrf (Qum) +rdK@od k @ajymif;a±$ @cJ honf htwGuf uk drDeDvJol @q&maemufod k @ vd kufygvmcJ honf?uk drDeDu “t,mwd kvm–Ayatollah” bG J @trnfud k&±S dcJ honf? t,mwd kvmbG J @onf awmfaom±S D,mausmif;om;rsm;ud kay;aombG J @jzpf+yD; t"dy` g,frSm“bk&m;ocifuay;aomvufaqmif” [lIyif? uk drDeDueufeJaomt,l0g

'rsm;ud kvufcH+yD; ,if;wd k @rSmavmupnf;pdrfOpPmrsm;ud k ypfy,f+yD; bk&m;.eufeJaom v#dK@0Sufqef;=u,fr_rsm;ud k pl;prf;±SmazGoH k;oyfjcif;yifjzpfonf?uk drDeD.t,l0g'wGif Oya'/ ,kwW daA' (usdK;a=umif;qufpyfI,H k=unfaponf htodynm) ESifh'\edutawG;tac:rsm;yg0ifaoma=umifh ol.aemufvd kufrsm;pGm±S dcJ honf?

tjcm;aomtD&efEd kifiHom;rsm;uJ hod k @ uk drDeDonf tD&efEd kifiHtwGif;Y tjcm;Ed kifiHrsm;.0ifa&mufpd k;rd k;cs,fvS,fr_tay: vH k;0rvd kvm;acs? Ed kifiHjcm;tpd k;&rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzif hacwfrS Daomfvnf; tpPvmrfrpf.±d k;&mud kqef @usifaomEd kifiHa&;t,l0g'rsm;ud kaxmufcHtm;ay;onf? yxrOD;qH k;acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufrSm&Dqm±Smygv0Djzpf+yD; 1921 ckESpftwGif; ±k±Sm;tpd k;&.

axmufcHulnDr_jzif h tD&efyxrOD;qH k;zG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktpd k;&ud k z,fxkwfypfEd kifcJhonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;udk=unf h+yD; trsufa'goxGufaomfjim;vnf;uk drDeDu 1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; Ed kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wGifyg0ifywfoufcJ hjcif;r±S day? oluEd kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;.acgif;aqmifrSm bmoma&;vkyfaqmifaomvlrsm;.vufxJwGif ±S d&rnf[k,H k=unfonf? xd k ‹a=umif holu tjcm;bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf h t,mwd kvm[,f&D.

tqH k;tjzwfjzpfonf h &Dqm±Sm. tD&efEd kifiHtay:ajymif;vJr_ud kvd kufem& rnfud kvufcHcJ h&onf? 1941 ckESpfwGif ud krDeDu ygvm0Dtpd k;&tm;toH k;r



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usaomtpd k;&[ka=ujim+yD; trdef @tm;vH k;ud k tm%m±SiftkyfcsKyfr_tpd k;&uay;+yD; bmrSwefzd k;r±S dbl;[kqd kcJ h.? 1941 ckESpfwGif ygvg0D.ae&mud k ol.

om;rd k[mruf&Dqm±Smygvm0Du +Adwdef/ jyifopfESif htar&duefwd k @.tultnDjzif h&±S dcJ honf? 12 ESpfaemuf+yD;wGif tar&duefaxmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpD(CIA) u Shah wd k @.r[mrdwfud k ,if;wd k @.&efoljzpfaom0ef}uD;csKyfrd k[mrufrd kpm'uf (Mohammad Mosaddeq) ud k y,fcs&mwGifulnDcJ honf? =oZmwufodrf;aomtzG J @u ud krifeDud k Shah tay:a0zefr_rsm;jyKonf h twGufzdtm;yd kIay;cJ honf?

1960 ckESpfOD;yd kif;wGif ±Smwd k @utjzLa&mifawmfvSef;a&;ud kpwifcJ h+yD;taemufwd kif;t,l0g'rsm;jzpfaom trsdK;orD;rsm;tcGif hta&;/ wef;wlnDr#&±S da&;ESif hbmoma&;ud ktajcrcHaomynma&;rsm;ponfwd k @ud kxnf hoGif;ay;cJ honf?ud krDeDu uGrf±S dzufZDusrf;pmoifausmif; (Faziye Seminary) wGifynmoif=um;aepOfrSmyif a'go}uD;pGmjzifh±Smwdk @.ay:vpDudk wd kufcd kufxd k;ESufcJhonf? xd k @a=umif h ±Smwd k @uol @ud k 1963 ckESpfwGifaxmifcscJ h+yD; 1964 ckESpfwGiftD&efEd kifiHrSxGufoGm;&ef jynfESif'g%fay;cJ honf? ud krDeDtD&wfEd kifiH (Iraq)

ajrmufyd kif;wGif±S daom ±S D,mwd k @.oef @±Sif;aom+rdK@jzpfonf hem*swf (Najaf)

wGiftajccsaexd kifonf? xk dae&mYyif ud krDeDuol.t,l0g'rsm;ud kausmif;om;aygif; 12/000 ausmfxHod kŒjzef @a0cJ honf? em*swf (Najaf) +rdK@rSaeIyJ

&pf+rdK@od k @ 1978 ckESpfaemufyd kif;wGif ajymif;a±$ @aexd kifcJ honf? ud krDeDu tD&efEd kifiHom;rsm;ud k±SmESif h,if;wd k @.tar&duefr[mrdwfrsm;ud k +zdKcG Jypf&efESif h,if;utar&duefwd k @ud k “u|Ef kyfwd k @&J hOD;aESmufrsm;ud k'jrwd kuf,lol” [kac:qd konf? aemufqH k;±Smwd k @u tm%mrSwd kufjzKwf+yD; 1979 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGifwd kif;jynfrSESifxkwfvd kufjcif;ud k cH&onf htcsdefwGif ud krDeDutD&efod k @jyefvmcJ honf? 'DZifbmvwGif zG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'opfwpfckud k csrSwfcJ h+yD;

tD&efEd kifiHud k tpPvmrfjynfol @orRwEd kifiH[ka=umfjimcJ h+yD; ,if;ud ktDref (rd k[mrufae&mud kqufcHrnf hol) [ktrnfay;cJ h+yD; b0toufwmtwGufOD;



-83-


aqmifay;rnf hacgif;aqmiftjzpf rSwf,ljcif;cH&onf?

ud krDeDatmifjrif+yD;aemufwpfESpfwGif tD&wfrStD&efud kwd kufcd kufcJ h+yD; ±SpfESpf=umyËdyuQpwifcJ honf? ppfa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;rsm;jym;vm+yD;aemufqH k;wGifud krDeDrSol.pum;twd kif; “tqdyf&nfwpfcGufaomufjcif;”[kajym+yD;ukvor*~.=um;0iftypftcwf&yfpJa&;vkyfief;ud kvufcHcJ honf?

1989 ckESpfZGefvwGif ud krDeDaoqH k;oGm;onf htcg tD&efEd kifiHom;aygif;rsm;pGm

u ud krDeDtwGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuG JcJ h&onf? oluG,fvGefoGm;onf htcsdefwGiftD&ef.pD;yG g;a&;rSm tvGeftiftm;enf;cJ haomfvnf; tpPvmrfEd kifiHud krlaumif;rGefpGmxlaxmifEd kifcJ honf?



-84-


1954 ckESpfwGif jyifopfwd k ‹ud k ES drfESif;wd kufxkwfEd kifcJ honf? ,if;onf AD,uf

erfppfyG JY ajrmufyd kif;AD,uferfud k rdrdtoufqH k;oGm;onftxdOD;pD;cJ h+yD;/ 6

ESpfaemufyd kif;wGif ajrmufAD,uferfyd kif;rSatmifyG J&±S S daoma=umif h ppfyG J+yD;qH k;

oGm;cJ honf? xd k ‹aemuf AD,uferfvlrsdK;rsm; aygif;pnf;nD!$wfr_pwif&±S dvm

cJ honf? ,cifu AD,uferfawmifyd kif;.òrd ‹awmfjzpfaompd kifuGef (Saigon)+rdK@awmfud k[d kcsDrif;tm;*k%fðyaomtm;jzif h[d kcsDrif;+rdK@awmf[k trnfajymif;vJ

]]rkefwdk if;aMumif hxif½S L;yifrsm;ES ifhqdk ufy&uf(pf)xif;½SL;yif rsm;urd rdwdk Utm;omcsuf

rsm;ESif hwnfNid rfrIrsm;ud kazmfjyEdkif&efaumif;aomtcGif hta&;wpfckjzpfaMumif ;owd&yg/}}

"Remember, the storm is a good opportunity for the pine and thecypress to show their strength and their stability."

]]uRef awmf h&J h wm0ef [m yJ h udk ifol wpfa,muf vd k bJ-zcif Ed k if iHBuD ;jzpf wJh -avS wpf pif ;&J h yJ hudk if ud kab;uif ;pG mxd ef ;xm;NyD ;? rk ef wd kif;rsm;tMum;uaevl xkawG ud kaysmf½T if rI

urf ;pyfod k Ua&muf&S d Ed k if atmif yd k Uaqmif zd k Uwm0ef ½S d ygw,f/}}"My duty is like that of a helmsman who must steer safely the

boat-the Fatherland-through storms and take people tothe shores of happiness."

[dkcsDrif; (1890-1969)

csDrif; (Hochi Minh) onf AD,uferfawmf

vSefa&;Ed kifiHacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; aemif

wGif (AD,uferfajrmufyd kif;) DemocraticRepublic of Vietnam .OuUXESif h0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmol

wpfOD;jzpfygonf? [d konf 1941 ckESpfrSpIAD,ufrdef

vGwfvyfa&; twGufv_yf&Sm;cJ holjzpf+yD;/ 1945 ckESpfwGif

Democratic Republic of Vietnam ud kuGefjrLepftkyfcsKyf

a&;pepfud kjzif htkyfcsKyfEd kifcJ honf?

[d k



-85-


vd kufygonf?

[d kcsDrif;onf AD,uferfY 1890 ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;cJ hygonf? ol.zcif!d k,Jefpdef[l (Nguyen Sinh Huy) onfjyifopfwd k @rS ausmif;q&mwpfOD;tjzpft

vkyfcef @tyfjcif;cH&onf? olonftvGef^m%faumif;ol[k *k%fowif;

ausmfaZmaomfvnf; jyifopfbmompum;ud koif,l&ef jiif;y,fcJ haom

a=umif htvkyfjyKwfcJ hygonf? xd k @a=umif h touf±Sifaexd kifa&;twGuf AD

,uferfwjynfvH k;od k @ c&D;vSnf hvnf&+yD; v,form;rsm;twGuf 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&if; toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKcJ honf? xd k0efaqmifr_

vkyfief;rsm;rSm aq;bufqd kif&m ukor_ay;jcif;ESif hpma&;jcif;tvkyfrsm;yg0if

ygonf?

trsdK;om;a&;0g'DwpfOD;taejzif h !d k,Jefonf rdrdom;orD;rsm;ud k jyifopf.

tkyfcsKyfa&;ud k qef @usifawmfvSef&ef oifay;cJ hygonf? xd k ‹a=umif hom;orD;

rsm;}uD;jyif;vmaomtcg trsdK;om;0g'Dud kqkyfud kifxm;+yD; AD,uferfvlrsdK;

rsm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wd kufyG J0if&efqEN&S d=uonfrSmrxl;qef;ay?

[d kcsDrif;.tpfronf jyifopfppfwyfYtvkyf&cJ honf? olronf rdrd&¶S daom

&mxl;ud ktoH k;ðyI jyifopfwyfrS ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;ud kcd k;,lcJ honf? ol.&nf±G,fcsufrSm wae‹wGif xd kvufeufrsm;ud ktoH k;ðyI jyifopfrsm;ud kAD

,uferfrSwd kufxkwf&efjzpfygonf? od k @aomf olrtm;zrf;rdoGm;ojzif h w

oufwu|ef;axmifcscH&cJ havonf?

