family is an important institution of the society. it is a...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Family is an important institution of the society. It is a place for its members
to refresh their body and mind from daily tiredness and problems. But, if a family is
full of maladjustment and argument, society will be hurt and destroyed, and
consequently, other problems such as bad behavior to others, addiction, home escape
and malfunctioning of things will appear.
No society is free of problems. All problems refer to the families (Setoodeh,
2005:50). The family is the origin of any physical and mental disorders and these
problems will spread with the family. Disorders like increase in divorce rate, late
marriages, physical and sexual torture, cruelty to children, marriage disagreement,
imposed marriages, home escape, illegal sex among men and women, originate from
homes and families.
Couples are the basis of a family and their relations affect other aspects of the
society. Good relations between couples and their adjustment are considered as social
capital. Social capital is an important factor in weakening and strengthening family
functions. It is a group of regulating norms and non social through which all members
cooperate with each other.
Social connections, trust, group correlation, keeping the conventions are the
indications of social capital. If social capital increases, it will cause more regulation
and if it decreases, it will cause social deviations, crime, family destruction, addition
to drugs, suicide etc.
Giddens (2004) believes that the changes we see these days are not as
important as the changes in personal lives, sexual relations, emotional life, marriages
and families. There is a big change between the fact as to how we think about
ourselves and how we communicate with other people and the relations between us.
This change is growing too fast. In this thesis, I propose to study social capital,
![Page 2: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
cultural factors, sexual agreement or disagreement among couples in two selected
cities, one each of Iran and India, brought about by the importance of family and
changes that resulted due to industrialization and modernization.
Theological framework of the research (Social bonds theory):
One of the main stages in scientific research is the selection of the most appropriate
discussed theory on the theological bases of the research and integration of
fundamental concepts of these theories. The second chapter of this thesis studies the
couples' relations and the Social Capital theory according to Bourdieu, Coleman,
Putnam and Fukuyama.
According to the Social Capital theory family is the main source in the society.
Bourdieu (1986), Coleman (1988), Fukuyama (1995) and Winter (2000) know family
as a key tool for creation, development and transfer of social capital.
Husband and wife are the foundation of the family; they play the parental role in the
family and are regarded as the most important source of socialization.
The scholars' comments (Durkheim, Parsons, Coleman and Fukuyama) could be put
in the form of functionalism and social bond theory. At the individual level, changes
in the amount of individuals' social capital is followed by an individual's experience in
family, type of family relationships, family background, personality traits and
economic-social status of family, education, age and gender.
The aim of this thesis is to study the impact of the social capital elements on the
relations of husband and wife. With this aim we are going to build and give a
theological foundation corresponding to the research subject, and from this a
theoretical solution of the problem will be obtained from it.
Emile Durkheim founder of sociological idea in 19th century had special interest in
understanding the function of the individuals' social bonds, in the form of strata
![Page 3: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
composing a larger community. He did a precise comparison between the mechanical
correlation of earlier traditional societies-whose obedience of power was due to habit,
and social bonds resulted from the similarities in situations and the organic correlation
of completely separated and modern mobile societies (Field John, 2003:25).
Social Bonds idea as a kind of capital is a metaphor, with the object that individuals
create networks of social relations which give social solidarity and in these networks,
and individuals cooperate with whom they know indirectly to take advantage
mutually. Li and his colleagues (2003) believe that today, social capital theory has
special importance in sociology researches. As a result of being applied to various
fields, the concept has different meanings, and certainly it could be said that there
isn’t an exact empirical definition for it. Stone (2001) says that: despite many debates
and discussions over the definition of social capital, there is an implicit consensus of
opinion among scholars of social sciences on considering social capital as the network
of social relations, which is created through bonds and relationships with others, and
it would be characterized by the trade-off and trust norms.
By scrutinizing the various aspects of social capital, two major types are specified:
Structural forms: They are expressed in the social, interpersonal realm through
agreements among people, either explicit or tacit. This makes them relatively
objective compared to cognitive forms of social capital (Atria Raul et al, 2004:113).
