FAMILY Syngnathidae Bonaparte, 1831 - pipefishes, seahorses

SUBFAMILY Syngnathinae Bonaparte, 1831 - tail-brooding pipefishes, seahorses [=Signatidi, Aphyostomia, Lophobranchi, Syngnathidae, Scyphini, Siphostomini, Doryrhamphinae, Nerophinae, Doryrhamphinae, Solegnathinae, Gastrotokeinae, Gastrophori, Urophori, Doryichthyina, Sygnathoidinae (Syngnathoidinae), Phyllopteryginae, Acentronurinae, Leptoichthyinae, Haliichthyinae] Notes: Signatidi Rafinesque, 1810b:36 [ref. 3595] (ordine) Syngnathus [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Aphyostomia Rafinesque, 1815:90 [ref. 3584] (family) ? Syngnathus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Lophobranchi Jarocki, 1822:326, 328 [ref. 4984] (family) ? Syngnathus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Syngnathidae Bonaparte, 1831:163, 185 [ref. 4978] (family) Syngnathus Scyphini Nardo, 1843:244 [ref. 31940] (subfamily) Scyphius [correct stem is Scyphi- Sheiko 2013:75 [ref. 32944]] Siphostomini Bonaparte, 1846:9, 89 [ref. 519] (subfamily) Siphostoma [correct stem is Siphostomat-; subfamily name sometimes seen as Siphonostominae based on Siphonostoma, but that name preoccupied in Copepoda] Doryrhamphinae Kaup, 1853:233 [ref. 2569] (subfamily) Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856 [no valid type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Nerophinae Kaup, 1853:234 [ref. 2569] (subfamily) Nerophis Doryrhamphinae Kaup, 1856c:54 [ref. 2575] (subfamily) Doryrhamphus Solegnathinae Gill, 1859b:149 [ref. 1762] (subfamily) Solegnathus [Duncker 1912:231 [ref. 1156] used Solenognathina (subfamily) based on Solenognathus] Gastrotokeinae Gill, 1896c:158 [ref. 1743] (subfamily) Gasterotokeus [as Gastrotokeus, name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; ever corrected?] Gastrophori Duncker, 1912:220, 227 [ref. 1156] (group) [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Urophori Duncker, 1912:220, 231 [ref. 1156] (group) [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Doryichthyina Duncker, 1912:220, 229 [ref. 1156] (subfamily) Doryichthys Sygnathoidinae [Syngnathoidinae] Fowler, 1928:110 [ref. 5596] (subfamily) Syngnathoides [corrected to Syngnathoidinae by Fowler 1951b:3 [ref.31928], confirmed by Whitley & Allan 1958:51 [ref. 21838] and by Lindberg 1971:108 [ref. 27211]] Phyllopteryginae Fowler, 1951b:3 [ref.31928] (subfamily) Phyllopteryx [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; name only, but used as valid by Whitley & Allan 1958:61 [ref. 21838] Article 13.2.1] Acentronurinae Whitley & Allan, 1958:50 [ref. 21838] (subfamily) Acentronura Leptoichthyinae Whitley & Allan, 1958:58 [ref. 21838] (subfamily) Leptoichthys Haliichthyinae Whitley & Allan, 1958:61 [ref. 21838] (subfamily) Haliichthys [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1]

GENUS Acentronura Kaup, 1853 - pygmy pipehorses [=Acentronura (subgenus of Hippocampus) Kaup [J. J.], 1853:230, Atelurus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:584] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Fem. Hippocampus gracilissimus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Acentronura Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1984 [ref. 5276], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:15 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:446 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:412 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:443 [ref. 22532], Paulus 1999:2266 [ref. 24794], Teske et al. 2004:273 [ref. 31602], Paxton et al. 2006:812 [ref. 29073]). Current status: Valid as Acentronura Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Atelurus) [ref. 1147]. Masc. Atelurus germani Duméril, 1870. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853 – (Dawson 1985:15 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Acentronura breviperula Fraser-Brunner & Whitley, 1949 - Fraser-Bruner's pygmy pipehorse [=Acentronura breviperula Fraser-Brunner [A.] & Whitley [G. P.], 1949:148, Fig. 1] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 13010] Mabuiag, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Acentronura breviperula Fraser-Brunner & Whitley, 1949. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific: East Andaman Sea (Thailand and Myanmar), Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Habitat: marine.

Species Acentronura gracilissima (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) - bastard seahorse [=Hippocampus gracilissimus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1850:274, Pl. 120 (fig. 6), Atelurus germani Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:584] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part; ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Valid as Acentronura gracilissima (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine. (germani) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Cochinchine [? southern Vietnam]. Current status: Synonym of Acentronura gracilissima (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Acentronura mossambica Smith, 1963 - Smith's pygmy pipehorse [=Acentronura mossambica Smith [J. L. B.], 1963:522, Pl. 76 (figs. F-G)] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 27; ref. 6516] Inhaca, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Acentronura mossambica Smith, 1963. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Acentronura tentaculata Gunther, 1870 - shortpouch pygmy pipehorse [=Acentronura tentaculata Günther [A.], 1870:516, Syngnathoides algensis Fourmanoir [P.], 1955:210] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Acentronura tentaculata Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine. (algensis) [Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar. Série A, Biologie Animale v. 9; ref. 12271] Dzaoudzi, Mayotte Island, Comoro Islands. Current status: Synonym of Acentronura tentaculata Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Amphelikturus Parr, 1930 - pygmy pipehorses [=Amphelikturus Parr [A. E.], 1930:31] Notes: [ref. 3370]. Masc. Amphelikturus brachyrhynchus Parr, 1930. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853, but a valid subgenus Amphelikturus -- (Dawson 1984:159 [ref. 5276], Dawson 1986:447 [ref. 5650]). •Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1985:15 [ref. 6541]). •Valid as Amphelikturus Parr, 1930 -- (Dawson 1982:10 [ref. 6764], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Teske et al. 2004:273 [ref. 31602], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 1 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Valid as Amphelikturus Parr, 1930. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Amphelikturus dendriticus (Barbour, 1904) - pygmy pipehorse [=Siphostoma dendriticum Barbour [T.], 1905:115, Pl. 1, Amphelikturus brachyrhynchus Parr [A. E.], 1930:32, Fig. 7] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 46 (no. 7); ref. 15336] Off Ireland Island, Bermuda, depth about 7 fathoms.

Current status: Valid as Amphelikturus dendriticus (Barbour, 1905). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (brachyrhynchus) [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 3 (art. 4); ref. 3370] Crooked Island, Bahamas. Current status: Synonym of Amphelikturus dendriticus (Barbour, 1905). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935 - pipefishes [=Anarchopterus Hubbs [C. L.], 1935:1, Simosyngnathus Fowler [H. W.], 1940:12] Notes: [ref. 2245]. Masc. Siphostoma crinigerum Bean & Dresel, 1884. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935 -- (Dawson 1982:33 [ref. 6764], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Kuiter 2009:240 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Simosyngnathus) [ref. 1435]. Masc. Siphostoma crinigerum Bean & Dresel, 1884. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Objective synonym of Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935 -- (Dawson 1982:33 [ref. 6764]). Current status: Synonym of Anarchopterus Hubbs, 1935. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Anarchopterus criniger (Bean & Dresel, 1884) - fringed pipefish [=Siphostoma crinigerum Bean [T. H.] & Dresel [H. G.], 1884:99] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 2; ref. 16051] Pensacola, northwestern Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Anarchopterus criniger (Bean & Dresel, 1884). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina and Bahamas to Gulf of Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Anarchopterus tectus (Dawson, 1978) - insular pipefish [=Micrognathus tectus Dawson [C. E.], 1978:15, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 1978 (no. 1); ref. 8939] 0.4 kilometers north-northwest of Alligator Reef Light, Monroe County, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Anarchopterus tectus (Dawson, 1978). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Apterygocampus Weber, 1913 - pipefishes [=Apterygocampus Weber [M.], 1913:115] Notes: [ref. 4602]. Masc. Apterygocampus epinnulatus Weber, 1913. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Apterygocampus Weber, 1913 -- (Dawson & Allen 1978:402 [ref. 1073], Dawson 1985:19 [ref. 6541], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794]). Current status: Valid as Apterygocampus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Apterygocampus epinnulatus Weber, 1913 - pipefish [=Apterygocampus epinnulatus Weber [M.], 1913:116, Fig. 42] Notes: [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Gesser Island, off southern Ceram, Indonesia, Siboga station 172. Current status: Valid as Apterygocampus epinnulatus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Belonichthys Peters, 1868 - pipefishes [=Belonichthys Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:147, Parabelonichthys Fowler [H. W.], 1943:57] Notes: [ref. 3441]. Masc. Syngnathus zambezensis Peters, 1855. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Peters 1868:108 [ref. 3440] [above apparently earliest but not researched]. •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853, but a valid subgenus Belonichthys -- (Dawson 1984:136 [ref. 5879], Dawson 1985:128 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:284 [ref. 6201]). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Belonichthys Peters, 1868 -- (Kottelat 2013:301 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Belonichthys Peters, 1868. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Parabelonichthys) [ref. 1441]. Masc. Parabelonichthys kellersi Fowler, 1943. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853, subgenus Belonichthys Peters, 1868 -- (Dawson 1984:136 [ref. 5879], Dawson 1985:126, 128 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:282 [ref. 6201]). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853-- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Belondichthys Peters, 1868 -- (Kottelat 2013:301 [ref. 32989]).

Current status: Synonym of Belonichthys Peters, 1868. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Belonichthys mento (Bleeker, 1856) - mento pipefish [=Syngnathus mento Bleeker [P.], 1856:75, Parabelonichthys kellersi Fowler [H. W.], 1943:58, Fig. 7, Hemithylacus rocaberti Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:600] Notes: [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Belonichthys mento (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and northern Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (kellersi) [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 100, v. 14 (pt 2); ref. 1441] Jaro River, Panay Island, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Belonichthys mento (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (rocaberti) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Manila, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Belonichthys mento (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Bhanotia Hora, 1926 - pipefishes [=Bhanotia Hora [S. L.], 1926:463] Notes: [ref. 2207]. Fem. Syngnathus corrugatus Weber, 1913. Type by original designation. See Das 2003:368 [ref. 27706] with date as 1925. •Valid as Bhanotia Hora, 1926 -- (Dawson 1978 [ref. 7025], Dawson 1985:20 [ref. 6541], Allen & Kuiter 1995:75 [ref. 21613], Paxton et al. 2006:812 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:230 [ref. 30404] with date as 1925, Satapoomin 2009:57 [ref. 30463]). Current status: Valid as Bhanotia Hora, 1926. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Bhanotia fasciolata (Dumeril, 1870) - Dumeril's pipefish [=Syngnathus fasciolatus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:561, Syngnathus corrugatus Weber [M.], 1913:112, Fig. 38, Corythoichthys fasciculatus Kaup [J. J.], 1853:231, Bhanotia sewelli Hora [S. L.], 1926:465, Pl. 11 (fig. 5), Syngnathus uncinatus Weber [M.], 1913:110, Fig. 36] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Bhanotia fasciolata (Duméril, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Sea east to Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands to Vanuatu. Habitat: marine. (corrugatus) [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Beol, Karkelang Islands, E. Indies, Siboga station 131. Current status: Synonym of Bhanotia fasciolata (Duméril, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (fasciculatus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 2569] Current status: Synonym of Bhanotia fasciolata (Duméril, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (sewelli) [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 27 (pt 6); ref. 2207] Coral reef, at South Point of Outram Island, Andaman Islands. Current status: Synonym of Bhanotia fasciolata (Duméril, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (uncinatus) [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Reef at Banda, Indonesia, Siboga station 240. Current status: Synonym of Bhanotia fasciolata (Duméril, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Bhanotia nuda Dawson, 1978 - naked pipefish [=Bhanotia nuda Dawson [C. E.], 1978:403, Figs. 1, 3, 5] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 91 (no. 2); ref. 7025] Off southeastern part of Arakabesan Island, Palau Islands, 7°20'51"N, 134°38'01"E, depth 0-1.8 meters. Current status: Valid as Bhanotia nuda Dawson, 1978. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Papua (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

Species Bhanotia pauciradiata Allen & Kuiter, 1995 - few-rayed pipefish [=Bhanotia pauciradiata Allen [G. R.] & Kuiter [R. H.], 1995:75, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 21 (nos 3-4) [1994]; ref. 21613] Off Wailiti, Maumere Bay, Flores Island, Indonesia, about 8°35'S, 122°11'E, depth 10-12 meters. Current status: Valid as Bhanotia pauciradiata Allen & Kuiter, 1995. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia: Flores [holotype]. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Bryx Herald, 1940 - pipefishes [=Bryx Herald [E. S.], 1940:52, Microsyngnathus (subgenus of Syngnathus) Herald [E. S.], 1959:468] Notes: [ref. 2095]. Masc. Bryx veleronis Herald, 1940. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Bryx Herald, 1940 – (Fritzsche 1980:192 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:111 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:22 [ref. 6541], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Kuiter 2009:284 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Bryx Herald, 1940. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Microsyngnathus) [ref. 2096]. Masc. Syngnathus dunckeri Metzelaar, 1919. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Bryx Herald, 1940 -- (Fritzsche 1980:192 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:111 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:22 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Bryx Herald, 1940. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Bryx analicarens (Duncker, 1915) - pink pipefish [=Syngnathus analicarens Duncker [G.], 1915:83] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Persian Gulf; Baluchistan; Mekran coast; Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Bryx analicarens (Duncker, 1915). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Bryx clarionensis Fritzsche, 1980 - Fritzsche's pipefish [=Bryx (Bryx) clarionensis Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:198, Fig. 7A] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 42 (no. 6); ref. 1511] Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Islands, off western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Bryx clarionensis Fritzsche, 1980. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Revillagigedo Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Bryx dunckeri (Metzelaar, 1919) - pugnose pipefish

[=Syngnathus dunckeri Metzelaar [J.], 1919:28, Fig. 9, Corythoichthys bermudensis Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.], 1932:113, Syngnathus jaumei Howell Rivero [L.], 1936:58] Notes: [Report on the fishes; ref. 2982] Curaçao; Bonaire; St. Eustatius; St. Martin Island. Current status: Valid as Bryx dunckeri (Metzelaar, 1919). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (bermudensis) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 13 (no. 5); ref. 9330] Nonsuch Island, Bermuda. Current status: Synonym of Bryx dunckeri (Metzelaar, 1919). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (jaumei) [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 41 (no. 4); ref. 12257] Off the beach at Guanabo, east of Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Bryx dunckeri (Metzelaar, 1919). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Bryx randalli (Herald, 1965) - Randall's pipefish [=Syngnathus randalli Herald [E. S.], 1965:373] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 32 (no. 12); ref. 9215] South side of Venados Island, about 28 kilometers west-southwest of Cumaná, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Bryx randalli (Herald, 1965). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Bryx veleronis Herald, 1940 - Herald's pipefish [=Bryx veleronis Herald [E. S.], 1940:55, Bryx (Bryx) clarionensis Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:198, Fig. 7A] Notes: [Report Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-1938 v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 2095] Cartago Bay, Isabela Island [Albemarle Island], Galápagos Islands, depth 15-20 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bryx veleronis Herald, 1940. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Bulbonaricus Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - pipefishes [=Bulbonaricus (subgenus of Ichthyocampus) Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:241, Enchelyocampus Dawson [C. E.] & Allen [G. R.], 1978:405] Notes: [ref. 3975]. Masc. Ichthyocampus davaoensis Herald, 1953. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Bulbonaricus Herald, 1953 -- (Dawson 1984 [ref. 5275], Dawson 1985:24 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:413 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Suzuki et al. 2003:2 [ref. 26785], Paxton et al. 2006:812 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:290 [ref. 30404], Ho & Lin 2014:25 [ref. 33575]). Current status: Valid as Bulbonaricus Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Enchelyocampus) [ref. 1073]. Masc. Enchelyocampus brauni Dawson & Allen, 1978. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Bulbonaricus Herald, 1953 -- (Dawson 1984 [ref. 5275], Dawson 1985:24 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Bulbonaricus Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Bulbonaricus brauni (Dawson & Allen, 1978) - pugheaded pipefish [=Enchelyocampus brauni Dawson [C. E.] & Allen [G. R.], 1978:407, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 6 (pt 4); ref. 1073] Off Tantabiddi Creek, North West Cape, Western Australia, 21°55'S, 113°56'E, depth 10 meters. Current status: Valid as Bulbonaricus brauni (Dawson & Allen, 1978). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Bulbonaricus brucei Dawson, 1984 - Bruce's pipefish [=Bulbonaricus brucei Dawson [C. E.], 1984:569, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Copeia 1984 (no. 3); ref. 5275] Central lagoon at Pangani, Maziwi Islands, Tanzania, about 5°05'S, 39°07'E, depth 1 meter. Current status: Valid as Bulbonaricus brucei Dawson, 1984. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Tanzania. Habitat: marine.

Species Bulbonaricus davaoensis (Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953) - Davao pugheaded pipefish [=Ichthyocampus davaoensis Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:242, Fig. 37] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Davao Gulf, 6°44'N, 125°46'E, Mindanao Island, Philippines, surface. Current status: Valid as Bulbonaricus davaoensis (Herald, 1953). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Kenya, Indonesia, Taiwan, Philippines, Queensland (Australia) and Fiji. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Campichthys Whitley, 1931 - pipefishes [=Campichthys (subgenus of Festucalex) Whitley [G. P.], 1931:313] Notes: [ref. 4672]. Masc. Ichthyocampus tryoni Ogilby, 1890. Type by original designation. •Valid as Campichthys Whitley, 1931 – (Dawson 1977:637 [ref. 1066], Dawson 1985:28 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:413 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:443 [ref. 22532], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:813 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:451 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:232 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Campichthys Whitley, 1931. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Campichthys galei (Duncker, 1909) - Gale's pipefish [=Ichthyocampus galei Duncker [G.], 1909:240] Notes: [Syngnathidae. In: Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens v. 2 (no. 15); ref. 14370] Point Peron, about 55 kilometers south of Perth, Western Australia, depth 0-7.6 meters. Current status: Valid as Campichthys galei (Duncker, 1909). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Campichthys nanus Dawson, 1977 - small pipefish [=Campichthys nanus Dawson [C. E.], 1977:641, Fig. 16 (upper pair)] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 4); ref. 1066] Pinda, Mozambique. Current status: Valid as Campichthys nanus Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Mozambique; western North Pacific: Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

Species Campichthys tricarinatus Dawson, 1977 - three-keel pipefish [=Campichthys tricarinatus Dawson [C. E.], 1977:641, Fig. 14 (bottom)] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 4); ref. 1066] Baleine Bank, northwestern Australia. Current status: Valid as Campichthys tricarinatus Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Campichthys tryoni (Ogilby, 1890) - Tryon's pipefish [=Ichthyocampus tryoni Ogilby [J. D.], 1890:56] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 18492] Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Campichthys tryoni (Ogilby, 1890). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia; one specimen from South Australia.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Coelonotus Peters, 1855 - pipefishes [=Coelonotus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1855:465, Hemithylacus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:61] Notes: [ref. 3449]. Masc. Syngnathus argulus Peters, 1855. Type by monotypy. •See Hemimarsupium Kaup, 1853. •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1986:284 [ref. 6201], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853, but a valid subgenus Coelonotus -- (Dawson 1984 [ref. 5879], Dawson 1985:127 [ref. 6541]). •Valid as Coelonotus Peters, 1855 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:85 [ref. 6441], Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Coelonotus Peters, 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Hemithylacus) [ref. 2575]. Masc. Syngnathus leiaspis Bleeker, 1853. Type by monotypy. Spelled Hemithylacum on p. 27. A substitute for Hemimarsupium according to Jordan 1919:272 [ref. 2410]; Dawson 1984:124 [ref. 5879] treats Hemimarsupium as a nomen nudum and in synonymy of Microphis (Coelonotus). See Hemimarsupium Kaup, 1853. •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1985:126

[ref. 6541], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Coelonotus Peters, 1855 -- (Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Coelonotus Peters, 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Coelonotus argulus (Peters, 1855) - Peters' pipefish [=Syngnathus argulus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1855:278, Syngnathus argus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1852:685] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 21 (pts 2-3); ref. 13448] Streams of St. Johanna, Anjoana Island, Comoro Islands. Current status: Valid as Coelonotus argulus (Peters, 1855). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific and freshwater habitats of adjacent islands: Comores and western Mascarenes; Indonesia; Ryukyu Islands; New Guinea and Solomon Islands east to Marquesas Islands, south to Chesterfield Islands and Grande Terre (New Caledonia). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (argus) [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1852; ref. 18539] Anjouan Island, Comoro Islands. Current status: Synonym of Coelonotus argulus (Peters, 1855). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Coelonotus biocellatus Gunther, 1870 - Gunther's pipefish [=Coelonotus biocellatus Günther [A.], 1870:188] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] East Indian Archipelago (?). Current status: Valid as Coelonotus biocellatus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southern Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Coelonotus leiaspis (Bleeker, 1854) - Bleeker's coelonotus [=Syngnathus leiaspis Bleeker [P.], 1854:20, Syngnathus budi Bleeker [P.], 1856:77, Typhlus goudoti Bibron [G.], in Kaup, 1856:27, 61, Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 6); ref. 16914] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Coelonotus leiaspis (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and Indonesia.

Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (budi) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia; Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Coelonotus leiaspis (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (goudoti) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Coelonotus leiaspis (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

GENUS Corythoichthys Kaup, 1853 - pipefishes [=Corythoichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1853:231, Bhanotichthys Parr [A. E.], 1930:27, 29] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Masc. Syngnathus fasciatus Gray, 1830. Type by subsequent designation. Jordan & Evermann 1896:761 [ref. 2442] and Jordan 1919:253 [ref. 2410] give type as C. albirostris Heckel, but that species apparently not available; type above designated by Whitley 1948 according to Dawson 1985:36 [ref. 6541]. Misspelled Corythroichthys by Jordan and others. •Valid as Corythoichthys Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1977 [ref. 7048], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:87 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:36 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:414 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2265 [ref. 24794], Paulus 1999:2268 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:815 [ref. 29073], Allen & Erdmann 2008:122 [ref. 29478], Kuiter 2009:188 [ref. 30404], Satapoomin 2009:58 [ref. 30463]). Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Bhanotichthys) [ref. 3370]. Masc. Syngnathus fasciatus Gray, 1830. Type by original designation. Type designated on p. 29. •Objective synonym of Corythoichthys Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1977:297 [ref. 7048], Dawson 1985:36 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Corythoichthys Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Corythoichthys amplexus Dawson & Randall, 1975 - brown-banded pipefish [=Corythoichthys amplexus Dawson [C. E.] & Randall [J. E.], 1975:271, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 88 (no. 25); ref. 7416] Beqa Lagoon, between Stuart and Yanuca Islands, Fiji Islands, depth 6.1 meters. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys amplexus Dawson & Randall, 1975. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles east to Fiji and Samoa; Philippines to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys benedetto Allen & Erdmann, 2008 - benedetto pipefish [=Corythoichthys benedetto Allen [G. R.] & Erdmann [M. V.], 2008:122, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (nos 3-4); ref. 29478] Northwest entrance to Selat Iris, 3°53.757'S, 134°06.638'E, Triton Bay, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, depth 14 meters. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys benedetto Allen & Erdmann, 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific: Myanmar and Gulf of Thailand, throughout Indonesia to eastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns, 1842) - Jenyns' pipefish [=Syngnathus conspicillatus Jenyns [L.], 1842:147, Pl. 27 (fig. 4)] Notes: [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Tahiti, Society Islands. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns, 1842). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Ruppell, 1838) - network pipefish [=Syngnathus flavofasciatus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.], 1838:144, Corythroichthys sealei Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], in Jordan & Seale, 1906:213, Fig. 18, Corythoichthys serrulifer Fowler [H. W.], 1938:136, Pl. 8 (figs. 16-17)] Notes: [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] El -Tor, north of Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, depth 0-9.1 meters. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean: East Africa, Comores, Madagascar, Aldabra, Amirantes, Réunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues (Mascarenes) east to Indonesia. Habitat: marine. (sealei) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Apia, Upolu Island, Samoa.

Current status: Synonym of Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (serrulifer) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 2; ref. 1428] Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys haematopterus (Bleeker, 1851) - messmate pipefish [=Syngnathus haematopterus Bleeker [P.], 1851:258, Syngnathus crenulatus Weber [M.], 1913:109, Fig. 35, Corythroichthys elerae Evermann [B. W.] & Seale [A.], 1907:57, Fig. 2, Syngnathus fasciatus Gray [J. E.], 1830:no page number, Pl. 89 (fig. 2), Ichthyocampus papuensis Sauvage [H.-E.], 1880:228 [18]] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2; ref. 331] Banda Neira [Banda Islands, Indonesia, Banda Sea]. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys haematopterus (Bleeker, 1851). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Palau and Vanuatu north to southern Japan and Taiwan, south to northwestern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (crenulatus) [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Binongka Island, south of Sulawesi, Indonesia, Siboga station 220. Current status: Synonym of Corythoichthys haematopterus (Bleeker, 1851). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (elerae) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 26 (Doc. 607) (for 1906); ref. 1285] Bacon, Sorsogon, Luzon Island, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Corythoichthys haematopterus (Bleeker, 1851). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (fasciatus) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] "Ambryna" [? Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia]. Current status: Synonym of Corythoichthys haematopterus (Bleeker, 1851). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (papuensis) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 4; ref. 3888] Havre Dorey, New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Corythoichthys haematopterus (Bleeker, 1851). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys insularis Dawson, 1977 - insular pipefish [=Corythoichthys insularis Dawson [C. E.], 1977:324, Figs. 16-17] Notes: [Copeia 1977 (no. 2); ref. 7048] Off eastern end of D'Arros Island, Amirante Islands, Seychelles, Indian Ocean, depth 21.3-30.5 meters.

Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys insularis Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean including Maldives. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys intestinalis (Ramsay, 1881) - scribbled pipefish [=Syngnatus intestinalis Ramsay [E. P.], 1881:494] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 5 (pt 4); ref. 18592] Duke of York Island, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys intestinalis (Ramsay, 1881). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Fiji and the Society Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys isigakius Jordan & Snyder, 1901 - Jordans' pipefish [=Corythroichthys isigakius Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:7, Pl. 5] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys isigakius Jordan & Snyder, 1901. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys nigripectus Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - black-breasted pipefish [=Corythoichthys nigripectus Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:275, Fig. 41b] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon 100 yards offshore of Argi Island, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, depth 25-40 feet. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys nigripectus Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys ocellatus Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - ocellated pipefish [=Corythoichthys ocellatus Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:267, fig. 41a] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Purvis Bay, Florida Island, Solomon Islands. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys ocellatus Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia and the Philippines south to Samoa and eastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys paxtoni Dawson, 1977 - Paxton's pipefish [=Corythoichthys paxtoni Dawson [C. E.], 1977:335, Figs. 20-21] Notes: [Copeia 1977 (no. 2); ref. 7048] One Tree Island, Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 0.6-1.8 meters. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys paxtoni Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Great Barrier Reef (eastern Australia), and Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys polynotatus Dawson, 1977 - many-spotted pipefish [=Corythoichthys polynotatus Dawson [C. E.], 1977:331, Figs. 20-21] Notes: [Copeia 1977 (no. 2); ref. 7048] Koror Island, Palau Islands, western Pacific, 7°20'13"N, 134°28'14"E. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys polynotatus Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Indonesia to western Pacific: Bali and Flores, Philippines and Palau. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys schultzi Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - Schultz's pipefish [=Corythoichthys schultzi Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:271, Fig. 42] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] 100 yards offshore in lagoon, Arji Island, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific, depth 6.1-12.2 meters. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys schultzi Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comores and western Mascarenes east to Marshall Islands and

Tonga, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Corythoichthys waitei Jordan & Seale, 1906 - Waite's pipefish [=Corythoichthys waitei Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.], 1906:212, Fig. 17] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Samoa. Current status: Valid as Corythoichthys waitei Jordan & Seale, 1906. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Cosmocampus Dawson, 1979 - pipefishes [=Cosmocampus Dawson [C. E.], 1979:674, Simocampus (subgenus of Bryx) Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:193] Notes: [ref. 1069]. Masc. Corythoichthys albirostris Kaup, 1856. Type by original designation. •Valid as Casmocampus Dawson, 1979 – (Dawson 1982:120 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1982:135 [ref. 5440], Dawson 1985:47 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:447 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:415 [ref. 12442], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:227 [ref. 24550], Paulus 1999:2268 [ref. 24794], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Paxton et al. 2006:817 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:235 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus Dawson, 1979. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Simocampus) [ref. 1511]. Masc. Siphostoma arctum Jenkins & Evermann, 1889. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Cosmocampus Dawson, 1979 -- (Dawson 1982:120 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:47 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus Dawson, 1979. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Cosmocampus albirostris Kaup, 1856 - whitenose pipefish [=Corythoichthys albirostris Kaup [J. J.] (ex Heckel), 1856:25, Corythoichthys brederi Parr [A. E.], 1930:30, Fig. 6, Siphostoma zatropis Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1882:264] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Bahia; Mexico. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus albirostris (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic.