!d k,Jefonf rdrdud k,fwd kifjyifopfbmompum;oif,l&ef jiif;qefcJ haomfvnf;[d ktm; jyifopfausmif;od k ‹ynmoif=um;&efyd k @aqmifcJ honf? Tonf



-86-


rSmjyifopfwd k @tm;wd kufxkwf&mwGif aumif;aomjyifqifr_yifjzpfonf[k rdrd

xifjrifaoma=umif hjzpfygonf?

[d kcsDrif;ausmif;+yD;onf haemufyd kif; wc%ausmif;q&mtvkyf0ifvkyfcJ hyg

onf? xd k @aemuf oabFmom;vkyf&ef qH k;jzwfvd kufygonf? Tod k @jzif hwd kif;

jynftES H @tjym;od k @c&D;vSnf hvnfcGif h&cJ honf? jyifopftifyg,mEd kifiHrsm;pGm

od k @vnf; rdrda&muf&S dcJ honf? Tod k @c&D;vSnf hvnfjcif;jzif h rw&m;ojzif haoG;

pkyfcH&olonf AD,uferfvlrsdK;wpfckwnf;omr[kwfa=umif; olavhvmod&S d

cJ h&ygonf?

1917 ckESpfwGif [d konfyJ&pfwGif tajccsaexd kifcJ hygonf? um;vfrwf (Karl

Marx) a&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;ESif htjcm;vuf0J0g'Dpma&;q&mrsm;a&;

om;aom pmtkyfrsm;ud kzwf¶SK+yD; aemufyd kif;uGefjrLepf0g'Dwpfa,mufjzpfvm

onf? 1920 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif jyifopfuGefjrLepfygwDud k pwifzG J @pnf;vd kuf

onf? [d konf ,if;ygwDjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pwifwnfaxmifcJ haomtzG J @0ifwpfOD;jzpfcJ honf?

[d konf tjcm;aomjyifopfuGefjrLepfygrsm;uJ hod k @yif ±k±Sm;awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;ud koabmuscJ honf? 1924 ckESpfwGif qd kAD,ufjynfaxmifpkod k @ [d k

tvnftywfa&mufcJ honf? armfpud kY a&muf&S daepOf rdrd.oli,fcsif;xH

od k @ uGefjrLepform;rsm;tm;vH k;wGif rdrdwd kif;jynfod k ‹jyefoGm;&ef wm0ef¶S d+yD;

“vlxkpnf;a0;yG Jrsm;jyKvkyf&ef/ pnf;&H k;&efESif hoifwef;rsm;ay;&ef/ xd k @aemuf

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wd kufcd kuf&mwGif OD;aqmifr_jyKjcif;” wd k ‹ud kvkyf&rnf[k

a&;om;cJhygonf?

rnfod k @yifjzpfap [d k AD,uferfod k @jyefoGm;cJ hv#if jyifopftm%myd kifrsm;.zrf;qD;r_tE W&m,frS uif;v$wfrnfr[kwfa=umif; rdrdud k,frdrdowdjyKrdygonf?



-87-


xd k @a=umif h w&kwfEd kifiHAD,uferfe,fpyfod k @oGm;a&mufaexd kif&ef qH k;jzwf

vd kufygonf? xd kae&mwGif wd kif;wyg;a&muftrsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;tm; “AD

,uferfawmfvSefa&;tzG J @tpnf;” xJod k @0ifa&muf&efpnf;&H k;a&;vkyfavonf?

1940 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif *syefppfom;rsm;tif'd kcsdKif;em;ud k usL;ausmf

wd kufcd kufcJ hygonf? *smreDwd k @rS yJ&pfud kodrf;yd kufcJ honf htwGuf jyifopfppf

om;rsm;rSwd kufyG JqifE$ J&ef tusdK;r±S dawmha=umif;odI *syefrsm;xHvufeufcsvd kufygonf? Ttjzpfud k awG @jrif&onf h [d kcsDrif;ESif hol.aemufvd kuf

om;rsm;onf Ed kifiHjcm;om;wd k @.tkyfcsKyfr_rSvGwfajrmuf&ef vkyfaqmif&rnf h

tcGif htcga&mufvm+yD[kxifjrifaoma=umif h AD,ufrdef [kac:aomtzG J @

tpnf;wpfckzG J @pnf; wnfaxmifvd kufonf? ppfAd kvfcsKyf Vo Nguyen Giap

.acgif;aqmifr_jzif h AD,ufrdefonf ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;pepfjzif h *syefrsm;

tm;wd kufcd kufqef @usifcJ honf?

AD,ufrdefonf qd kAD,ufjynfaxmifpkxHrS ppfvufeufrsm;ESif hcJ,rf;rD;

ausmufrsm;ud k vufcH&&S donfomru ykvJqdyfurf;YAH k;}uJ+yD;onf haemuf

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkxHrS axmufyH hr_rsm;&&S dcJ hygonf? xd ktcsdefumvwGif

ppfbufqd kif&my&d,m,fud kavhvmod±S dcJ honf?

1945 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif [D¶d k¶S D;rm;ESif heg*gpmuDYAH k;}uJr_jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf *syef

rsm;rSrdrdwd k ‹.r[mrdwfrsm;xH vufeufcsonf htcg AD,ufrdefwd k ‹twGuf

rdrd. wd kif;jynfud k tkyfcsKyfEd kifonf htajctaeaumif;wpfck&±S dvmonf?

1945 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif [d kcsDrif;onf AD,uferf'Drd ku&ufwpforRw



-88-


Ed kifiHzG J @pnf;vd kufa=umif; a=ujimvd kufygonf? AD,uferfppfyG Jt+yD;wGif AD

,uferfwGif jzpfvmrnh ftajctaersm;ud k xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;yG JwGif z&ef

uvif;'D&kpbJ h/ 0ifpwefcsyfacs;ESif h*sdK;Zufpwmvifwd k @rSqH k;jzwf+yD;jzpfa=umif;AD,ufrdefrSrod&S dcJ hay? 4if;wd k @. oabmwlnDcsufrSm AD,uferfud kESpfyd kif;cG J+yD;

ajrmufyd kif;ud k w±kwfwd k @rStkyfcsKyfrnfjzpf+yD;/ awmifyd kif;ud krl +Adwdo#wd k @rStkyf

csKyfrnfjzpfa=umif;AD,uferfud kESpfyd kif;cG Jvd kufonf?

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;onf haemuf jyifopfonfAD,uferfud k jyefvnftkyfcsKyf&ef}udK;pm;avonf? [d kcsDrif;rS a=ujimvd kufonf hAD,uferf'Drd k&ufwpforRw

Ed kifiHud kjyifopfwd k @rStodtrSwfrjyKaoma=umif h AD,uferfESif hjyifopfppfom;

rsm;t=um;wd kufcd kufr_jzpfyGm;avonf? tapmyd kif;wGif ppfy&d,m,fynm

u|rf;usifaomjyifopfwd k @tm;wd kufcd kuf&mwGif Ad kvfcsKyf}uD; Vo Nguyen

Giap rStcuftcJrsm;&ifqd kifcJ h&onf? od k @aomf 1940 ckESpfarmfpDwH k; (Mao

Zedong) ESif hrdrd.uGefjrLepfwyfom;rsm; w&kwfEd kifiH¶S d csefau±S dwf (Chaing

Kai Shek) ud kES drfESif;cJ honf h 1949 ckESpfaemufyd kif;wGif tajctaeyd krd kaumif;

rGefvmonf? xd ktcgrSyif AD,ufrdefY'%f&m&olrsm;ESif h rdrd.ppfom;rsm;vH k

+cHKonf hwyfpcef;jyKvkyfvmEd kifayonf?

1953 ckESpfwGif AD,ufrdefonf AD,uferfajrmufyd kif;±S dae&mrsm;pGmud kxdef;csKyf vmEd kifonf? od k @aomf AD,uferfawmifyd kif;rSmrljyifopfwd k @rS tcd kif

trmcsKyfud kifxm;+yD; Bo Dai [kac:aom AD,uferf{u&mZfbk&ifud kjynf

e,f. ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpfwnfaxmifvd kufonf?

jyifopfwd k @onf ppfyG JwGif tcsdef=umyg0ifwd kufcd kuf&OD;rnf[k ¶Sif;vif;pGmod& aomtcg jyifopftpd k;&onf AD,ufrdefESif haphpyfaqG;aEG;yG JjyKvkyf&ef óud;pm;cJ h



-90-


om;rsm;tm;vH k;ud kpkpnf;vd kufonf? Tod k @jzif h ppfyG Jpwif&ef tqifoif hjzpf

avonf? Dien Bien Phu ud k0ef;&Hrnf h Giap .ppfwyfOD;a& 7 aomif;r#&S d+yD;

jyifopfppfom;rsm;xuf tqaygif; 5 qyd krsm;onf?

1954 ckESpfrwfv 13 &ufwGif Vo Nguyen Giap ud kxd k;ppfqifavonf?

AD,ufrdefrSjyifopfwd k @ud k w[kefxd k;wd kufcd kufr_ud k 56 &ufr#ckcHwd kufcd kuf,if;

jyifopfwd k ‹.vufxJwGif Dien Bien Phu e,ftenf;i,f[musefcJ honf?

tajrmufwyfrS Ad kvfrSL;}uD;Piroth

onfrdrdtoH k;jyKcJ haom wd kufcd kufr_enf;y&d,m,ftay:tjypfwifvsuf rdrd.wyfom;rsm;tm; “usKyftvGefoduQm

usw,f” [kqd kavonf? xd k @aemufvufypfAH k;jzif h olŒud k,fud k tqH k;pD&if

vd kufonf?

jyifopfwd k @onf arv 7 &ufae@wGif vufeufcsvd kufavonf? jyifopf

bufrSaoa=uxdcd kufol 7 axmifr#¶S d+yD; ppfom;wpfaomif;wpfaxmifcef @

rSmaxmifcscH&onf? aemufwae@wGif AD,uferfrS rdrdwd k @qkwfcGmoGm;awmh

rnf[kjyifopftpd k;&rSa=ujimvd kufygonf? aemufwvt=umwGiftar&d

uefjynfaxmifpk/ qd kAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ +AdwdefESif hjyifopfEd kifiHwd k @rSEd kifiHjcm;

a&;0ef}uD;toD;oD;rsm;onf ud k;&D;,m;ESif hAD,uferfwd k @.yËdyuQrsm;ud k rdrd

wd k @taejzif h +idrf;csrf;aomjy\emajz&Sif;r_enf;vrf;rsm;ud k awG @¶S dv#ifawG @¶S daumif;aqG;aEG;&ef *seDAmwGif awG @qH kaqG;aEG;=uonf?

aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmjyKvkyf+yD;onf haemuf atmufygoabm

wlnDcsufrsm;&¶S dvmonf?

(1) AD,uferfud k 17 'D*&Dajrmufyd kif;rsOf;+ydKift=um; yd kif;jcm;xm;rnf?(2) AD,uferfajrmufyd kif;ud k [d kcsDrif;tm;tkyfcsKyfaprnf?



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(3) AD,uferfawmifyd kif;ud k Ngo Dinh Diem tm;tkyfcsKyfaprnf?

(4) jyifopfppfom;rsm; AD,uferfrSxGufcGmoGm;&rnf?

(5) AD,ufrdefonf awmifAD,uferfrS xGufcGmoGm;&rnf?(6) AD,uferfvlrsdK;rsm;onf rdrdwd k @ESpfouf&m AD,uferfawmifyd kif;wGif

aomfvnf;aumif;/ ajrmufyd kif;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;aexd kif&ef

vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fyd kifcGif h&S donf?

(7) AD,uferfwcGifvH k;rS taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jud k 1956 ckESpf Zlvd kifvr

wd kifrS DwGif tjynfjynfqd kif&maumfr&Sif .}uD;=uyfuGyfuJr_atmufwGifusif;y&rnf?