Cognitive forms: They remain within the mind, although they become social capital
by being shared when believed by more than one person. These forms are intrinsically
subjective, since they exist in people’s respective thoughts and emotional attachments
(Ibid: 114). Cognitive social capital refers to more abstract manifestations of social
capital such as trust, norms and values which influence people interaction.
![Page 4: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Structural social capital is related to macroscopic, and perhaps, more objective aspects
(touchable) of the social capital concept, such as local institution, organizations and
the present networks among people which could follow the cultural, social, economic
and political goals. Structural aspect makes the horizontal and vertical relationships in
the society and, so strengthens the social capital of the whole society.
The social capital may be positive or negative: if the structural and cognitive aspects
of social capital are high in the society then it may be positive. Otherwise, the
negative aspect of social capital will be expected. Considering the importance of
social capital in the family and specially husband and wife relations, it will be useful
to study the view of James Coleman and Fukuyama.
Coleman defines the social capital regarding its function, so his definition remains
abstract and functionalist. In Coleman's belief, social capital would be defined by its
definition. It’s not a single being but a variety of various beings, having two common
features; all of them have aspects of one social structure and all facilitate special
interactions of people inside the structure (Coleman, 1994: 302).In Coleman's view,
among social structures family more than the other structures can facilitate
individuals' interactions and create social capital.
In his view, the annihilation of family and the other forms of initial (primary)
institutions leads to transferring the initial sociability responsibility to established
organizations like schools, which then brings the long-term attrition of social capital,
on which society function has depended (Coleman, 1991:9).
Coleman was too much concerned about the weakening of close relationships and
bonds in the family, and in his thought, shifting the close bonds to weak and frail
bonds and relations is not desired. Social capital may be the assets of the social
disadvantaged groups as well, and it's not just a tool for the affluent. This viewpoint
![Page 5: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
indicates Coleman's interest in mobility and dynamism of social networks (Field John,
2003:51).
Coleman has strongly emphasized the role of close and intensive bonds, and tends to
downplay weak and faint bonds (Portes, 1998:5). Coleman lays great importance on
special kinds of capital, particularly family; he downplays the role of weak networks
(Field John, 2003:72).
Therefore, apart from economic, cultural and social situations, a family (husband and
wife) can have a range of high or low social capital, and this variety of enjoyment of
social capital greatly impacts the rate of couples' relations.
Fukuyama defines social capital as a certain set of norms or informal values which
members of a group share with each other. Despite his view, the norms which lead to
capital production basically should consist of virtues like honesty, discharging of
obligations and mutual relations (Fukuyama, 2000:11-12).
Changes in the most important institute of society, the family, bring about varied
forms of inter-family relations, which have obvious difference with the traditional
form of the family. The Empirical evidences extensively emphasize that
individualization of social relations and change processes in identity; have made a
shift in meaning and nature of human relations (John Field, 2003:189).
Research Method and Materials:
The method which is applied in this study is survey method. Survey method can be
defined most simply as a means of gathering information, usually through self-report
using scheduled interviews or questionnaires (Hutchinson 2004). Alreck and Settle
(1995) define the survey method in terms of the purposed for which the information is
collected. Survey methods are used to influence a selected audience, modify a service
or product, and understand or predict human behavior. Weisberg et al. (1996)
![Page 6: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
categorized the types of information gathered from surveys into opinions, attitudes,
and facts.
Study Area:
The present study is based on data collected from Aligarh (India) and Rasht (Iran) in
2011 as shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. Since the current research is a comparative
study of the two prominent universities of Aligarh Muslim University located in
Aligarh, (India) and Guilan University located in Rasht (Iran), we will make an
overview of Aligarh and Rasht cities and then both the Aligarh Muslim University
and Guilan University respectively will be presented.
Therefore, according to the nature of the study which is pertaining to the quality of
wife-husband relationships and social capital in both heterogeneous societies the
stratified sampling approach is chosen as sampling method. In the first phase both
Aligarh Muslim University and Guilan University’s staffs were divided into two
subdivisions of working and teaching staffs in different faculties. Respondents were
selected from each stratum by means of random procedure. According to Krejcie &
Morgan’s (1970) formula the sample size are 364 but in order to maintain a certain
level of accuracy in the estimates 250 questionnaires were given out in Aligarh
Muslim University and 250 questionnaires were given in Guilan University between
March-June 2011. This study aims to describe the relations of social capital and
relations between husband and wife and compare the parameters of social capital in
Aligarh (India) and Rasht (Iran). These two countries were chosen because of ancient
cultural history, and a variety of traditions and cultures which have certain
commonalities and, due to the conditions of passing from tradition to modernity,
family life has undergone several changes, which has led many scholars of social
sciences to think and ponder more in this area.