Habitat: marine. (brederi) [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 3 (art. 4); ref. 3370] Cat Island, Bahamas. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus albirostris (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (zatropis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 282); ref. 2472] Snapper banks off Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus albirostris (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus arctus (Jenkins & Evermann, 1889) - snubnose pipefish [=Siphostoma arctum Jenkins [O. P.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1889:137, Syngnathus independencia Hildebrand [S. F.], 1946:153, Fig. 34] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 11 (no. 698); ref. 2342] Guaymas Bay, Sonora, western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus arctus (Jenkins & Evermann, 1889). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: central California to Mazatlan, Mexico. Habitat: marine. (independencia) [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Independencia Bay, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus arctus (Jenkins & Evermann, 1889). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus balli Fowler, 1925 - Ball's pipefish [=Corythoichthys balli Fowler [H. W.], 1925:24] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. No. 22; ref. 15538] Waikiki Reef, Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus balli (Fowler, 1925). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus banneri (Herald & Randall, 1972) - roughridge pipefish [=Syngnathus banneri Herald [E. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1972:135, Fig. 4] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 39 (no. 11); ref. 2097] About 1/2 mile off harbor of Ishigaki City, Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, western North Pacific, depth 20-35 feet. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus banneri (Herald & Randall, 1972). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East and South Africa, Comores, Seychelles and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Marshall Islands and Fiji and Tonga, north to Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus brachycephalus (Poey, 1868) - crested pipefish [=Syngnathus brachycephalus Poey [F.], 1868:444, Corythroichthys cayorum Evermann [B. W.] & Kendall [W. C.], 1898:128, Pl. 7 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3505] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus brachycephalus (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (cayorum) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 17 (art. 5) (for 1897); ref. 1281] Near Crawfish Bar, Key West, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus brachycephalus (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus caldwelli (Herald & Randall, 1972) - Caldwell's pipefish [=Syngnathus caldwelli Herald [E. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1972:133, Fig. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 39 (no. 11); ref. 2097] Anakena Cove, Easter Island, southeastern Pacific, depth 4.6 meters. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus caldwelli (Herald & Randall, 1972). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Easter Island. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus coccineus (Herald, 1940) - Herald's snubnose pipefish [=Syngnathus coccineus Herald [E. S.], 1940:57] Notes: [Report Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-1938 v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 2095] Santa María Island [Charles Island], Galápagos Islands, depth 3 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus coccineus (Herald, 1940). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus darrosanus (Dawson & Randall, 1975) - D'Arros pipefish [=Syngnathus darrosanus Dawson [C. E.] & Randall [J. E.], 1975:269, Figs. 4-5, Syngnathus lumbricoides Maugé [A. L.] 1981:61, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 88 (no. 25); ref. 7416] Off eastern side of D'Arros Island, Amirante Isles, depth 0-2.1 meters. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus darrosanus (Dawson & Randall, 1975). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (lumbricoides) [Cybium 3e série. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Ichtyologie v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 8574] Iftay, southwestern coast of Madagascar. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus darrosanus (Dawson & Randall, 1975). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868) - shortfin pipefish [=Syngnathus elucens Poey [F.], 1868:443, Syngnathus ascendens Poey [F.], 1876:375 [179], Syngnathus flavirostris Poey [F.], 1876:374 [178], Syngnathus linea Poey [F.], 1876:374 [178], Syngnathus marmoreus Poey [F.], 1876:374 [178], Syngnathus modestus Günther [A.], 1870:166, Syngnathus picturatus Poey [F.], 1876:374 [178], Syngnathus pipulus Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.], 1932:115, Siphostoma robertsi Jordan [D. S.] & Rutter [C. M.], 1897:97, Syngnathus walcotti Nichols [J. T.], 1937:1] Notes: [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3505] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (ascendens) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5; ref. 14211] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

(flavirostris) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5; ref. 14211] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (linea) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5; ref. 14211] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (marmoreus) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5; ref. 14211] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (modestus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Locality given as: ? Vanuatu; ? South America. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (picturatus) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5; ref. 14211] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (pipulus) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 13 (no. 5); ref. 9330] The Reach, Bermuda. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (robertsi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 49; ref. 10644] Kingston, Jamaica. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (walcotti) [American Museum Novitates No. 934; ref. 15292] St. John Island, Virgin Islands, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus elucens (Poey, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus heraldi (Fritzsche, 1980) - Herald's cosmocampus [=Bryx (Simocampus) heraldi Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:193, Fig. 5C] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 42 (no. 6); ref. 1511] Isla San Félix, Chile, depth 9-12 meters. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus heraldi (Fritzsche, 1980). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific: Desaventurados Islands (Chile). Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus hildebrandi (Herald, 1965) - dwarf pipefish [=Syngnathus hildebrandi Herald [E. S.], 1965:366] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 32 (no. 12); ref. 9215] Tortugas, Florida, U.S.A.

Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus hildebrandi (Herald, 1965). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus howensis (Whitley, 1948) - Lord Howe pipefish [=Parasyngnathus howensis Whitley [G. P.], 1948:77] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] Lord Howe Island. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus howensis (Whitley, 1948). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: South Pacific: Lord Howe Island and south Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus investigatoris (Hora, 1926) - Investigator pipefish [=Syngnathus investigatoris Hora [S. L.], 1926:461, Pl. 11 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 27 (pt 6); ref. 2207] Mergui Harbor, Myanmar, depth 6 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus investigatoris (Hora, 1926). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf to Andaman Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus maxweberi (Whitley, 1933) - Max Weber's pipefish [=Syngnathus (Parasyngnathus) maxweberi Whitley [G. P.], 1933:66, Syngnathus punctatus Weber [M.], 1913:113, Fig. 39] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 4677] Saleh Bay, Sumbawa Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus maxweberi (Whitley, 1933). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea to Indonesia east to Marshall Islands and Samoa and to eastern Australia. Habitat: marine. (punctatus) [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Saleh Bay, Sumbawa Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, Siboga station 313, depth 36 meters. Current status: Synonym of Cosmocampus maxweberi (Whitley, 1933). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus profundus (Herald, 1965) - deepwater pipefish [=Corythoichthys profundus Herald [E. S.], 1965:364] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 32 (no. 12); ref. 9215] About 90 miles off Melbourne, Florida, 27°56'N, 79°05'W, U.S.A., depth 100 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus profundus (Herald, 1965). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Cosmocampus retropinnis Dawson, 1982 - Dawson's cosmocampus [=Cosmocampus retropinnis Dawson [C. E.], 1982:135, Figs. 1, 2 (top)] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 5440] Northeastern Atlantic, 18°22'N, 18°14'W, Dana station 4007, depth estimated 0-35 meters over 2425 meters. Current status: Valid as Cosmocampus retropinnis Dawson, 1982. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Enneacampus Dawson, 1981 - freshwater pipefishes [=Enneacampus Dawson [C. E.], 1981:466] Notes: [ref. 1071]. Masc. Syngnathus ansorgii Boulenger, 1910. Type by original designation. •Valid as Enneacampus Dawson, 1981 – (Dawson 1986:281 [ref. 6201], Lévêque et al. 1989:121 [ref. 26480], Lévêque in Lévêque et al. 1992:576 [ref. 21590], Snoeks & Vreven 2007:575 [ref. 30079]). Current status: Valid as Enneacampus Dawson, 1981. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Enneacampus ansorgii (Boulenger, 1910) - Ansorge's pipefish [=Syngnathus ansorgii Boulenger [G. A.], 1910:559, Syngnathus olssoni Johnels [A. G.], 1954:399, Fig. 18, Syngnathus pulchellus Boulenger [G. A.], 1915:88, Fig. 74] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 6 (no. 36); ref. 577] Quanza River at Dondo, Angola.

Current status: Valid as Enneacampus ansorgii (Boulenger, 1910). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Africa: Gambia to Angola. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (olssoni) [Arkiv för Zoologi v. 6 (no. 17); ref. 12650] Creeks from the Farida and Alikiama swamps, Gambia River, western Africa. Current status: Synonym of Enneacampus ansorgii (Boulenger, 1910). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (pulchellus) [Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa v. 3; ref. 584] Gabon and Cameroon. Current status: Synonym of Enneacampus ansorgii (Boulenger, 1910). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Enneacampus kaupi (Bleeker, 1863) - Kaup's pipefish [=Syngnathus kaupi Bleeker [P.], 1863:24, Pl. 4 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem (Ser. 2) v. 18 (1862); ref. 395] Guinea. Current status: Valid as Enneacampus kaupi (Bleeker, 1863). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: West-central Africa: Guinea to Democratic Republic of Congo.

Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Festucalex Whitley, 1931 - pipefishes [=Festucalex Whitley [G. P.], 1931:312] Notes: [ref. 4672]. Masc. Syngnathus cinctus Ramsay, 1882. Type by original designation. •Valid as Festucalex Whitley, 1931 -- (Dawson 1977:622 [ref. 1066], Dawson 1984 [ref. 5290], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:88 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:68 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:448 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:417 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:819 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:206 [ref. 30404], Allen & Erdmann 2015:47 [ref. 33644]). Current status: Valid as Festucalex Whitley, 1931. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Festucalex amakusensis (Tomiyama, 1972) - Tomiyama's pipefish [=Hippichthys amakusensis Tomiyama [I.], 1972:6, Fig. 3] Notes: [Publications from the Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory Kyushu University v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 446] Aitsu, Japan.

Current status: Valid as Festucalex amakusensis (Tomiyama, 1972). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex armillatus Prokofiev, 2016 - Prokofiev's pipefish [=Festucalex armillatus Prokofiev [A. M.], 2016:623, Fig. 1] Notes: [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 56 (no. 5); ref. 34850] Hainan Island, Sanya (southern part of island), China. Current status: Valid as Festucalex armillatus Prokofiev, 2016. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Hainan Island, China. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex cinctus (Ramsay, 1882) - girdled pipefish [=Syngnathus cinctus Ramsay [E. P.], 1882:111] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 7 (pt 1); ref. 18594] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Festucalex cinctus (Ramsay, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: northern and eastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex erythraeus (Gilbert, 1905) - Gilbert's pipefish [=Ichthyocampus erythraeus Gilbert [C. H.], 1905:613, Fig. 238, Ichthyocampus philippinus Fowler [H. W.], 1938:43] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Off the south coast of Molokai Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3847, depth 23-24 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Festucalex erythraeus (Gilbert, 1905). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine. (philippinus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 85 (no. 3032); ref. 1426] Off Tinakta Island, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, 5°12'40"N, 119°55'10"E, Albatross station D.5160, depth 12 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Festucalex erythraeus (Gilbert, 1905). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex gibbsi Dawson, 1977 - Gibbs' pipefish [=Festucalex gibbsi Dawson [C. E.], 1977:633, Figs. 11 (middle), 12 (bottom)] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 4); ref. 1066] Queensland, Australia, 14°36'48"S, 145°27'42"E, depth 22 meters. Current status: Valid as Festucalex gibbsi Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Queensland (Australia) and West Papua (Indonesia), Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex kulbickii Fricke, 2004 - Kulbicki's pipefish [=Festucalex kulbickii Fricke [R.], 2004:25, Fig. 12] Notes: [Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie). No. 668; ref. 28269] Grande Rade, 22°14'04"N, 166°24'01"E, New Caledonia, depth 2 meters. Current status: Valid as Festucalex kulbickii Fricke, 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: West Papua, Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex prolixus Dawson, 1984 - Dawson's festucalex [=Festucalex prolixus Dawson [C. E.], 1984:371, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 30 (no. 4); ref. 5290] Sulu Sea, 7°22'N, 121°16'E, Dana station 3685 III, depth 0-100 meters over 4825 meters. Current status: Valid as Festucalex prolixus Dawson, 1984. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex rufus Allen & Erdmann, 2015 - pink pipefish [=Festucalex rufus Allen [G. R.] & Erdmann [M. V.], 2015:48, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 33644] Cheri's Reef dive site, about 5.5 km west of Nuakata Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, 10°18.023'S. 150°57.177'E, depth 18-20 meters.

Current status: Valid as Festucalex rufus Allen & Erdmann, 2015. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex scalaris (Gunther, 1870) - ladder pipefish [=Ichthyocampus scalaris Günther [A.], 1870:177] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Freycinet Harbor, Australia. Current status: Valid as Festucalex scalaris (Günther, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex townsendi (Duncker, 1915) - Townsend's pipefish [=Ichthyocampus townsendi Duncker [G.], 1915:96] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Makran coast and Maldives, Persian Gulf. Current status: Valid as Festucalex townsendi (Duncker, 1915). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean including Maldives. Habitat: marine.

Species Festucalex wassi Dawson, 1977 - Wass' pipefish [=Festucalex wassi Dawson [C. E.], 1977:635, Figs. 11 (bottom), 13] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 4); ref. 1066] Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Current status: Valid as Festucalex wassi Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Filicampus Whitley, 1948 - pipefishes [=Filicampus Whitley [G. P.], 1948:75]

Notes: [ref. 4710]. Masc. Syngnathus superciliaris Günther 1880. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Filicampus Whitley 1948 -- (Dawson 1985:73 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:417 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:445 [ref. 22532], Paulus 1999:2268 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:820 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:452 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:212 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Filicampus Whitley, 1948. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Filicampus tigris (Castelnau, 1879) - tiger pipefish [=Syngnathus tigris Castelnau [F. L.], 1879:397, Syngnathus superciliaris Günther [A.], 1880:30] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 3 (pt 4); ref. 764] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Filicampus tigris (Castelnau, 1879). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Queensland to South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (superciliaris) [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia, depth 4-6 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Filicampus tigris (Castelnau, 1879). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Halicampus Kaup, 1856 - pipefishes [=Halicampus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:22, Halicampoides Fowler [H. W.], 1956:204, Phanerotokeus Duncker [G.], 1940:84] Notes: [ref. 2575]. Masc. Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856. Type by monotypy. Appeared first as name only in Kaup 1853:231 [ref. 2569] with unavailable species H. grayi Kaup. See Opinion 53 for action involving grayi Kaup. •Valid as Halicampus Kaup, 1856 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:87 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:75 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:451 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:418 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2269 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:820 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:260 [ref. 30404], Satapoomin 2009:59 [ref. 30463], Ohta & Motomura 2010:57 [ref. 31557], Matsunuma et al. 2013:158 [ref. 33260]). Current status: Valid as Halicampus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Halicampoides) [ref. 1468]. Masc. Halicampus macrorhynchus Bamber, 1915. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Halicampus Kaup, 1856 -- (Dawson 1985:75 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Halicampus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Phanerotokeus) [ref. 1157]. Masc. Phanerotokeus gohari Duncker, 1940. Type by original designation (also monotypic).

•Synonym of Halicampus Kaup, 1856 -- (Dawson 1985:75 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Halicampus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Halicampus boothae (Whitley, 1964) - Booth's pipefish [=Micrognathus boothae Whitley [G. P.], 1964:162, Fig. 3] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 26 (no. 5); ref. 3772] Lord Howe Island. Current status: Valid as Halicampus boothae (Whitley, 1964). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: eastern Australia and Coral Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus brocki (Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953) - Brock's pipefish [=Micrognathus brocki Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:263, Figs. 39g, 40] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon in Amen Island, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, depth 30 feet. Current status: Valid as Halicampus brocki (Herald, 1953). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and Western Australia: East Indian Region to Micronesia, Ryukyu Islands and Philippines south to Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus crinitus (Jenyns, 1842) - Jenyns' halicampus [=Syngnathus crinitus Jenyns [L.], 1842:148, Pl. 27 (fig. 5), Syngnathus jonesii Günther [A.], 1874:455 [8]] Notes: [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Halicampus crinitus (Jenyns, 1842). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (jonesii) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 14 (no. 84) (art. 55); ref. 5753] Bermuda. Current status: Synonym of Halicampus crinitus (Jenyns, 1842). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus dunckeri (Chabanaud, 1929) - Duncker's pipefish [=Micrognathus dunckeri Chabanaud [P.], 1929:170, Figs. 2-3, Micrognathus magdamoi Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1932:141] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 54; ref. 15887] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Halicampus dunckeri (Chabanaud, 1929). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea (?), Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Philippines. Habitat: marine. (magdamoi) [Copeia 1932 (no. 3); ref. 10976] Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Halicampus dunckeri (Chabanaud, 1929). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus edmondsoni (Pietschmann, 1928) - Edmondson's pipefish [=Ichthyocampus edmondsoni Pietschmann [V.], 1928:298, Fig. 3] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 65 (no. 27); ref. 15874] Waikiki Reef, Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands.

Current status: Valid as Halicampus edmondsoni (Pietschmann, 1928). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus ensenadae (Silvester, 1915) - Ensenada pipefish [=Corythroichthys ensenadae Silvester [C. F.], 1915:215] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book No. 14; ref. 4027] Bunch coral off Ballenes Point, Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea. Current status: Valid as Halicampus ensenadae (Silvester, 1915). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856 - Gray's pipefish [=Halicampus grayi Kaup [J. J.], 1856:22, Trachyrhamphus caba Seale [A.], 1910:503, Halicampus conspicillatus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:22,

Syngnathus koilomatodon Bleeker [P.], 1858:10, Pl. 1 (fig. 1), Syngnathus trachypoma Günther [A.], 1884:30] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] India and Australia. Current status: Valid as Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden and Sri Lanka to northern Australia north to the Philippines and Japan Habitat: marine. (caba) [The Philippine Journal of Science Section A v. 4 (no. 6) (for 1909); ref. 4000] Balayan Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (conspicillatus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (koilomatodon) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 5; ref. 16963] Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (trachypoma) [Reptilia, Batrachia, and Pisces 1884; ref. 14389] Prince of Wales Island and Thursday Island, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus macrorhynchus Bamber, 1915 - ornate pipefish [=Halicampus macrorhynchus Bamber [R. C.], 1915:480, Pl. 46 (fig. 4), Phanerotokeus gohari Duncker [G.], 1940:85, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology v. 31 (no. 210); ref. 172] Suez, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Halicampus macrorhynchus Bamber, 1915. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East to Australia, Fiji, East Indian locations, to the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine. (gohari) [Publications of the Marine Biological Station Al-Ghardaqa (Red Sea) No. 3; ref. 1157] [Al-Ghardaqa] Hurghada, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Halicampus macrorhynchus Bamber, 1915. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus marquesensis Dawson, 1984 - Dawson's halicampus

[=Halicampus marquesensis Dawson [C. E.], 1984:4, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [The J.L.B Smith Institute of Ichthyology Special Publication No. 34; ref. 8232] Southern end of Vaitahu Bay, Tahuata, Marquesas Islands, depth 115 feet. Current status: Valid as Halicampus marquesensis Dawson, 1984. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Marquesas Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus mataafae (Jordan & Seale, 1906) - Samoan pipefish [=Corythoichthys mataafae Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.], 1906:213, Fig. 19] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Coral reefs off Mulinu'u, Upolu Island, Samoa. Current status: Valid as Halicampus mataafae (Jordan & Seale, 1906). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Aldabra and western Mascarenes east to Marshall Islands, Samoa and Tonga, north to Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands and Palau, south to Queensland (Australia), Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia) and Tonga. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus nitidus (Gunther, 1873) - glittering pipefish [=Syngnathus nitidus Günther [A.], 1873:103 [7], Doryichthys elegans Steindachner [F.], 1901:459, Pl. 18 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Journal des Museum Godeffroy v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 6423] Bowen, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Halicampus nitidus (Günther, 1873). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Indian Region east to Indonesia, Fiji, Philippines, Papua New Guinea to Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine. (elegans) [Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft v. 25; ref. 14769] Ternate, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Halicampus nitidus (Günther, 1873). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus punctatus (Kamohara, 1952) - starry pipefish [=Yozia punctata Kamohara [T.], 1952:1, Fig. 2] Notes: [Research Reports of Kôchi University v. 1 (no. 6); ref. 12779] Mimase fish market, Kochi Prefecture, Japan.

Current status: Valid as Halicampus punctatus (Kamohara, 1952). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: southern Japan and Okinawa. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus spinirostris (Dawson & Allen, 1981) - spinysnout pipefish [=Micrognathus spinirostris Dawson [C. E.] & Allen [G. R.], 1981:65, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia v. 64 (pt 2); ref. 8615] Off Tantabiddi Creek, North West Cape, Western Australia, 21°55'S, 113°15'E, depth 10 meters. Current status: Valid as Halicampus spinirostris (Dawson & Allen, 1981). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean and Western Pacific: Sri Lanka east to American Samoa, north to Thailand and southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus vittatus (Kaup, 1856) - Kaup's halicampus [=Corythoichthys vittatus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:26] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Halicampus vittatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Halicampus zavorensis Dawson, 1984 - Zavora pipefish [=Halicampus zavorensis Dawson [C. E.], 1984:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [The J.L.B Smith Institute of Ichthyology Special Publication No. 34; ref. 8232] Zavora, 24°31'S, 35°13'E, Mozambique. Current status: Valid as Halicampus zavorensis Dawson, 1984. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South Africa to Oman. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Haliichthys Gray, 1859 - pipefishes

[=Haliichthys Gray [J. E.], 1859:38] Notes: [ref. 1887]. Masc. Haliichthys taeniophora Gray 1859. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Haliichthys Gray 1859 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:419 [ref. 12442], Paxton et al. 2006:822 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:156 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Haliichthys Gray, 1859. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Haliichthys taeniophorus Gray, 1859 - ribboned pipefish [=Haliichthys taeniophora Gray [J. E.], 1859:39, Pl. 7] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1859 (pt 1); ref. 1887] Freycinet Harbor, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Haliichthys taeniophorus Gray, 1859. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849 - pipefishes [=Hippichthys (subgenus of Syngnathus) Bleeker [P.], 1849:15, Bombonia Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1927:274, Oxleyana Whitley [G. P.], 1937:121, Parasyngnathus (subgenus of Syngnathus) Duncker [G.], 1915:14, 29, 79] Notes: [ref. 320]. Masc. Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Type by monotypy. Proposed as a section of Syngnathus. •Valid as Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849 -- (Dawson 1978 [ref. 7026], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:86 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:97 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:282 [ref. 6201], Dawson 1986:451 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:419 [ref. 12442], Kottelat 1989:16 [ref. 13605], Allen 1991:105 [ref. 21090], Paulus 1999:2268 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:823 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:277 [ref. 30404], Satapoomin 2009:59 [ref. 30463], Jenkins & Mailautoka 2010:111 [ref. 30900], Kottelat 2013:303 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Bombonia) [ref. 2103]. Fem. Bombonia luzonica Herre, 1927. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849 – (Dawson 1978:133 [ref. 7026], Dawson 1985:96 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:282 [ref. 6201], Kottelat 2013:303 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Oxleyana) [ref. 4689]. Fem. Syngnathus parviceps Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849 -- (Dawson 1985:96 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:282 [ref. 6201], Kottelat 2013:303 [ref. 32989]).

Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Parasyngnathus) [ref. 6567]. Masc. Syngnathus argyrostictus Kaup, 1856. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849, but a valid subgenus Parasyngnathus as described -- (Dawson 1985:96 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:451 [ref. 5650]). •Valid as Parasyngnathus Duncker, 1915 -- (Dawson 1984:74 [ref. 21119], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:86 [ref. 6441]). •Synonym of Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849 -- (Dawson 1978:133 [ref. 7026], Dawson 1986:282 [ref. 6201], Kottelat 2013:303 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Hippichthys albomaculosus Jenkins & Mailautoka, 2010 - Jenkins' hippichthys [=Hippichthys albomaculosus Jenkins [A. P.] & Mailautoka [K.], 2010:112, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 16 (no. 3); ref. 30900] Lower Dreketi River, Vanua Levu, Fiji, 16°58'91.7"S, 178°90'75.5"E. Current status: Valid as Hippichthys albomaculosus Jenkins & Mailautoka, 2010. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Vanua Levu Island, Fiji Islands. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hippichthys cyanospilos (Bleeker, 1854) - bluespotted pipefish [=Syngnathus cyanospilos Bleeker [P.], 1854:114, Syngnathus kuhlii Kaup [J. J.], 1856:34, 74, Syngnathus mossambicus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1855:465, Doryichthys spaniaspis Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.], 1907:10, Fig. 3, Parasyngnathus wardi Whitley [G. P.], 1948:77] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6; ref. 16924] Banda Neira, Banda Islands, Indonesia [Banda Sea, western Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Hippichthys cyanospilos (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East and South Africa, Madagascar and Persian Gulf east to Palau and Fiji, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Queensland (Australia). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (kuhlii) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Java, Indonesia.

Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys cyanospilos (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (mossambicus) [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Lumbo, Mozambique. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys cyanospilos (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (spaniaspis) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 26 (Doc. 606) (for 1906); ref. 2498] Cavite, Luzon Island, Cavite Province, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys cyanospilos (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (wardi) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] Lindeman Island, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys cyanospilos (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849 - belly pipefish [=Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker [P.], 1849:15, Syngnathus djarong Bleeker [P.], 1853:22, Syngnathus helfrichii Bleeker [P.], 1855:428, Bombonia luzonica Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1927:275, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-2), Syngnathus djarong luzonica Aurich [H.], 1935:98, Pl. 1, Corythroichthys matterni Fowler [H. W.], 1918:11, Fig. 5, Syngnathus parviceps Ramsay [E. P.] & Ogilby [J. D.], 1886:475, Ichthyocampus ponticerianus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:31, 74, Corythroichthys pullus Smith [H. M.] & Seale [A.], 1906:75, fig'd, Syngnathus spicifer var. rivalis Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:276, Bombonia uxorius Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:395] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [8]; ref. 320] Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Tropical Indo-West Pacific: eastern Africa to the Solomon Islands and north to the Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (djarong) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 6); ref. 16914] Panimbang,

western Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (helfrichii) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 9; ref. 16849] Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (luzonica H) [Philippine Journal of Science v. 34 (no. 3); ref. 2103] Lake Taal, between Ambulong and Talisay, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (luzonica A) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 112 (nos 5/6); ref. 13871] Taal Lake, central Luzon Island, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (matterni) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 70; ref. 1396] Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (parviceps) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 18603] Clarence River, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (ponticerianus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pullus) [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 19; ref. 4059] Rio Grande, Cotabato Province, Mindanao, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (rivalis) [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 3442] Basey River, Samar; Tacloban, Leyte, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (uxorius) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Mouth of a small stream flowing into Majalibit Inlet, Waigeo Island, East Indies. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker, 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Hippichthys parvicarinatus (Dawson, 1978) - short-keeled pipefish [=Syngnathus parvicarinatus Dawson [C. E.], 1978:288, Figs. 1-2]

Notes: [Copeia 1978 (no. 2); ref. 8940] Mudflat, Dinah Beach inlet, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, depth to 5 cm. Current status: Valid as Hippichthys parvicarinatus (Dawson, 1978). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849) - beady pipefish [=Syngnathus penicillus Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1368 [386], Syngnathus altirostris Ogilby [J. D.], 1890:55, Syngnathus argyrostictus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt), 1856:33, Syngnathus biserialis Kaup [J. J.] (ex Gray), 1856:33, Hippichthys gazella Whitley [G. P.], 1947:148, Corythroichthys quinquarius Snyder [J. O.], 1911:526] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (altirostris) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 18492] Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (argyrostictus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (biserialis) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] India or China. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (gazella) [Australian Zoologist v. 11 (pt 2); ref. 4708] Broome, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (quinquarius) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 40 (no. 1836); ref. 4152] Tanegashima, Osumi Island, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Hippichthys spicifer (Ruppell, 1838) - bellybarred pipefish [=Syngnathus spicifer Rüppell [W. P. E. S.], 1838:143, Pl. 33 (fig. 4), Syngnathus gastrotaenia Bleeker [P.], 1853:713,

Syngnathus gracilis Steindachner [F.], 1901:458, Pl. 18 (fig. 1), Syngnathus hunnii Bleeker [P.], 1860:70, Micrognathus suvensis Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:396, Syngnathus tapeinosoma Bleeker [P.], 1854:376] Notes: [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] El-Tor, Sinai coast, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, ca. 28°14'N, 33°36'E. Current status: Valid as Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles east to Caroline and Mariana Islands, Samoa and Tonga, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (gastrotaenia) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 5); ref. 16833] Wahai, Ceram, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (gracilis) [Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft v. 25; ref. 14769] Ternate, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (hunnii) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 8 (art. 2); ref. 375] Tandjong, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (suvensis) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji Islands. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (tapeinosoma) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6; ref. 13961] Anjer, western Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 - seahorses [=Hippocampus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:18, Farlapiscis Whitley [G. P.], 1931:313, Hippocampus Perry [G.], 1810:Pl. XVIII, Hippocampus Leach [W. E.], in Leach & Nodder, 1814:103, Hippocampus Cuvier [G.], 1816:157, Hippohystrix Whitley [G. P.], 1940:414, Jamsus (subgenus of Hippocampus) Ginsburg [I.], 1937:584, Macleayina Fowler [H. W.], 1907:426] Notes: [ref. 3594]. Masc. Hippocampus heptagonus Rafinesque, 1810 (= Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus, 1758). Type by monotypy. •Valid as Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Ginsburg 1937:525 [ref. 1801], Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Fritzsche 1980:185 [ref. 1511], Vari 1982:175 [ref. 6765], Fritzsche 1984 [ref. 13658], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:630

[ref. 13676], Dawson 1986:452 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:420 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:447 [ref. 22532], Gomon 1997:245 [ref. 22842], Lourie et al. 1999:3 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:234 [ref. 24550], Paulus 1999:2265 [ref. 24794], Kuiter 2001:297 [ref. 25900], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004:339 [ref. 28610], Teske et al. 2004:273 [ref. 31602], Paxton et al. 2006:824 [ref. 29073], Lourie & Kuiter 2008:54 [ref. 29944], Kuiter 2008:453 [ref. 30642], Gomon & Kuiter 2009:37 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:17 [ref. 30404], Randall & Lourie 2009:19 [ref. 30536], Oliveira et al. 2010:373 [ref. 30935], Jawad et al. 2011:147 [ref. 31521], Reijnen et al. 2011:1 [ref. 33436], Foster et al. 2012:55 [ref. 31765], Kottelat 2013:304 [ref. 32989], Silveira et al. 2014:317 [ref. 33493], Parin et al. 2014:207 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Farlapiscis) [ref. 4672]. Masc. Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Ginsburg 1937:530 [ref. 1801], Fritzsche 1980:185 [ref. 1511] and Vari 1982:175 [ref. 6765] as Farlapiscus, Kuiter, 2001:297 [ref. 25900], Kuiter 2009:17 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Hippocampus P) [ref. 12255]. Masc. Syngnathus folilatus Perry, 1810 Type by monotypy. Published in "Arcana 1810". Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 which predates Hippocampus Perry by one month according to R. Petit (pers. comm. 9/19/2003). Published a second time in Perry 1810 in text to Pl. 18; said by Perry 1810 that it is not the same as Hippocampus Declaried a nomen protectum by Kottelat 2013:304 [ref. 32989]. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Hippocampus L) [ref. 2738]. Masc. Hippocampus antiquorum Leach, 1814 (= Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus, 1758). Apparently not intended as a new genus (original not seen). Preoccupied. •In the synonymy of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Kottelat 2013:304 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Hippocampus C) [ref. 993]. Masc. Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. Same as Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810; Cuvier does not cite Rafinesque. •Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 – (Kottelat 2013:304 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Hippohystrix) [ref. 4699]. Fem. Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Treated by Whitley as masculine, but hystrix is feminine. •Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 -- (Fritzsche 1980:185 [ref. 1511], Vari 1982:175 [ref. 6765], Kuiter 2001:297 [ref. 25900], Kuiter 2009:17 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

(Jamsus) [ref. 1801]. Masc. Hippocampus regulus Ginsburg, 1933. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Vari 1982:175 [ref. 6765], Kuiter 2001:297 [ref. 25900], Kuiter 2009:17 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Macleayina) [ref. 1377]. Fem. Hippocampus bleekeri Fowler, 1907. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810, but a valid subgenus Macleayina -- (Ginsburg 1937:529 [ref. 1801]). •Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Vari 1982:175 [ref. 6765], Kuiter 2001:297 [ref. 25900], Kuiter 2009:17 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827 - bigbelly seahorse [=Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson [R. P.], 1827:127, Hippocampus agnesae Fowler [H. W.], 1907:429, Fig. 5, Hippocampus bleekeri Fowler [H. W.], 1907:426, Fig. 4, Hippocampus graciliformis McCulloch [A. R.], 1911:29, Pl. 6 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie (Férussac), Paris v. 11 (art. 92); ref. 17507] New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia and New Zealand. Habitat: brackish, marine. (agnesae) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 59; ref. 1377] Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (bleekeri) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 59; ref. 1377] Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia (if valid). Habitat: marine. (graciliformis) [Biological Results Endeavour [v. 1] (pt 1); ref. 2936] Near Bass Strait, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856 - West African seahorse [=Hippocampus algiricus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:13, Hippocampus deanei Duméril [A. H. A.], 1861:243, Hippocampus kaupii Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:516, Hippocampus punctulatus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:14, Pl. 2 (fig. 1)]

Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Algiers, Algeria, western Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and southwestern Mediterranean Sea. Habitat: marine. (deanei) [Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 10 [for 1858]; ref. 1149] Sierra Leone. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (kaupii) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Gold Coast, West Africa. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (punctulatus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Gold Coast, West Africa. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus angustus Gunther, 1870 - narrowbellied seahorse [=Hippocampus angustus Günther [A.], 1870:200, Hippocampus erinaceus Günther [A.], 1870:206, Hippocampus grandiceps Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:336, Fig. 52, Hippocampus hendriki Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:333, Fig. 48, Hippocampus multispinus Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:331, Fig. 45] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Freycinet Harbor, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Shark Bay to Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (erinaceus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] No locality [possibly northeastern Australia]. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (grandiceps) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Western Booby Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 10°44'S, 141°53'E, depth 10 meters. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: eastern Gulf of Carpentaria (if valid). Habitat: marine. (hendriki) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Cape York, 10°39'S, 142°30'E, depth 16-18 meters. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (multispinus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia, 10°49'S, 135°07'E,

depth 54 meters. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea (if valid). Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson, 1908 - Barbour's seahorse [=Hippocampus barbouri Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.], 1908:247, Fig. 8] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 27(Doc. 640) (for 1907); ref. 2492] Cuyo, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson, 1908. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines and northern Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, 1970 - pygmy seahorse [=Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley [G. P.], 1970:294] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 94 (3) No. 421; ref. 19119] Nouméa, New Caledonia, depth 30 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, 1970. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Mayaysia, Indonesia, Philippines to Papua New Guinea, east to New Caledonia, north to Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands to Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus borboniensis Dumeril, 1870 - Barboni seahorse [=Hippocampus borboniensis Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:520] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus borboniensis Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Réunion (western Mascarenes) east to Maldives. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869 - shortheaded seahorse [=Hippocampus breviceps Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1869:710, Hippocampus tuberculatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1875:48]

Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1869; ref. 14098] Adelaide, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (tuberculatus) [Official Record, containing Introduction, Catalogues, Official Awards of the Commissioners, Reposrt and Recommendations of the Experts, and Essays and Statistics on the Social and Economic Resources of the Colony of Victoria.; ref. 768] Swan River, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi, 1854 - giraffe seahorse [=Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi [G. G.], 1854:68, Hippocampus subcoronatus Günther [A.], in Playfair & Günther, 1867:139, Pl. 20 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Rendiconto delle Sessioni dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell'Instituto dei Bologna 1853-1854 (for 11 May 1854); ref. 17949] Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: East African coast south to Mozambique, Mauritius (Mascarenes). Habitat: marine. (subcoronatus) [The fishes of Zanzibar; ref. 3490] Zanzibar Tanzania; Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900 - Knysna seahorse [=Hippocampus capensis Boulenger [G. A.], 1900:11, Pl. 3 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Marine Investigations in South Africa. No. 8; ref. 14723] Knysna Harbor, Cape Province, South Africa. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern and southwestern Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Hippocampus casscsio Zhang et al., 2016 - Zhang's seahorse

[=Hippocampus casscsio Zhang [Y.-H.], Qin [G.], Wang [X.] & Lin [Q.], 2016:385, Figs. 1, 2a] Notes: [Zootaxa 4170 (no. 2); ref. 34762] Beihai, Beibu Bay, China (approximately 21°20'N, 109°02'E), depth 15 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus casscsio Zhang, Qin, Wang & Lin, 2016. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: China. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus colemani Kuiter, 2003 - Coleman's seahorse [=Hippocampus colemani Kuiter [R. H.], 2003:113, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 55; ref. 27123] Near Erscott's Hole, lagoon, Lord Howe Island, about 32°32.950'S, 159°05.080'E, depth 5 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus colemani Kuiter, 2003. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Lord Howe Island, Papua New Guinea and Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus comes Cantor, 1849 - tigertail seahorse [=Hippocampus comes Cantor [T. E.], 1849:1371 [389], Pl. 11 (fig. 2), Hippocampus mannulus Cantor [T. E.], 1849:1370 [388], Pl. 11 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus comes Cantor 1849. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: East Andaman Sea to Malacca Strait, Singapore to Lesser Sunda islands (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus coronatus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 - crowned seahorse [=Hippocampus coronatus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1850:274, Pl. 120 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part; ref. 4375] Nagasaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus coronatus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Nagasaki to Tokyo Bay, Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus dahli Ogilby, 1908 - lowcrown seahorse [=Hippocampus dahli Ogilby [J. D.], 1908:17, Hippocampus lenis De Vis [C. W.], 1908] Notes: [Annals of the Queensland Museum No. 9 (pt 1); ref. 3285] Moreton Bay, Noosa, southern Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus dahli Ogilby, 1908. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern and eastern Australia. Habitat: marine. (lenis) Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus dahli Ogilby, 1908. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Hippocampus debelius Gomon & Kuiter, 2009 - softcoral seahorse [=Hippocampus debelius Gomon [M. F.] & Kuiter [R. H.], 2009:41, Figs. 3c-5] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 30036] Hurghada, Erg Camel, 27°56'47"N, 33°35'43"E, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus debelius Gomon & Kuiter, 2009. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall, 2003 - Denise's pygmy seahorse [=Hippocampus denise Lourie [S. A.] & Randall [J. E.], 2003:286, Figs. 2, 4a, 4b, 5, 6-10] Notes: [Zoological Studies v. 42 (no. 2); ref. 27038] Banta Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, 8°24'S, 119°17'E, depth 26 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall, 2003. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuata and Marshall Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 - lined seahorse [=Hippocampus erectus Perry [G.], 1810:Unnumbered p. 177, Pl. 45, Hippocampus brunneus Bean [T. H.], 1906:32, Syngnathus caballus Larrañaga [D. A.], 1923:378, 390, Hippocampus fascicularis Kaup [J. J.], (ex Heckel) 1856:15, Hippocampus hudsonius DeKay [J. E.], 1842:322, Pl. 53 (fig. 171),

Hippocampus kincaidi Townsend [C. H.] & Barbour [T.], 1906:305, Figured, Hippocampus laevicaudatus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Heckel), 1856:16, Pl. 2 (fig. 2), Hippocampus marginalis Kaup [J. J.] (ex Heckel), 1856:15, Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot [A.], 1853:174, Pl. 5 (fig. 2), Hippocampus stylifer Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1882:265, Syngnathus tetragonous Mitchill [S. L.], 1814:28, Hippocampus villosus Günther [A.], 1880:8, Pl. 1 (fig. D)] Notes: [Ichthyology. In: Arcana; or The Museum of Natural History v. 1; ref. 12255] American Seas, Mexico, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic and eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (brunneus) [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 19; ref. 15640] Long Bird Island, Bermuda. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (caballus) [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (fascicularis) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (hudsonius) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (kincaidi) [Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society No. 23; ref. 15718] Bermuda. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (laevicaudatus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] North America. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (marginalis) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (punctulatus) [Sagra, R. de la, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba; ref. 18164] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia (if valid). Habitat: marine.

(stylifer) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 282); ref. 2472] Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A. (stomach content). Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (tetragonous) [Report, in part, of Samuel L. Mitchill; ref. 3030] Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (villosus) [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Off Bahia, Brazil, depth 7-20 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann, 1903 - Fisher's seahorse [=Hippocampus fisheri Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1903:169] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Kailua, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann, 1903. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829 - longsnouted seahorse [=Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier [G.], 1829:363, Hippocampus filamentosus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:507, Hippocampus longirostris Schinz [H. R.] (ex Willughby), 1822:262, Hippocampus hippocampus microcoronatus Slastenenko [E. P.], 1938:175, Hippocampus hippocampus microstephanus Slastenenko [E. P.], 1937:81, Hippocampus guttulatus multiannularis Ginsburg [I.], 1937:540, Figs. 56-57, Hippocampus ramulosus Leach [W. E.], in Leach & Nodder, 1814:105, Pl. 47 (color)] Notes: [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: British Isles to Morocco, Canary Islands and Azores (if valid). Habitat: brackish, marine. (filamentosus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147]

Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (longirostris) [Das Thierreich v. 2; ref. 3926] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (microcoronatus) [Annales scientifiques de l'Université de Jassy v. 25 (pt 2, no. 1); ref. 18722] Black Sea and Sea of Azov. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea and Sea of Azov (if valid). Habitat: brackish, marine. (microstephanus) [Archives of Zoological Museum Moscou State University. v. 4; ref. 21851] Black Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea [if valid]. Habitat: brackish, marine. (multiannularis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 83 (no. 2997); ref. 1801] Bay of Biscay, France, northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (ramulosus) [Zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals v. 1-3; ref. 2738] Locality not known, probably Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus haema Han et al., 2017 - Han's seahorse [=Hippocampus haema Han [S.-Y.], Kim [J.-K.], Kai [Y.] & Senou [H.], 2017:129, Figs. 3A-E, 4A, 5A-B, 6A, 6D] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 712; ref. 35660] Namcheon Harbor, Namcheon I-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan, Korea, 35°08'16"N, 129°06'51"E. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus haema Han, Kim, Kai & Senou, 2017. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Korea and Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) - shortsnouted seahorse [=Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:338, Hippocampus atrichus De la Pylaie [A. J. M.], 1835:528, Hippocampus antiquorum Leach [W. E.] in Leach & Nodder 1814:104, Hippocampus antiquus Risso [A.] 1827:183, Hippocampus brevirostris Schinz [H. R.] 1822:262, Gasterosteus equus Cabrera [A.], Pérez [L.] & Haenseler [F.] 1817:7, Gasterosteus equus Cabrera, Pérez [A.] & Haenseler [F.] in Machado 1857:24,

Hippocampus europaeus Ginsburg [I.], 1933:561, Hippocampus heptagonus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:18, Hippocampus jubatus De la Pylaie [A. J. M.] 1835:529, Hippocampus pentagonus Ginsburg [I.] 1937:530, Hippocampus vulgaris Cloquet [H.] 1821:178 (v. 21)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Gulf of Guinea, including Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine. (atrichus) [Congrès Scientifique de France v. 2 (Sept. 1834) (art. 5); ref. 1086] Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus europaeus Ginsburg, 1933. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (antiquorum) [Zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals v. 1-3; ref. 2738] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (antiquus) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (brevirostris) [Das Thierreich v. 2; ref. 3926] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (equus C ) [Lista de los peces del mar de Andalucía; ref. 17319] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (equus C in M) [Catálogo de los peces que habitán ó frecuentan las costas de Cadiz y Huelva con inclusion de los del Rio Guadalquivir.; ref. 17320] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. (europaeus) [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] La Rochelle, France, Bay of Biscay, northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (heptagonus) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (jubatus) [Congrès Scientifique de France v. 2 (Sept. 1834) (art. 5); ref. 1086] No locality.

Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (pentagonus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 83 (no. 2997); ref. 1801] Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (vulgaris) [Dictionnaire des sciences Naturelles; ref. 852] Mediterranean Sea, L'Ocean, & Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Hippocampus histrix Kaup, 1856 - spiny seahorse [=Hippocampus histrix Kaup [J. J.], 1856:17, Pl. 2 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Japan. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus histrix Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858 - Pacific seahorse [=Hippocampus ingens Girard [C. F.], 1858:342, Hippocampus ecuadorensis Fowler [H. W.], 1922:446, Fig. 2, Hippocampus gracilis Gill [T. N.], 1862:282, Hippocampus hildebrandi Ginsburg [I.], 1933:562] Notes: [General report upon zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, 1857; ref. 4911] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (ecuadorensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 73 (for 1921); ref. 15310] Bahia, Ecuador. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (gracilis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 14; ref. 1667] Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (hildebrandi) [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] Chame Point, (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger, 1900 - Jayakar's seahorse

[=Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger [G. A.], 1900:51, Fig.] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 6 (no. 31); ref. 14719] Muscat, Oman, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger, 1900. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, western Indian Ocean: East Africa, Seychelles, Réunion and Mauritius (western Mascarenes) east to Maldives. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter, 2001 - collared seahorse [=Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:306, Fig. 9] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Lord Howe Island, off New South Wales, 31°31'S, 159°05'E. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter, 2001. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Lord Howe Island and northern New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901 - great seahorse [=Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:14, Pl. 8, Hippocampus suezensis Duncker [G.], 1940:86] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Kagoshima, Japan. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines to southern Japan; ? western Indian Ocean on ref. 31521. Habitat: marine. (suezensis) [Publications of the Marine Biological Station Al-Ghardaqa (Red Sea) No. 3; ref. 1157] Suez, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea; northwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean: Oman and Arabian Sea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852 - spotted seahorse [=Hippocampus kuda Bleeker [P.], 1852:82, Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:14, Pl. 9,

Hippocampus brachyrhynchus Duncker [G.], 1914:295, Hippocampus chinensis Basilewsky [S.], 1855:249, Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.], 1838:143, Pl. 33 (fig. 3), Hippocampus hilonis Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1903:169, Hippocampus horai Duncker [G.], 1925:475, Fig., Hippocampus melanospilos Bleeker [P.], 1854:505, Hippocampus moluccensis Bleeker [P.], 1852:305, Hippocampus kuda multiannularis Raj [B. S.], 1941:156, Hippocampus natalensis von Bonde [C.], 1923:9, Pl. 1 (fig. 1), Hippocampus novaehebudorum Fowler [H. W.], 1944:162, Fig. 12, Hippocampus obscurus Hemprich [F. W.] & Ehrenberg [C. G.], in Kaup, 1856:10, Hippocampus obscurus Ehrenberg [C. G.], in Klunzinger, 1871:653, Hippocampus polytaenia Bleeker [P.], 1854:338, Hippocampus raji Whitley [G. P.], 1955:44, Hippocampus rhynchomacer Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:519, Hippocampus ringens Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1905:119, Hippocampus taeniops Fowler [H. W.], 1904:501, Pl. 7 (upper left fig.), Hippocampus taeniopterus Bleeker [P.], 1852:306, Hippocampus tristis Castelnau [F. L.], 1872:197] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3; ref. 16832] Singapore. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Maldives to western Indonesia and to Japan and the central Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. (aterrimus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (brachyrhynchus) [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 10 (pt 5, art. 18); ref. 14148] India. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (chinensis) [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Oriental seas, Beijing [Peking],

China. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: coasts of mainland China. Habitat: marine. (fuscus) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant) [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (hilonis) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Pacific: Hawaiian Islands [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (horai) [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 27 (pt 4); ref. 15584] Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (melanospilos) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 344] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (moluccensis) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia (if valid). Habitat: marine. (multiannularis) [Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress v. 27 (no. 3); ref. 13151] Madras coast, India. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (natalensis) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 3 (art. 1); ref. 521] KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 193, depth 28 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Africa: Kwa-Zulu-Natal (South Africa) to Mozambique (if valid). Habitat: marine. (novaehebudorum) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1451] Vanuatu. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (obscurus H) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (obscurus E) [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae

(polytaenia) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 343] Larantuka, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia: Flores Sea, possibly adjacent areas [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (raji) [Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales v. for 1953-54; ref. 4724] India. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (rhynchomacer) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] "Mer des Indies" [=China]; Singapore; China; Cochin. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (ringens) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 1) (1903); ref. 2451] Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (taeniops) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Second series. v. 12 (pt 4); ref. 1367] Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (taeniopterus) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and to Fiji, south to Australia and New Caledonia [if valid]. Habitat: brackish, marine. (tristis) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] Melbourne market, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: South Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus lichtensteinii Kaup, 1856 - Lichtenstein's seahorse [=Hippocampus lichtensteinii Kaup [J. J.], 1856:8] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Locality not stated (probably from the Red Sea? or Japan). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus lichtensteinii Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan? Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus minotaur Gomon, 1997 - bullneck seahorse [=Hippocampus minotaur Gomon [M. F.], 1997:246, Figs. 1, 2a, 3a-2] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria v. 56 (no. 1); ref. 22842] Off Eden, New South Wales, Australia, depth 35-40 fathoms (64-73 meters). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus minotaur Gomon, 1997. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: New South Wales and Victoria. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker, 1853 - Japanese seahorse [=Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker [P.], 1853:16, Fig. 2, Hippocampus japonicus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:7] ] Notes: [Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam) v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 16922] Kaminoseki Island, Japan. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: South China Sea to southern Japan. Habitat: marine. (japonicus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Nagasaki, seas of Japan. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan Sea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon, 2010 - paradoxical seahorse [=Hippocampus paradoxus Foster [R.] & Gomon [M. F.], 2010:62, Figs. 1, 2A, 3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2613; ref. 30956] Southwest of Esperance, Western Australia, approximately 34°29'S, 121°32'E, depth 102 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon, 2010. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: South-western Australia (one specimen). Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004 - Patagonian seahorse [=Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino [G. L. M.] & Luzzatto [D. C.], 2004:340, Figs. 2-3, 5]

Notes: [Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n.s. v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 28610] Río Negro, San Antonio Oeste Bahía, 40°45'S, 64°55'W, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus planifrons Peters, 1877 - flatface seahorse [=Hippocampus planifrons Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1877:851, Hippocampus biocellatus Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:311, Fig. 15] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1876; ref. 3454] "Naturalists Channel", northwestern Australia, depth 10 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus planifrons Peters, 1877. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Australia, Australia: Shark Bay to Exmouth. Habitat: marine. (biocellatus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Shark Bay, Kok Island to Quobba Point, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus planifrons Peters, 1877. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter, 2008 - Lourie's seahorse [=Hippocampus pontohi Lourie [S. A.] & Kuiter [R. H.], 2008:59, Figs. 1A, 2A, 3A, Hippocampus severnsi Lourie [S. A.] & Kuiter [R. H.], 2008:61, Figs. 2B, 3B, 4B] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1963; ref. 29944] Lekuan II, Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1°36'05"N, 124°45'56"E, depth 16 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter, 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine. (severnsi) [Zootaxa No. 1963; ref. 29944] Between Alung Banua and Cela Point, Bunaken, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1°37'07" to 1°36'47"N, 124°45'30" to 124°46'03", depth 15.2 meters. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter, 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia, Ryukyu Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Fiji [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus pusillus Fricke, 2004 - pygmy thorny seahorse [=Hippocampus pusillus Fricke [R.], 2004:37, Fig. 18] Notes: [Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie). No. 668; ref. 28269] Lifou Island, Baie du Santal, west of Récif Shelter, off Pointe Lefèvre, 20°53'55"S, 167°01'47"E, Loyalty Islands, 75-120 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus pusillus Fricke, 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus reidi Ginsberg, 1933 - longsnout seahorse [=Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg [I.], 1933:561, Hippocampus obtusus Ginsburg [I.], 1933:562, Hippocampus poeyi Howell Rivero [L.], 1934:32, Fig.] Notes: [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] St. George, Grenada, British West Indies. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (obtusus) [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, U.S.A., Albatross. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (poeyi) [Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural v. 8 (no. 6); ref. 3767] Havana, Cuba, depth 200 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter, 2008 - Satomi's pygmy seahorse [=Hippocampus satomiae Lourie [S. A.] & Kuiter [R. H.], 2008:64, Figs. 1C, 2C, 3C, Hippocampus waleananus Gomon [M. F.] & Kuiter [R. H.], 2009:38, Figs. 1-3a] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1963; ref. 29944] Derawan Island, Kalimantan, Indonesia, 2°17.690'N, 118°15.692'E, depth 10-18 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter, 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia, Borneo and Malaysia.

Habitat: marine. (waleananus) [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 30036] Walea Island, Togean Archipelago, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter, 2008. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Togian Islands off Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus sindonis Jordan & Snyder, 1901 - Dhiho's seahorse [=Hippocampus sindonis Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:17, Pl. 11] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Totomi Bay, Hamamatsu, Totomi, Japan. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus sindonis Jordan & Snyder, 1901. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: southeastern Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 - hedgehog seahorse [=Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber [M.], 1913:120, Fig. 44, Hippocampus aimei Roule [L.], 1916:11, Figs. 1-2, Hippocampus alatus Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:317, Fig. 25, Hippocampus arnei Roule [L.], 1916:383, Hippocampus curvicuspis Fricke [R.], 2004:34, Fig. 17, Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne [M. L.], 2001:244, Fig. 1, Hippocampus semispinosus Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:320, Fig. 29] Notes: [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Sapeh Strait, Indonesia, Siboga station 49, depth 70 meters. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Indonesia and Philippines. Habitat: brackish, marine. (aimei) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 15066] Mekong River, near Khemmarat on the Laos - Thailand border [South China Sea]. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (alatus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] East coast of Cape York, Queensland, 11°37'S, 142°56'E, depth 16-18 meters. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Indonesia, Philippines to Papua New Guinea and Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (arnei) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 22 (no. 7); ref. 20276] Mekong River, near Khemmarat on the Laos - Thailand border [South China Sea]. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (curvicuspis) [Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie). No. 668; ref. 28269] Nouméa, 22°16'S, 166°26'E, Grande Terre, New Caledonia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (queenslandicus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25696] Off John Brewer Reef, 18°37'S, 147°03'E, Great Barrier Reef, depth 50 meters. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia (if valid). Habitat: marine. (semispinosus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] East Alas Strait, Indonesia, 8°20'S, 116°50'E, depth 40-60 meters. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Timor Sea region, Northern Territorry, Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau, 1873 - West Australian seahorse [=Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1873:145, Hippocampus elongatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1873:144] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Fremantle, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau, 1873. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (elongatus) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Fremantle, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau, 1873. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus titicacaensis Anonymous, 2003 - Titicaca seahorse [=Hippocampus titicacaensis Anonymous, 2003] Notes: [Appeared as a name in a legend in Aqua Geõgraphica 2003 (June), issue n. 14, p. 211, top left figure.] Current status: Valid as Hippocampus titicacaensis Anonymous, 2003. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Lake Titicaca (author) Habitat: freshwater (author)

Species Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, in Leach and Nodder, 1814 - longnose seahorse [=Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach [W. E.], in Leach & Nodder, 1814:104, Hippocampus kampylotrachelos Bleeker [P.], 1854:107, Hippocampus manadensis Bleeker [P.], 1856:79, Hippocampus mannulus Cantor [T. E.], 1849:1370 [388], Pl. 11 (fig. 1)] Hippocampus takakurae Tanaka [S.], 1916:423, Pl. 115 (fig. 341)] Notes: [Zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals v. 1-3; ref. 2738] Indian and Chinese seas. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (kampylotrachelos) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 16939] Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Indonesia [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (manadensis) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: northern Sulawesi, Indonesia [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (mannulus) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (takakurae) Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: South China Sea to Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus tyro Randall & Lourie, 2009 - tyro seahorse [=Hippocampus tyro Randall [J. E.] & Lourie [S. A.], 2009:19, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin v. 10; ref. 30536] North end of Poivre Atoll, 5°44'S, 53°20'E, Amirantes,

Seychelles, depth 43-48 meters, dredge. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus tyro Randall & Lourie, 2009. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Seychelles. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855 - White's seahorse [=Hippocampus whitei Bleeker [P.], 1855:17, Hippocampus novaehollandiae Steindachner [F.], 1866:474 [51], Pl. 1 (fig. 2), Hippocampus procerus Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:328, Fig. 40] Notes: [Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam) v. 2 (art. 7); ref. 346] Sydney District, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales. Habitat: marine. (novaehollandiae) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 53; ref. 4210] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (procerus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] 5-11 kilometers nw Hervey Bay, Fairway Buoy, Queensland, 24°S, 152'E. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus zebra Whitley, 1964 - zebra seahorse [=Hippocampus zebra Whitley [G. P.], 1964:164, Pl. 8, Hippocampus montebelloensis Kuiter [R. H.], 2001:326, Fig. 36] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 26 (no. 5); ref. 3772] Off Gillett Cay, Swain Reefs, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus zebra Whitley, 1964. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Queensland (Australia) and Papua New Guinea.