4if;tcsufrsm;tay: &Sif;vif;pGmoabmwlnDr_&+yD;aemuf Ngo Dinh Diem

onfAD,uferfjynfaxmifpktwGuf a&G;aumufyG JjyKvkyf&efrvd kvm;ay? t

b,fa=umif hqd kaomf rdrdwd k @.Ed kifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufrsm;yg0if&ef tjcm;aom

enf;vrf;rsm;jzif h a&G;aumufyG JjyKvkyf&efpOf;pm;vmonf? Tod k @jzif h a&G;

aumufyG Jrsm;rjzpfajrmufcJ honf htwGuf vlaygif;rsm;pGm AD,uferfawmxJ

wGifawmcd k+yD; vufeufudkiftzG J @rsm;ydkrd krsm;jym;vma=umif;awG @&onf?

1959 ckESpfwGif Diem tpd k;&t&m¶S daygif; 1˜200 cef @owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf?

Tr[menf;AsL[mud k [d kcsDrif;tpuwnf;uyifqef @usifcJ honf? AD,uferfawmifyd kif;&S d vufeufud kifwyfzG J @rsm;onf Diem tpd k;&tay:t=urf;

zuf wd kufcd kufrnf htpm; rdrdwd k @.tzG J @tpnf;vd ktyfcsufaxmufyH ha&;rsm;ud k

ompOf;pm;vkyfaqmifoif ha=umif;jiif;ckefcJ hygonf?

aemufqH k;wGif[d kcsDrif;onf ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;wyfud k tultnDay;&efoabmwlnDvd kufonf? vufeufud kiftzG J @i,fuav;rsm;ud k aygif;pnf;I



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tiftm;}uD;rm;aom ckcHwGef;vSefonf htzG J @jzpfvm&ef tm;ay;wd kufwGef;cJ h

onf? ,if;wdk@oabmwlnDaoma=umifh 1960 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif

National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) ud kzG J @pnf;vd kufonf? tar&duefrsm;ac:ae=ujzpfaom NLF ac: Vietcong onfuG Jjym;

aom Ed kifiHa&;ESif hbmoma&;aygif;rsm;pGmrS jzpfay:vmcJ honf? NLF acgif;

aqmifjzpfaom Saigon a&S @ae Hua Tho onf qd k¶S,fvpfoabmw&m;a&;

rl0g'¶S dolr[kwfcJ haomfvnf; Tvkyf¶Sm;r_wGifyg0ifolaygif;rsm;pGmwd k @onf

uGefjrLepf0g'ud k axmufcHtm;ay;=uaomolrsm;jzpfonf?

NLF onfrdrd.ppfom;rsm;ud k oH kOD;rSq,fOD;jzif h tzG J @i,fav;rsm;zG J @pnf;

xm;onf? TtzG J @i,frsm;tm; Cells [kac:onf? TtzG J @i,frsm;onf

twlwuGtvkyfvkyfaqmif=uaomfvnf; rdrdwd k @wpfOD;csif;pDESif houfqd kif

onf hta=umif;rsm;ud krod=uacs? Tenf;tm;jzif h rdrdwd k @.ajymufusm;wyf

zG J @rsm;tzrf;cH&onf htcgwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ !‡Of;yrf;ES dyfpufjcif;cH&onf h

tcgwGifaomfvnf;aumif; rdrdwd k ‹.0efcHcsufrsm;u NLF tm;xdcd kufepfem

apjcif;tvGefenf;yg;onf?

NLF .ueOD;&nfrSef;csufyef;wd kifrsm;rSm aus;vufa'o¶S d awmifolv,f

orm;rsm;.axmufcHr_udk&¶Sd&eftwGufjzpfonf? NLF rS¶Gmrsm;odk @0ifa&mufonfhtcgwGif rdrdwd k @vk dufem&rnf hpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;csufrsm;¶S dyg

onf? tzG J @om;rsm;tm;vH k; Tvrf;!$efcsufrsm;ud ktwdtusvd kufem=u

&onf? 4if;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;vrf;!$efcsufrsm;rSm-

(1) jynfolwd k @.yd kifqd kifr_rsm;/ aetdrfrsm;/ aumufyJoD;ES Hrsm;/ ajr,mrsm;

ud krzsufqD;&?(2) jynfolrsm;tvd kr&S dygu trdt&wd kufwGef;Iacs;iS g;apjcif;/ a&mif;cd kif;



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apjcif;rsm;rjyKvkyf&?

(3) rdrdwd k @uwdjyKonf htwd kif;uwdwnf&rnf?

(4) jynfolwd k @tm;txiftjrifao;aponf hpum;rsm;/ trlt&mrsm;jzif hrjyKvkyf&?

(5) vlxkwd k @.ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom (aumuf&dwfjcif;/ xif;acGjcif;/

a&cyfjcif;/ pufcsKyfjcif;ponfrsm;wGifulnDr_ay;&ef ponfwd k @jzpfyg

onf?

1964 ckESpfwGif tar&dueforRw Lyndon B. Johnson onfrd k;+cdrf;uJ hod k @}uD;

rm;aomppfqifa&; (Operation Rolling Thunder) ud kpwifqifE$ JcJ honf?

,if;wd k ‹.tpDtpOfrSm AD,uferfajrmufyd kif;.pD;yGm;a&;ud k zsufqD;&efESif hAD

,uferfawmifyd kif;ajymufusm;wyfrsm;ud k ulnDr_rS&yfwef @ap&ef tpDtpOf&d S

ygonf? Tppfqifa&;onf &Spfywf=umppfqifa&;pDrHudef;jzpfaomfvnf;oH k;

ESpfr#=umoGm;onf? xd ktawmtwGif;wGif tar&duefonf AD,uferfY

AH k;wefcsdefwpfoef;cef @}uJcJ honf?

1969 ckESpfwGif [d kcsDrif; uGefvGefoGm;ygonf?



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armfonf 1893ckESpf'DZifbmv 26&ufae@wGif[leefjynfe,f/ a±Smif±Sefaus;±Gm±S dv,form;rdom;pkzGm;jrifvmcJ honf? armfpDwH k;.zcifrSm wu,fpnf;urf;±S daomoljzpf+yD; armfuwcgwavol @zcif.trdef @ud k zDvmqef @usifaeonf? wpfcguarmfuTod k @ajymcJ hzl;onf? “u|efawmh ftazuausmif;ESpfwef;wufcJ hzl;+yD; pmtkyfawGzwfwwfw,f? 'gayrJ htaru pmvH k;0rzwfwwfbl;? u|efawmfuawmh rdom;pkawGtwGuf ‘pmwwfay wwf’wpfa,mufyJaygh? u|efawmf±d k;&mtpOftvma[mif;awGodygw,f? 'gayrJ h

u|efawmfr}udKufbl;? u|efawmf}udKufwmu [d k;a±S;a±S;wkef;u w±kwfjynf&J h ta=umif;awGjzpf+yD; txl;ojzif h awmfvSefolawG&J hta=umif;jzpfw,f?”

]]ppf yGJ ud k NyD ;qH k ;apwm[mppf yG J jzpf NyD ; aoewf awG ud k ypf cszd k UtwG uf ao ewf ud k if zd k Uvd k tyf ygw,f/}}

“War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun”

]]avh usif h ysd K;axmif rI r½S d wJ hppf wyf [m xH k xd kif ;xd k if;rI dif ;wJh ppf wyf jzpf NyD ; xHk xdk if ;wJ hppfwyf[m b,fawmh rS rdrd&J h&efolud k acsrIef ;Edk if rSmr[k wfbl ;/}}

“An army without culture is a dull-witted army, and a dull-wittedarmy cannot defeat the enemy”

]]urÇmBuD;&Jhordkif;udkvIyf½Sm;wuf<upGma&;rSwfaewmuvl awGomvQif jzpf w,f/}}“The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in themaking of world history”

armfpDwHk; (1893–1976)

pDwH k;onfqif;&Jom;v,form;wpf

OD;.om;jzpfonf? olonf 1930 ESif h1940 ckESpfrsm;twGif;±S d w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ud k OD;aqmifcJ h+yD; 1949 ckESpfwGif w±kwfEd kifiH.acgif;aqmif}uD;wpfa,mufjzpfvmonf? armf



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atmifjrifatmifxlaxmifay;aom vDeif.t,l0g'wd k @ud k pwiftoH k;jyKcJ honf?

armfonf ±Sef[d kif;Ed kifiHa&;tzG J @ESif hpwiftvkyfvkyfcJ honf? qd kAD,uf,leD,H±S dt}uHay;yk*~ dKvfrsm;tultnDjzif h ulrifwef; (Nationalist Party) trsdK;om;a&;0g'DygwDwjznf;jznf;w±kwfEd kifiHwGiftm%m±S dvmonf? rwfv 12 &uf1925 ckESpfwGif ,if;wd k @.acgif;aqmifpef,wfpif (Sun Yat-Sen) uG,fvGefoGm;cJ h+yD; csefau±S dwfu acgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf? csefau±S dwfrS tzG J @tpnf;

twGif;±S duGefjrLepfrsm;ud k xkwfy,fzd k @t+rJ}udK;pm;cJ honf? tES dyfuGyfrcH& aomuGefjrLepfrsm;u Jiangxi Soviet tzG J @ud kwnfaxmifcJ honf?

trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf 0d kif;&Hydwfqd k @r_rsm;pwifjyKvkyfvmonf htwGufuGefjrLepfrsm; xd kae&mrS }udK; pm;xGufoGm;+yD; w±kwfjynf.taemufajrmufbufwGif trmcHpcef;topfwpfckcsvd kufonf? 1934 ck ESpfatmufwd kbmvwGif armfESif htjcm;trsdK;om;wpfodef;ausmfESif h,if;wd k @.rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf t aemufyd kif;±S d awmifwef;rsm;±S d&ma'ood k @ xGufajy;wdrf;a±SmifoGm;cJ honf?

xd kod k @wdrf;a±SmifxGufajy;olrsm; tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;ESif h&ifqd kif&onf? olwd k @

onfwpfae@v#if rd kifaygif; 50 ausmfav#mufwuf+yD; ±SefpDod k @atmufwd kbmv 20 &ufae@ 1935 ckESpfwGifa&muf±S dcJ honf? cef @rSef;ajct&rd kif 8˜000ausmfvrf;av#mufjcif;wGifvl 30˜000 omtouf±Sifaexd kifEd kifcJ honf?

1937 ckESpfwGif *syefwyfrsm;u w±kwfEd kifiHod k @usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcJ hpOf csefau±S dwfu +rdK@awmfud kerfuifrSc|efuif;od k @a±$ @ajymif;cJ honf? olonf urf;±d k;

wef;a'owpfav#mufESif hta&;}uD;aom+rdK@}uD;wpfcsdK@ud k *syefwd k @.vufxJod k @ qH k;±_ H;vd kuf&onf? *syefwyfrsm;ud k wd kufxkwfvd kaoma=umif h csefau



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±S dwfu armfpDwH k;ESif hol.uGefjrLepfwyfrawmfESif hvufwG J&ef qH k;jzwfvd kufonf?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; armfpDwH k;.pepfwus±S daom ajymufusm;wyfrawmfrsm;ud k Zl'D; (Zhu De) ESif hvifbd kifatmif ( Lin Biao) wd k @rSOD;aqmifcJ honf?*syefwd k @rS vufeufcsvd kufonfESif hwpf+ydKifeuf uGefjrLepfwyfrsm;u csefau±S dwfOD;aqmifaom trsdK;om;a&;0g'Dwyfrsm;ud kjyefIwd kufcd kufcJ honf? uGefjrLepfrsm;jzpfaomw±kwfeDwyfrsm;wGif pnf;urf;yd k±S djcif;/ cH,lcsufoabmw

&m;jrif hjrwfjcif;/ ae&mtES H @tjym;±S d awmifolv,form;.axmufcHr_rsm;a=umif h csefau±S dwfwyfrrsm;ud k av;ESpftwGif;tEd kifwd kufEd kifcJ honf? 1949ckESpfatmufwd kbmvwGif CCP .OuUXtjzpfarmfpDwH k;u w±kwfEd kifiHud kw±kwfjynfol @orRwEd kifiH[kac:qd kcJ honf? csefau±S dwf.wyfrsm;onf xd kif0rfu|ef;od k @xGufajy;v$wfajrmufcJ honf?

uGefjrLepfwd k @onf wjznf;jznf;wd kif;jynfud kxdef;csKyfvmEd kif+yD; 1949 ckESpfatmufwd kbmv 1 &ufae@wGif armfu w±kwfjynfol @orRwEd kifiHud kxlaxmifvd kuf+yD;jzpfa=umif;a=ujimcJ honf?