![Page 7: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
If we look more precisely at the problems and social deviations of present times, the
effect of family can be found in all of these deviations of the most important reason is
the weakening of family and trend of family members toward deviations, and this
issue will force authorities and politicians to spend a part of the budget of society on
control and supervision to prevent deviations, and consequently development of
country will be delayed.
On the one hand, the foundation of family is the relation of husband and wife and on
the other hand, social capital is accounted as an important element in development of
country.
This research has tried to analyze the relation between social capital and husband and
wife relation, and as the subject of the research shows, the manner of family relation
of spouses, in two different countries according to their social capital level.
The aim is to search to see if there is any relation between the parameters of social
capital such as: knowledge of couples about each other before marriage, couples' trust,
couples' solidarity, couples' participation, sexual satisfaction of couples and the
degree of adjustment and maladjustment of husband and wives.
To do this research it was of importance to decide what is meant by social capital
concept and relations of husband and wife relations. Positivist methodology was used
in this research. This is based on the dependent cycle of theory and observation.
According to the principles of Positivist theory always takes precedence over action.
Hereby, it has attempted to create a link between theoretical framework through
observation of social capital relations, and adjustment-maladjustment of couples, in
this research.
So, after conceptualizing and reviewing the wordings of social capital and adjustment-
maladjustment of couples, we fixed it within the theoretical framework of Durkheim,
![Page 8: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
James Coleman and Fukuyama. In this theoretical and conceptual framework, Atria
Raul et all (2004) and Uphoof (1999) discriminates between structural and cognitive
social capital. Structural social capital includes different forms of social networks and
relations which bring more civil cooperation and participation. Cognitive social
capital includes: norms, values, attitudes, beliefs, common understanding and
variables that bind people together. Structural and cognitive social capitals are
definable. Drawing structural and cognitive aspects of social capital may convey that
there is no single structure under the name of social capital, but preferably, social
capital is understood as a compound of central concept of social capital.
This is the framework of empirical research which link, the cognitive and structural
aspects of social capital in two cities, Aligarh (India) and Rasht (Iran) and adjustment-
maladjustment of couples.
When conceptual definition of social capital and husband and wife relations is made,
social capital conceptually and generally refers to institutions, relations and norms,
which form the quality and quantity of social interactions and binds them like glue
(woolcock and Narayan: 2000). Adjustment-maladjustment of couples refers to the
whole of couples' relations process and values and norms which dominate over their
relations such as: couples' trust, couples' solidarity, couples participation and couples'
sexual satisfaction.
In chapter 4, the results of the study are presented in details. The descriptive results
are discussed in the first section. The inferential results section entails bivariate tests
results, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression results help to test the
hypotheses and theoretical model to obtain empirical models of the study for both the
societies of Aligarh and Rasht in the second section of this chapter. The data is used
for both, descriptive and inferential parts, of this study and is collected through a
![Page 9: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
survey conducted in Aligarh Muslim University (India) and Guilan University (Iran)
in 2011(n=500). The descriptive section of the study demonstrates the statistical
results through tables and clustered bar charts which are constructed by SPSS. The
graphs in the first section help us to visualize the distribution of our variables, and the
tables depict the magnitudes, which both meet the last objective of the study.
To infer subject theory, and moving from general principles of theoretical framework
toward certain real principles, observation must be done and hypotheses be tested,
research plan and research approach were stated as a plan, in chapter three. This
chapter shows that, what we mean practically by social capital and husband and wife
relations, according to theoretical framework of social capital was defined as an
extensive method including cognitive and structural forms. Five parameters of social
capital have distinguished as independent variables: knowledge of husband and wife
before marriage, couples' trust, couples' solidarity (as cognitive social capital), sexual
satisfaction between couples and couples participation (as structural social capital).