Habitat: marine. (montebelloensis) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53; ref. 25900] Off Trimoulle Island, Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia, 20°24'S, 115°34'E. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus zebra Whitley, 1964. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Australia, Australia: Exmouth Gulf to Dampier Archipelago (if valid). Habitat: marine.

Species Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 - dwarf seahorse [=Hippocampus zosterae Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1882:265, Hippocampus regulus Ginsburg [I.], 1933:563, Hippocampus rosamondae Borodin [N. A.], 1928:16, Pl. 1 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 282); ref. 2472] Laguna Grande, Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (regulus) [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16490] Harbor Island, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (rosamondae) [Bulletin Vanderbilt Oceanographic Museum v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 526] Pilon, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine

GENUS Histiogamphelus McCulloch, 1914 - crested pipefishes [=Histiogamphelus McCulloch [A. R.], 1914:30] Notes: [ref. 2939]. Masc. Histiogamphelus briggsii McCulloch, 1914. Type by original designation. •Valid as Histiogamphelus McCulloch, 1914 -- (Dawson 1984:105 [ref. 21119], Dawson 1985:101 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:422 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:449 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:830 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:456 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:224 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Histiogamphelus McCulloch, 1914. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Histiogamphelus briggsii McCulloch, 1914 - Briggs' pipefish [=Histiogamphelus briggsii McCulloch [A. R.], 1914:30, Fig. 4,

Histiogamphelus briggsii orae Whitley [G. P.], 1950:238, Histiogamphelus maculatus robensis Whitley [G. P.], 1948:76] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2939] Wineglass Bay, east coast of Tasmania, Australia, depth 11 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Histiogamphelus briggsii McCulloch, 1914. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and eastern South Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (orae) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 4712] Thompson's Bay, Coogee, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Histiogamphelus briggsii McCulloch, 1914. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (robensis) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] Near Robe, southeastern South Australia. Current status: Synonym of Histiogamphelus briggsii McCulloch, 1914. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Histiogamphelus cristatus (Macleay, 1881) - Macleay's crested pipefish [=Leptoichthys cristatus Macleay [W.], 1881:296, Histiogamphelus gallinaceus Hale [H. M.], 1941:10, Fig., Histiogamphelus maculatus Hale [H. M.], 1939:2, Pl. (bottom)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 6222] Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Histiogamphelus cristatus (Macleay, 1881). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (gallinaceus) [The South Australian Naturalist. Journal of the Field Naturalists Section of the Royal Society of South Australia. v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 13013] Outer harbor, St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Synonym of Histiogamphelus cristatus (Macleay, 1881). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (maculatus) [The South Australian Naturalist. Journal of the Field Naturalists Section of the Royal Society of South Australia. v. 19 (no. 4); ref. 13012] Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Synonym of Histiogamphelus cristatus (Macleay, 1881). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hypselognathus Whitley, 1948 - pipefishes [=Hypselognathus Whitley [G. P.], 1948:76]

Notes: [ref. 4710]. Masc. Histiogamphelus rostratus Waite & Hale, 1921. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Hypselognathus Whitley, 1948 -- (Dawson & Glover 1982 [ref. 5444], Dawson 1985:104 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:423 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:451 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:831 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:458 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:227 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Hypselognathus Whitley, 1948. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Hypselognathus horridus Dawson & Glover, 1982 - prickly pipefish [=Hypselognathus horridus Dawson [C. E.] & Glover [C. J. M.], 1982:403, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 95 (no. 2); ref. 5444] Off Anxious Bay, Great Australian Bight, South Australia, depth 30 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Hypselognathus horridus Dawson & Glover, 1982. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hypselognathus rostratus (Waite & Hale, 1921) - knife-snouted pipefish [=Histiogamphelus rostratus Waite [E. R.] & Hale [H. M.], 1921:303, Fig. 44] Notes: [Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 4569] Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Hypselognathus rostratus (Waite & Hale, 1921). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoria and South Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Ichthyocampus Kaup, 1853 - pipefishes [=Ichthyocampus Kaup [J. J.], 1853:231] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Masc. Syngnathus carce Hamilton, 1822. Type by monotypy [not fully investigated] or designated by Duncker 1912 [ref. 1156]; not I. belcheri Kaup as cited by Jordan which was unavailable (name only) with original generic description. •Valid as Ichthyocampus Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1977:600 [ref. 1066], Dawson 1985:105 [ref. 6541], Kottelat 1989:16 [ref. 13605], Rahman 1989:35 [ref. 24860], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:343 [ref. 23876], Paulus 1999:2266 [ref. 24794], Ataur Rahman 2003:50

[ref. 31338], Kuiter 2009:280 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Ichthyocampus Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Ichthyocampus bikiniensis Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - Bikini pipefish [=Ichthyocampus bikiniensis Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:242] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Bikini lagoon, near middle, Marshall Islands, depth 0-60 feet. Current status: Valid as Ichthyocampus bikiniensis Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Ichthyocampus carce (Hamilton, 1822) - carce pipefish [=Syngnathus carce Hamilton [F.], 1822:13, 362, Syngnathus platygnathus Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.], in Kaup, 1856:30] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Tide-way of Ganges River, India. Current status: Valid as Ichthyocampus carce (Hamilton, 1822). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: India to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (platygnathus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Ichthyocampus carce (Hamilton, 1822). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

GENUS Idiotropiscis Whitley, 1947 - pipefishes [=Idiotropiscis Whitley [G. P.], 1947:150] Notes: [ref. 4708]. Masc. Acentronura australe Waite & Hale, 1921. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Acentronura Kaup, 1853, but a valid subgenus Idiotropiscis -- (Dawson 1985:15 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1984 [ref. 5276], Dawson 1986:446 [ref. 5650]). •Valid as Idiotropiscis Whitley, 1947 -- (Kuiter 2004:163 [ref. 27782], Teske et al. 2004:273 [ref. 31602], Paxton et al. 2006:831 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:460 [ref. 30642]). Current status: Valid as Idiotropiscis Whitley, 1947. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Idiotropiscis australus (Waite & Hale, 1921) - Waite's southern pipefish [=Acentronura australe Waite [E. R.] & Hale [H. M.], 1921:317, Fig. 53] Notes: [Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 4569] St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Idiotropiscis australus (Waite & Hale, 1921). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Idiotropiscis larsonae (Dawson, 1984) - Larson's idiotropiscis [=Acentronura (Idiotropiscis) larsonae Dawson [C. E.], 1984:156, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 31 (no. 2); ref. 5276] Alpha Island, Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia, about 20°26'S, 115°37'E, depth about 3 meters. Current status: Valid as Idiotropiscis larsonae (Dawson, 1984). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Australia, Australia: Monte Bello Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Idiotropiscis lumnitzeri Kuiter, 2004 - Lumnitzer's pipefish [=Idiotropiscis lumnitzeri Kuiter [R. H.], 2004:164, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 56 (no. 2); ref. 27782] Henrietta Head, La Perouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 34°00'S, 151°15'E, depth 22 meters. Current status: Valid as Idiotropiscis lumnitzeri Kuiter, 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: New South Wales, Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Kaupus Whitley, 1951 - pipefishes [=Kaupus (subgenus of Leptonotus) Whitley [G. P.], 1951:392] Notes: [ref. 4715]. Masc. Leptonotus costatus Waite & Hale, 1921. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Kaupus Whitley, 1951 -- (Dawson 1984:98 [ref. 21119], Dawson 1985:107 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:423 [ref. 12442],

Gomon et al. 1994:453 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:832 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:461 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:221 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Kaupus Whitley, 1951. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Kaupus costatus (Waite & Hale, 1921) - deepbody pipefish [=Leptonotus costatus Waite [E. R.] & Hale [H. M.], 1921:301, Fig. 43] Notes: [Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 4569] Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Kaupus costatus (Waite & Hale, 1921). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Kimblaeus Dawson, 1980 - pipefishes [=Kimblaeus Dawson [C. E.], 1980:518] Notes: [ref. 1070]. Masc. Kimblaeus bassensis Dawson, 1980. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Kimblaeus Dawson, 1980 -- (Dawson 1985:108 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:423 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:454 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:832 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:462 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:226 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Kimblaeus Dawson, 1980. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Kimblaeus bassensis Dawson, 1980 - trawl pipefish [=Kimblaeus bassensis Dawson [C. E.], 1980:518, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research v. 31 (no. 4); ref. 1070] Tasman Sea, 38°10'S, 148°11'30"E, Victoria, Australia, depth 56.7 meters. Current status: Valid as Kimblaeus bassensis Dawson, 1980. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Kyonemichthys Gomon, 2007 - pipefishes [=Kyonemichthys Gomon [M. F.], 2007:26] Notes: [ref. 29396]. Masc. Kyonematichthys rumengani Gomon, 2007. Type by original designation (also monotypic).

•Valid as Kyonemichthys Gomon, 2007 -- (Bogorodsky et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31559]). Current status: Valid as Kyonemichthys Gomon, 2007. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Kyonemichthys rumengani Gomon, 2007 - Gomon's pipefish [=Kyonemichthys rumengani Gomon [M. F.], 2007:27, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 29396] Lembah Straits, Sulawesi, Indonesia, depth 16.5-18 meters. Current status: Valid as Kyonemichthys rumengani Gomon, 2007. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: southern Japan to eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea; Red Sea.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Leptonotus Kaup, 1853 - pipefishes [=Leptonotus Kaup [J. J.], 1853:232, Acmonotus Philippi [R. A.], 1896:382, Novacampus Whitley [G. P.], 1955:110] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Masc. Syngnathus blainvilleanus Eydoux & Gervais, 1837. Type by monotypy, second included species as name only and not available; blainvillianus spelled blainvillei by Kaup. Also appeared in Kaup 1856:46 [ref. 2573]. •Valid as Leptonotus Kaup, 1853 -- (Fritzsche 1980:190 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:40 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:111 [ref. 6541], Kuiter 2009:220 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Leptonotus Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Acmonotus) [ref. 3465]. Masc. Acmonotus chilensis Philippi, 1896. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Acmonotus McLachlan, 1871 in Neuroptera; apparently not replaced. •Synonym of Leptonotus Kaup, 1853 -- (Fritzsche 1980:190 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:40 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:111 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Leptonotus Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Novacampus) [ref. 4722]. Masc. Syngnathus norae Waite, 1910. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Leptonotus Kaup, 1853 -- (Fritzsche 1980:190 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:40 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:111 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Leptonotus Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837) - deep-bodied pipefish [=Syngnathus blainvilleanus Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Gervais [F. L. P.], 1837:3, Pl. 17,

Syngnathus acicularis Jenyns [L.], 1842:147, Pl. 27 (fig. 3), Acmonotus chilensis Philippi [R. A.], 1896:383, Hemithylacus petersii Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:600] Notes: [Magasin de Zoologie 1837 (year 7); ref. 17471] Oceania. Current status: Valid as Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Chile and Argentina. Habitat: brackish, marine. (acicularis) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Valparaíso, Chile. Current status: Synonym of Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific and western South Atlantic [if valid]. Habitat: brackish, marine. (chilensis) [Anales de la Universidad de Chile 93-95; ref. 3465] Pellahue, Chile. Current status: Synonym of Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (petersii) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Puerto Montt, Chile. Current status: Synonym of Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Leptonotus elevatus (Hutton, 1872) - high-body pipefish [=Doryichthys elevatus Hutton [F. W.], 1872:68] Notes: [Fishes of New Zealand (Hutton); ref. 2287] Wellington Harbor, New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Leptonotus elevatus (Hutton, 1872). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

Species Leptonotus norae (Waite, 1910) - longsnout pipefish [=Syngnathus norae Waite [E. R.], 1910:25] Notes: [Transactions New Zealand Institute Part 1 (1910); ref. 4565] Stewart Island to Pegasus Bay, New Zealand, 20-54 fathoms.

Current status: Valid as Leptonotus norae (Waite, 1910). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Lissocampus Waite & Hale, 1921 - pipefishes [=Lissocampus Waite [E. R.] & Hale [H. M.], 1921:306, Larvicampus Whitley [G. P.], 1948:75] Notes: [ref. 4569]. Masc. Lissocampus caudalis Waite & Hale, 1921. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Lissocampus Waite & Hale, 1921 – (Dawson 1977 [ref. 7047], Dawson 1985:114 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:424 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:456 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:833 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:463 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:217 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Lissocampus Waite & Hale, 1921. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Larvicampus) [ref. 4710]. Masc. Festucalex (Campichthys) runa Whitley, 1931. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Lissocampus Waite & Hale, 1921 -- (Dawson 1977:600 [ref. 7047], Dawson 1985:114 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Lissocampus Waite & Hale, 1921. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Lissocampus bannwarthi (Duncker, 1915) - Aqaba pipefish [=Ichthyocampus bannwarthi Duncker [G.], 1915:93, Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea, 27°16'46"N, 33°46'25"E, depth 0-2.4 meters. Current status: Valid as Lissocampus bannwarthi (Duncker, 1915). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

Species Lissocampus caudalis Waite & Hale, 1921 - smooth pipefish [=Lissocampus caudalis Waite [E. R.] & Hale [H. M.], 1921:306, Fig. 46] Notes: [Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 4569] Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Lissocampus caudalis Waite & Hale, 1921. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Australia: Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia.

Habitat: marine.

Species Lissocampus fatiloquus (Whitley, 1943) - prophet's pipefish [=Campichthys fatiloquus Whitley [G. P.], 1943:176, Fig. 7] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 10 (pt 2); ref. 4703] Shark Bay, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Lissocampus fatiloquus (Whitley, 1943). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Lissocampus filum (Gunther, 1870) - shortsnout pipefish [=Ichthyocampus filum Günther [A.], 1870:178] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Lissocampus filum (Günther, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: New Zealand including Chatham Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Lissocampus runa (Whitley, 1931) - javelin pipefish [=Festucalex (Campichthys) runa Whitley [G. P.], 1931:313, Lissocampus affinis Whitley [G. P.], 1944:266] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 6 (pt 4); ref. 4672] Long Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Lissocampus runa (Whitley, 1931). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Queensland to southern Australia and to Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (affinis) [Australian Zoologist v. 10 (pt 3); ref. 4705] Bathurst Point, Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Lissocampus runa (Whitley, 1931). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Lophocampus Dawson, 1984 - pipefishes [=Lophocampus (subgenus of Microphis) Dawson [C. E.], 1984:166] Notes: [ref. 5879]. Masc. Syngnathus retzii Bleeker, 1856. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853, but a valid subgenus

Lophocampus as described -- (Dawson 1985:126, 127 [ref. 6541]). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1986:284 [ref. 6201], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Lophocampus Dawson, 1984 -- (Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Lophocampus Dawson, 1984. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Lophocampus brevidorsalis (de Beaufort, 1913) - short-tailed pipefish [=Doryrhamphus brevidorsalis de Beaufort [L. F.], 1913:103] Notes: [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 19; ref. 14940] Stream near Kajeli, Buru Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Lophocampus brevidorsalis (de Beaufort, 1913). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Lophocampus ocellatus (Duncker, 1910) - Duncker's ocellated pipefish [=Doryichthys ocellatus Duncker [G.], 1910:28, Pl. (fig. A)] Notes: [Spolia Zeylanica v. 7 (pt 25); ref. 14841] Sri Lanka. Current status: Valid as Lophocampus ocellatus (Duncker, 1910). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Sri Lanka to western Indonesia.

Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Micrognathus Duncker, 1912 - pipefishes [=Micrognathus Duncker [G.], 1912:235] Notes: [ref. 1156]. Masc. Syngnathus brevirostris Rüppell, 1838. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Micrognathus Duncker, 1912 – (Dawson 1982:25 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1982 [ref. 5441], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:87 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:121 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:454 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:425 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2269 [ref. 24794], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Paxton et al. 2006:834 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:233 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Micrognathus Duncker, 1912. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Micrognathus andersonii (Bleeker, 1858) - shortnose pipefish

[=Syngnathus andersonii Bleeker [P.], 1858:465, Corythroichthys tanakae Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1906:696, Fig. 2] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 15; ref. 16960] Cocos-Keeling Islands, eastern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Micrognathus andersonii (Bleeker, 1858). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to Cocos-Keeling Islands, Micronesia and Society Islands; Japan to Australia; throughout the East Indies. Habitat: marine. (tanakae) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 30 (no. 1462); ref. 10666] Tanegashima, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Micrognathus andersonii (Bleeker, 1858). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Micrognathus brevicorpus Fricke, 2004 - Fricke's micrognathus [=Micrognathus brevicorpus Fricke [R.], 2004:42, Fig. 20] Notes: [Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie). No. 668; ref. 28269] Ile Sainte-Marie, 22°17'26"S, 166°27'36"E, Province Sud, Grande Terre, New Caledonia, depth 1-3 meters. Current status: Valid as Micrognathus brevicorpus Fricke, 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Micrognathus brevirostris (Ruppell, 1838) - thorntail pipefish [=Syngnathus brevirostris Rüppell [W. P. E. S.], 1838:144] Notes: [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Micrognathus brevirostris (Rüppell, 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

Species Micrognathus erugatus Herald & Dawson, 1974 - Herald's micrognathus [=Micrognathus erugatus Herald [E. S.] & Dawson [C. E.], 1974:27, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 87 (no. 4); ref. 7504] About 1 kilometer south of Arembepe, about 12°45'S,

38°10'W, Bahia, Brazil, 0-1.3 meters. Current status: Valid as Micrognathus erugatus Herald & Dawson, 1974. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Micrognathus micronotopterus (Fowler, 1938) - tidepool pipefish [=Syngnathus micronotopterus Fowler [H. W.], 1938:42, Fig. 14] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 85 (no. 3032); ref. 1426] Canimo Island near Daet Point, Luzon Island, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Micrognathus micronotopterus (Fowler, 1938). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific, and southeastern Indian Ocean: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and northwestern and north Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Micrognathus natans Dawson, 1982 - offshore pipefish [=Micrognathus natans Dawson [C. E.], 1982:682, Figs. 12-13] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 95 (no. 4); ref. 5441] Beqa Island, Fiji Islands. Current status: Valid as Micrognathus natans Dawson, 1982. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Indonesia, Philippines, Great Barrier Reef (Australia), New Caledonia and Fiji. Habitat: marine.

Species Micrognathus pygmaeus Fritzsche, 1981 - thorntailed pipefish [=Micrognathus pygmaeus Fritzsche [R. A.], 1981:771, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 94 (no. 3); ref. 8600] Lagoon 1-2 kilometers east of Papeete, Taone, Tahiti, Society Islands, depth about 3 meters. Current status: Valid as Micrognathus pygmaeus Fritzsche, 1981. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific to central Pacific: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands to Marshall and Society Islands.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Minyichthys Herald & Randall, 1972 - pipefishes [=Minyichthys (subgenus of Micrognathus) Herald [E. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1972:137] Notes: [ref. 2097]. Masc. Micrognathus brachyrhinus Herald, 1953. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Minyichthys Herald & Randall, 1972 -- (Dawson 1982:137 [ref. 5440], Dawson 1985:142 [ref. 6541], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:631 [ref. 13676], Paulus 1999:2268 [ref. 24794], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Kuiter 2009:231 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Minyichthys Herald & Randall, 1972. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Minyichthys brachyrhinus (Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953) - Indo-Pacific pipefish [=Micrognathus brachyrhinus Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:262, Fig. 39f] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Southern coast of Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3825, depth 75 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Minyichthys brachyrhinus (Herald, 1953). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Sumatra (Indonesia) east to Hawaiian islands, south to Fiji. Habitat: marine.

Species Minyichthys inusitatus Dawson, 1983 - Atlantic pipefish [=Minyichthys inusitatus Dawson [C. E.], 1983:774, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 1983 (no. 3); ref. 8356] Western Caribbean Sea, north of Panama, 13°07'N, 78°23'W to 13°18'N, 78°21'W, depth 100-109 meters. Current status: Valid as Minyichthys inusitatus Dawson, 1983. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Minyichthys myersi (Herald & Randall, 1972) - Myers' pipefish [=Micrognathus (Minyichthys) myersi Herald [E. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1972:137, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 39 (no. 11); ref. 2097] Northwestern Cocos Island, Guam, Mariana

Islands, western Pacific, depth 70-100 feet. Current status: Valid as Minyichthys myersi (Herald & Randall, 1972). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Cargados Carajos Shoals to Indonesia, Philippens, Papua New Guinea, Guam and Society Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Minyichthys sentus Dawson, 1982 - Eastern Atlantic pipefish [=Minyichthys sentus Dawson [C. E.], 1982:137, Figs. 2 (middle), 3] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 5440] Eastern Atlantic, 36°17'N, 1°55'W, Dana station 4030, estimated depth 0-120 meters over 1900 meters. Current status: Valid as Minyichthys sentus Dawson, 1982. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Mitotichthys Whitley, 1948 - pipefishes [=Mitotichthys Whitley [G. P.], 1948:75] Notes: [ref. 4710]. Masc. Syngnathus tuckeri Scott, 1942. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Mitotichthys Whitley, 1948 -- (Dawson 1984:100 [ref. 21119], Dawson 1985:145 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:426 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:458 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:836 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:467 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:222 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Mitotichthys Whitley, 1948. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Mitotichthys meraculus (Whitley, 1948) - Western crested pipefish [=Histiogamphelus meraculus Whitley [G. P.], 1948:271] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 11 (pt 3); ref. 4709] City Beach, near Perth, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Mitotichthys meraculus (Whitley, 1948). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Australia: Flinders Bay to Perth, Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Mitotichthys mollisoni (Scott, 1955) - Mollison's pipefish

[=Syngnathus mollisoni Scott [E. O. G.], 1955:131, Pl. 1 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania v. 89; ref. 12472] Off Bivouac Bay, Tasman Peninsula, southeastern Tasmania, Australia, depth 25 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Mitotichthys mollisoni (Scott, 1955). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoria and Tasmania. Habitat: marine.

Species Mitotichthys semistriatus (Kaup, 1856) - halfbanded pipefish [=Leptonotus semistriatus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:48, Syngnathus semifasciatus Günther [A.], 1870:162, Leptonotus tristriatus Fowler [H. W.], 1922:444, Fig. 1, Syngnathus verreauxianus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:573] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Southern Australia. Current status: Valid as Mitotichthys semistriatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoria and Tasmania. Habitat: marine. (semifasciatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Current status: Synonym of Mitotichthys semistriatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (tristriatus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 73 (for 1921); ref. 15310] Fiji Islands (questionable; probably from Victoria, Australia). Current status: Synonym of Mitotichthys semistriatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (verreauxianus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Mitotichthys semistriatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Mitotichthys tuckeri (Scott, 1942) - Tucker's pipefish [=Syngnathus tuckeri Scott [E. O. G.], 1942:17, Pl. 5] Notes: [Records of the Queen Victoria Museum. v. 1; ref. 13220] Bridport, northern Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Valid as Mitotichthys tuckeri (Scott, 1942). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoroia, Tasmania and eastern South Australia.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Nannocampus Gunther, 1870 - pipefishes [=Nannocampus Günther [A.], 1870:178, Mannarichthys Dawson [C. E.], 1977:606] Notes: [ref. 1995]. Masc. Nannocampus subosseus Günther, 1870. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Nannocampus Günther, 1870 -- (Dawson 1979:488 [ref. 1068], Dawson 1985:148 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:456 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:426 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:837 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:258 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Nannocampus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Mannarichthys) [ref. 1066]. Masc. Ichthyocampus pictus Duncker, 1915. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Second species questionably included in genus. •Synonym of Nannocampus Günther, 1870, but a valid subgenus Mannarichthys -- (Dawson 1986:456 [ref. 5650], Dawson 1985:148, 149 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Nannocampus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Nannocampus elegans Smith, 1953 - elegant pipefish [=Nannocampus elegans Smith [J. L. B.], 1953:516, Fig. 355a] Notes: [The sea fishes of southern Africa. Revised enlarged edition; ref. 19760] Xora River mouth northwards, southern Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Nannocampus elegans Smith, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: eastern South Africa to Mozambique. Habitat: marine.

Species Nannocampus lindemanensis (Whitley, 1948) - painted pipefish [=Campichthys tryoni lindemanensis Whitley [G. P.], 1948:78] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] Lindeman Island, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Nannocampus lindemanensis (Whitley, 1948). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Nannocampus pictus (Duncker, 1915) - reef pipefish

[=Ichthyocampus pictus Duncker [G.], 1915:95] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Gulf of Mannar, western Sri Lanka. Current status: Valid as Nannocampus pictus (Duncker, 1915). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South Africa, East Africa and Mascarenes east to Queensland (Australia) (south to 24°30'S), north to Sri Lanka. Habitat: marine.

Species Nannocampus subosseus Gunther, 1870 - bonyheaded pipefish [=Nannocampus subosseus Günther [A.], 1870:178] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Freycinet Harbor, Western Australia: Point Dempster to Shark Bay. Current status: Valid as Nannocampus subosseus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Nannocampus weberi Duncker, 1915 - Weber's nannocampus [=Nannocampus weberi Duncker [G.], 1915:99] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Sumba Island, Malé Kuva Bay, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Nannocampus weberi Duncker, 1915. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean, southern Indonesia: Bali to Sumba.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Notiocampus Dawson, 1979 - pipefishes [=Notiocampus Dawson [C. E.], 1979:482] Notes: [ref. 1068]. Masc. Nannocampus ruber Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Notiocampus Dawson, 1979 -- (Dawson 1985:152 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:427 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:461 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:837 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:469 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:216 [ref. 30404]).

Current status: Valid as Notiocampus Dawson, 1979. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Notiocampus ruber (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) - red pipefish [=Nannocampus ruber Ramsay [E. P.] & Ogilby [J. D.], 1886:757] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 10 (pt 4); ref. 18598] Off Shark Reef, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Notiocampus ruber (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia.

Habitat: marine.