1958 ckESpfwGifarmfu“a±S @od k @t[kefjyif;pGmckefysHausmfv$m;jcif; (Great Leap

Forward)” ud ka=ujimcJ h+yD; pd kufysdK;a&;ESif hpufr_ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;rsm;wd k;wufrsm;jym;vmap&efa=umfjimcJ honf? Tjyefvnf xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;wGif pd kufysdK;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;ud k bH ktzG J @pepftjzpfxlaxmif+yD; vl 75˜000ausmfyg0ifcJ honf? bH ktzG J @pepfwpfckpDwGif ,if;wd k @. ud k,fyd kif+cHajrESif h0uf±H krsm;±S d=uonf? rdom;pkwpfckpDwGif twd k;rsm;ud kcG Ja0&,l+yD; olwd k @.ud k,fyd kifv,f,majrrsm;udk,fpD±S d =uonf? odk @aomf oHk;ESpfqufwdkufa&

}uD;jcif;ESif haumufyJoD;ES Hraumif;jcif;a=umif h ,if;wd k @.xkwfukefud kxdcd kufysufpD;apcJ honf? xd k @twl qd kAD,uf,leD,HrS ,if;.u|rf;usifolrsm;ud kjyef



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vnfac:,ljcif;a=umif h xk dvkyfief;wd k @ud kxdcd kufysufpD;apcJ honf? ,if;wd k @&±S donf h&v'frSmvnf; raumif;yJ cef @rSef;ajct& Great Leap Forward umv

twGif;vl 31 rS 33 oef;ausmftoufqH k;±H _;cJ h&onf?

Great Leap Forward .ratmifjrifr_a=umif h armfu w±kwfjynfol @orRwEd kifiH.OuUX&mxl;rSE_wfxGufvd kufonf? ol.ae&mud k vsLa±Smif±S D (Lui

Shaoqi) uqufcH&±S donf? od k @aomf armftaeESif h ay:vpDrsm;qH k;jzwf&eftwGufta&;}uD;aomyk*~ dKvftjzpfusef±S daeao;onf?

armfonf 1966 ckESpfY Ed kifiHa&;avmuwGif wpfzefjyef0ifa&mufvm+yD;vifbd kifa,mif (Lin Biao) ESif htwlvufwG JI ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;ud k pwifcJ honf? 1966 ckESpfpufwifbmv 3 &ufae@wGif vifbd kifa,mifurdef @cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESif hwuUod kvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; (Nik-

-ita Khrushchev) .t,ltqv$rf;rd k;r_cH&aom ygwDtm%myd kifrsm;ud ka0

zefr_jyK&efwd kufwGef;cJ honf?

armf.a[majymr_rsm;txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u wH k @jyefr_ay;aomtm;jzif h yDuif;±S dausmif;om;rsm;u teDa&miftapmih fwyfom; (Red Gua-

-rds) rsm;ud kzG J @pnf;cJ honf? armfu Tv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ud k axmufcHa=umif;trSwftom;jyKvd kufonfESif hw+ydKifeuf wk dif;jynfw0Srf;vH k;±S d ausmif;om;rsm;u teDa&miftapmif hwyfrsm;ud k wd kif;jynfwpfjynfvH k;wGif pIxlaxmifcJ honf? Tausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;wd k @.q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ ausmif ;tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;ESif htpd k;&t&m±S dwd k @ud k pwifa0zefajymqd k=uonf? armfud k,fwd kifu1966 ckESpf=o*kwfv 18 &ufae@wD,eferifpuG JwGifw&m;a[maepOf teDa&miftapmif hwyfom;rsm; aomif;aygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufvm=uonf?

ausmif;rsm;ydwf+yD;aemuf wEd kifiH vH k;±S dausmif;om;rsm;u armfud kbk&m;wqltjzpf =unfndKav;pm;=uonf? ausmif;ESif hwuUod kvfausmif;rsm;



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1966 ckESpfrSpydwfI 1969 ckESpftxdydwfcJ honf? armfuausmif;om;rsm;ud k“Smash the four olds” [kac:qd konf? “ta[mif;av;ckud ky,fzsufjcif;”

qd konf ht,ltqa[mif;/ ,Ofaus;r_a[mif;/ "avhxH k;wrf;a[mif;ESif htavhtusif ha[mif;” wd k @ud kzsufqD;ypf&efjzpfonf? teDa&miftapmif hwyfom;rsm;apwDykxd k;rsm;/ tEkynmtvkyfrsm;/ pmayrsm;ESif hEd kifiHjcm;±d k;&mESih f"avhxH k;wrf;rsm;ud k zsufqD;ypfonf? xd k @twl tEkynm±Sifrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;ESif hEd kifiHjcm;ESif htquftoG,f±S dolrsm;ud kvnf; jiif;yef;ES dyfpufcJ honf?

w&m;cHrsm;ud k jynfolrsm;u 0k dif;Ia0zefjcif;/ t±SufcG Jjcif;ESif hrawmfrw&m;ES dyfpufjcif;rsm;ud kjyKvkyfonf? ynmwwfrsm;jzpfaom pma&;q&mavmif±S D(Lao She) ESif hord kif;ynm±Sif0l[ef(Wu Han) wk d @onf towfcH&jcif; od k @r[kwfw±kwfeDwyfwd k @.vufcsufjzif haoa=uqH k;±H _;cJ h&onf? trsm;uaxmifxJtusOf;cscH&jcif; od k @r[kwf tvkyfjyif;xefpGmvkyf&jcif;rsm;yg0ifonf?

omreftpdk;&t&m±S dwdk @ud k tajccHusaomtzG J @wdk @. wd kufcd kufr_udkcHcJ h& onf? armfpDwH k;ud k,fwd kifa±G;cs,faom vsLa±Smif±S Dud k,fwd kif omrefacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; t&m&mud kvufawG @enf;tm;jzif h ud kifwG,fajz±Sif;aomoljzpfaoma=umif h ol @ud kvlrsm;u “w±kwfEd kifiH&J heHygwfwpft&if;±Sifpepfud kvrf;cif; ay;cJ hwJ hvljzpf+yD; armfpDwH k;ud k azmufjyefwJ hvlvd k @ pGyfpG Jjcif;cH&w,f?”

olu 1969 ckESpfwGif axmifxJwGifaoqH k;oGm;cJ honf? vsLESif hEd kifiHtquftoG,f±S daom wdef @a±Smifzdef (Deng Xiaoping) wd k @ud k tpd k;&&mxl;rS jzKwfcsvd kuf+yD; axmifxJtusOf;csIjzpfap/ jynfESif'g%fay;Ijzpfap jyKvkyfcJ honf hppfa&;acgif;aqmif vifbd kifa,mifonf armfvlr_a&;awmfvSefa&;ay:vpDud k axmufcH+yD;aemuf 1969 ckESpfwGif armf.&mxl;ud kqufcH&±S donf?

1967 ckESpfwGif trd sK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfud k jyefvnfac:,lcJ honf? xd ktcsdefwGif w±kwfeDv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ESif h r=umc%wd kufyG Jrsm;qufEG J



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cJ h&onf? 1967 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftwGif;vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaocJ h&onf?jzpfay:aeaom qlylaomif;usef;r_wd k @ud k &yfpJ&eftwGuf tpd k;&tzG J @tpnf;

rsm;ud k PLA .vufatmufwGifxm;+yD; ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;ud kpwifcJ honf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI +rdK@aetpd k;&t&m±S drsm;eSif hynmwwfrsm;ud k awm±Gmrsm;od k @apv$wfI armf.vkyfief;rsm;ud k avhvmapcJ honf? +rdK@ay:±S dtouf16–19 t±G,f±S dvli,fuav;rsm;ud kvnf; rdom;pkESif hcG JxkwfI awm±Gmrsm;od k@apv$wfum qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;xHwGif A[kokw±SmrS D;aponf? rdom;pkrsm;ud kcG Jxkwf+yD; wpfa,mufESif hwpfa,muf rd kifaxmifaygif;

rsm;pGmaomae&mwGifxm;+yD; cufcJqif;&J=uyfwnf;pGmaexdkifaponf?tdrfod k @jyefvmcGif hr&onf htwGuf wcsdK@vli,fvl±G,frsm;rSm aus;vufa'orsm;wGifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexd kifcJ h&±Smonf?

1970 ckESpfrsm;twGif; armfu ol.&nf±G,fcsufjzpfaom +rdK@ESif haus;vufawm±Gmrsm;t=um; pD;yG g;a&;vpf[mr_wd k @ud k av#mhcs&ef}udK;pm;cJ honf? +rdK@aevluH kxHwd k @.om;orD;rsm;rSm a'owGif;±S dqif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;taumiftxnfaz:+yD;aom vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;om oif=um;&onf?ausmif;om;rsm;onf tajccHaq;ynmrsm;oif=um;cGih f&±S d+yD; awm±Gmrsm;od k @ aus;vufq&m0efrsm;taeESif hoGm;a&muf+yD; qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;twGuf tajccHusef;rma&;apmif ha±Smufr_wd k @ud kay;&onf? +rdK@aevlaer_

tqif htwef;rsm;ud k awmfvSefa&;bJav;jyZmwfrsm;/ atmfy&mESif htjcm;aompmayrsm;ud k xkwfvkyfcJ h+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzif husD,ef±Sif (Jiang Qing)

(armfpDwHk;.ZeD;av;a,mufwpfa,muf) vufatmufwGifxkwfa0cJhonf? xd ktEkynmrsm;rSm qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;. v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ESif harmfpDwH k;.ta=umif;*k%fjyKa&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

1970 ckESpf ESpfv,fyd kif;twGif; tpGef;a&muf,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; wpfcsdK@wpfavu usef±S daeao;onf? armft



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aeESif h vlav;a,muftzG J @ud k axmufcHtm;ay;cJ honf? xd kav;a,mufrSmusD,ef±Sif (armf.ZeD;)/ 0rf[kef0if (Wang Hongwen)/ a,mif0if,Gef (Vao

Wenyuan) ESif hZefc|ef±S Da,mif(Zhane Chungqiao) wd k @jzpfonf? Tvlav;a,muftzG J @rSm tm%m}uD;rm;vmcJ honf? armfpDwH k;aoqH k;+yD; 1976 ckESpfwGif usD,ef±SifESif htjcm;*d k%f;orm;av;a,mufud k jypfr_rsm;pGmjzif h w&m;pG JqdkcJhonf? usD,ef±Sifudk,fwdkifaordef@cscHcJh&+yD;aemuf woufwu|ef;axmifcscH&onf? ,if;vlav;a,muf*d k%f;ud k zrf;qD;+yD;aemuf ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;+yD;qH k;oGm;ovd k±S dcJ honf? wdef @a±Smifzdef @vufxufwGifrl xd k,Of

aus;r_awmfvSefa&;ud k jypfwif±_ H @cscJ honf?

armfpDwH k;onf yDuif;Y 1976 ckESpfpufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif aoqH k;oGm;cJ honf?

armfpDwH k;vufxuf 1949 rS 1975 txdcef @rSef;ajct& ,if;.Ed kifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_a=umif h vl @toufaygif; 54˜750˜000 rS 56˜900˜000 txd qH k;±H _;cJ h& onf[kqd k.?