Furthermore, relations between couples were measured by 27 questions which under
three general indicators can be combined: Satisfaction and dissatisfaction between
couples, Parole agreement and disagreement, Behavioral agreement and disagreement
Chapter Four gives the conclusions of this research, provides testing of theoretical
concepts by concrete data, and also shows tested hypotheses and theoretical model.
This chapter helps to discuss the findings and compare them with empirical
documents which have been presented in research wordings.
1. It seems that as the social capital between couples enhances, their adjustment in life
would enhance as well.
2. It seems that as the trust between couple’s increases, their adjustment in life will
increase as well.
![Page 10: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
3. It seems that as the participation between couples enhances, their adjustment in life
would enhance as well.
4. It seems that as the solidarity between couple’s increases, their adjustment in life
will increase as well.
5. It seems that the more knowledge the couples have before marriage about each
other, the more adjusted they are in their life.
6. The more the husband and wife rely on each other in problems and difficulties, the
more their adjustment in life would be.
7. It seems that having children and the number of them, would increase the
adjustment of couples in their common life.
8. It seems that as the sexual satisfaction between couple’s increases, their adjustment
in life will increase as well.
9. It seems, the more education couples have, the more adjusted they are.
10. There is a significant relationship between wife-husband among couples from
Aligarh (INDIA) and Rasht (IRAN).
11. There is a significant relationship between social capital among couples Aligarh
(INDIA) and Rasht (IRAN).
12. There is a significant relationship between knowledge of couples from each other
among, couples of from Aligarh (INDIA) and Rasht (IRAN).
1. First hypothesis considers the relation between social capital and adjustment-
maladjustment of couples. Over recent decades despite many researches done on
social capital and different aspects of society such as development.(Putnam 1993,
Woolcock and Narayan 2000, Fukuyama 2000, coleman 1994 and Field 2003). A few
studies on husband and wife relations have been done with the aim to directly study
the relation of husband and wife. As presented in research wordings, there has been a
![Page 11: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
positive relation between family correlations, particularly between the relation of
husband and wife and social capital.( Lala M. 2007,Aureli B.2007,Eiji Y.2009 and
Saffiri Kh.2006).As well as, according to the obtained results from these researches,
the relation between social capital and adjustment-maladjustment of couples was
positive and strong. It means that increasing the social capital and any parameters of
social capital between couples will raise the adjustment between couples, and the
couples' bond will be strengthened.
2. Second hypothesis measures the relations between couples trust and their
adjustment-maladjustment. Trust as a cognitive parameter of social capital, plays an
important role in social life. John Field (2003) states that though Bourdieu doesn’t
specially refer to trust, yet this point apparently is hidden in his discussion about
social reproduction; people who marry each other, or establish a club together to
develop their useful bonds, must do it based on trust. Fukuyama believes that, trust is
the main basis of social order: societies are dependent on mutual trust and without it
won't be established on their own (Fukuyama, 1995:25).The importance of trust can
be seen in various positions, in interaction with others (Sztomka 1999, Saffiri
Kh.2006, Glaeser et all 2000, Lala M.2007, Luman 1988, Misztal 1996).
3. Third hypothesis talks of the relations between couples participation and
adjustment-maladjustment of couples. Participation in social affairs strengthens the
bond and tie among members of group. In couples' relations, participation between
them appears as attaching importance to the partner. Various studies show that social
participation as one of the most important elements of social capital brings bonding in
society (Putnam 1995 1993, Bektas Y. 2007, Ezazi 2010, Movahhed 2011, Norani
2009, Ian W.2000, Alderidge2002, Woolcock 2000 and Macgillivray2002).
Studies which were done by Gray L. and Burks N. (1983) concluded that marriages in
![Page 12: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
which women undertake most of tasks, women are more dissatisfied, but the
maximum of satisfaction is between couples in which household tasks are divided
equally between husband and wife. Spending more time with spouse, will raise the
marital satisfaction and adjustment (Seif.S 1989).Woman's participation in family
decision-makings will increase adjustment and satisfaction in common life (Bowen
and Ortner1983).