GENUS Penetopteryx Lunel, 1881 - pipefishes [=Penetopteryx Lunel [G.], 1881:275] Notes: [ref. 2849]. Fem. Penetopteryx taeniocephalus Lunel, 1881. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Penetopteryx Lunel, 1881 -- (Dawson & Allen 1978:393 [ref. 1073], Dawson 1982:13 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:153 [ref. 6541], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044]). Current status: Valid as Penetopteryx Lunel, 1881. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Penetopteryx nanus (Rosen, 1911) - lost pipefish [=Nannocampus nanus Rosén [N.], 1911:50, Pl. 1 (fig. 4a-b), Ichthyocampus pawneei Herald [E. S.], 1950:269] Notes: [Lunds Universitets Årsskrift. N. F. v. 7 (Afd. 2 no. 5); ref. 14867] Mastic Point, Andros Island, Bahamas. Current status: Valid as Penetopteryx nanus (Rosén, 1911). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (pawneei) [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 40 (no. 8); ref. 12956] Green Cay, Bahamas. Current status: Synonym of Penetopteryx nanus (Rosén, 1911). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Penetopteryx taeniocephalus Lunel, 1881 - Lunel's pipefish

[=Penetopteryx taeniocephalus Lunel [G.], 1881:275, Unnum. Pl. (figs. 1-1e), Penetopteryx fowleri Whitley [G. P.], 1933:65] Notes: [Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève v. 27 (pt 2); ref. 2849] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Penetopteryx taeniocephalus Lunel, 1881. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Madagascar, Mauritius, Cocos-Keeling Islands, Christmas Island (India Ocean), Indonesia, Philippines Vanuatu and Christmas Island (Line Islands). Habitat: marine. (fowleri) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 4677] Vanuatu. Current status: Synonym of Penetopteryx taeniocephalus Lunel, 1881. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Phoxocampus Dawson, 1977 - pipefishes [=Phoxocampus Dawson [C. E.], 1977:612] Notes: [ref. 1066]. Masc. Ichthyocampus belcheri Kaup, 1856. Type by original designation. •Valid as Phoxocampus Dawson, 1977 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:88 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:155 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:456 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:427 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:838 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:268 [ref. 30404], Satapoomin 2009:59 [ref. 30463]). Current status: Valid as Phoxocampus Dawson, 1977. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Phoxocampus belcheri (Kaup, 1856) - rock pipefish [=Ichthyocampus belcheri Kaup [J. J.], 1856:30, Pl. 5 (fig. 39), Ichthyocampus nox Snyder [J. O.], 1909:598] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] China, western North Pacific. Current status: Valid as Phoxocampus belcheri (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East and South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles east to Fiji and Tonga, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (nox) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 36 (no. 1688); ref. 4151] Naha, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Phoxocampus belcheri (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Phoxocampus diacanthus (Schultz, 1943) - spined pipefish [=Ichthyocampus diacanthus Schultz [L. P.], 1943:75, Pl. 8] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 180; ref. 3957] Reef at Alofau, Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Current status: Valid as Phoxocampus diacanthus (Schultz, 1943). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Sri Lanka, Malaysia to the Philippines, south the Fiji, Tonga, Micronesia and the Great Berrier Reef (Australia). Habitat: marine.

Species Phoxocampus kampeni (Weber, 1913) - Kampen's pipefish [=Ichthyocampus kampeni Weber [M.], 1913:114, Fig. 40] Notes: [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Phoxocampus kampeni (Weber, 1913). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

Species Phoxocampus tetrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858) - trunk-barred pipefish [=Syngnathus tetrophthalmus Bleeker [P.], 1858:467] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 15; ref. 16960] Nova Selma, Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Phoxocampus tetrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific; Cocos-Keeling Islands to Indonesia and the Philippines. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Phycodurus Gill, 1896 - seadragons [=Phycodurus Gill [T. N.], 1896:159] Notes: [ref. 1743]. Masc. Phyllopteryx eques Günther, 1865. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Phycodurus Gill, 1896 -- (Dawson 1985:157 [ref. 6541], Kuiter 1988 [ref. 6371], Paxton et al. 1989:427 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:462 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:838 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:470 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:164 [ref. 30404]).

Current status: Valid as Phycodurus Gill, 1896. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Phycodurus eques (Gunther, 1865) - leafy seadragon [=Phyllopteryx eques Günther [A.], 1865:327, Pl. 15, Phycodurus glauerti Whitley [G. P.], 1939:268] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1865 (pt 1); ref. 13948] Spencer Gulf, Port Lincoln, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Phycodurus eques (Günther, 1865). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: western Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (glauerti) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 20 (no. 4); ref. 4698] Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Phycodurus eques (Günther, 1865). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Phyllopteryx Swainson, 1839 - seadragons [=Phyllopteryx (subgenus of Hippocampus) Swainson [W.], 1839:332] Notes: [ref. 4303]. Fem. Syngnathus foliatus Shaw, 1804. Type by monotypy. Authorship of type is Shaw; Swainson's fig. 102 apparently a retracing of Shaw's pl. 180. •Valid as Phallopteryx Swainson, 1839 -- (Dawson 1985:158 [ref. 6541], Kuiter 1988 [ref. 6371], Paxton et al. 1989:428 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:463 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:839 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:471 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:158 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Phyllopteryx Swainson, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Phyllopteryx dewysea Stiller et al., 2015 - ruby seadragon [=Phyllopteryx dewysea Stiller [J.], Wilson [N. G.] & Rouse [G. W.], 2015:7, Figs. 2, 3c] Notes: [Royal Society Open Science; ref. 33688] Recherche Archipelago, east of Middle Island, Marine Futures Survey 2007, Western Australia, 34°01.589′S, 123°21.55′E to 34°01.30′S, 123°21.42′E, depth 51 meters. Current status: Valid as Phyllopteryx dewysea Stiller, Wilson & Rouse, 2015. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepede, 1804) - weedy seadragon

[=Syngnatus taeniolatus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1804:203, 211, Pl. 58 (fig. 3), Phyllopteryx altus McCoy [F.], 1882:20, Phillopteryx elongatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1872:243, Hippocampus foliaceus Richardson [J.], 1843:28, Hippocampus foliatus Perry [G.], 1810:2 unnumbered p., Pl. XVIII, Syngnathus foliatus Shaw [G.], 1804:456, Pl. 180, Phyllopteryx lucasi Whitley [G. P.], 1931:102, Pl. 15 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 4; ref. 12515] Bass Strait, Australia. Current status: Valid as Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède, 1804). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (altus) [Prodromus of the zoology of Victoria; figures and descriptions of the living species of all classes of the Victorial indigenous animals.; ref. 17756] Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède, 1804). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (elongatus) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Synonym of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède, 1804). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (foliaceus) [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science v. 12 (12th meeting [1842]); ref. 12502] Current status: Synonym of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède, 1804). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (foliatus) [Ichthyology. In: Arcana; or The Museum of Natural History v. 1; ref. 12255] Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède, 1804). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (foliatus) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Australia. Current status: Synonym of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède, 1804). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (lucasi) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 4673] Middleton Beach, Albany, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède, 1804). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Pseudophallus Herald, 1940 - freshwater pipefishes [=Pseudophallus Herald [E. S.], 1940:51] Notes: [ref. 2095]. Masc. Siphostoma starksii Jordan & Culver, 1895. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pseudophallus Herald, 1940 -- (Dawson 1982:44 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:161 [ref. 6541], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:234 [ref. 24550], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061], Scharpf 2007:36 [ref. 30398],

Kuiter 2009:241 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Pseudophallus Herald, 1940. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Pseudophallus brasiliensis Dawson, 1974 - Brazilian freshwater pipefish [=Pseudophallus brasiliensis Dawson [C. E.], 1974:406, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 87 (no. 36); ref. 7497] Rio Tocantins, Igarapé Inó, Faro de Panaquera, Pará, Brazil 1°52'S, 49°10'W. Current status: Valid as Pseudophallus brasiliensis Dawson, 1974. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Pseudophallus elcapitanense (Meek & Hildebrand, in Meek, 1914) - Meek's pseudophallus [=Siphostoma elcapitanense Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], in Meek, 1914:119] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 10); ref. 2961] El Capitan, Panama; Jesus Maria and Turrubales, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Pseudophallus elcapitanensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1914). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Pacific coast drainages: Costa Rica and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudophallus mindii (Meek & Hildebrand, 1923) - Mind's freshwater pipefish [=Syngnathus mindii Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1923:261, Pl. 18 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 215); ref. 2963] Brackish creek near Mindi, Canal Zone, Panama. Current status: Valid as Pseudophallus mindii (Meek & Hildebrand, 1923). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: South and Central America and Caribbean islands: Hondura and Nicaragua to Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Pseudophallus starksii (Jordan & Cuvier, in Jordan, 1895) - Starks' pipefish [=Siphostoma starksii Jordan [D. S.] & Culver [G. B.], in Jordan, 1895:416, Pl. 30] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 5; ref. 2394] Río Presidio near Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Pseudophallus starksii (Jordan & Culver 1895). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Pacific coastal rivers: Gulf of California to Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Pugnaso Whitley, 1948 - pipefishes [=Pugnaso Whitley [G. P.], 1948:75] Notes: [ref. 4710]. Masc. Syngnathus curtirostris Castelnau, 1872. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pugnaso Whitley, 1948 -- (Dawson 1984:95 [ref. 21119], Dawson 1985:162 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:428 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:464 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:839 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:472 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:213 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Pugnaso Whitley, 1948. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Pugnaso curtirostris (Castelnau, 1872) - pugnosed pipefish [=Syngnathus curtirostris Castelnau [F. L.], 1872:243, Syngnathus caretta Klunzinger [C. B.], 1880:419 [95]] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] Adelaide, St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Pugnaso curtirostris (Castelnau, 1872). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (caretta) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 80 (1. Abth.) (nos 3-4); ref. 2624] Queens Cliff, 38°16'S, 144°40'E, Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Pugnaso curtirostris (Castelnau, 1872). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Siokunichthys Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - pipefishes [=Siokunichthys Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:254]

Notes: [ref. 3975]. Masc. Siokunichthys herrei Herald, 1953. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Siokunichthys Herald, 1953 -- (Dawson 1983 [ref. 5351], Dawson 1985:165 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:428 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:840 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:269 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Siokunichthys Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Siokunichthys bentuviai Clark, 1966 - Bentuvia's pipefish [=Siokunichthys bentuviai Clark [E.], 1966:4, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, Sea Fisheries Research Station Haifa No. 41; ref. 9025] Nocra, Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Siokunichthys bentuviai Clark, 1966. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: to Indonesia, Habitat: marine.

Species Siokunichthys breviceps Smith, 1963 - softcoral pipefish [=Siokunichthys breviceps Smith [J. L. B.], 1963:525, Pl. 80 (figs. J-M)] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 27; ref. 6516] Pinda, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Siokunichthys breviceps Smith, 1963. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mozambique, east to Indonesia, Philippines and Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Habitat: marine.

Species Siokunichthys herrei Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - Herre's pipefish [=Siokunichthys herrei Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:254, Fig. 38, Siokunichthys elongatus Herre [A. W. C. T.] (ex Herald), 1953:212] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] North end of Siokun Bay, northwestern Zamboanga Peninsula, 7°43'24"N, 122°04'42"E, Mindanao, Philippines, at surface over 20 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Siokunichthys herrei Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: ? Red Sea, West Pacific: Indonesia and Philippines. Habitat: marine.

(elongatus) [United States Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report No. 20; ref. 5594] Current status: Synonym of Siokunichthys herrei Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Siokunichthys nigrolineatus Dawson, 1983 - blacklined pipefish [=Siokunichthys nigrolineatus Dawson [C. E.], 1983:58, Figs. 3-5] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 37 (no. 1); ref. 5351] Belang-belang Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia, depth 20 meters. Current status: Valid as Siokunichthys nigrolineatus Dawson, 1983. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

Species Siokunichthys southwelli (Duncker, 1910) - Southwell's pipefish [=Urocampus southwelli Duncker [G.], 1910:30, Pl. (figs. B-C)] Notes: [Spolia Zeylanica v. 7 (pt 25); ref. 14841] Marichchukkaddi Bay, Sri Lanka, depth 2.25 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Siokunichthys southwelli (Duncker, 1910). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Sri Lanka and Philippines. Habitat: marine.

Species Siokunichthys striatus Fricke, 2004 - New Caledonian softcoral pipefish [=Siokunichthys striatus Fricke [R.], 2004:54, Fig. 27] Notes: [Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie A (Biologie). No. 668; ref. 28269] Sêche Croissant Reef, 22°20'00"S, 166°22'18"E, Grande Terre, New Caledonia, depth 2 meters. Current status: Valid as Siokunichthys striatus Fricke, 2004. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Solegnathus Swainson, 1839 - pipefishes [=Solegnathus (subgenus of Syngnathus) Swainson [W.], 1839:195, 333, Castelnauina (subgenus of Solegnathus) Fowler [H. W.], 1908:426,

Runcinatus Whitley [G. P.], 1929:356] Notes: [ref. 4303]. Masc. Syngnathus hardwickii Gray, 1830. Type by monotypy. Solenognathus Agassiz, 1846:343, 344 [ref. 64] is an unjustified emendation; this spelling also used by early authors (e.g., Bleeker). •Valid as Solegnathus Swainson, 1839 -- (Dawson 1982 [ref. 5442], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:169 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:429 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:465 [ref. 22532], Paulus 1999:2266 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:840 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:472 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:150 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Solegnathus Swainson, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Castelnauina) [ref. 1377]. Fem. Solenognathus spinosissimus Günther, 1870. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Castelnauia by Jordan 1920:523 [ref. 4905]. •Synonym of Solegnathus Swainson, 1839 -- (Dawson 1982:140 [ref. 5442], Dawson 1985:169 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Solegnathus Swainson, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Runcinatus) [ref. 4668]. Masc. Solegnathus dunckeri Whitley, 1927. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Solegnathus Swainson, 1839 -- (Dawson 1982:140 [ref. 5442]). •Synonym of Solegnathus Swainson, 1839, but a valid subgenus Runcinatus -- (Dawson 1985:169 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Solegnathus Swainson, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Solegnathus dunckeri Whitley, 1927 - Duncker's pipehorse [=Solegnathus dunckeri Whitley [G. P.], 1927:294, Pl. 24 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 15 (no. 5); ref. 4662] Lord Howe Island. Current status: Valid as Solegnathus dunckeri Whitley, 1927. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island. Habitat: marine.

Species Solegnathus guentheri (Duncker, 1915) - Gunther's solegnathus [=Solenognathus guentheri Duncker [G.], 1915:65] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Solegnathus guentheri Duncker, 1915. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia.

Habitat: marine.

Species Solegnathus hardwickii (Gray, 1830) - Hardwicke's pipefish [=Syngnathus hardwickii Gray [J. E.], 1830:no page number, Pl. 89 (fig. 3), Solenognathus asperrimus Philippi [R. A.], 1896:384, Solegnathus polyprion Bleeker [P.], 1853:25] Notes: [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] China. Current status: Valid as Solegnathus hardwickii (Gray, 1830). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mauritius (Mascarenes); South China Sea north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine. (asperrimus) [Anales de la Universidad de Chile 93-95; ref. 3465] China Sea. Current status: Synonym of Solegnathus hardwickii (Gray, 1830). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (polyprion) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 6); ref. 16914] China. Current status: Synonym of Solegnathus hardwickii (Gray, 1830). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Solegnathus lettiensis (Bleeker, 1860) - Gunther's pipehorse [=Solenognathus lettiensis Bleeker [P.], 1860:3] Notes: [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 8 (art. 6); ref. 14031] Letti Island, Banda Sea, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Solegnathus lettiensis Bleeker, 1860. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Solegnathus naso Whitley, 1941 - Whitley's pipefish [=Solegnathus robustus naso Whitley [G. P.], 1941:17] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 10 (pt 1); ref. 4701] Fish market in Auckland, New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Solegnathus naso Whitley, 1941. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

Species Solegnathus robustus McCulloch, 1911 - robust pipehorse [=Solegnathus robustus McCulloch [A. R.], 1911:28, Pl. 9 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Biological Results Endeavour [v. 1] (pt 1); ref. 2936] Off Flinders Island, 134°30'E, South Australia, 37 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Solegnathus robustus McCulloch, 1911. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: South Australia, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Solegnathus spinosissimus (Gunther, 1870) - spiny pipehorse [=Solenognathus spinosissimus Günther [A.], 1870:195, Solenognathus fasciatus Günther [A.], 1880:30, Pl. 14 (fig. B)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Valid as Solegnathus spinosissimus (Günther, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern and eastern Australia: southern Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Habitat: marine. (fasciatus) [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Off Twofold Bay, New South Wales, Australia, depth 120 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Solegnathus spinosissimus (Günther, 1870). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Stigmatopora Kaup, 1853 - pipefishes [=Stigmatopora Kaup [J. J.], 1853:233, Nigracus Whitley [G. P.], 1953:135, Pipettella (subgenus of Stigmatopora) Whitley [G. P.], 1951:62] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Fem. Syngnathus argus Richardson, 1840. Type by monotypy, second species unavailable. Subsequent spellings include Stigmatophora (e.g., Kaup himself in 1856:52 [ref. 2575]) and Stigmatophota. •Valid as Stigmatopora Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1982 [ref. 5443], Dawson 1985:174 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:430 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:467 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:842 [ref. 29073], Browne & Smith 2007:1 [ref. 29428], Kuiter 2008:474 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:286 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Stigmatopora Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Nigracus) [ref. 4718]. Masc. Stigmatophora nigra Kaup, 1856. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Pipettella Whitley, 1951, preoccupied by Pipettella Haeckel, 1887 in Radiolaria.

•Synonym of Stigmatopora Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1982:576 [ref. 5443], Dawson 1985:174 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Pipettella) [ref. 4711]. Fem. Stigmatophora nigra Kaup, 1856. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Type species appeared first as a nomen nudum in Kaup 1853:233. Original genus of type species should have been Stigmatopora. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Pipettella Haeckel, 1887 in Radiolaria, replaced by Nigracus Whitley, 1953. •In the synonymy of Stigmatopora Kaup, 1853 – (Dawson 1982:576 [ref. 5443], Dawson 1985:174 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Stigmatopora argus (Richardson, 1840) - spotted pipefish [=Syngnathus argus Richardson [J.], 1840:29, Stigmatophora argus var. brevicaudata Lucas [A. H. S.], 1891:14, Stigmatophora depressiuscula Macleay [W.], 1881:299, Gastrotokeus gracilis Klunzinger [C. B.], 1872:44, Stigmatophora gracilis Macleay [W.], 1881:299, Stigmatophora olivacea Castelnau [F. L.], 1872:244] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1840 (pt 8, no. 87); ref. 3733] Exact locality unknown [probably Tasmania, Australia]. Current status: Valid as Stigmatopora argus (Richardson, 1840). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (brevicaudata) [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (n. s.) v. 3; ref. 14501] Geelong River, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora argus (Richardson, 1840). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (depressiuscula) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 6222] King George Sound, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora argus (Richardson, 1840). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (gracilis K) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 38 (no. 1); ref. 2623] Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora argus (Richardson, 1840). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (gracilis M) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 6222] Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora argus (Richardson, 1840). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (olivacea) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] St. Vincent Gulf (Adelaide), South Australia. Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora argus (Richardson, 1840). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Stigmatopora macropterygia Dumeril, 1870 - longsnouted pipefish [=Stigmatophora macropterygia Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:583, Stigmatophora longirostris Hutton [F. W.], 1872:69] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Oceania. Current status: Valid as Stigmatopora macropterygia Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: New Zealand including Auckland Islands. Habitat: marine. (longirostris) [Fishes of New Zealand (Hutton); ref. 2287] Wellington harbor, New Zealand. Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora macropterygia Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Stigmatopora narinosa Browne & Smith, 2007 - Southern Gulf pipefish [=Stigmatopora narinosa Browne [R. K.] & Smith [K.], 2007:2, Figs. 2-5] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria v. 64; ref. 29428] Edithburg Pool, 35°05'S, 137°45'E, South Australia, depth 2 meters. Current status: Valid as Stigmatopora narinosa Browne & Smith, 2007. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Stigmatopora nigra Kaup, 1856 - widebodied pipefish [=Stigmatophora nigra Kaup [J. J.], 1856:53, Stigmatophora boops Castelnau [F. L.], 1872:203] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Valid as Stigmatopora nigra Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia (Queensland to southern Australia and to Western Australia) and New Zealand. Habitat: brackish, marine. (boops) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] Melbourne markets, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Stigmatopora nigra Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Stipecampus Whitley, 1948 - pipefishes [=Stipecampus Whitley [G. P.], 1948:75]

Notes: [ref. 4710]. Masc. Ichthyocampus cristatus McCulloch & Waite, 1918. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Stipecampus Whitley, 1948 -- (Dawson 1977:646 [ref. 1066], Dawson 1985:178 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:430 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:470 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:843 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:476 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:225 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Stipecampus Whitley, 1948. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Stipecampus cristatus (McCulloch & Waite, 1918) - ringbacked pipefish [=Ichthyocampus cristatus McCulloch [A. R.] & Waite [E. R.], 1918:40, Fig. 26] Notes: [Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 2950] Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Stipecampus cristatus (McCulloch & Waite, 1918). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: Victoria and South Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Syngnathoides Bleeker, 1851 - pipefishes [=Syngnathoides Bleeker [P.], 1851:231, 259, Gasterotokeus Heckel [J. J.], in Kaup, 1853:230] Notes: [ref. 331]. Masc. Syngnathoides blochii Bleeker, 1851. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Syngnathoides Bleeker, 1851 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:179 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:456 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:431 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2266 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:843 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:155 [ref. 30404], Satapoomin 2009:59 [ref. 30463]). Current status: Valid as Syngnathoides Bleeker, 1851. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Gasterotokeus) [ref. 2569]. Masc. Syngnathus biaculeatus Bloch, 1785. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Gastrotokeus by authors. •Synonym of Syngnathoides Bleeker, 1851 -- (Dawson 1985:179 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathoides Bleeker, 1851. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785) - alligator pipefish [=Syngnathus biaculeatus Bloch [M. E.], 1785:10, Pl. 121 (figs. 1-2), Syngnathus aculeatus Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:8, Syngnathus asper Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:516, Syngnathoides blochii Bleeker [P.], 1851:259, Syngnathus tetragonus Thunberg [C. P.], 1776:301, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-2),

Stigmatophora unicolor Castelnau [F. L.], 1875:49] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 1; ref. 4866] Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Marshall Islands and Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia), New Caledonia and Tonga. Habitat: marine. (aculeatus) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] India. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (asper) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] India. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (blochii) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2; ref. 331] Banda Neira, Banda Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (tetragonus) [Physiographiska Sälskapets Handlingar v. 1 (pt. 4); ref. 17910] Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (unicolor) [Researches on the fishes of Australia No. 2; ref. 768] Port Walcott, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 - pipefishes [=Syngnathus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:336, Acus Valmont de Bomare [J. C.], 1791, Dermatostethus Gill [T. N.], 1862:283, Siphonostoma Agassiz [L.], 1846:342, Siphostoma Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:18, Syrictes Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1927:504, Tigricampus Whitley [G. P.], 1934, Tiphle Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:18, Typhlinus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1815:90] Notes: [ref. 2787]. Masc. Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Fowler 1906:93 [ref. 1371], predating Jordan 1912:103 as given by ICZN; on Official List (Opinion 77, Direction 56); Syngnathus Rafinesque, 1810 placed on Official Index (Direction 56). Name spelled Sygnatus by Wulff 1765:52 [ref. 17844], and Singnatus by Anonymous (Cabrera, Pérez & Haenseler) 1817:10 [ref. 17319], see Graells 1887:184 [ref. 30438]. •Valid as Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Wheeler 1973:274 [ref. 7190], Fritzsche

1980:198 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:55 [ref. 6764], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:87 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:181 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:287 [ref. 6201], Dawson 1986:457 [ref. 5650], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:340 [ref. 23876], Savvaitova 1998:113 [ref. 23594], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:228 [ref. 24550], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:335 [ref. 25968], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:183 [ref. 28183], Teske et al. 2004:274 [ref. 31602], Scharpf 2007:36 [ref. 30398], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:500 [ref. 29996], Kuiter 2009:244 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989], Parin et al. 2014:208 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Acus) [ref. 4508]. Fem. Original not seen. Not available, published in a rejected work on Official Index (Opinion 89, Direction 32). •In the synonymy of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Dermatostethus) [ref. 1667]. Masc. Dermatostethus punctipinnis Gill, 1862. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Fritzsche 1980:198 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:55 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:181 [ref. 6541], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Siphonostoma) [ref. 64]. Neut. Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being an unjustified emendation. Fowler (MS) treats as an emendation of Siphostoma Rafinesque, with different type. Agassiz 1846 used this spelling earlier; see Siphostoma Rafinesque. •Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989], Parin et al. 2014:208 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Siphostoma) [ref. 3594]. Neut. Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Apparently first type designation is by Jordan & Evermann 1896:761 [ref. 2443]. Spelled Siphonostomus and Siphonostoma by authors; Siphonostoma Agassiz, 1846:342 [ref. 64] is an unjustified emendation. •Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Wheeler 1973:274 [ref. 7190], Fritzsche 1980:198 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:55 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:181 [ref. 6541], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:229 [ref. 24550], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Syrictes) [ref. 2453]. Masc. Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Described as a new genus of Syngnathidae, but they also state, "This subgenus includes..." •Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Fritzsche 1980:198 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:55 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:181 [ref. 6541], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

(Tigricampus) [ref. 4682]. Masc. Syngnathus tigris Castelnau, 1879. Considered by Dawson 1985 to be a nomen nudum, however Whitley indicated a type species and referred to treatment in McCulloch 1922. •Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Tiphle) [ref. 3594]. Fem. Tiphle hexagonus Rafinesque, 1810 (= Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758). Type by subsequent designation. Apparently earliest type designation is by Jordan 1917:78 [ref. 2407]. Genus spelled Tiphle and Linnaeus' species misspelled tiphle instead of typhle, so no tautonymy. Not preoccupied by Typhle Lacepède, 1800 in mammals. •Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 – (Wheeler 1973:274 [ref. 7190], Dawson 1982:55 [ref. 6764], Dawson 1985:181 [ref. 6541], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Typhlinus) [ref. 3584]. Masc. As "Typhlinus R. sp. do.," meaning a new name for a species formerly in the preceding genus Syngnathus. Not available, name only; perhaps intended for Typhle or Tiphle. Misspelled Tiphlinus in Jordan 1917:91 [ref. 2407]. Treated as a replacement name for Typhle by Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061]. •In the synonymy of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827 - blackstriped pipefish [=Syngnathus abaster Risso [A.], 1827:182, Syngnathus ethon aeolicus Di Caporiacco [L.], 1948:91 [23], Syngnathus agassiz Michahellis [C. W.], 1829:1013, Syngnathus algeriensis Günther [A.] (ex Playfair), 1870:164, Syngnathus anguisigola Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini), 1847:col. 113, Syngnathus bucculentus Rathke [H.], 1836:27 [317], Pl. 2 (figs. 9-10), Syngnathus cuvieri Kaup [J. J.], 1856:38, Syngnathus ethon Risso [A.], 1827:182, Syngnathus flavescens Kaup [J. J.], 1856:35, Syngnathus abaster var. ganzirriensis D'Ancona [U.], 1934:53, Syngnathus nigrolineatus maeoticus Slastenenko [E. P.], 1938:174, Syngnathus microchirus Moreau [É.], 1891:188, Syngnathus nigrolineatus Eichwald [C. E. von], 1831:61] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Probably Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Portugal. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

(aeolicus) [Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia, Roma (n. s.) v. 26 (n.s. v. 3) (no. 1); ref. 18061] Naples, Messina, Palermo, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (agassiz) [Isis (Oken) v. 22 (no. 9); ref. 17700] Trieste, Italy, Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (algeriensis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Confluence of Wed Cherif and Wed Bou-Hamdan, Province Constantine, 60 miles from sea, Algeria (fresh water). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (anguisigola) [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Lagoon of Venice, Italy, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (bucculentus) [Mémoires présentés à l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par divers savaus et lus dans ses assemblées. Mémoires des savaus étrangers v. 3; ref. 18611] Sevastopol and Feodosiya [Feodosia], Ukraine. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (cuvieri) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Catwyk, North Sea; Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (ethon) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Probably Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (flavescens) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Tripoli, Libya, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (ganzirriensis) [Memoria, Comitato Talassografico Italiano No. 210; ref. 15918] Lake Ganzirri, Messina, Sicily, Italy. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (maeoticus) [Annales scientifiques de l'Université de Jassy v. 25 (pt 2, no. 1); ref. 18722] Sea of Azov; lower reaches of Don River, lakes of the Danube delta in Romania. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

(microchirus) [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (no. 6); ref. 21621] Pinetto Lake, Bastia, Corsica, France. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (nigrolineatus) [Zoologia specialis quam expositis animalibus tum vivis Pars posterior [3]; ref. 5562] Black Sea near Odessa, Ukraine. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758 - greater pipefish [=Syngnathus acus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:337, Syngnathus alternans Günther [A.], 1870:162, Syngnathus brachyrhynchus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:42, Syngnathus delalandi Kaup [J. J.], (ex Bribron) 1856:45, Typhle heptagonus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:18, Dermatostethus punctipinnis Gill [T. N.], 1862:283, Syngnathus rubescens Risso [A.], 1810:66, Balistes triacanthos Cabrera, Pérez [A.] & Haenseler [F.], in Machado, 1857:24, Balistes triacantos Cabrera [A.], Pérez [L.] & Haenseler [F.], 1817:10] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Europe. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: Norway to Gambia including Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine. (alternans) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Seychelles. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (brachyrhynchus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (delalandi) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Cape of Good Hope and Cape seas, South Africa. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (heptagonus) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (punctipinnis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 14; ref. 1667] San Diego, California, U.S.A. [apparently in error]. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Habitat: brackish, marine. (rubescens) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (triacanthos) [Catálogo de los peces que habitán ó frecuentan las costas de Cadiz y Huelva con inclusion de los del Rio Guadalquivir.; ref. 17320] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (triacantos) [Lista de los peces del mar de Andalucía; ref. 17319] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Syngnathus affinis Eichwald, 1831 - Eichwald's pipefish [=Syngnathus affinis Eichwald [C. E. von], 1831:61, Syngnathus affinis Günther [A.], 1870:163] Notes: [Zoologia specialis quam expositis animalibus tum vivis Pars posterior [3]; ref. 5562] Black Sea at Odessa, Ukraine. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus affinis Eichwald, 1831. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (affinis G) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Louisiana, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus Eichwald, 1831. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus auliscus (Swain, 1882) - barred pipefish [=Siphostoma auliscus Swain [J.], 1882:310, Siphostoma sinaloae Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1896:268, Syngnathus tweedliei Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1923:259, Pl. 18 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 283); ref. 14300] Santa Barbara and San Diego, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus auliscus (Swain, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: California to Peru. Habitat: brackish, marine. (sinaloae) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 6; ref. 12310] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus auliscus (Swain, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

(tweedliei) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 215); ref. 2963] Chame Point, (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus auliscus (Swain, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus californiensis Storer, 1845 - kelp pipefish [=Syngnathus californiensis Storer [D. H.], 1845:73] Notes: [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 2 (1845-1848); ref. 18837] California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus californiensis Storer, 1845. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: California. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus caribbaeus Dawson, 1979 - Caribbean pipefish [=Syngnathus caribbaeus Dawson [C. E.], 1979:672, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 92 (no. 4); ref. 1069] Fox Bay, Colón, (Atlantic) Panama. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus caribbaeus Dawson, 1979. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus carinatus (Gilbert, 1892) - Gilbert's pipefish [=Siphostoma carinatum Gilbert [C. H.], 1892:547] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 14 (no. 880); ref. 1626] Gulf of California, Mexico, 31°31'45"N, 114°19'W, Albatross. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus carinatus (Gilbert, 1892). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus caspius Eichwald, 1831 - caspius pipefish [=Syngnathus caspius Eichwald [C. E. von], 1831:61] Notes: [Zoologia specialis quam expositis animalibus tum vivis Pars posterior [3]; ref. 5562] Balkhan Bay, Caspian Sea.