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1923 ckESpfwGif tm%mrodrf;,lEd kifcJ haomfvnf; wjznf;jznf;aemufqH k;Y'D

rd kua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;yH kpHjzif h tm%m&¶S dcJ honf? tm%m&onfESif hrdrdtm;

wd kufcHjyKolrsm;ESif h *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tm; okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypfjcif;jzif h urBmw

0Srf;vH k;ud kpwifv$rf;rd k;csKyfud kifvmonf?

t'd k;zf[pfwvmonf *smrefe,fpyfESif heD;aom =op}wD;,m; Ed kifiH&S d +rdK@av;

wpf+rdK@Y 1889 ckESpf{+yDv 20 &ufae@wGifarG;zGm;cJ hygonf? [pfwvm.rdbESpfyg;rSm qif;&JaomukefonfpD;yGm;a&;orm; rdom;pkrsm;rS qif;oufvm

]]vlom;tusd K;aqmif&Gufa&;t,l0g'[m owÅdr&S daMumif;ESifh iwH k;jzpf aMumif;udk azmfjyw,f/}}

"Humanitarianism is the expression of stupidity and cowardice."

]]vd rf vnfrIudkBuD ;BuD;us,fus,fvkyfyg/ &dk;&dk;av;eJ UbJ vdrf vnfajymqdkyg? tjrJajymaeyg/ tvdkvdkeJU olwd kU,HkMunfMuygvdrfhr,f/}}

"Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually theywill believe it."

]]atmifjrifjcif;twGufyxrqHk;vdktyfcsuf[m tMurf ;zufrIudk

yHkrSefeJUtqufrjywf toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfw,f/}}"The very first essential for success is a perpetually constant and

regular employment of violence."

t'dk;zf[pfwvm (1889–1945)

930 ckESpfyd kif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;ESif hvlr_a&;

tajctaersm; ¶kwfw&ufajymif;vJonf htcsdefwGif =oZmv$rf;rd k;+yD; rdef ‹cGef;tajymaumif;aom=o

p}wD;,m;Ed kifiHzGm; t'd k;zf[pfwvm(Adolf Hitler) rS

1920 ckESpftwGif; *smreDY tm%m&¶S dvmonf?

1



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onf? ol.zciftmvG D;Zf[pfwvm (Alois Hitler)onf tartdrfazmfrESif h

w&m;0ifzcifr±S daom om;jzpfcJ haomfvnf; olonftvGefawmfIar#mfvif h

csuf}uD;rm;olwpfa,mufjzpfaoma=umif h aemufyd kif;wGif taumufcGefXmerS t&m&S d}uD;wpfOD;jzpfvmonf?

[pfwvmonf tajccHrlvwef;ausmif;wGif ynmxl;c|ef+yD; tem*wfwGif

ynma&;zufwGif xGef;aygufrnf holwpfOD;jzpfrnf htvm;tvm±S donf? t

wef;xJwGif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;uJ hod k @yif ausmf=um;olwpfOD;jzpf+yD; ol.acgif;aqmifr_t&nftcsif;rsm;onf tvGefcsD;usL;zG,faumif;ygonf? ol

onf bmoma&;qefolwpfOD;vnf;jzpfygonf? [pfwvmonf bmem

wdwif; (Beneditine) bkef;}uD;ausmif;ESif hrsufESm csif;qd kifwGif 6 vr#

aexdkifcJhygonf? bkef;}uD;ausmif;.xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom yHko¾mefrSm

emZDp=um wHqdyf jzpfygonf? i,f&G,folwpfOD;taejzifh t'dk;zfonfbkef;awmf}uD;wpfa,mufjzpf&efpdwful;cJ hygonf?

txufwef;ausmif;}uD;wGif +ydKifqd kifr_rsm;yd krsm;vmonf htwGuf xdyfwef;

tqif hwGifr&&S donf htcg ol.a&S @quf}udK;pm;aponf h pdwfenf;yg;oGm;ap

onf? ol @.zcifrSm ol @tm;ausmif;+yD;onf htcg =op}wD;,m;tpd k;&XgewGifyg0iftr_xrf;rnfjzpfjyD; zcifajc.&meif;rnf holjzpfvdrf hrnf[k ar#mfvif hcsuf

rsm;xm;&S dcJ hygonf? od k @aomf [pfwvmonf acgif;rmcJ holjzpf+yD; pm}udK;pm;

&efv_ H ‹aqmfcJ haom ol.rdbrsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;. oGefoifqH k;rr_rsm;rSm

ratmifjrifcJ hay? wqufwnf;wGifvnf; [pfwvmonf ol.tazmf

ausmif;om;rsm;=um;wGif xifay:ausmf=um;r_rsm;rSmvnf;enf;ygvmcJ honf? xd k @a=umif hol @taz:rsm;uol ‹ud k ,if;wd k ‹. acgif ;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf&ef



-105-


ud kt&SufwuG JjzpfapcJ hygonf? wqufwnf;wGifvnf; rdrd.rdciftm; T

tjzpfrsm;udk rnfodk@r#jyefrajymjy&ufay? Todk@jzifholonftEkynm

ausmif; wufa&mufynmoif,laeonf h yH kpHa,mifaqmif+yD; AD,m;emwGifqufvufaexd kifcJ honf?

1909 ckESpfwGif [pfwvmppfr_xrf;&ef tcsdefa&muf&S dvmonf? od k @aomf=o

p}wD;,m;ud k txiftjrifao;ojzif h ppfr_rxrf;vd kaoma=umif h ta=umif;

=um;pmrsm;ud kOayuQmjyKcJ honf? wm0ef&S dolrsm;rS olESif htquftoG,f& &eftcsdef 4 ESpfr#=umjrif hpGm}udK;pm;cJ hygonf? 1914 ckESpf=opx¶d k[efa*&D

,mppfwyfwGif aq;ppfaq;r_cH,l&m ratmifjrifcJ hay? tb,fa=umif hqd k

aomf usef;rma&;raumif;I olonf vufeufrsm;tm;ud kifwG,fEd kifrnfr

[kwfa=umif;/ wd kufcd kufr_/ ppfwm0efxrf;aqmifr_wGif pGrf;tifjynf hpH kEd kifrnfr

[kwfaoma=umif hy,fcsjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf?

yxrurBmppf}uD;jzpfyGm;r_onf [pfwvmtwGuf yxrqH k;t}udrfwd kuf

cd kufr_wGifyg0if&ef tcGif hta&;&±S dcJ honf? ol ‹taeESif h*smreDonf Oa&myEd kifiH

rsm;xJwGif tjrif hjrwfqH k;/ tiftm;t}uD;rm;qH k;Ed kifiHjzpfa=umif; oufaojy

&mwGif yg0ifEd kifaprnf htcGif hta&;wckjzpfonf[lIyif? xd k ‹a=umif h bmAm&D,ef (Bavarian) ppfwyfwGif yg0ifppfr_xrf;aqmif&ef av#mufv$mwifcJ hyg

onf? 2 v =umoifwef;+yD;onf haemuf Ypres teD;wGif [pfwvmESif hol

wd k @.wyf&if;onf yxrOD;qH k;aom&ifqd kifwk dufyG Jud k +Adwdo#ESif hb,fvf*D s,ef

wyfwd k @jzif hqifEG JcJ h&onf? ppfyG Jawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif cufcufcJcJtouf

tE W&m,frS vGwfajrmufvmEd kifcJ hojzif h ,if;.&JpGrf;owW dud k*k%fðyaomIron Cross qkESpfckud kqGwfcl;cJ h+yD; wyf=uyf}uD;tjzpfod k @ &mxl;wd k;jr‡if hjcif;cHcJ h&



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onf? ol.wyf&if;rSL;rS [pfwvm.pGrf;&nfud k Tod k @rSwfcsufcsa&;om;yg

onf/ “a&S ›wef;xGufppfwd kuf&mrSm ol[maoG;at;at;eJ @tEd kif&zd k @ &J&J&if h

&if h ppfwd kufcJ holjzpfygw,f? tE W&m,frsm;wJ htajctae=um;rSm qufoG,fa&;r&awmhwJ hydwfrdaewJ htcsdefrSmawmif [pfwvm[m rarmwrf;eJ @r

a=umufwrf;bJ ta&;}uD;wJ howif;yd k @aqmifr_jyKEd kifcJ hw,f?”

u|rf;usifr_wyfzG J @ Free Corps onf *smreDEd kifiHtwGif; uGefjrLepf}uD;xGm;

vmr_ud k umuG,fwd kufcd kufaom vufeufud kifwyfzG J @wpfzG J @jzpfcJ honf? ‚if;tzG J @0ifrsm;onf uGefjrLepfrsm; *smreDud k0ifa&mufxdef;csKyf&ef óud;pm;ae

onf htcsdefESif h wajy;wnf;wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf? emZDygwDtm;

0efaqmifr_ay;onf hppfwyftaejzif h emZD.A[d kcsufrjzpfaom "Brown

Shirts" (S.A)ppfwyfud k wnfaxmifcJ hygonf?

ppf+yD;qH k;+yD;r=umrDyif [pfwvmonf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wGifae&m&&S d+yD;

*smreftvkyform;rsm;ygwDwGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifr_jyK&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&

onf? TygwDtm; rdrd.Ed kifiHa&;wd k;wuf&mod k @ yd k @aqmifay;onf hygwDwpfck

jzpfonf[kjrifonf? *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tay: rdrd.rkef;wD;r_rsm;onf TtzG J @t

pnf;.Ed kifiHa&; tkwfjrpfwpfckjzpfvmonf? od k @ESif h ygwD.tpnf;ta0;rsm;ta=umif;ud k Anti-Semitic owif;pmrsm;wGif awG ‹vm&onf? 1919 ckESpf

atmufwd kbmv 16 &ufae@wGif [pfwvmonf vltrsm;.pdwfud k !d k @ap

onf hrdef @cGef;ajym=um;jcif;tvkyfwpfckjzpfay:vmonf?

[pfwvmonf trsm;.a'gorsm;jzpfay:ap&efESif hrdrdtay:ar#mfvif hcsufrsm;xm;&S d&ef tpnf;ta0;rsm;od k @ t+rJaemufusa&mufavh&S donf? pifay:



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od k @a&mufonfhtcg y&dowfrsm;.qlylr_rsm; wdwfqdwfoGm;onftxd

apmif hqd kif;+yD;rS rdef @cGef;pwifavh&S donf? rdef @cGef;pajymonf h tapmyd kif;tcsdef

wGif[pfwvmonf wkef&if+yD;xpftaernf? aemufyd kif;rSwjznf;jznf;tcsdef,l+yD; vuf[efajc[efrsm;jzif hrdef @cGef;ud k at;aq;pGmajymavonf? xd k @

aemuf jyif;xefaompdwfcHpm;r_jzif h wjznf;jznf;toHus,fvmonf? rdef @

cGef;ajymonf htcsdefwGif ac|;rsm;xGufvmonftxd/ rsufESmjzLvmonfxd

ESif h rsufvH k;rsm;plxGufvmonf hwd kifatmif jyif;jyaompdwfcHpm;r_rsm;jzif ht

oHrsm;uG Jtufvmonftxd rdef @cGef;ajymavonf? *smreDtay:rw&m;ojzif hjyKcJ honfrsm;ud k [dwf}uD;[ef=uD;/ a'gESif harmESif hrdrd.y&dowfrsm;tm;

rkef;wD;r_rsm;jzpfay:ap&ef rdef @cGef;ajymavonf? rdrd.rdef @cGef;+yD;qH k;oGm;onf h

tcg y&dowfrsm;onf pdwfajcmufcsm;r_rsm;jzif husef&pfcJ h+yD; [pfwvmay;

rnf ht}uHtOm%frSefor#ud k vufcH,l&eftqifoif hjzpfjyD;jzpfonf?