4. Fourth hypothesis shows the relation between couples' solidarity and adjustment-
maladjustment of couples. It's obvious that correlation between society members leads
to harmony, order and bond. Probabilities and uncertainty in complex human
phenomena is a natural thing, so in research issue, numerous factors may have impact
on couples' relations; one of the most important of these factors in correlation and
bond between couples relates to their solidarity with each other, in other words the
more ther couples cooperate with each other in problems and difficulties the bond and
tie between them is expected to become deeper; environmental factors and other
conditions affect less on this bond (Kei nia 1981,Seddigh O. et all 2009 and Norani et
all 2009).
5. Fifth hypothesis considers the relation between a couple’s knowledge before
marriage and their adjustment-maladjustment. Having knowledge leads to better
action, since husband and wife will live together for a long time. Knowing the weak
and strong points of each other could make couples' expectations from each other in
accordance with facts (Kayhan nia 2009 and Aron .T.beck 2005).
6. Sixth hypothesis states the relation between couples' reliance on each other and
their adjustment-maladjustment. Elizabeth Bat believes that couples that live in a
distributed social network and don’t get help or support from environment and friends
![Page 13: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
outside the home, are forced to accept mutual help and even traditional roles of each
other (Ezazi 2010).
7. Seventh hypothesis presents relation between having children and number of
children with husband and wife relations. Having children may strengthen the bond
between husband and wife, or in other words, increases the tolerance of husband and
wife against life's problems; having children raise, the couples adjustment (Bates D.
1996, Bronze Sh. 1987 and Kei nia 1981).
8. Eighth hypothesis considers the relation between couples sexual satisfaction and
their adjustment-maladjustment. Burgess W. and Wallin P. (1953) in their research in
contrast to Saffiri‘s research (2006) have concluded that through examining the
individual background of persons it would be possible to anticipate the degree of
success or failure in marital life. Sexual desires and needs have essential roles in
marital life. Sexual pleasure would cause that, marital disputes and many problems in
everyday life are ignored and emotional dependence between husband and wife be
increased. People, who experience high satisfaction in their sexual relation with their
spouse, significantly show a better life quality than those who don’t have satisfaction
(Movahhed M. 2011, Norani Sh. et all 2009, Mahdavi S. 2008, Ghaemi 2004 and Kei
nia 1981).
9. Ninth hypothesis talks of the relation between couples' education and couples'
adjustment-maladjustment. According to Matched Spouse Theory (same level spouse
and different level spouse), marriage is allowed between people who are socially,
economically and culturally the same level; which means that they must have a full
parallelism in economic status, moral and educational terms (Sarukhani 1997).
10. Tenth, eleventh and twelfth hypothesis compare the difference of couples'
![Page 14: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
relations, social capital and couples' knowledge about each other before marriage, in
Iran and India.
To conclude I should say that trust, participation, solidarity and sexual satisfaction as
parameters of social capital, are considered determinant factor in relations of husband
and wife. Existence of both cognitive and structural elements of social capital in
marital life will cause that the relations between husband and wife be strengthened,
and couples facing difficult situations and changes in time show more ability and
endurance. In the first section of this chapter, I stated the relations of social
parameters and couples' adjustment-maladjustment in comparison to related studies,
and tested the hypotheses of this research.
Since in this study, research subjects are dependent on research questions, so in this
section by answering the hypotheses of research I try to conclude a thesis.
1. Is there any relation between social capital and wife-husband relationships in
Aligarh and Rasht? To answer the first question of our analysis, we conducted the
multivariable regression. According to obtained results from data of Aligarh and
Rasht, concretely I can state that degree of our dependent variable variance is
determined by independent variable. Tables 4.35, 4.36 and 4.37 show high correlation
between two variables in Aligarh and Rasht, and significant level (sig= 0.000) for
both communities is acceptable, and result could be generalized to the whole
statistical universe. To correctly evaluate the effect of variables, and in order to see
whether separated variables, affect multivariable regression or not, we conducted path
analysis to test this question of research. Table 4.75 for Aligarh community shows
that these variables: couples knowledge about each other, couples' participation, age,
having and number of children, monthly income of family have been separated
regarding direct effect on dependent. And table 4.78 for Rasht shows that variables:
![Page 15: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
couples knowledge about each other, couples' participation, age, having and number
of children, monthly income of family have been separated regarding direct effect on
dependent. However in path analysis, the effect of separated variables- couples'
participation, age and monthly income of family- for India's community, is evident in
tables 4.79 and 4.81 as well as in diagram 4.43; and indirect effect of these variables
are such as: couples' participation=0.28, age=0.17 and monthly income of family
=0.04. The indirect effect of variables: couples' participation and age for Rasht
community is as follow: couples' participation=0.23 and age= -0.06 (tables 4.80 and
4.82 and diagram 4.44). Finally the high score of social capital refers to its high
effect on husband and wife relations.