Current status: Valid as Syngnathus caspius Eichwald, 1831. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Caspian Sea basin. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus chihiroe Matsunuma, 2017 - Matsunuma's pipefish [=Syngnathus chihiroe Matsunuma [M.], 2017:386, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa 4232 (no. 3); ref. 35141] Hirase Shoal, southwest of Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan (East China Sea), 30°02'N, 130°03'E, depth 160-162 meters. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus chihiroe Matsunuma, 2017. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Yakushima Island, East China Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus dawsoni (Herald, 1969) - Dawson's pipefish [=Micrognathus (Micrognathus) dawsoni Herald [E. S.], 1969:1, Fig. 1] Notes: [Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences No. 73; ref. 7816] Fish Bay, St. John, Virgin Islands, depth 5 feet. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus dawsoni (Herald, 1969). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus euchrous Fritzsche, 1980 - chocolate pipefish [=Syngnathus euchrous Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:208, Fig. 12A, Syngnathus euchrous ollotropis Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:209, Fig. 12B] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 42 (no. 6); ref. 1511] Bahia Todos Santos, Baja California, Mexico, 31°52'N, 116°38'W, depth 0.3-1.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus euchrous Fritzsche, 1980. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: California (U.S.A.) to Baja California, Mexico. Habitat: marine. (ollotropis) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 42 (no. 6); ref. 1511] 1.2 kilometer east of Cabo Tortolo,

Bahía Tortugas, Baja California, Mexico, 27°38'53"N, 114°51'46"W, depth 1 meter. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus euchrous Fritzsche, 1980. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus exilis (Osburn & Nichols, 1916) - barcheeked pipefish [=Siphostoma exile Osburn [R. C.] & Nichols [J. T.], 1916:153, Fig. 7] Notes: [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 35 (art. 16); ref. 15062] West San Benito Island, Baja California, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus exilis (Osburn & Nichols, 1916). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: California (U.S.A.) to Baja California, Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus floridae (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) - dusky pipefish [=Siphostoma floridae Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1882:263, Syngnathus floridae hubbsi Herald [E. S.], 1965:368, Siphostoma mckayi Swain [J.] & Meek [S. E.], 1884:239, Syngnathus mackayi nesiotes Herald [E. S.], 1942:128] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 282); ref. 2472] Pensacola Bay, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus floridae (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (hubbsi) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 32 (no. 12); ref. 9215] Lower York River, Virginia, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus floridae (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (mckayi) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 7 (no. 428); ref. 14404] Key West, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus floridae (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (nesiotes) [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 13205] Nonsuch Island, Bermuda. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus floridae (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus folletti Herald, 1942 - Follett's pipefish [=Syngnathus folletti Herald [E. S.], 1942:126] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 13205] Flores Island, Montevideo, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus folletti Herald, 1942. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: southern Brazil to northern Argentina. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839 - Northern pipefish [=Syngnathus fuscus Storer [D. H.], 1839:504 [162], Syngnathus dekayi Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:569, Syngnathus fasciatus DeKay [J. E.], 1842:319, Pl. 54 (fig. 174), Syngnathus martini Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1936:358, Pl. 1 (fig. 2), Syngnathus milbertianus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:573, Syngnathus peckianus Storer [D. H.], 1839:506 [163], Pl. 6 [Pl. 1] (fig. 2), Syngnathus peckii Storer [D. H.], 1839:3, 163, Syngnathus pellegrini Fowler [H. W.], 1919:265, Fig. 11, Syngnathus viridescens DeKay [J. E.], 1842:321, Pl. 54 (fig. 176)] Notes: [Boston Journal of Natural History v. 2 (nos 3-4) (art. 12); ref. 4278] Nahant, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic: Canada to Florida. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (dekayi) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Nova Scotia. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (fasciatus) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (martini) [Philippine Journal of Science v. 59 (no. 3); ref. 5609] Western Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (milbertianus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (peckianus) [Boston Journal of Natural History v. 2 (nos 3-4) (art. 12); ref. 4278] Holmes Hole, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (peckii) [Boston Journal of Natural History v. 2 (nos 3-4) (art. 12); ref. 4278] Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

(pellegrini) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 56 (no. 2294); ref. 15209] ? Western North Atlantic [errouneously stated as Gabon, West Africa]. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: North Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (viridescens) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] Sing Sing, New York and Hudson River, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus fuscus Storer, 1839. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus insulae Fritzsche, 1980 - Fritzsche's insular pipefish [=Syngnathus insulae Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:215, Fig. 12D] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 42 (no. 6); ref. 1511] Caleta Malpómene, cove at southern end of Guadalupe Island, Mexico, depth 22-50 meters. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus insulae Fritzsche, 1980. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Isla Guadalupe, Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854 - bay pipefish [=Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard [C. F.], 1854:156, Syngnathus abboti Girard [C. F.], 1858:346, Syngnathus arundinaceus Girard [C. F.], 1858:346, Siphostoma barbarae Swain [J.], in Swain & Meek, 1884:238, Syngnathus brevirostris Girard [C. F.], 1854:156, Syngnathus dimidiatus Gill [T. N.], 1862:284, Syngnathus griseolineatus Ayres [W. O.], 1854:14] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 5769] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northeastern Pacific: southern Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. Habitat: brackish, marine. (abboti) [General report upon zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, 1857; ref. 4911] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (arundinaceus) [General report upon zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, 1857; ref. 4911] Coast of California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

(barbarae) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 7 (no. 428); ref. 14404] Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (brevirostris) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 5769] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (dimidiatus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 14; ref. 1667] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (griseolineatus) [The Pacific [newspaper] v. 3 and 4 (thru no. 6); ref. 157] Presumably near San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard, 1854. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus louisianae Gunther, 1870 - chain pipefish [=Syngnathus louisianae Günther [A.], 1870:160] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus louisianae Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico to Jamaica. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus macrobrachium Fritzsche, 1980 - macrobrachium pipefish [=Syngnathus macrobrachium Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:207, Fig. 10A] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 42 (no. 6); ref. 1511] Huasco, Chile, 28°28'S, 71°14'W. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus macrobrachium Fritzsche, 1980. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific: Peru and Chile. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus macrophthalmus Duncker, 1915 - macrophthalmus pipefish [=Syngnathus macrophthalmus Duncker [G.], 1915:85] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Suez, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus macrophthalmus Duncker, 1915. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic.

Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus makaxi Herald & Dawson, 1972 - Yucatan pipefish [=Syngnathus scovelli makaxi Herald [E. S.] & Dawson [C. E.], 1972:781] Notes: [Copeia 1972 (no. 4); ref. 17349] Laguna Makax, Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, Mexico, depth 0-1.6 meters. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus makaxi Herald & Dawson, 1972. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Isla Mujeres, Mexico, Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 - Sargassum pipefish [=Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:337, Syngnathus bairdianus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:574, Syngnathus coquerelii Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:575, Syngnathus rousseau Kaup [J. J.], 1856:40] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Current status: Valid as Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic north of equator. Habitat: marine. (bairdianus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Baja California, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (coquerelii) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Madagascar; Indian seas. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (rousseau) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Martinique Island, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus phlegon Risso, 1827 - Risso's pipefish [=Syngnathus phlegon Risso [A.], 1827:181, Pl. 15 (fig. 41)] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Galicia, Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus phlegon Risso, 1827. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Mediterranean Sea and adjacent coasts of Portugal and Morocco (eastern Atlantic). Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus rostellatus Nilsson, 1855 - Nilsson's pipefish [=Syngnathus rostellatus Nilsson [S.], 1855:687, Syngnathus dumerilii Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Moreau), 1870:556] Notes: [Skandinavisk fauna; ref. 3205] Sweden. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus rostellatus Nilsson, 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Baltic Sea, North Sea, eastern North Atlantic: North Sea to Bay of Biscay. Habitat: brackish, marine. (dumerilii) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Côte du Hâvre, France. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus rostellatus Nilsson, 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus safina Paulus, 1992 - safina pipefish [=Syngnathus safina Paulus [T.], 1992:28, Figs. 1-2, 5, 7-8] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 72 (nos 1/3) [1991]; ref. 20074] Gulf of Aqaba, Jordan, about 17 kilometers south of Aqaba, Red Sea, 29°25'54"N, 34°58'26"E. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus safina Paulus, 1992. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic: Gulf of Aqaba. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup, 1853 - seaweed pipefish [=Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup [J. J.], 1853:232, Syngnathus acusimilis Günther [A.], 1873:380, Syngnathus schlegeli soldatovi Lindberg [G. U.], in Soldatov & Lindberg, 1930:79, Fig. 22, Syngnathus tenuirostris Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1850:273, Pl. 120 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 2569] Japan and China. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: China to southern Japan. Habitat: brackish, marine.

(acusimilis) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 18198] Chefoo, Shantung Province, China. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: China and Russia. Habitat: freshwater. (soldatovi) [Izvestiia Tikhookeanskogo nauchnogo instituta rybnogo khoziaistva [Bulletins of the Pacific Science Institute] v. 5; ref. 4164] Peter the Great Bay, Russia. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (tenuirostris) [Fauna Japonica Last part; ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Syngnathus schmidti Popov, 1928 - Popov's pipefish [=Syngnathus schmidti Popov [A. M.], 1928:391, Fig., Syngnathus phelgon longicephalus Nikitin & Natradze, 1946:170] Notes: [Ezhegodnik. Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk SSSR v. 28 (for 1927); ref. 15817] Off Caucasian, Crimean, Romanien and Bulgarian coasts of the Black Sea. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus schmidti Popov, 1928. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea, Sea of Azov, and Sea of Marmara. Habitat: brackish. (longicephalus) Batumi, Georgia. Taken from "Fauna of Russia" 2014:210 [ref. 33547]. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus schmidti Popov, 1928. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Syngnathus scovelli (Evermann & Kendall, 1896) - Gulf pipefish [=Siphostoma scovelli Evermann [B. W.] & Kendall [W. C.], 1896:113, Syngnathus affinis Günther [A.], 1870:163, Syngnathus texanua Gilbert [C. R.], in Page et al., 2013:216, No figure] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 18 (no. 1043); ref. 14580] Shamrock Point, Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus scovelli (Evermann & Kendall, 1896). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; Central and South America; usually in nearshore marine habitats; some records from freshwater: Belize, Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

(affinis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Louisiana, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus scovelli (Evermann & Kendall, 1896). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (texanua) [ref. 32708] Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus scovelli (Evermann & Kendall, 1896). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish.

Species Syngnathus springeri Herald, 1942 - bull pipefish [=Syngnathus springeri Herald [E. S.], 1942:125] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 13205] Lemon Bay, Englewood, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus springeri Herald, 1942. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Syngnathus taenionotus Canestrini, 1871 - Canestrini's pipefish [=Syngnathus taenionotus Canestrini [G.], 1871:1062] Notes: [Atti del Regio Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti (ser. 3) v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 21164] Venice, Italy, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Current status: Valid as Syngnathus taenionotus Canestrini, 1871. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea endemic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus temminckii Kaup, 1856 - longsnouted pipefish [=Syngnathus temminckii Kaup [J. J.], 1856:36] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus temminckii Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Namibia to South Africa. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus tenuirostris Rathke, 1836 - narrowsnouted pipefish [=Syngnathus tenuirostris Rathke [H.], 1836:23 [313], Pl. 2 (figs. 11-12)] Notes: [Mémoires présentés à l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par divers savaus et lus dans ses assemblées. Mémoires des savaus étrangers v. 3; ref. 18611] Crimea coast, Ukraine, Black Sea. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus tenuirostris Rathke, 1836. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea, Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea and northern Mediterranean Sea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758 - broadnosed pipefish [=Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus [C.], 1758:336, Syngnathus argentatus Pallas [P. S.], 1814:120, Tiphle hexagonus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:18, Syngnathus pelagicus Risso [A.], 1810:63, Syngnathus ponticus Pallas [P. S.], 1814:118, Syngnathus pyrois Risso [A.], 1827:180, Syngnathus pustulatus Billberg [G. J.], 1833:54, Fig. 1, Syngnathus rondeletii Delaroche [F. E.], 1809:324 [38], Pl. 21 (fig. 5), Syngnathus rotundatus Michahellis [C. W.], 1829:1014, Syngnathus virens Billberg [G. J.], 1833:115, Fig. 2, Syngnathus viridis Risso [A.], 1810:65] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Europe. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Norway to Morocco. Habitat: brackish, marine. (argentatus) [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Black Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (hexagonus) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pelagicus) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea.

Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (ponticus) [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Black Sea and Azov Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pyrois) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pustulatus) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Bohuslän Archipelago, Sweden. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (rondeletii) [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 13; ref. 17380] [Iviça] Ibiza, Baleares Islands, Spain, western Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (rotundatus) [Isis (Oken) v. 22 (no. 9); ref. 17700] Trieste, Italy, Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (virens) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Bohuslän Archipelago, Sweden. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (viridis) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Mer de Island Hospice, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus variegatus Pallas, 1814 - variegated pipefish [=Syngnathus variegatus Pallas [P. S.], 1814:119, Syngnathus ferrugineus Michahellis [C. W.], 1829:1013] Notes: [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Crimean coast, Ukraine, Black Sea. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus variegatus Pallas, 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Black Sea and Sea of Azov. Habitat: brackish. (ferrugineus) [Isis (Oken) v. 22 (no. 9); ref. 17700] Ragusa, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus variegatus Pallas, 1814. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Syngnathus watermeyeri Smith, 1963 - river pipefish

[=Syngnathus watermeyeri Smith [J. L. B.], 1963:538, Pl. 82 (figs. G-H)] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 27; ref. 6516] Bushmans River near Port Alfred, 33°50'S, South Africa, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Syngnathus watermeyeri Smith, 1963. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: South Africa. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Trachyrhamphus Kaup, 1853 - pipefishes [=Trachyrhamphus Kaup [J. J.], 1853:231, Yozia Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:8] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Masc. Syngnathus serratus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850. Type by monotypy - only one available species among three included. As Trachyrhynchus Kaup, 1856:25 (name only). Spelled Trachyrrhamphus by Duncker 1902:232 [not researched]. •Valid as Trachyrhamphus Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson et al. 1979:248 [ref. 21118], Dawson 1984 [ref. 5291], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:88 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:190 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:457 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:431 [ref. 12442], Paxton et al. 2006:844 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:209 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Trachyrhamphus Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Yozia) [ref. 2510]. Fem. Yozia wakanourae Jordan & Snyder, 1901. Type by original designation. •Valid as Yozia Jordan & Snyder, 1901 -- (Dawson et al. 1979 [ref. 21118]). •Synonym of Trachyrhamphus Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1984:165 [ref. 5291], Dawson 1985:190 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857) - double-ended pipefish [=Syngnathus bicoarctatus Bleeker [P.], 1857:99, Ichthyocampus annulatus Macleay [W.], 1878:364, Pl. 10 (fig. 6), Syngnathus brevicaudus Castelnau [F. L.], 1875:48, Syngnathus cilo Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:7, Yozia compitalis Whitley [G. P.], 1950:238, Yozia bicoarctata erythraeensis Dollfus [R.-P.] & Petit [G.], 1938:500, Ichthyocampus maculatus Alleyne [H. G.] & Macleay [W.], 1877:353, Pl. 17 (fig. 2), Yozia bicoarctata melanesiae Fowler [H. W.], 1945:61, Figs. 3-4, Yozia compitalis samaraiensis Kähsbauer [P.], 1970:157, Yozia wakanourae Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:8, Pl. 6,

Syngnathus zanzibarensis Günther [A.], in Playfair & Günther, 1867:140, Pl. 20 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 2 (no. 7); ref. 356] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar, Comores and Mascarenes east to Mariana Islands and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, and New South Wales (Australia). Habitat: marine. (annulatus) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 2 (pt 4); ref. 17573] Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (brevicaudus) [Researches on the fishes of Australia No. 2; ref. 768] Swan River, Western Australia. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (cilo) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] India orientalis [East Indies]. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoractatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (compitalis) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 4712] Pyrmont, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (erythraeensis) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 10 (no. 5); ref. 17137] Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (maculatus) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 1 (pts 3-4); ref. 101] [Erub] [= Darnley] Island, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (melanesiae) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 13142] Saipan Island, western Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (samaraiensis) [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 74; ref. 7618] Wharf at Samarai Island, southeastern tip of Papua New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (wakanourae) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Wakanoura, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (zanzibarensis) [The fishes of Zanzibar; ref. 3490] Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Trachyrhamphus longirostris Kaup, 1856 - straightstick pipefish [=Trachyrhamphus longirostris Kaup [J. J.], 1856:24, 74, Syngnathus ceylonensis Günther [A.], 1870:168, Trachyrhamphus intermedius Kaup [J. J.], 1856:24, 74] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] China, western North Pacific. Current status: Valid as Trachyrhamphus longirostris Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to Australia, north to Japan and China, Indonesia and Philippines. Habitat: marine. (ceylonensis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Sri Lanka and Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus longirostris Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (intermedius) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] China or Japan. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus longirostris Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Trachyrhamphus serratus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) - serrated pipefish [=Syngnathus serratus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1850:272, Pl. 120 (fig. 4), Trachyrhamphus cultrirostris Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1869:710, Syngnathus subbooko Bleeker [P.], 1853:80] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part; ref. 4375] Japan. Current status: Valid as Trachyrhamphus serratus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (cultrirostris) [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1869; ref. 14098] Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus serratus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine. (subbooko) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 8); ref. 341] Vizagapatam, India. Current status: Synonym of Trachyrhamphus serratus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Urocampus Gunther, 1870 - pipefishes [=Urocampus Günther [A.], 1870:179]

Notes: [ref. 1995]. Masc. Urocampus nanus Günther, 1870. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Urocampus Günther, 1870 -- (Dawson 1980 [ref. 6909], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:88 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:194 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:431 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:470 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:845 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:476 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:282 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Urocampus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Urocampus carinirostris Castelnau, 1872 - hariy pipefish [=Urocampus carinirostris Castelnau [F. L.], 1872:200, Urocampus coelorhynchus Günther [A.], 1873:103 [7], Urocampus guentheri Duncker [G.], 1909:242, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] Melbourne markets, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Valid as Urocampus carinirostris Castelnau, 1872. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Tasmania and eastern Australia to Papua New Guinea. Habitat: brackish, marine. (coelorhynchus) [Journal des Museum Godeffroy v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 6423] Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Urocampus carinirostris Castelnau, 1872. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (guentheri) [Syngnathidae. In: Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens v. 2 (no. 15); ref. 14370] Useless Inlet, Shark Bay, Western Australia, depth 0.75-2 meters. Current status: Synonym of Urocampus carinirostris Castelnau, 1872. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Urocampus nanus Gunther, 1870 - barbed pipefish [=Urocampus nanus Günther [A.], 1870:179, Urocampus rikuzenius Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:10, Pl. 7] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Manchuria, China. Current status: Valid as Urocampus nanus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: brackish, marine. (rikuzenius) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 24 (no. 1241); ref. 2510] Matsushima Bay, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Urocampus nanus Günther, 1870. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Vanacampus Whitley, 1951 - pipefishes [=Vanacampus (subgenus of Parasyngnathus) Whitley [G. P.], 1951:62] Notes: [ref. 4711]. Masc. Syngnathus vercoi Waite & Hale, 1921. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Vanacampus Whitley, 1951 – (Dawson 1984:80 [ref. 21119], Dawson 1985:197 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:432 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:472 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:845 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:477 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:214 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Vanacampus Whitley, 1951. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Species Vanacampus margaritifer (Peters, 1868) - mother-of-pearl pipefish [=Syngnathus margaritifer Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:457] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 7935] Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Vanacampus margaritifer (Peters, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Vanacampus phillipi (Lucas, 1891) - Port Phillip pipefish [=Syngnathus phillipi Lucas [A. H. S.], 1891:12] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (n. s.) v. 3; ref. 14501] Port Phillip Heads, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Valid as Vanacampus phillipi (Lucas, 1891). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Southern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Vanacampus poecilolaemus (Peters, 1868) - Peters' vanacampus [=Syngnathus poecilolaemus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:458, Syngnathus modestus Sauvage [H.-E.], 1879:209, Corythoichthys sauvagei Whitley [G. P.], 1929:117] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 7935] Adelaide, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Vanacampus poecilolaemus (Peters, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Distribution: Australia: Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (modestus) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 3; ref. 13259] Noble Island, Queensland, Australia [but probably in error]. Current status: Synonym of Vanacampus poecilolaemus (Peters, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (sauvagei) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 4665] Noble Island, Horwick Group. Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Vanacampus poecilolaemus (Peters, 1868). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Vanacampus vercoi (Waite & Hale, 1921) - Verco's pipefish [=Syngnathus vercoi Waite [E. R.] & Hale [H. M.], 1921:298, Fig. 41, Corythoichthys flindersi Scott [T. D.], 1957:182, Fig. 2] Notes: [Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 4569] Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Vanacampus vercoi (Waite & Hale, 1921). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia. Habitat: marine. (flindersi) [Transactions Royal Society of South Australia v. 80; ref. 3997] Pelican Lagoon, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 35°49'S, 137°47'E. Current status: Synonym of Vanacampus vercoi (Waite & Hale, 1921). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine

SUBFAMILY Nerophinae Kaup, 1853 - trunk-brooding pipefishes

GENUS Choeroichthys Kaup, 1856 - pipefishes [=Choeroichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1856:55] Notes: [ref. 2575]. Masc. Choeroichthys valencienni Kaup, 1856. Type by original designation. Appeared first as name only in Kaup 1853:233 [ref. 2569]. Spelled Choeoroichthys by Weber 1913:681 [ref. 4602]. Species valenciennesi is a misspelling or unjustified emendation. •Valid as Choeroichthys Kaup, 1856 -- (Dawson 1976 [ref. 7375], Dawson 1978:416 [ref. 8724], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:88 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:31 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:447 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:413 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2267 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al.

2006:814 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:228 [ref. 30404], Satapoomin 2009:57 [ref. 30463]). Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Choeroichthys brachysoma (Bleeker, 1855) - shortbodied pipefish [=Syngnathus brachysoma Bleeker [P.], 1855:327, Doryichthys serialis Günther [A.], 1884:30, Pl. 3 (fig. B)] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 8; ref. 348] Batu Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys brachysoma (Bleeker, 1855). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Marshall and Society islands; Philippines south to eastern Australia, Fiji and Samoa. Habitat: marine. (serialis) [Reptilia, Batrachia, and Pisces 1884; ref. 14389] Port Molle, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Choeroichthys brachysoma (Bleeker, 1855). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Choeroichthys cinctus Dawson, 1976 - barred shortbody pipefish [=Choeroichthys cinctus Dawson [C. E.], 1976:48, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 89 (no. 3); ref. 7375] About 150 meters offshore, Latuhalat Island, Namalatu, Molucca Strait, Indonesia, about 3°47'S, 128°06'E, depth 11-18.3 meters. Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys cinctus Dawson, 1976. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia and Papua New Guinea east to northeastern Australia, Fiji and Samoa. Habitat: marine.