[pfwvmonf rdef @cGef;ajym+yD;v#if+yD;csif; pifay:rStjrefqif;+yD; y&dowfjrif

uGif;rSaysmufuG,foGm;onf? rdrdonf v#dK‹0Sufqef;=u,folwpfOD;tjzpf

rdrdud k,frdrdzefwD;&ef &nf&G,fonf htwGufa=umif h "gwfyH k&d kufonfrsm;ud kjiif;

qefonf? Tenf;jzif h rdrdtm; “u,fwif&SifwpfOD;” tjzpfvltrsm;rSyd krd k

pdwf 0ifpm;vmap&efESif h olajymrnf ht&mrsm;ud k vlrsm;vma&mufem;qif&efjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf?

ygwD0ifwd k @.tultnDjzif h tcsuf 25 csufygaomygwDvrf;pOfud k rl=urf;a&;

qG JcJ honf? ‚if;ud k 1920 azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufae@wGif pdwftm;xufoef

onf h vlxkESpfaxmifausmfwufa&mufaom jynfol @tpnf;ta0;Y wifjycJ hygonf? Ttcsuf 25 csufxJwGif Versailles pmcsKyfud kzsufodrf;jcif;/



-108-


ppfyG JrStusdK;&v'frsm;ud k tm%mjzif hodrf;,ljcif;/ ajr,mrsm;ud kjynfe,ft

wGuftoH k;jyK&efjzpfonf htwGuf avsmfa=u;ray;bJodrf;,ljcif;/ *sL;vlrsdK;

wd k @. vlr_tcGif hta&;rsm;ud k zsufodrf;jcif;ESif hppfyG J+yD;aemuf *smreDod k @ajymif;a¶$Œvmaom*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;ESifxkwfjcif; ponfrsm;yg0ifygonf?

[pfwvmonf olwd k @.ygwDtm; *smreftrsdK;om;qd k&S,fvpftvkyform;

rsm;ygwDjzif h trnfajymif;vJvd kuf+yD; teDa&miftvHESif hp=umwHqdyfrSm ygwD

.oauFwjzpfvmcJ honf?Ed kifiHa&;qd kif&mrdef @cGef;a[m=um;r_wGif ESpftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif OayuQmjyKcH

cJ h&aom[pfwvmonf ,cktcgwGifrdef @cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif y&dowfrsm;

tm; qG Jaqmifr_tjynf ht0jzif h em;axmif,lEd kifonf htajctaeod k @ a&muf¶S d

vmcJ honf? Ed kifiHa&;tjctaerSmvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;onf? *smreDonfppf

&_ H;cJ honh f Ed kifiHwEd kifiHvnf;jzpfcJ honf/ xd k @a=umif Versailles pmcsKyfwGif *smreDtpd k;&rS T+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfud k twif;t"rRvufrSwfa&;xd k;jcif;cHcJ h&+yD;

rdrd.e,fajr 13 &mcd kifE_ef;yg tqH k;¶S HK;cHay;cJ h&ygonf? qd kvd konfrSm rdrd.jynf

ol 6 oef;ESif hEd kifiHxGufukef=urf;ypPnf; (oHowWK&d kif; 65 &mcd kifE_ef;/ ausmuf

rD;aoG; 45 &mcd kifE_ef; / oGyf 72 &mcd kifE_ef;) ESif h puf¶H k 10 &mcd kifE_ef;qH k;&S HK;cJ hyg

onf? xd k @tjyif rdrd.vufatmufcHud kvd keDEd kifiHrsm;ud kvnf; vufvGwfqH k;

&S HK;oGm;cJ h&onf? T Versailles pmcsKyft& ppftwGif;ysufpD;qH k;¶S HK;r_rsm;t

wGuf *smreDrS xyfrHay;aqmif&ao;onf? Tavsmfa=u;onf *smreDtrsdK;

om;OpPm"ewefzd k;aygif; 38 &mcd kifE_ef;cef @&S donf?

Ttjzpftysufrsm;a=umif h [pfwvmonf wpfOD;wnf;txD;rusefawmhay? *smrefppfom;rsm;vnf; ol.rdef @cGef;ajymonf htcsdefrsm;wGifwuf



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a&mufem;axmif+yD; ‚if;wd k @qH k;¶S HK;cJ h&aomt&mrsm; xyfwljzpfaeonfud k

vufcHcJ h=uonf? ol @ay;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;a=umif h ppfom;

rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwd kŒtjypfr[kwfa=umif; vufcHvm=uonf? [pfwvmrS rdrdwd k @*smreDvlrsdK;pkonf ppfyG JwGifppf¶S HK;cJ honfr[kwfa=umif;/ ppfyG Jjzpfay:

&efawmfvSefa&;ta=umif;uk d a[majymaeaom *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;ESif h Marxists

vlrsdK;wd k @. opPmazmufr_a=umif homjzpfa=umif; Tod k @ajym=um;cJ hygonf?

1923 ckESpfEd k0ifbmv 8 &ufae@wGif[pfwvmonf jrLepfbD,mcef;r

aqmifY jyefvnfpkpnf;r_wpfckjyKvkyf+yD; awmfvSefa&;ud k xkwfjyefa=ujimcJ honf? aemufwae@wGif Bavarian tpd k;&tm;tm%modrf;,l&ef "Brown-

Shirts" ppfwyftiftm;ESpfaxmifr#jzif h OD;aqmifvmcJ haomfvnf; [pfw

vmtzrf;cH&+yD; Landsberg wGifaxmifuscJ honf? [pfwvmonf 5 ESpf

axmif'%ftjypfpD&ifcsufcscHcJ h&aomfvnf; 9 vomaxmifuscJ honf?

axmifxJY&S daepOftwGif; Mein Kampf pmtkyfyxrwG Jud k a&;om;cJ h+yD;'kwd

,twG Jud krl 1927 wGifyH kES dyfjzef @a0cJ hygonf? ol.pmtkyfrsm;ud k 'kwd,urBm

ppfpwifonf htcsdeftxd tkyfa&aygif; 5 oef;cef @a&mif;xkwfEd kifcJ honf?

Mein Kampf pmtkyfxJwGif [pfwvmonf rdrd.Ed kifiHa&;tawG;tac:

rsm; ud k xnf hoGif;a&;om;xm;onf? *smrefvlrsdK;rsm;ud k (*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;ud kAryan vlrsdK;pkrsm;[k k rSm;,Gif;pGmazmfjyxm;onf) tjcm;aomvlrsdK;pkrsm;

xufyd krd kjrif h jrwfaumif;rGefonf[k ‚if;rSTod k @azmfjyoGm;ygonf? “u|ef

awmfwd k @rsufpdESif h,ae@rjrif&ao;aom xif&Sm;aomvl @,Ofaus;r_tm;vH k;/

tEkynmrS xkwfvkyfaomt&mrSefor#/ ody` HynmESif hpufr_vufr_ynmESif h

qd kifaom u|rf;usifr_rSefor#onf Aryan vlrsdK;wd k @. zefwD;wDxGifjcif;rSwqif hqufpyfjyD; jzpfay:vmcJ hjcif;jzpfonf[kajymqd kcJ honf?”



-110-


*ppfoH k @yef;pcef;(ConcentrationCamp) onf Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif hac|;wyfrsm;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;&ma'orsm; 1939–1953 ckESpf'kwd,urBmppfrwd kifrS DESif h'kwd,urBm

ppftwGif; emZD*smreDrsm;u *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;ud kTppfoH k @yef;pcef;rsm;wGif zrf;qD;n‡if;yef;ES dyfpufcJ honf?

axmifrSv$wfvmonfESif hw+ydKifeuf [pfwvmonf tm%mud kt"<r

enf;ESif hwd kufcd kuf&,lonf htpm; Ed kifiHawmfzG J @pnf;wnfaqmufyH kt&tm

%modrf;,l&ef qH k;jzwfvd kufonf? 1930 ckESpfa&G;aumufyG JwGif [pfwvm.emZDygwDrS 18 &mcd kifE_ef;aomrJud k tEd kif&¶S dcJ honf? 1932 ckESpfwGif [pfw

vmonf orRwae&mtjzpfrJ0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif&mwGif 30 &mcd kifE_ef;aomrJ

jzif htEd kif&¶S dcJ honf?

1937 ckESpfwGif pmtkyfxJwGifrdrda&;om;cJ honftwd kif; vufawG @taumiftxnfazmf&ef tqifoif hjzpfvmonf? 1937 Ed k0ifbmvwGif xdyfwef;ppf

bufqd kif&m tultnDay;olrsm;ud kac:,l+yD; "FÅhrer nDvmcH" wGifurBm

ud kv$rf;rd k;tkyfcsKyfEd kif&ef rdrda&;qG Jxm;aomtpOfrsm;ud k¶Sif;jycJ honf? 4if;tpD

tpOfud k qef @usifolrsm;uk dvnf; tvkyfrSjzKwfxkwfypfvd kufonf?

t'd k;zf[pfwvmonf *smreDud ktkyfcsKyfvmonf h 12 ESpftawmtwGif;ESif h'kwd,urBmppftwGif;rS ol.jyKvkyfr_a=umif h vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vl @

toufqH k;¶S HK;cJ h&+yD; ,if;ud k ord kif;a=umif;wGif vltrsm;rkef;wD;qH k;aomvl

wpfOD;jzpfapcJ honf? 1933 ckESpfwGif Ed kifiHt}uD;tuJjzpf+yD;aemuf zG J @pnf;yH k

tajccHOya'ud k zsufodrf;vd kufjyD; Ed kifiHa&;qd kif&mtwd kuftcHygwDrsm;ud k

xda&mufpGmtwif;t"rRES drfESif;+yD; emZDygwDtm;tm%modrf;cJ honf? *sL;

vlrsdK;rsm;/ Gypsies ESif hEd kifiHa&;qef @usifolrsm;tm;owfjzwf&ef &ufpuf

=urf;=uKwfaomv#dKŒ0Sufykvdyf (Gestapo) tzG J @ESif haxmifpcef;rsm;*ud k wnf



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aqmufvd kuf+yD; rdrd.pnf;rsOf;Oya'opfrsm;tm; vd kufemusif hoH k;apcJ honf?

[pfwvm.tpGef;a&muf Ed kifiHjcm;rlay:vpDrsm;a=umif h 1939 ckESpfwGif 'kwd

,urBmppf}uD;ud k jzpfay:apawmhonf? vGefcJ honf hppfyG Jrsm;wGif [pfwvmonf atmifjrifr_rsm;&&S dcJ haomfvnf; 1942 ckESpfwGif ppfyG Jtajctaeajymif;

vJvmr_a=umif hESif h 1945 ckESpfwGif r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm; bmvifud kwd kufcd kuf

&ef *smreDod k @xd k;azguf0ifa&mufEd kifcJ honf? ppfyG Jawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif [pf

wvm.toufud k&,l&eft}udrf}udrf}udK;yrf;cJ h=uaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJ h

ay? ppf¶S HK;awmhrnf htvm;tvmay:vmonf htwGufa=umif hESif h rdrd.'kAd kvfrSL;}uD;rS rdrd.trdef @ud kvnf; vGefqefvmonf htcg 1945 ckESpf{+yDv 30&uf

ae@wGif [pfwvmonfrdrdud k,fud k tqH k;pD&ifvd kufonf? [pfwvmESif ht

wl ,if;.tcsdefawmfawmf=umwdwfwdwfykef;r,m;jzpfaeonf h tDAmb

a&mif(ef) Eva Braun rSmvnf; olESif hwygwnf;aoqH k;cJ hygonf?



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a&mfe,f(vf)0Dvfqif&D*ifonf 1911 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv 6 &ufae@wGifxrfyDud k(Tampico)/ atvDEd GKif;(Illinois) jynfe,fwGifarG;zGm;cJ honf? ol.zciftrnfrSm *suf&D*ifESif hrdciftrnfrSm e,fvD&D*if [kac:onf? a&mfe,f(vf)wGifeD;(vf)[kac:aom tpfud k}uD;wpfa,muf±S donf? ol.rdbrsm;u ol @ud k“'wf(csf)” [kac:=uonf? tb,f ha=umif hqd kaomf ol @zcifuol @ud kykyk00

'wf(csf)trsdK;om;ESif hwlaoma=umif h ol @ud k 'wf(csf)[kcspfpEd k;ac:=uonf?&D*ifrdom;pkrS aiGrsm;rsm;pm;pm;r±S daoma=umif h Midwest a'owpfav#muf

]]vlawG [mppfyGJawGudk pvkyf wmr[kwf bl;? tpdk;&awGuomjzpfw,f /}}“People do not make wars; governments do.”

]]ol wd kUud k tvif ;a&mifjywmrjrif bl ;qd k&if tyl ½S d w,fqd k wmcH pm;&atmif vk yf jyyg/}}“When you can’t make them see the light, make them

feel the heat.”

]]oif ½S mawG UwJ h taumif;qHk ;vlawGeJUoif h ud k0dk if ;&Hxm;NyD;tmPmawG ud k ay;a0umbmrS 0if a&muf pG ufzuf rI rvkyfygeJ U/}}

“Surround yourself with the best people you can find, delegate

authority, and don’t interfere.”

a&mfe,f&D*if (1911-2004)

e,f(vf)&D*if(Ronald Reagan)onf±kyf±Sifrif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD;u,f

vDzd k;eD;,m;+rdK@0eftjzpfoufwrf; 2 ckwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h+yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk.ta,muf 40 ajrmuforRwvnf;jzpfcJ honf? orRwwpfa,muftaeESif h ol @ud kppfat;ppfyG J&yfpJapolESif htajctwifaqG;aEG;p&m±S donf h pD;yG g;a&;qd kif&may:v

pDcsrSwfcJ hol[k trsm;uowd&=uonf?

a&mf



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wGiftvkyfrsm;±Smvkyf&if; &D*ifrSmvnf; wpfjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vm+yD;aemufqH k;atvDEd GKif;'pfpefwGif tajccHaexd kif=ucsdefwGif 'wf(csf)uav;rSm

touf 12 ESpfyif±S dao;onf? a&mfe,f(vf)ud k,fwd kifxd kae&mwGif ausmif;+yD;+yD;txufwef;ausmif;ud k tm;upm;bufwGif xl;c|efolESif h (extracurr-

-icular honors) wd k @ud kyg&±S dcJ honf?

txufwef;ausmif;+yD;onf haemuf &D*ifonf c&pfawmf.aemufawmfom;rsm; (Disciples of Christ) OD;aqmifaomtl&Dumaumvdyf (Eureka

College) wGif ynmqufvufoif=um;cJ honf? TwGif&D*ifonf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf ta±G;cs,fcH&onf? a&mfe,f(vf)trSwfaumif;aumif;r&aomfvnf; 1932 ckESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;ud k vlr_a&;ESif hpD;yG g;a&;'Du&Drsm;&±S dcJ honf?

1932 ckESpf “Depression” [kac:aompD;yG g;a&;uyfqd kufaoma=umif h vlrsm;tvkyf±Sm&ef tcuftcJawG @&avonf? od k @aomf &D*ifutm;rav#mhyJtm;}udK;rmefwuf}udK;pm;cJ honf? olae&mwumod k @oGm;I tvkyfav#mufcJ haomfvnf; b,fae&mrSmrSr&acs? od k @aomfaemufqH k;wGif WOC a&'D,d ktoHv$if hXmeY owif;a=ujimoltjzpftvkyf&cJ honf? olonf =unfndK av;pm;zG,faumif;+yD; pum;ajymcsdKomaoma=umif h Des Moines wGif±S d

aom WHO [kac:aomXge}uD;qDod k @ &mxl;wd k;jr‡if hjcif;cH&onf? 'uf(pf)rG dKif;eufwGif &D*ifu tm;upm;owif;a=ujim+yD; a'ocHwuUod kvfausmif;. abmvH k;yG Jrsm;ESif h&pfuvDzD;vf (Wrigley Field) rScsDum*d kcyf(bf) (Chicago

Cubs) toif;ponfwd k @twGufa=ujimcJ honf? olu owif;a=ujim&mwGifatmifjrifr_&±S dojzif h olvcaumif;aumif;&+yD; emrnfausmf=um;vmcJ honf?

&D*ifonf 1937 ckESpfwGif avmh(pf)tdef*s,fvpf+rdK@±S d a[mvD;0k'fY rif;om;



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jzpf&ef &nf±G,fcsufjzif hc&D;xGufcJ honf? &D*ifu toHprf;oyf/ o±kyfaqmifjyoprf;oyfr_ wpfck+yD;wpfckvkyf+yD;onf haemuf ol @ud k0g;emb&m;om;pwl'D,d k

(Warner Brothers Studios) rSol @ud kukefusp&dwfenf;aom “B” twef;pm;±kyf±SifwGifo±kyfaqmif&efzdwfac:onf? olu“WB”.urf;vSrf;r_ud kvufcH+yD; xd kESpfwGifxkwfvkyfaom “Love is in the Air” ±kyf±SifxJrSo±kyfaqmifcGif h& cJ honf? a[mvD;0k'fwGif ESpfESpftwGif; ±kyf±Sifum;wpfq,f hig;um;±d kufcJ h& onf? 'uf(pf)rG dKif;eufwGif emrnfausmf=um;vmonfomru &D*ifuemrnf}uD;oxuf}uD;vm+yD; yd kIaumif;aom±kyf±SifwGif o±kyfaqmifcGif h&cJ h

onf? ol. emrnft}uD;qH k;±kyf±Sifum;ESpfum;rS abmvH k;orm;a*smh(±S f)upf(yf)(George Gipp) tjzpf Knute Rockne/ All America ESif h King’s Row

qd konf±kyf±Sifum;wGif tu,f'rD&ravmufjzpfcJ honf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; &D*ifu yxrOD;qH k;±kyfa&mtoHygjrif&onf h±kyf±SifwGif o±kyfaqmifcGif h& cJ h+yD; Ak H;}uJav,mOfarmif;orm;rsm; oifwef;ay;&eftwGufjzpfonf? ol.±kyfjrifoH=um;±kyf±Sifum;aygif; 50 ausmfud k±d kufcJ honf?

1940 ckESpfwGif &D*ifu tu,f'rDrif;orD;*sdef;a0;rif; (Jane Wyman) ESif hvufxyfcJ honf? ,if;wd k @vufxyf+yD;aemuf armf&if;ESif hrd kufu,f(vf)qd konf hom;orD;ESpfa,mufxGef;um;cJ honf? (wwd,uav;rSm rlvraphapm arG;ojzif harG;+yD;uwnf;uyif aoqH k;cJ honf?) olwd k @±SpfESpft=umtwl

aecJ h=u+yD; 1948 ckESpfwGifuGm±Sif;jywfpJcJ honf? xd k @aemuf 1952 ckESpfwGifeefpD'g;Apf (Nancy Davis) qd konf hrif;orD;ESif hvufxyfcJ hygonf? xd k @twla&mf(ef) (Ron) ESif hzufx&D±Sm qd konf huav;ESpfa,muf&±S dcJ honf? &D*ifueefpDESif htoufxufqH k;aygif;oif;aexd kif=uonf?

1940 ckESpfESif h 1950 twGif; &D*ifu tar&dutwGif;±S duGefjrLepf0g'Drsm;ESif h

a[mvD;0k'ftwGif; 0ifa&mufpGufzufxd k;azmufolrsm;[k xif&aomolrsm;ud k &J0H hpGmqef @usifajymcJ h&if; Ed kifiHa&;avmuxJ pwif0ifa&mufvmcJ h



-115-


onf? 1940 ckESpfwGif ol @ud k ±kyf±Sifo±kyfaqmiftzG J @tpnf;.OuUXtjzpfa±G;cs,fjcif;cH&cJ honf? TtcsdeftwGif; &D*ifuvnf; rdrd.ygwDud k 'Drd ku

&ufuae&Dywfbvpfuefod k @ajymif;cJ honf?

&D*ifu 1966 ckESpfwGif u,fvDzd k;eD;,m;+rdK@awmf0eftjzpf 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifta±G;cHcJ h+yD; ol.+ydKifbufzufba&mif; (Pat Brown) ud ktEd kif&±S dcJ honf?+rdK@awmf0efwpfa,muftaeESif h tpd k;&.toH k;p&dwfESif htcGefaumufjcif;wd k @tay: jzwfawmufjcif;wd k @ud k }udK;pm;vkyfavonf? 1969 ckESpfwGif Ed kifiHt

apmif hwyfom;rsm;ud k umvDzd k;eD;,m;wuUod kvf. Berkeley Campus od k @oGm;+yD; trsdK;om;O,smOftay: qlylqENjyaeaomausmif;om;rsm;ud k &yfwef @&efapv$wfcJ honf? qlylqENjyaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;ud k tapmif hwyfut=urf;enf;oH k;I ES drfESif;cJ honf htwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;'g%f&m&+yD;wpfa,muftoufqH k;±_ H;cJ honf? TonfrSm &D*if. ESpfESpfoufwrf;twGif;vkyfcJ honf h qd k;±Gm;onf[kqd k&rnf h vkyfief;wpfckqd kp&mom±S donf?

1976 ckESpfwGif&D*ifu orRwwpfa,muftjzpf ta±G;cH&efqH k;jzwfonf?olonf vuf±S dorRwuJ&,f(vf)azgh('f) (Gerald Ford) ud k &DywfbvpfueftwGif;rSpdefac:cJ h+yD; aemufqH k;olut±H _;ESif h&ifqd kifcJ h&onf? 1980 ckESpfwGifwpfzefjyefvm+yD; vpfb&,f&Dywfbvpfuefa*smh(±Sf)bk(±Sf)ESif h,SOf+ydKifcJ h

onf? xd k @aemuf a*smh(±S f)bk(±S f)ud ktEd kif&+yD; ,if;ud k 'kwd,orRwtaeESif hae&may;cJ honf? ,if;wd k @ESpfa,mufrS orRwm*sifrDumwm (Jimmy Carter)

(,cifuazgh'fud k 1976 ckESpfwGifatmifEd kifol) ud ktEd kif&±S d&ef}udK;pm;avonf? 1981 ckESpftoufajcmufq,fud k;ESpft±G,fwGif &D*ifud korRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJ h+yD; tar&dueford kif;wGif touft}uD;qH k;orRwjzpfcJ honf?

&D*iforRwpjzpfjzpfjcif; ol @ud k*|ef[if hvD (John Hinckley) qd kolu 1981



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ckESpfrwfv 30 &ufae@wGifaoewfESif hypfcJ honf? xl;jcm;onf htcsufrSm[if hvDonf &D*ifuEd kifiHa&;t&ypfcwfjcif;r[kwfbJ i,f±G,faom±kyf±Sifrif;o

rD;a*sm'Dzd k @'fpwm (Jodie Foster) oabmusatmifomjzpfa=umif;ajzmif hcsufay;cJ honf? TuJ hod k @&D*ifu ta&;ay:cG Jpdwfr_cH,l+yD;aemufvkyfief;cGifod k @ jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJ honf? xd k @aemuf wpfESpfwnf;twGif;=o*kwfvrSmyif &Duifonfav,mOftoGm;tvmxdef;csKyfa&;ar#mfpiftvkyform;rsm;13˜000 ausmfu ol @trdef @ud kem;rcHyJ qENjycJ haoma=umif h tvkyfrSxkwfypfvd kufonf?