Species Choeroichthys latispinosus Dawson, 1978 - Muiron pipefish [=Choeroichthys latispinosus Dawson [C. E.], 1978:414, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Records of the Western Australian Museum v. 6 (pt 4); ref. 8724] Reef-front slope, South Murion Island, Western Australia, depth 8 meters. Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys latispinosus Dawson, 1978. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Choeroichthys sculptus (Gunther, 1870) - sculptured pipefish [=Doryichthys sculptus Günther [A.], 1870:185, Doryrhamphus macgregori Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.], 1908:246, Fig. 7, Microphis ocellatus Snyder [J. O.], 1909:598] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Fiji Islands [South Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys sculptus (Günther, 1870). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar and Réunion (Mascarenes) east to Line Islands, Society Islands and Gambier Islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and Tonga. Habitat: marine. (macgregori) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 27(Doc. 640) (for 1907); ref. 2492] Calayan, Babuyan Island, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Choeroichthys sculptus (Günther, 1870). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine. (ocellatus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 36 (no. 1688); ref. 4151] Naha, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Choeroichthys sculptus (Günther, 1870). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Choeroichthys smithi Dawson, 1976 - Smith's choeroichthys [=Choeroichthys smithi Dawson [C. E.], 1976:51, Figs. 5, 7] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 89 (no. 3); ref. 7375] Inhaca, Mozambique. Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys smithi Dawson, 1976. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Choeroichthys suillus Whitley, 1951 - pigsnouted pipefish [=Choeroichthys suillus Whitley [G. P.], 1951:393, Fig. 2] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 4715] Port Denison, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys suillus Whitley, 1951. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Northern Australia and New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

Species Choeroichthys valencienni Kaup, 1856 - Kaup's choeroichthys [=Choeroichthys valencienni Kaup [J. J.], 1856:55, 75, Pl. 3 [not 2] (fig. 6)] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Choeroichthys valencienni Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Red Sea, western Indian Ocean: East Africa east to Amirantes and western Mascarenes. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Doryichthys Kaup, 1856 - freshwater pipefishes [=Doryichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1856:56, Doryrhamphinarum Kaup [J. J.], 1856:62, Kaupia Smith [J. L. B.], 1963:533] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Masc. Doryichthys bilinearus Kaup, 1856. Type by subsequent designation. Dawson 1981:2 [ref. 5526] and 1985:55 [ref. 6541] dates to 1856:56, but several species mentioned in 1853 were available (but not bilineatus which Dawson regarded as type). Dawson 1981:3 mentions a designation of Syngnathus cuncalus Hamilton, 1822 by Duncker (1912) and that should be examined as the first valid type designation. Spelled Dorichthys by Duncker 1909. Type species Doryichthys bilinearus Kaup, 1856 selected by Jordan & Evermann 1896:773. •Valid as Doryichthys Kaup, 1856 -- (Dawson 1981:2 [ref. 5527], Dawson 1985:55 [ref. 6541], Roberts 1989:158 [ref. 6439], Rahman 1989:37 [ref. 24860], Paulus 1999:2268 [ref. 24794], Kuiter 2009:281 [ref. 30404], Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Doryichthys Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Doryrhamphinarum) [ref. 2575]. Syngnathus heterosoma Bleeker, 1851. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Fowler (MS), treats as a lapsus for Doryichthys Kaup, 1856 [= 1853]; Dawson 1981 treats as a nomen nudum. Kaup provides a description from Bleeker, and states (p. 63), "...leaves me in no doubt of this species being the type of a genus hitherto undescribed..." Kaup's heading "Genus novem, 5. Doryrhamphinarum" is regarded here as meaning of the family Doryrhamphidae, without proposal of a new genus. •Synonym of Doryichthys Kaup, 1856 -- (Dawson 1981:2 [ref. 5511]). Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Kaupia) [ref. 6516]. Fem. Syngnathus boaja Bleeker, 1851. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Doryichthys Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1981:2 [ref. 5527], Dawson 1985:55 [ref. 6541], Roberts 1989:158 [ref. 6439], Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Doryichthys boaja (Bleeker, 1850) - Asian river pipefish [=Syngnathus boaja Bleeker [P.], 1850:16, Syngnathus jullieni Sauvage [H.-E.], 1874:338, Doryichthys spinosus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Schlegel), 1856:57, Syngnathus zonatus Károli [J.], 1882:185] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1; ref. 16884] Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Doryichthys boaja (Bleeker, 1850). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia: Thailand to Vietnam, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (jullieni) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Ser. 3) v. 2 [1874]; ref. 3873] Cochinchine [? southern Vietnam]. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys boaja (Bleeker, 1850). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater. (spinosus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Java; Borneo; Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys boaja (Bleeker, 1850). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater. (zonatus) [Természetrajzi Füzetek, Budapest v. 5 (no. 2) (for 1881); ref. 14295] Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys boaja (Bleeker, 1850). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Doryichthys contiguus Kottelat, 2000 - contiguous pipefish [=Doryichthys contiguus Kottelat [M.], 2000:78, Fig. 70] Notes: [Journal of South Asian Natural History v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 25040] Confluence of Nam Leuk and Nam Ngang [error doe Gnong] 18°22'04"N, 103°05'27"E, Vientiane Province, Laos. Current status: Valid as Doryichthys contiguus Kottelat, 2000. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker, 1854) - largespot river pipefish [=Syngnathus deokhatoides Bleeker [P.], 1854:17, Microphis annandalei Hora [S. L.], 1924:472, Fig. 1, Doryichthys bilineatus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Heckel), 1856:56, 75, Pl. 1 (fig. 8), Dorichthys fluviatilis Duncker [G.], 1904:188, Pl. 2 (figs. 10, 10a), Syngnathus fluviatilis Bleeker [P.] (ex van Hasselt), 1854:18,

Syngnathus fluviatilis Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.], in Kaup, 1856:57] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 6); ref. 16914] Palembang, eastern Sumatra, Indonesia; Pontianak, western Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (annandalei) [Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 6 (pt 9); ref. 15450] Near edge of the lake at Lampam, Patelung, Talé [Thale] Sap, Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater. (bilineatus) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] ?Asia (Borneo on label). Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater. (fluviatilis D) [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 21; ref. 5560] Kuala Lampur, Selangor, Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater. (fluviatilis B) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 6); ref. 16914] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater. (fluviatilis K) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Doryichthys heterosoma (Bleeker, 1851) - Sambas river pipefish [=Syngnathus heterosoma Bleeker [P.], 1851:441] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2; ref. 16897] Sambas, western Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Doryichthys heterosoma (Bleeker, 1851). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Indonesia: Kalimantan and Natunas Islands. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868) - Mertens' pipefish [=Syngnathus martensii Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:459,

Doryichthys brachyrhynchops Fowler [H. W.], 1934:145, Figs. 119-120, Microphis ignoratus Vaillant [L. L.], 1902:40, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 7935] Pulo-Matjan [Pulau Majan], Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia: Malay Peninsula to Thailand, Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (brachyrhynchops) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 86; ref. 1417] Chantaboon [Chantaburi], southeastern Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater. (ignoratus) [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 24 (note 1); ref. 4490] Mouth of Mandai [Raoen, Raun] River, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856 - pipefishes [=Doryrhamphus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:54, Acanthognathus Duncker [G.], 1912:228, Dentirostrum Herald [E. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1972:123, Pristidoryrhamphus Fowler [H. W.], 1944:158] Notes: [ref. 2575]. Masc. Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856. Type by monotypy. Apparently no available species included with genus in Kaup 1853:233 [ref. 2569]; genus as name only; apparently dates to 1856 as above. Doryramphus Bleeker, 1860 is an incorrect subsequent spelling. •Valid as Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856 -- (Fritzsche 1980:187 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1981 [ref. 5511], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:85 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:58 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:448 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:416 [ref. 12442], Paulus 1999:2269 [ref. 24794], Paxton et al. 2006:817 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2009:172 [ref. 30404], Satapoomin 2009:58 [ref. 30463]). Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Acanthognathus) [ref. 1156]. Masc. Syngnathus dactyliophorus Bleeker, 1853. Type by original designation, also monotypic (only one named species included). Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Acanthognathus Mayr, 1887 in Hymenoptera, replaced by Dunckerocampus Whitley, 1933. •Synonym of Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856 -- (Dawson 1985:58 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

(Dentirostrum) [ref. 2097]. Neut. Dentirostrum janssi Herald & Randall, 1972. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856 -- (Dawson 1981:2 [ref. 5511], Dawson 1985:58 [ref. 6541]). Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Pristidoryrhamphus) [ref. 1451]. Masc. Pristidoryrhamphus jacksoni Fowler, 1944. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856 -- (Fritzsche 1980:187 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1981:2 [ref. 5511]). Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Doryrhamphus abbreviatus Dawson, 1981 - Dawson's doryrhamphus [=Doryrhamphus excisus abbreviatus Dawson [C. E.], 1981:9, Fig. 4 (middle)] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 44; ref. 5511] Strait of Jubal, Red Sea, 27°16'46"N, 33°46'25"E, depth 0-2.4 meters. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus abbreviatus Dawson, 1981. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus aurolineatus Randall & Earle, 1994 - Randall's doryrhamphus [=Doryrhamphus aurolineatus Randall [J. E.] & Earle [J. L.], 1994:283, Fig. 1; Pl. 1] Notes: [Fauna of Saudia Arabia v. 14; ref. 21643] Small cave, east side of Masirah Island, Oman, Arabian Sea, depth 11 meters. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus aurolineatus Randall & Earle, 1994. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus bicarinatus Dawson, 1981 - narrowstripe pipefish [=Doryrhamphus bicarinatus Dawson [C. E.], 1981:13, Figs. 8 (lower pair), 9b, 10] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 44; ref. 5511] Sodwana Bay, Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 12-13 meters. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus bicarinatus Dawson, 1981. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: East Africa, South Africa, Aldabra, Comores and Mascarenes east to Andaman Sea.

Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856 - bluestripe pipefish [=Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:54, Pl. 3 (fig. 5), Doryrhamphus californiensis Gill [T. N.], 1862:284, Doryrhamphus melanopleura cooki Weed [A. C.] & Woods [L. P.], in Herald in Schultz et al., 1953:249, Microphis mayottae Fourmanoir [P.], 1955:210, Doryrhamphus paulus Fritzsche [R. A.], 1980:189, Fig. 4B, Doryichthys pleurotaenia Günther [A.], 1880:62, Pl. 26 (fig. D)] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific. Habitat: marine. (californiensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 14; ref. 1667] Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine. (cooki) [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Aitutaki Island, Cook Islands. Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine. (mayottae) [Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar. Série A, Biologie Animale v. 9; ref. 12271] Dzaoudzi, Mayotte Island, Comoro Islands. Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine. (paulus) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 42 (no. 6); ref. 1511] About 100 meters southeast of "Humpback Cove", Isla Socorro, Revilla Gigedo [Revillagigedo] Islands, off western Mexico, depth 6-12 meters. Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (pleurotaenia) [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Off Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 18 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus extensus (Snyder, 1911) - Snyder's pipefish

[=Microphis extensus Snyder [J. O.], 1911:525] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 40 (no. 1836); ref. 4152] Naha, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus extensus (Snyder, 1911). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Taiwan to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus janssi (Herald & Randall, 1972) - Janss' pipefish [=Dentirostrum janssi Herald [E. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1972:124, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 39 (no. 11); ref. 2097] Koror Island, Palau Islands, 7°19'28"N, 134°30'12"E, depth 0-15.2 meters. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus janssi (Herald & Randall, 1972). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean and Western Pacific: Andaman Sea east to Solomon Islands, north to Gulf of Thailand, Philippines and Taiwan, south to Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus japonicus Araga & Yoshino, in Masuda et al., 1975 - Japanese doryrhamphus [=Doryrhamphus melanopleura japonica Araga [C.] & Yoshino [T.], in Masuda, Araga & Yoshino, 1975:183, Pl. 25 (fig. C)] Notes: [Coastal fishes of southern Japan; ref. 2902] Rocky reefs near the mouth of Tanabe Bay, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus japonicus Araga & Yoshino, 1975. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea northward to Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus malus (Whitley, 1954) - Masthead Island pipefish [=Choeroichthys suillus malus Whitley [G. P.], 1954:25] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales v. for 1952-53; ref. 4721] Masthead Island, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus malus (Whitley, 1954). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Australia: Queensland.

Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus melanopleura (Bleeker, 1858) - Bleeker's doryrhamphus [=Syngnathus melanopleura Bleeker [P.], 1858:464] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 15; ref. 16960] Nova Selma [Cocos-Keeling Islands, eastern Indian Ocean]. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus melanopleura (Bleeker, 1858). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean and western and central Pacific: Indonesia east to Hawaiian Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan, south to Great Barrier Reef (Australia) New Caledonia, Tonga, and Rapa. Habitat: marine.

Species Doryrhamphus negrosensis Herre, 1934 - Negros pipefish [=Doryrhamphus negrosensis Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1934:28, Pristidoryrhamphus jacksoni Fowler [H. W.], 1944:159, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. 1. The fishes of the Herre Philippine expedition of 1931.; ref. 2108] Tide pool near Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Doryrhamphus negrosensis Herre, 1934. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: northern Borneo, Philippines, Papua New Guinea to Palau and Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine. (jacksoni) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1451] Vanuatu. Current status: Synonym of Doryrhamphus negrosensis Herre, 1934. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Dunckerocampus Whitley, 1933 - flagtail pipefishes [=Dunckerocampus Whitley [G. P.], 1933:67] Notes: [ref. 4677]. Masc. Syngnathus dactyliophorus Bleeker, 1853. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Acanthognathus Duncker, 1912, preoccupied by Acanthognathus Mayr, 1887 in Hymenoptera. •Synonym of Doryrhamphus Kaup, 1856, but a valid subgenus Dunckerocampus -- (Dawson 1985:58 [ref. 6541], Winterbottom 1987 [ref. 6776] but spelled Dunkerocampus). •Valid as Dunckerocampus Whitley, 1933 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:86 [ref. 6441], Kuiter 1998:81 [ref. 23586], Kuiter 2009:178

[ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus Whitley, 1933. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Dunckerocampus baldwini Herald & Randall, 1972 - redstripe pipefish [=Dunckerocampus baldwini Herald [E. S.] & Randall [J. E.], 1972:128, Fig. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 39 (no. 11); ref. 2097] Southeast of Pokai Bay, Waianae coast, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 70 feet. Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus baldwini Herald & Randall, 1972. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Indonesia and Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Dunckerocampus boylei Kuiter, 1998 - broadbanded pipefish [=Dunckerocampus boylei Kuiter [R. H.], 1998:82, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 23586] Flic-en-Flac, Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean, 20°12'S, 57°20'E, depth 20-95 meters. Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus boylei Kuiter, 1998. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean, including Mauritius (Mascarenes) and western Pacific to Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Dunckerocampus chapmani Herald, in Schultz et al., 1953 - glowtail pipefish [=Dunckerocampus caulleryi chapmani Herald [E. S.], in Schultz et al., 1953:250] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Rocky ledge on Ducos Peninsula, Nouméa, New Caledonia. Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus chapmani Herald, 1953. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus (Bleeker, 1853) - ringed pipefish [=Syngnathus dactyliophorus Bleeker [P.], 1853:506, Acanthognathus caulleryi Chabanaud [P.], 1929:166, Fig. 1]

Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4; ref. 336] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus (Bleeker, 1853). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: East Indian Region to Marshall and Society islands, Australia to Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: marine. (caulleryi) [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 54; ref. 15887] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus (Bleeker, 1853). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Dunckerocampus multiannulatus (Regan, 1903) - manybanded pipefish [=Doryichthys multiannulatus Regan [C. T.], 1903:413, Pl. 13 (fig. 3), Dunckerocampus bentuviae Fowler [H. W.] & Steinitz [H.], 1956:273, Fig. 22] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 3620] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus multiannulatus (Regan, 1903). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles and western Mascarenes to Andaman Sea east to Indonesia. Habitat: marine. (bentuviae) [Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel v. 5B (no. 3-4); ref. 1478] Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Dunckerocampus multiannulatus (Regan, 1903). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Dunckerocampus naia Allen & Kuiter, 2004 - Allen's dunckerocampus [=Dunckerocampus naia Allen [G. R.] & Kuiter [R. H.], 2004:2, Figs. 1-3, 5] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 28071] Maytag Reef, Bligh Water, Lomaiviti Group, Fiji, 17°16.75'S, 178°27.54'E, depth 23 meters. Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus naia Allen & Kuiter, 2004. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia, Soloman Islands, Fiji, Mariana Islands and Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Dunckerocampus pessuliferus Fowler, 1938 - yellowbanded pipefish [=Dunckerocampus pessuliferus Fowler [H. W.], 1938:41, Fig. 13] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 85 (no. 3032); ref. 1426] Off Sulade Island (E), vicinity of Siasi, Sulu

Archipelago, 5°46'40"N, 120°48'50"E, Albatross station D.5146, depth 24 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dunckerocampus pessuliferus Fowler, 1938. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific, southweastern Indian Ocean: Indonesia, northwestern Australia and Philippines. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Entelurus Dumeril, 1870 - pipefishes [=Entelurus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:605, Acus (subgenus of Syngnathus) Swainson [W.] (ex Willoughby), 1839:195, 333, Hymenolomus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:607, Nannocampichthys Hora [S. L.] & Mukerji [D. D.], 1936:22, Protocampus Günther [A.], 1870:193, Pterure Duméril [A. M. C.], 1856:169] Notes: [ref. 1147]. Masc. Syngnathus aequoreus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Earliest type designation not researched. See Acus Swainson (ex Willoughby), 1839. •Valid as Entelurus Duméril, 1870 -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:629 [ref. 13676], Kuiter 2009:258 [ref. 30404], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:121 [ref. 31212], Parin et al. 2014:207 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Acus) [ref. 4303]. Fem. Syngnathus aequoreus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Apparently not preoccupied by Acus Plumier in Lacepède 1803 in fishes (not available); not replaced. Type perhaps designated first by Jordan & Evermann 1896:774 [ref. 2443]. •Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Current status: Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Hymenolomus) [ref. 1147]. Masc. Hymenolomus richardsonii Duméril, 1870 (= Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson, 1845). Type by monotypy. Duméril's S. richardsonii is an unneeded substitute for S. hymenolomus Richardson. Apparently predates Protocampus Günther, 1870 [but months of publication not researched]. •Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870 -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190]). Current status: Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Nannocampichthys) [ref. 2217]. Masc. Nannocampichthys gigas Hora & Mukerji, 1936. Type by original designation (also monotypic). See Das 2003:369 [ref. 27706]. •Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870 -- (Dawson 1978:419 [ref. 8724]) Current status: Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Protocampus) [ref. 1995]. Masc. Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson, 1845. Type by monotypy. Same as Hymenolomus Duméril, 1870; relative dates of publication not researched. Apparently an objective synonym of Hymenolomus Duméril, 1870 of earlier date. •Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870 -- (Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190]).

Current status: Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Pterure) [ref. 1154]. Syngnathus aequoreus Linnaeus, 1758. Appeared as Ptérure; not available, French vernacular. •In the synonymy of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Current status: Synonym of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758) - snake pipefish [=Syngnathus aequoreus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:337, Nannocampichthys gigas Hora [S. L.] & Mukerji [D. D.], 1936:23, Fig. 2, Syngnathus palmstruchii Billberg [G. J.], 1833:54, Fig. 3, Osphyolax pellucidus Cope [E. D.], 1876:450, Pl. 25, Syngnathus sibbaldi Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:6] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Open sea. Current status: Valid as Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and adjacent Arctic regions: Baltic Sea, North Sea, Barents and Greenland seas, south Greenland coast, eastern North Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (gigas) [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 38 (pt 1); ref. 2217] Maungmagan, Tavoy District, Lower Myanmar, 14°30'N, 97°50'E. Current status: Synonym of Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (palmstruchii) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Bohuslän Archipelago, Sweden. Current status: Synonym of Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pellucidus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 27 (for 1875); ref. 936] Open Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (sibbaldi) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Scotland. Current status: Synonym of Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Heraldia Paxton, 1975 - pipefishes [=Heraldia Paxton [J. R.], 1975:441] Notes: [ref. 3395]. Fem. Heraldia nocturna Paxton, 1975. Type by original designation (also monotypic).

•Valid as Heraldia Paxton, 1975 -- (Dawson 1985:95 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:419 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:446 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:822 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:453 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:186 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Heraldia Paxton, 1975. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Heraldia nocturna Paxton, 1975 - upside-down pipefish [=Heraldia nocturna Paxton [J. R.], 1975:441, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 40 (no. 15); ref. 3395] Watson's Bay, Sydney Harbor, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Heraldia nocturna Paxton, 1975. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Leptoichthys Kaup, 1853 - pipefishes [=Leptoichthys Kaup [J. J.], 1853:233] Notes: [ref. 2569]. Masc. Leptoichthys fistularius Kaup, 1853. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Leptoichthys Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1985:110 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:423 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:454 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:832 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:463 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:226 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Leptoichthys Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Leptoichthys fistularius Kaup, 1853 - brushtailed pipefish [=Leptoichthys fistularius Kaup [J. J.], 1853:233, Leptoichthys castelnaui Macleay [W.], 1881:295] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 2569] King George Sound, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Leptoichthys fistularius Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Southern Australia: Victoria to Western Australia. Habitat: marine. (castelnaui) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 6222] Victoria, South Australia. Current status: Synonym of Leptoichthys fistularius Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Maroubra Whitley, 1948 - pipefishes [=Maroubra Whitley [G. P.], 1948:74] Notes: [ref. 4710]. Fem. Maroubra perserrata Whitley, 1948. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Maroubra Whitley, 1948 -- (Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:86 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:119 [ref. 6541], Paxton et al. 1989:424 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:458 [ref. 22532], Paxton et al. 2006:834 [ref. 29073], Kuiter 2008:466 [ref. 30642], Kuiter 2009:184 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Valid as Maroubra Whitley, 1948. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Maroubra perserrata Whitley, 1948 - sawtooth pipefish [=Maroubra perserrata Whitley [G. P.], 1948:74, Fig. 3] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] Maroubra Beach, near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Maroubra perserrata Whitley, 1948. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Australia: southern Queensland to southern Australia and to Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Maroubra yasudai Dawson, 1983 - orange pipefish [=Maroubra yasudai Dawson [C. E.], 1983:397, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory v. 28 (nos 5/6); ref. 17362] Western coast of Izu Oceanic Park, Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshu Island, Japan, depth about 30 meters. Current status: Valid as Maroubra yasudai Dawson, 1983. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Izu Peninsula, Japan. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Microphis Kaup, 1853 - stream pipefishes [=Microphis Kaup [J. J.], 1853:234, Doryichthys Duncker [G.], 1910:27, Hemimarsupium Kaup [J. J.], 1853:234, Oostethus Hubbs [C. L.], 1929:3, Paramicrophis Klausewitz [W.], 1955:325]

Notes: [ref. 2569]. Masc. Syngnathus cunalcus Hamilton, 1822. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1919:254 [ref. 2410] as above; Jordan & Evermann 1898:773 [ref. 2443] have "(cuneatus)" as type, but that is apparently a misspelling for cuncalus Hamilton. Duncker 1912 wrongly says type is Microphis brachyurus Bleeker, 1853 (not an originally-included species). Kottelat (2013) says designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:773 as cuncalus, deemed to be cited in the correct original form. •Valid as Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1984 [ref. 5879], Dawson 1985:126 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:454 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:425 [ref. 12442], Kottelat 1989:16 [ref. 13605], Ataur Rahman 1989:36 [ref. 24860], Allen 1991:107 [ref. 21090], Lévêque in Lévêque et al. 1992:578 [ref. 21590], Paulus 1999:2268 [ref. 24794], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061], Ataur Rahman 2003:51 [ref. 31338], Paxton et al. 2006:835 [ref. 29073], Snoeks & Vreven 2007:579 [ref. 30079], Scharpf 2007:36 [ref. 30398], Kuiter 2009:271 [ref. 30404], Marshall 2011:262 [ref. 31755], Kottelat 2013:305 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Microphis Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Doryichthys) [ref. 14841]. Masc. Synganthus cuncalus Hamilton, 1822 Type by subsequent designation. •Junior homonym and junior objective synonym of Doryichthys Kaup, 1853 -- (Kottelat 2013:306 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. (Hemimarsupium) [ref. 2569]. Neut. Treated as a nomen nudum by Dawson 1984:124 [ref. 5879], in synonymy of Microphis (Coelonotus). Type listed by Jordan 1919:272 [ref. 2410] as Typhlus gondotii [sic goudoti] but that name apparently never published in an available way and renamed Syngnathus leiaspis by Bleeker. Hemithylacus Kaup, 1856 is the same as Hemimarsupium. •In the synonymy of Microphis Kaup, 1853. Current status: Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Oostethus) [ref. 2238]. Masc. Doryichthys lineatus Kaup, 1856. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Treated as masculine by author. •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853, but a valid subgenus Oostethus -- (Dawson 1984:151 [ref. 5879], Dawson 1985:126, 127 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:284 [ref. 6201]). •Valid as Oostethus Hubbs, 1929 -- (Dawson 1982:36 [ref. 6764], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:86 [ref. 6441], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Kottelat 2013:306 [ref. 32989]). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 4 [ref. 35615]). Current status: Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Paramicrophis) [ref. 2611]. Masc. Paramicrophis schmidti Klausewitz, 1955. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853, subgenus Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Dawson 1984:143 [ref. 5879], Dawson 1985:126, 136 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:284 [ref. 6201]). •Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853 -- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:591 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:306 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Microphis Kaup, 1853. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Microphis aculeatus (Kaup, 1856) - Kaup's microphis [=Doryichthys aculeatus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:61, Doryichthys falkensteini Reichenow [A.], 1878:92, Doryichthis juillerati Rochebrune [A. T. de], 1880:168, Doryichthys macropterus Poll [M.], 1953:250, Fig. 101, Microphis (Doryichthys) smithii Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:599] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Egypt [in error], should be west coast of Africa. Current status: Valid as Microphis aculeatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Angola. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (falkensteini) [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1878; ref. 18614] Loango Coast, French Equitorial Africa. Current status: Synonym of Microphis aculeatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (juillerati) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 4; ref. 3790] Gorée, Senegal. Current status: Synonym of Microphis aculeatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (macropterus) [Résultats scientifique. Expédition océanographic belge dans les eaux côtières africaines de l'Atlantique sud (1948-1949). Bruxelles. v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 12713] Atlantic, about 35 miles west of Ambrizette, 7°16'S, 12°17'E, at surface. Current status: Synonym of Microphis aculeatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (smithii) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Old Calabar River, West Africa. Current status: Synonym of Microphis aculeatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854) - short-tailed pipefish [=Syngnathus brachyurus Bleeker [P.], 1854:16, Doryichthys auronitens Kaup [J. J.], 1856:59, Microphis bleekeri Day [F.], 1865:265, Fig., Doryichthys hasselti Kaup [J. J.], 1856:57, Microphis jouani Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:592, Doryichthys philippinus Fowler [H. W.], 1918:13, Fig. 6, Syngnathus polyacanthus Bleeker [P.], 1856:77, Doryichthys pristipeltis Kaup [J. J.], 1856:58] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 6); ref. 16914] Jakarta, Panimbang, western Java; Priaman, western Sumatra, Indonesia.