&D*if.t"duay:vpDrSm z,f'&,ftpd k;&.t±G,ftpm;ESif hwm0ef0wW&m;ud kav#mhcs&efESif h ol.pD;yG g;a&;ay:vpDjzpfaom “Reaganomics*” ay:vpDrSpD;yG g;a&;qd kif&mu|rf;usifoltmomvmzm (Arthur Laffer) . Supply–side oDtd k&Day:wGiftajccHxm;ygonf? 1990 ckESpf&Dywfbvpfuef.ygwDtwGif;,SOf+ydKifr_wGif bk(±S f)u,if;.oDtd k&Dud k voodoo economice* [kac:onf?tb,f ha=umif hqd kaomf tjcm;olrsm;uJ hod k @ ol,H k=unfonf htcsufrSm Tay: vpDonfwu,f hvufawG @wGif toH k;csEd kifrnfr[kwf[lIyif? ,ae@pD;yG g;a&;u|rf;usifolrsm;ubk(±S f).tjriftay: oabmwlnDr_±S d=uonf?

*&D*ifaemrp f (Reaganomics) qd konf hpum;vH k;rSm (Reagon &D*ifESif h economic–pD;

yG g;a&;) [lIjzpf+yD; ,ciftar&dueforRwa&me,f(vf)&D*ifrS xkwfaz:cJ honf hpD;yG g;a&;

rl0g'jzpfonf? &D*ifpD;yG g;a&; rl0g'.t"dutcsufav;ckrSm –• tpd k;&.jrif hrm;vmaomtoH k;p&dwfud kav#mhcsjcif;• 0ifaiGtay:tcGefaumufa=u;rsm;av#mhcs&ef• pD;yG g;a&;tay:xm;±S dxm;aomtpd k;&.pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;av#mhcs&ef

• aiGa=u;odyfonf;r_ud kav#mhcs&eftwGufaiGxkwfa0r_ud kxdef;csKyf&e fVoodoo Economic onf&D*ifaemrpf.tjcm;emrnfwpfckjzpf+yD; xd kpD;yG g;a&;rl0g

'ud kr}udKufaomolrsm;u Al'l (Voodoo) pD;yG g;a&;pepf[kac:=uonf? Voodoo rSmatmufvrf;ynm[kt"dy g,f&onf?



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orRw&D*ifrJqG,fpOfu tpd k;&.toH k;tpG Jud k av#mhcsrnf[kajymcJ haomfvnf; wu,fwGifrlumuG,fa&;buftoH k;p&dwfrsm;ud k wd k;jr‡if hay;cJ honf?

&D*ifonf a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmudkppfwyf/ vufeufypPnf;ud&d,m(±d k;±d k;jzpfap/ t%kjrLvufeuf)/ enf;pepfrsm;ESif hokawoejyKr_rsm;twGuftoH k;jyKcJ honf? ol.pDrHudef;rsm;jzpfaom SDI od k @r[kwf pwm;0g; (Star

Wars) pDrHudef;twGuf ukefusp&dwfwpfckwnf;rSm a':vmukaËukËm ($

1 trillion) ausmf±S dcJ haomfvnf; aemufqH k;TpDrHudef;rSmwjznf;jznf;ysufpD;

oGm;cJ honf? &D*ifu Tod k @jyKvkyf&jcif;rSm 1940 ckESpftv,fyd kif;u tar&duESif hppfat;ppfyG JqifEG JcJ honf h qd kAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. tar&dueftay:xd k;ppfqifvmEd kifzG,f&mtajctae±S daoma=umif hjzpfonf? TuJ hok d @ppfa&; ppf&mjyifqifr_rsm;vkyfaeapumrl qd kAD,ufacgif;aqmifrDac;(vf)ud kAmacsmh(Af).pGrf;aqmifr_a=umif h tar&duESif hqd kAD,ufjynfaxmifpkt=um; qufqHa&;wd k;jr‡if hvmcJ honf? ud kAmacsmh(Af)ESif h&D*ifwd k @pmcsKyfrsm;pGmud k vufrSwfa&;xd k;cJ h+yD; &D*if.'kwd,oufwrf;wGif Ed kifiHESpfEd kifiHpvH k;rS t%kjrLvufeufxkwfa0r_ud kav#mhcscJ h=uonf?

qd kAD,ufESif hqufqHa&;aumif;rGefvmaomfvnf; &D*ifu urBmwpfv$m;±S duGefjrLepfrsm;ud k qufvufwd kufcd kufcJ honf? 1982 ckESpftwGif; tar&duef

wd k @rSu&ife'g (Grenada) Ed kifiHod k @ usK;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;tcGif hay;cJ h+yD; uGef*&ufuol @ud k Tvkyf&yfw&m;r0if[kowday;cJ honf hwd kif eDu&muG g (Nicar-

-agua) wGif±Sdaomqef @usifr_rsm;ud kaxmufcHcJ honf? olorRwjzpfonf houfwrf;wGif tar&durS,if;.+idrf;pm;wyfwd k @ud k vufbEGefod k @yd k @aqmif+yD;t=urf;zuform;rsm;ud kaxmufcHonf hvpfAsm;Ed kifiHud kAH k;}uJcJ honf?

1984 ckESpfwGif wd kif;oljynfom;rsm;u &D*ifud ktdrfjzLawmfwGif aemufoufwrf;wpfcktvkyfvkyf&efa±G;cs,fcJ honf? &D*ifrdrd.+ydKifbufa0gvfwmrGef



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a';vfud ktjywftowftEd kif&±S dcJ honf? &D*if.'kwd,oufwrf;wGif tcuftcJrsm;ESif hjynf hESufae+yD; ,if;ud ktD&efrsm;xHod k @ vufeufa&mif;cs+yD;eDu&m

uG g±S d uGefjrLepfqef @usifonf htzG J @rsm;tm; axmufyH hjcif;qd konf h pGyfpG Jcsufa=umif h Iran–countra t±_yftaxG;tay: pH kprf;axmufvSrf;r_ud k&ifqd kifae& ygonf?

&D*ifonf rdrd.oufwrf;jynf h+yD;aemuf 1989 ckESpfwGif a*smh(±S f)bk(±S f)ud korRwtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJ honf? xd k @aemufolu ol.avmhpftdef;

*s,fvpf/ b,f(vf)tJwGif±S daom tdrftopfwGifoGm;Iaexd kifcJ honf?1992 ckESpfwGifolu Iran–Contra t±SKyftaxG;ta=umif; odyfor#ajymjyrnf[k uwday;cJ honf? od k @aomf pH kprf;axmufvSrf;olrsm;u ol.xGufqd kcsufrsm;ud k±kyfodrf;cJ honf? tb,f ha=umif hqd kaomf &D*ifwGitfwdwfY jzpfay:onf ht&mrsm;ud k jyefIaumif;aumif;rGefrGefowdr&awmhaoma=umif hod±S d onf htwGufjzpfonf? r=umcif q&m0efuol @tm; (Alzheimer’s)

a&m*gud kcHpm;ae&onf htwGuf ,if;.rSwfOm%fud k xdcd kufaponf[kqd konf? &D*ifonfvlrsm;a±S ›Y 1994 ckESpfrSpIaysmufuG,foGm;+yD; ol.ZeD;onfeef pDESif htoufxufqH k;aexd kifoGm;cJ honf? &D*ifonfb,f(vf)tJ/umvDzd k;eD;,m;±S daetdrfY ZGefv 5 &ufae@ 2004 ckESpfY uG,fvGefoGm;cJ honf?



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Tta&;tcif;onf 1989 ckESpfZGefv 5 &ufae@wGif Forbidden +rdK@od k @oGm;aomvrf;jzpfaomwD,merif (Tiananmen)&ifjyifwGifqENjyaeaomolrsm;ud k w±kwftpd k;&u t=urf;zufenf;jzif hajz±Sif;cJ haom aemufwpfae@wGifjzpfay:cJ hjcif;jzpfonf? xd kae@Y wif hum;rsm;onfwD,merif&ifjyif±S d&mod k @csDwufvmaepOf vlwpfa,mufu wif hum;rsm;a±S ›wGifoGm;I &yfae+yD;ol. vufwpfbufpDwGiftxkyfwpfxkyfpDud kud kifxm;ygonf? wif hum;rsm;&yf

oGm;onf htcsdefwGif xd kolonfwif hum;rsm;xGufoGm;&ef vufjzif hcg,rf;aeonfud kawG @&rnf? wc%t=umwGif wif hum;yxrwpfpD;u ol @ud ka±Smif+yD;armif;xGufoGm;&m oluvnf;wif hum;oGm;onf hvrf;wGifyifoGm;I&yfaevd kufonf? wif hum;rsm;a±S ›wGifydwf qd k @&yfae+yD;onf haemuf xd kvluwif hum;tay:wGifwufoGm;I wifhum;armif;orm;ESifhoGm;Ipum;ajymonf? olajymaompum;rsm;ud k owif;pmrsm;wGifuG Jjym;pGma&;xm;onf

ud kawG @&rnf? ,if;pum;rsm;rSm “bmvd k @'Dud kvm&wmvJ? igwd k @&J h+rdK@z±k dz&Juarmufurjzpf&wm rif;wd k @a=umif hyJ? vmwJ hvrf;uvSnf hjyef+yD; igwd k @vl

]]bmvdkU'Dudkvm&wmvJ/ igwd kU&J hNrd KUzNzdKz&Juarmuf urjzpf&wmrif ;wdk UaMumifh yJ/}}"Why are you here? My city is in chaos because of you."

wif hum;vlom; wif hum;vlom; (Tank Man) od kŒr[kwftrnfrodawmfvSefa&;orm;

ud k=um;zl;ygovm;? 1989 ckESpfZGefv5 &ufae@wD,merif&ifjyifqENjyyG JYoluwif hum;rsm;a±S ›wGif&yfIqENjyae

pOfol @ud kuifr&mrsm;/ AG D'D,d kwdyfacGrsm;jzif h±d kuful;xm;+yD; owif;Xgersm;wGifjyocJ hojzif h ol @ud kurBmw0Srf;vH k;u od±S dIemrnfausmf=um;vmcJ honf?

wifhum;vlom; (1989)




awGud kowfjzwfjcif;u&yf=uyg?” wpfcsdK@uvJ “xGufoGm;yg” [kom±d k;±d k;a&;xm;onf? AG D'D,d kxJwGif ol @&J hvlwpfcsdK@u ol @ud kvltkyfxJwGifqG Jac:oGm;

+yD; wif hum;rsm;onfvnf; a±S ›ud kqufvufxGufoGm;=uonfud kawG @& onf?

ol.v_yf±Sm;r_rSm tcsdefwd ktwGif;r#omjzpfaomfjim;vnf; rnfonf hbmompum;ajymaomolrqd k/ rnfonf htouft±G,frqd k/ pmrzwfwwfaomolrsm;ESif h armfpDwH k;ta=umif;wpfcgrSr=um;zl;olrsm;yifv#if wif hum;

vlom;.vkyf&yfud kem;vnf=uonf? wef;pD&yfaeaomwif hum;rsm;a±S ›wGifvlwpfa,muf&yfaeonf howif;yH konf nwGif;csif;rSmyif urBmtES H @±S dowif;=unf holrsm;xJa&muf±S doGm;onf? owif;pm&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif xk dowif;ud k owif;pmESif howif;pmr*~Zif;wd k @.acgif;}uD;yd kif;owif;wGif ygvmonfud kawG @&rnf? xd k @twlurBmt&yf&yf±S d owif;Xgersm;wGifvnf; xd kolta=umif;toHv$if hxm;onfud kawG @&rnf? xd kol @"gwfyH kud k ±d kuful;aom"gwfyH korm;wpfOD;onf,if;yH kud k Life Magazine . “urBmud kajymif;vJaom"gwfyH ktyH k 100” xJwGifaz: jyxm;onfud kawG @&rnf? 1998 ckESpf{+yDvwGif tar&duEd kifiHrSxkwfa0aom “Time Magazine” rStrnfrod

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