Current status: Valid as Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Sri Lanka and India east to Society Islands, north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (auronitens) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (bleekeri) [The fishes of Malabar; ref. 1074] River at Cochin, India. Current status: Synonym of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (hasselti) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Java, Indonesia; Tahiti. Current status: Synonym of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (jouani) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] New Caledonia. Current status: Synonym of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (philippinus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 70; ref. 1396] Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (polyacanthus) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (pristipeltis) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Unknown locality. Current status: Synonym of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker, 1854). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Microphis caudocarinatus (Weber, 1907) - slender pipefish [=Doryichthys caudocarinatus Weber [M.], 1907:229] Notes: [Süsswasserfische von Neu-Guinea v. 5 (Zool.) pt 2; ref. 4599] Tawarin River, northern Irian Jaya [Papua, Indonesia]. Current status: Valid as Microphis caudocarinatus (Weber, 1907). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Papua, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis cruentus Dawson & Fourmanoir, 1981 - Dumbea River pipefish [=Microphis cruentus Dawson [C. E.] & Fourmanoir [P.], 1981:114, Figs. 1-2]

Notes: [Micronesica v. 17 (nos 1-2); ref. 8614] Dumbéa River, about 8 kilometers from mouth, New Caledonia, depth 2-3 meters, elevation 8 meters. Current status: Valid as Microphis cruentus Dawson & Fourmanoir, 1981. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis cuncalus (Hamilton, 1822) - crocodile-toothed pipefish [=Syngnathus cuncalus Hamilton [F.], 1822:12, 362, Doryichthys chokderi Ataur Rahman [A. K.], 1976:47, Figs. 1-3, Typhlus dussumieri Bibron [G.], in Kaup, 1856:64, Paramicrophis schmidti Klausewitz [W.], 1955:326, Figs. 1a-c] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Estuaries near Calcutta, India. Current status: Valid as Microphis cuncalus (Hamilton, 1822). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (chokderi) [Bangladesh Journal of Zoology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 7387] Bay of Bengal, River Dakatia, Bangladesh. Current status: Synonym of Microphis cuncalus (Hamilton, 1822). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (dussumieri) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Microphis cuncalus (Hamilton, 1822). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (schmidti) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 36 (no. 5/6); ref. 2611] Mumbai, India. Current status: Synonym of Microphis cuncalus (Hamilton, 1822). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Microphis deocata (Hamilton, 1822) - green rainbow belly pipefish [=Syngnathus deocata Hamilton [F.], 1822:14, 363] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Tista, Kuwarlayi and other rivers of Puraniya or Mithila in northern Bengal or Bahar, India. Current status: Valid as Microphis deocata (Hamilton, 1822). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: India and Bangladesh. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis dunckeri (Prashad & Mukerji, 1929) - Duncker's microphis [=Doryichthys dunckeri Prashad [B.] & Mukerji [D. D.], 1929:222, Pl. 10 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 31 (pt 3); ref. 3558] Namkwang chaung, Kamaing, Myitkyina District, Upper Myanmar. Current status: Valid as Microphis dunckeri (Prashad & Mukerji, 1929). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Myanmar. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis fluviatilis (Peters, 1852) - freshwater pipefish [=Syngnathus fluviatilis Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1852:685, Belonichthys sanctipauli Sauvage [H.-E.], 1879:45, Pl. 1 (fig. 1), Syngnathus zambezensis Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:465] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1852; ref. 18539] Tette [Tete], Zambezi River, Mozambique. Current status: Valid as Microphis fluviatilis (Peters, 1852). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South and East Africa to Madagascar. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (sanctipauli) [Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale (Paris) v. 8; ref. 14281] St. Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Microphis fluviatilis (Peters, 1852). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (zambezensis) [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Tette [Tete], Zambezi River, Mozambique. Current status: Synonym of Microphis fluviatilis (Peters 1852). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Microphis insularis (Hora, in Annandale & Hora, 1925) - Andaman pipefish [=Doryichthys insularis Hora [S. L.], in Annandale & Hora, 1925:38, Pl. 2 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 27 (pt 2); ref. 15527] Birchgunge, southern Andaman Islands. Current status: Valid as Microphis insularis (Hora, 1925). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Andaman Islands. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis jagorii Peters, 1868 - Jagor's pipefish [=Microphis jagorii Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:280] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 3442] Loquilócun, Samar Island, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Microphis jagorii Peters, 1868. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Philippines and Japan. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856) - opossum pipefish [=Doryichthys lineatus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:59, Siphostoma brevicaudum Meek [S. E.], 1904:163, Fig. 51, Syngnathus cayennensis Sauvage [H.-E.], 1882:176, Typhlus dorbignyi Bibron [G.], in Kaup, 1856:59, Doryichthys dumerili Kaup [J. J.], 1856:60, Siphostoma eigenmanni Wilson [C.], 1916:60, Syngnathus lineatus Valenciennes [A.], in Kaup, 1853:234, Doryrhamphus sierra Nichols [J. T.], 1915:142, Fig. 1, Siphostoma torrei Nichols [J. T.], 1912:183, Fig. 1] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Veracruz, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: North, Central and South America and Caribbean islands; Mexico to Brazil [subspecies lineatus or species lineatus when treated as valid]. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (brevicaudum) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 5; ref. 2958] Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (cayennensis) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 6; ref. 3894] Cayenne, French Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (dorbignyi) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (dumerili) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Unknown locality. Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

(eigenmanni) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1/2); ref. 12398] Rio Vermelho, near Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (lineatus V) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 2569] Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (sierra) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 34 (art. 7); ref. 15004] Mouth of the Loiza River, east of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (torrei) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 31 (art. 18); ref. 14853] Matanzas, Río San Juan, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Microphis lineatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Microphis manadensis (Bleeker, 1856) - Manado pipefish [=Syngnathus manadensis Bleeker [P.], 1856:78 (6, 29), Doryichthys bernsteini Bleeker [P.], 1867:398, Pl. 21 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Microphis manadensis (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines and Solomon Islands, north to Taiwan. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (bernsteini) [Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles v. 2; ref. 17049] Halmahera, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Microphis manadensis (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Microphis millepunctatus (Kaup, 1856) - thousand-spot pipefish [=Doryichthys millepunctatus Kaup [J. J.], 1856:60] Notes: [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Madagascar, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Microphis millepunctatus (Kaup, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: South and East Africa east to Madagascar, Réunion and Mauritius (western Mascarenes). Freshwater, transitional water, marine. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Microphis platyrhynchus (Dumeril, 1870) - flatnosed pipefish

[=Syngnathus platyrhynchus Duméril [A. H. A.], 1870:571] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands. Current status: Valid as Microphis platyrhynchus (Duméril, 1870). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Central Pacific: Marquesas Islands. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Microphis pleurostictus Peters, 1868 - Peters' microphis [=Microphis pleurostictus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:278] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 3442] Batu [Bato] Lake and Yassot Creek, Luzon Island, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Microphis pleurostictus Peters, 1868. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Philippines. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis retzii (Bleeker, 1856) - raggedtail pipefish [=Syngnathus retzii Bleeker [P.], 1856:76, Doryichthys retzii albadorsum Fowler [H. W.], 1944:161, Figs. 10-11, Microphis caudatus Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1868:276, Microphis torrentius Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.], 1906:215, Fig. 22] Notes: [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Microphis retzii (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Pohnpei (Micronesia) and Samoa, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (albadorsum) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1451] Vanuatu, New Hebrides. Current status: Synonym of Microphis retzii (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (caudatus) [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 3442] Freshwater stream in Loquilócun, Samar Island, Philippines; Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Microphis retzii (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (torrentius) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Vaivase River, near Vailele, east of Apia, Upolu Island,

Samoa. Current status: Synonym of Microphis retzii (Bleeker, 1856). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis spinachioides (Duncker, 1915) - spinach pipefish [=Doryichthys spinachioides Duncker [G.], 1915:52] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 32; ref. 6567] Sepic River (Kaiserin Augusta River), New Guinea. Current status: Valid as Microphis spinachioides (Duncker, 1915). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Microphis vaillantii (Juillerat, 1880) - Juillerat's pipefish [=Coelonotus vaillantii Juillerat [E.], 1880:176] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 4; ref. 18367] Madagascar. Current status: Valid as Microphis vaillantii (Juillerat, 1880). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Microphis yoshi (Snyder, 1909) - Yoshi's pipefish [=Siphostoma yoshi Snyder [J. O.], 1909:597] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 36 (no. 1688); ref. 4151] Tanegashima Island, Osumi Islands, Japan. Current status: Valid as Microphis yoshi (Snyder, 1909). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: southern Japan including Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810 - pipefishes [=Nerophis Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:37, 57, Acestra Bonaparte [C. L.] (ex Jardine), 1846:91, Nematosoma Eichwald [C. E. von], 1831:60, Osphyolax Cope [E. D.], 1876:450, Scyphius Risso [A.], 1827:185]

Notes: [ref. 3595]. Masc. Syngnathus ophidion Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type sometimes given (e.g., as by Wheeler 1973:277) as Nerophis maculatus Rafinesque, 1810; Rafinesque included both maculatus (on p. 37) and ophidion (on p. 57). Earliest designation found that of Jordan & Evermann 1896:774 [ref. 2443]. •Valid as Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Wheeler 1973:277 [ref. 7190], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:632 [ref. 13676], Savvaitova 1998:113 [ref. 23594], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:183 [ref. 28183], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:500 [ref. 29996], Kuiter 2009:242 [ref. 30404], Parin et al. 2014:208 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Acestra) [ref. 519]. Fem. Syngnathus aequoreus Linnaeus, 1758. Apparently not available, name published in synonymy of Syngnathus and Nerophis, and apparently not subsequently used as a valid name or senior homonym; type above as given by Fowler (MS). •In the synonymy of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Nematosoma) [ref. 5562]. Neut. Nematosoma ophidium Eichwald, 1831 (= Scyphius teres Rathke, 1837). Not based on Syngnathus ophidion Linnaeus. •Synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Wheeler 1973:277 [ref. 7190]). Current status: Synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Osphyolax) [ref. 936]. Masc. Osphyolax pellucidus Cope, 1876. Type by monotypy. Indicated as masculine by author. •Synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810 or of Entelurus Duméril, 1870. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. (Scyphius) [ref. 3757]. Masc. Syngnathus fasciatus Risso, 1810. Type by subsequent designation [details not researched], five included species. •Synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Wheeler 1973:277 [ref. 7190], Parin et al. 2014:208 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

Species Nerophis lumbriciformis (Jenyns, 1835) - Jenyns' nerophis [=Syngnathus lumbriciformis Jenyns [L.], 1835:488, Syngnathus chorda Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:3, Syngnathus chorda Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:516] Notes: [A manual of British vertebrate animals; ref. 18335] Cornwall, England. Current status: Valid as Nerophis lumbriciformis (Jenyns, 1835). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Western Baltic Sea, North Sea, eastern North Atlantic: southern Norway to British Isles. Habitat: marine. (chorda W) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Baltic Sea.

Current status: Synonym of Nerophis lumbriciformis (Jenyns, 1835). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine. (chorda B) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Current status: Synonym of Nerophis lumbriciformis (Jenyns, 1835). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Nerophis maculatus Rafinesque, 1810 - Rafinesque's pipefish [=Nerophis maculatus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:37, 57, Pl. 2 (fig. 4), Scyphius annulatus Risso [A.], 1827:187, Pl. 15 (fig. 45), Syngnathus fasciatus Risso [A.], 1810:70, Pl. 4 (fig. 8), Syngnathus papacinus Risso [A.], 1810:69, Pl. 4 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Nerophis maculatus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Azores. Habitat: brackish, marine. (annulatus) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis maculatus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (fasciatus) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis maculatus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (papacinus) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice; Villefranche, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis maculatus Rafinesque, 1810. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758) - Linnaeus' pipefish [=Syngnathus ophidion Linnaeus [C.], 1758:337, Syngnathus barbarus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:337, Scyphius littoralis Risso [A.], 1827:188, Syngnathus maximus Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:7, Scyphius teres Rathke [H.], 1836:29 [319], Scyphius violaceus Risso [A.], 1827:187, Nerophis vittata Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:57] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Europe.

Current status: Valid as Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Distribution: Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea, eastern North Atlantic: Norway to Morocco including Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine. (barbarus) [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (littoralis) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Probably Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (maximus) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (teres) [Mémoires présentés à l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par divers savaus et lus dans ses assemblées. Mémoires des savaus étrangers v. 3; ref. 18611] Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (violaceus) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Probably Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (vittata) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Europe. Current status: Synonym of Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758). Syngnathidae: Nerophinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

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Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Peromere Duméril [A. M. C.] 1856:170 [ref. 1154]. Syngnathus rondeletii Delaroche 1809. Appeared as Péromère; not available, French vernacular name only,apparently later made available. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

Typhlus Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Bibron) 1870:540 [ref. 1147]. Masc. Not available, name from Bibron manuscript mentioned in synonymy under Ichthyocampus ponticerianus Kaup. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

(species)

goudotii, Hemimarsupium Kaup [J. J.] 1853:234 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 2569] Java (Indonesia), Madagascar. Not available, appeared asname only without diagnosis or description. Based on two different species of Coelonotus Peters 1855. •Uncertain in Coelonotus Peters 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

goudotii, Typhlus Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Bibron) 1870:599 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Not available, manuscript name mentioned in the synonymy of Hemithylacus leiaspis Kaup and apparently not subsequently validated. Based on Hemimarsupium goudotii Kaup 1853. •In the synonymy of Microphis leiaspis (Bleeker 1854) -- (Dawson 1984:130 [ref. 5879], in part). •In the synonymy of Coelonotus leiaspis (Bleeker 1854) -- (Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). •Uncertain in Coelonotus Peters 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

desjardini, Typhlus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:26 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, museum name onspecimen from Réunion I. treated in synonymy of Corythoichthys fasciatus; brief characterization but not treated as valid. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

fasciolatus, Corythoichthys Kaup [J. J.] 1856:27 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Holotype (unique): ?MNHN 0000-6023. Name first published in synonymy but subsequently made available back to Kaup by Duméril's (1870:561 [ref. 1147]) description of Syngnathus fasciolatus. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

grayi, Corythoichthys Kaup [J. J.] 1853:231 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 2569] Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

pictus, Syngnathus Hemprich [F. W.] & Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Kaup 1856:25 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing in synonymy of Corythoichthys fasciatus; specimen is ZMB 4334. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

spinicaudatus, Corythoichthys Ogilby [J. D.] 1908:16 [Annals of the Queensland Museum No. 9 (pt 1); ref. 3285] Cape York, Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): QM (lost). •Status uncertain, genus Micrognathus -- (Paxton et al. 1989:433 [ref. 12442], Paxton et al. 2006:846 [ref. 29073]). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

heraldi, Dorichthys Menon [A. G. K.] in Menon & Yazdani 1968:140 [Records of the Zoological Survey of India v. 61 (pts 1-2) [1963]; ref. 20743] Ponnayar River, about 5 miles northwest of Cuddalore O.T., South Arcot District, Madras, India. Holotype: ZSI F1893/2. Appeared in list of types as "In press" without distinguishing features; evidently never published; not available. •Nomen nudum as Dorichthys -- (Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym ofDoryichthys. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

perlatus, Syngnathus Lay [G. T.] & Bennett [E. T.] 1839:68, Pl. 21 (fig. 1) [The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; ref. 2730] Loo-Choo, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): Zoological Society London. •Questionably a synonym of Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell 1838) -- (Dawson 1985:98 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:283 [ref. 6201], Kottelat 2013:304 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

tenuis, Microphis Blyth [E.] 1858:272 [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 27 (no. 3); ref. 476] Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Syntypes: (2) whereabouts unknown. •Questionably a synonym of Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell 1838) -- (Talwar & Jhingran 1991:766 [ref. 20764], Kottelat 2013:304 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell 1838). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

bicuspis, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:13, Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Gorée, Senegal. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-5884. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:52 [ref. 19576]. •Valid as Hippocampus biscuspis Kaup 1856 -- (Dawson 1990:660 [ref. 17542], Kuiter 2009:108 [ref. 30404]). •Questionably a synonym of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829 -- (Lourie et al. 1999:164 [ref. 23993]). •Uncertain as Hippocampus species inquirenda -- (Lourie et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34632]). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic (if valid). Habitat: marine.

fasciatus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:3 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Japan. Name not available, no distinguishing features. Appeared first in Kaup 1853:228 [ref. 2569] without distinguishing features. •No distinguishing features within Hippocampus, status unknown (Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). Current status: Unknown. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

gigas, Hippocampus Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Girard) 1870:503 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Not available, name only -- (Lourie et al. 1999:166 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:18 [ref. 30404]). Name attributed to Girard, but no such name found in Girard references. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

rondeletii, Hippocampus Yarrell [W.] (ex Willughby) 1841:452 [A History of British fishes. Second edition. v. 2; ref. 17751] Based on 'Hippocampus Rondel.'

of Willughby 1686:Pl. I.25, fig. 3 [ref. 30164]. •Not available, name in synonymy -- (Lourie et al. 1999:173 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

rosaceus, Hippocampus Risso [A.] 1827:184 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Hippocampus ramulosus Leach 1814 -- (Wheeler 1973:279 [ref. 7190], Lourie et al. 1999:95 [ref. 23933]). •Status uncertain -- (Lourie et al. 1999:173 [ref. 23993], Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404], Lourie et al. 2016:46 [ref. 34632] as nomen nudum). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

sexmaculatus, Hippocampus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Schlegel) 1856:15 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Brief description occurs in account of Hippocampus mannulus. Treated as a nomen nudum by Lourie et al. 1999:173 [ref. 23993] but there is a brief description; regarded as a name published in synonymy and not treated as valid when proposed. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

valentini, Hippocampus Bleeker [P.] 1859:189 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 6 (art. 3); ref. 371] Molucca Islands, Indonesia. No types known. Available, based on "Valent., fig. 60 et 130" ('Koeda laoet jang hidjioe' and 'Koeda laoet jang koening' of Valentyn 1726:366, 388, figs 60, 130 [ref. 30358]). •Undetermined (within Hippocampus) -- (Kuiter 2009:19 [ref. 30404]). •Treated as a nomen nudum -- (Lourie et al. 1999:175 [ref. 23993], Lourie et al. 2016:46 [ref. 34632]). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

ponticerianus, Typhlus Bibron [G.] in Kaup 1856:31 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Name in synonymy,but species name was used by Kaup as Ichthyocampus ponticerianus. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

micrognathus, Syngnathus Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.] in Kaup 1856:27 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, name in the synonymy of Hemithylacus leiaspis Kaup and apparently not subsequently validated. Name also mentioned in passing under Corythoichthys gastrotaenia Kaup. •Questionably in the synonymy of Microphis argulus (Peters 1855) or Microphis leiaspis (Bleeker 1853) -- (Dawson 1984:125 [ref. 5879]). Current status: Synonym of Microphis. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

spinicaudatus, Corythoichthys Ogilby [J. D.] 1908:16 [Annals of the Queensland Museum No. 9 (pt 1); ref. 3285] Cape York, Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): QM (lost). •Status uncertain, genus Micrognathus -- (Paxton et al. 1989:433 [ref. 12442], Paxton et al. 2006:846 [ref. 29073]). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

aciculus, Syngnathus Delaporte in De la Pylaie 1835:528 [Congrès Scientifique de France v. 2 (Sept. 1834) (art. 5); ref. 1086] Not available, no distinguishing features. From France, ne. Atlantic Ocean. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

anguineus, Syngnathus Jenyns [L.] 1835:30 [A systematic catalogue of British vertebrate animals.; ref. 21620] No types known. Also appeared in Jenyns 1835:487 [ref. 18335]. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

anguisigulastrus, Syngnathus Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 113 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, name and short description but not treated as valid -- in the synonymy of Syngnathus rondeletti Delaroche 1809 [as condeletti]. Also not available from Ninni 1872:35 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

anonymus, Syngnathus Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Bibron) 1870:561 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Not available, manuscript name mentioned in the synonymy of Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus 1758 and apparently not subsequently validated. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

antecedens, Syngnathus Poey [F.] 2000:850, Pl. 495 (fig. 3) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Figured specimen listed as type. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

arnoldorum, Syngnathus Curtiss [A.] 1938:45 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Vaitapiha River, Tautira township, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

ascendens, Syngnathus Poey [F.] 2000:851, Pl. 496 (fig. 2) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Figured specimen listed as type. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

brevirostris, Syngnathus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Hemprich & Ehrenberg) 1856:37 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Trieste, Italy, Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Syntypes: ZMB 4335 (2). Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Syngnathus brevirostris Rüppell 1838. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

carolinensis, Syngnathus Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1456 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Name in synonymy of

Syngnathus pelagicus, not available. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

chinensis, Syngnathus Günther [A.] 1870:167 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Not available; name on specimens (BMNH 1848.3.16.117) mentioned under Syngnathus serratus. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

delalandi, Typhlus Bibron [G.] in Kaup 1856:45 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing; published in an available way as Syngnathus delalandi Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

fasciolatus, Corythoichthys Kaup [J. J.] 1856:27 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Holotype (unique): ?MNHN 0000-6023. Name first published in synonymy but subsequently made available back to Kaup by Duméril's (1870:561 [ref. 1147]) description of Syngnathus fasciolatus. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

fistulatus, Syngnathus Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1868:456 [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1868; ref. 7935] Puerto Cabello, near Aspinwall, Panama. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4348. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

flagellum, Syngnathus Otto [A. W.] 1821:6 [Conspectus animalium quorundam maritimorum; ref. 4987] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

flavirostris, Syngnathus Poey [F.] 2000:850, Pl. 495 (fig. 4) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Figured specimen listed as type. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

fluviatilis, Syngnathus van Hasselt [J. C.] 1823:329 [Algemeene Konst- en Letter-bode voor het Jaar I Deel (no. 21); ref. 5105] Not available, no distinguishingfeatures; from rivers near Batavia [Jakarta], Java. Also in van Hasselt 1824:91 [ref. 5104]. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

fucicola, Syngnathus Bennett [E. T.] 1832:5 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1832 (pt 2); ref. 16788] Atlantic. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

fusiformis, Syngnathus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:9 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. No types known. Syngnathidae:

Syngnathinae.

hymenolomus, Syngnathus Richardson [J.] 1845:52, Pl. 30 (figs. 11-13) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Harbors of Falkland Islands. Syntypes: (several). See Hymenolomus richardsoni. •Uncertain as Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson 1845. Current status: Uncertain as Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson 1845. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

inflator, Syngnathus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:9 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Not available, name only. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

longirostris, Syngnathus Cuvier [G.] 1829:363 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] "les deux Indies." Available from footnote as, "Syng. longirostris, Will., J. 25, f. 4." Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

major, Syngnathus Swainson [W.] 1839:333 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Yarr. ii. 325 -- which is Yarrell 1835-36:325 [ref. 4812]. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

marinus, Syngnathus Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Hasselquist) 1792:6 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Locality not stated. Not available from Walbaum, name in synonymy of Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus 1758. Based on Hasselquist 1762:446 [ref. 18250], a rejected work (ICZN Opinion 57). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

marinus, Syngnatus Hasselquist [F.] 1762:446 [Reise nach Palästina; ref. 18250] Locality not stated. Not available, published in a rejected work (ICZN, Opinion 57). Original spelling 'Syngnatvs marinvs' due to historical typeset, equals Syngnatus marinus. Based on Hasselquist 1757:405 [ref. 30181], also a rejected work (ICZN Opinion 57). See also Syngnathus marinus Walbaum 1792. Original genus should have been Syngnathus. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

martinicensis, Syngnathus Bibron [G.] in Kaup 1856:67 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Name mentioned in synonymy; published in an available way as Nerophis martinicensis Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

micropterus, Syngnathus Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.] in Kaup 1856:61 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, name first mentioned in the synonymy of Hemithylacus leiaspis of Kaup and apparently not subsequently validated. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

muraena, Syngnathus Kaup [J. J.] 1856:40 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] North coast of Africa. Syntypes: BMNH (many), MNHN 0000-6122 (4 or 2). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:44 [ref. 19576]. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

obsoletus, Typhlus Bibron [G.] in Kaup 1856:40 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, manuscript name mentioned in synonymy; Syngnathus obsoletus is a museum name mentioned at the same time. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

periscelis, Syngnathus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:8 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Batavia and Germany. No types known. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

pictus, Syngnathus Hemprich [F. W.] & Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Kaup 1856:25 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing in synonymy of Corythoichthys fasciatus; specimen is ZMB 4334. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

poeyi, Siphostoma Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1896 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 47; ref. 2443] Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

punctatus, Syngnathus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:37, 57 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

rhynchaenus, Syngnathus Michahelles [C. W.] 1829:1014 [Isis (Oken) v. 22 (no. 9); ref. 17700] Ragusa, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

solenostomus, Syngnathus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:516 (584) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality. Name changed fromsalenostomus in corregenda (p. 584). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

spinosus, Syngnathus Risso [A.] 1820:245 [Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle v. 91; ref. 18636] Nice, France, northwestern MediterraneanSea. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

squarrosus, Syngnathus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:8 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. No types known. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

sundaicus, Syngnathus Bleeker [P.] 1853:21 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 6); ref. 16914]

Anjer, western Java, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

taeniopterus, Syngnathus Lacepède [B. G. E.] in Desmarest 1835:Pl. 43 Not found yet; possibly 2nd ed. of Naturgeschichte der Fische (2 vols), Paris 1833-35; or Oevres du Compte Lacepede vols. 5-11 by Lamouroux and Desmarest 1824-32. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

tenuis, Syngnathus Poey [F.] 1868:444 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3505] Cuba. No types. Evidently subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied by Microphis tenuis Blyth 1858, replaced by Siphostoma poeyi Jordan & Evermann 1896:766 [ref. 2443]. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

trachyrhynchus, Syngnathus Günther [A.] 1870:167 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Not available, name on specimens mentioned under Syngnathus serratus Temminck & Schlegel 1850. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

typhloides, Syngnathus Bennett [E. T.] 1835:92 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1835 (pt 3); ref. 16793] Trebizond, Armenia. No types known. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

umbrosus, Syngnathus Poey [F.] 2000:850, Pl. 495 (fig. 2) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

variegatus, Syngnathus Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.] in Kaup 1856:34 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, museum name mentioned in synonymy of Syngnathus kuhlii. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

hymenolomus, Syngnathus Richardson [J.] 1845:52, Pl. 30 (figs. 11-13) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Harbors of Falkland Islands. Syntypes: (several). See Hymenolomus richardsoni. •Uncertain as Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson 1845. Current status: Uncertain as Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson 1845. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

richardsonii, Hymenolomus Duméril [A. H. A.] 1870:607 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Non-types: MNHN 0000-4448 (2), 0000-5429 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:42 [ref. 19576]. An unneeded substitute name for Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson 1845 apparently proposed to avoid Strickland tautonomy. •Synonym of Syngnathus hymenolomus Richardson 1845. Current status: Synonym of Syngnathus

hymenolomus Richardson 1845. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

cristatoserrato, Typhlus rostro Kaup [J. J.] 1856:23 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Originally as cristato-serrato. Not available, museum name mentioned in synonymy of Trachyrhamphus serratus (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

heraldi, Dorichthys Menon [A. G. K.] in Menon & Yazdani 1968:140 [Records of the Zoological Survey of India v. 61 (pts 1-2) [1963]; ref. 20743] Ponnayar River, about 5 miles northwest of Cuddalore O.T., South Arcot District, Madras, India. Holotype: ZSI F1893/2. Appeared in list of types as "In press" without distinguishing features; evidently never published; not available. •Nomen nudum as Dorichthys -- (Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym ofDoryichthys. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

fistularius, Typhlus Bibron [G.] in Kaup 1856:52 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, name mentioned in passing; published in an available way as Leptoichthys fistularis Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

compressus, Syngnathus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) 1856:61 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Not available, name first mentioned in the synonymy of Hemithylacus leiaspis of Kaup and apparently not subsequently validated. Also in Kaup 1856:27 [ref. 2575]. •Questionably in the synonymy of Microphis argulus (Peters 1855) or Microphis leiaspis (Bleeker 1853) -- (Dawson 1984:125 [ref. 5879]). Current status: Synonym of Microphis. Syngnathidae: Nerophinae.

goudotii, Typhlus Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Bibron) 1870:599 [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 2; ref. 1147] Not available, manuscript name mentioned in the synonymy of Hemithylacus leiaspis Kaup and apparently not subsequently validated. Based on Hemimarsupium goudotii Kaup 1853. •In the synonymy of Microphis leiaspis (Bleeker 1854) -- (Dawson 1984:130 [ref. 5879], in part). •In the synonymy of Coelonotus leiaspis (Bleeker 1854) -- (Kottelat 2013:302 [ref. 32989]). •Uncertain in Coelonotus Peters 1855. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

corallina, Nerophis Cocco [A.] 1846:750 [Atti della Settima Adunanza degli Scienziati Italiani Sesta Riunione, Milano Settima Riunione, Napoli; ref. 26448] Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

dumerilii, Nerophis Steindachner [F.] 1868:120 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classev. 5 (no. 14) (for 22 May 1867); ref. 20463] Mumbai, India. Syntypes: (6) not found at NMW in 1995. Species later described in more detail in Steindachner

1868:1002 [p. 38 of separate] [ref. 14081]. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

exilis, Nerophis aequoreus var. Holt [E. W. L.] & Byrne [L. W.] 1906:18 [Fisheries, Ireland, Scientific Investigations 1905, v. 2; ref. 15660] Porcupine Bay; west coast of Ireland; Bay of Biscay. Syntypes: (several): whereabouts unknown. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Habitat: marine.

heckeli, Nerophis Kaup [J. J.] 1856:66 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Bogota, Colombia. Holotype (unique): NMW (not found). Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

martinicensis, Nerophis Kaup [J. J.] (ex Bibron) 1856:67 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Martinique Island, West Indies. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-6071 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:41-42 [ref. 19576]. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

martinicensis, Syngnathus Bibron [G.] in Kaup 1856:67 [Catalogue of lophobranchiate fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2575] Name mentioned in synonymy; published in an available way as Nerophis martinicensis Kaup 1856. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

olivaceus, Nerophis Berg [L. S.] 1933:752 [Les poissons des eaux douces de l'U.R.S.S. Part 2; ref. 279] Original not seen. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.

tiedemanni, Syngnathi Leuckart [F. S.] in Carus 1893:535 [Vertebrata. 1. Class. Pisces. In: Prodromus faunae Mediterraneae sive descriptio animalium maris Mediterranei... v. 2; ref. 17975] Not available, name mentioned in passing under Nerophis lumbriciformis. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.