2. To what extent total variance in wife-husband relation could be uniquely explained
by cognitive and structural dimensions of social capital? To respond to this question
of our research, we conducted the multivariable regression, separately for both
cognitive and structural parameters of social capital. According to obtained results of
Aligarh and Rasht's data, tables (see Appendix VIII and X), R square in tables (see
Appendix VII and IX) show a strong and positive relation between the variables of
cognitive and structural social capital and couples' adjustment-maladjustment.
3. To what extent does the couples’ trust indicators included in the model act as
predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? This question is one of the most
important effective aspects of social capital on our dependent variable. To investigate
this hypothesis, because of interval measured level of two dependent and independent
variables, Pearson statistics was used. Correlation coefficient between these two
variables is 0.70 (for India) and 0.64 (for Iran) and its significant level for India and
Iran is Sig=0.000, suggesting a relatively strong relationship between these two
variables and its significant level is acceptable and could be generalized to statistical
![Page 16: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
population, So this hypothesis has been confirmed (table 4.38). This hypothesis was
also tested by single-variable regression. It shows that 0.48(for India) and
0.41(for Iran) of variance changes of dependent variable is due to trust variable
of couples. Regarding T (15.250 for India) and T (13.269 for Iran) and with
their significant level (Sig=0.000), this correlation for both countries in a level,
higher than 99 percent is significant. The obtained Positive sign, Beta is (0.70
for India), (0.64 for Iran) reveals that there is a direct relation between trust
variable of couples and couples' relationship. This proves that as the trust
between couples increase, couples relationship toward adjustment would
increase as well.
4. To what extent does the couples’ solidarity indicators included in the model act as
predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? Table 4.44, examines the relation
between solidarity and couples' adjustment. The given hypothesis in this project is
that, as the couple’s solidarity in each other rises their adjustment will rise also. Since
the solidarity variable and the variable of relations between husband and wife are at
the interval measurement level, so to obtain the correlation between these variables,
Pearson statistic was used. According to the correlation coefficient between these two
variables, hypothesis 1 is confirmed and the correlation between these two variables is
0.71 (for India) and 0.78 (for Iran). This correlation is direct and it’s Sig = 0.000 is
significant; this means that it could be generalized to statistical population and this is
not by chance or random. For this hypothesis, simple regression has also been used. It
can be deduced from the table 4.45 and 4.46; determination coefficient shows that
0.50 (for India) and 0.61 (for Iran) of variance changes of the dependent variable is
due to the trust variable in spouses. Considering T value (15.901 for India) and
![Page 17: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
(19.861 for Iran) and their significant level (Sig = 0.000), in a level higher than 99
percent is significant, which proves that the more the solidarity between spouses
increases the adjustment between spouses positively increases.
5. To what extent does the couples’ participation indicators included in the model act
as predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? To investigate this hypothesis,
because of interval measured level of two dependent and independent variables,
Pearson statistics was used. Correlation coefficient between these two variables is
0.48 (for India) and 0.55 (for Iran) and its significant level for India and Iran is Sig =
0.000, suggesting a relatively strong relationship between these two variables and its
significant level is acceptable and could be generalized to statistical population, So
this hypothesis has been confirmed (table 4.41). This hypothesis was also tested by
single-variable regression. Tables 4.42 and 4.43 show that 0.24 (for India) and 0.31
(for Iran) of variance changes of dependent variable is due to participation variable of
couples. Regarding T (8.771 for India) and T (10.449 for Iran) and with their
significant level (Sig=0.000), this correlation for both countries in a level, higher than
99 percent is significant. The obtained Positive sign, Beta is (0.48 for India), (0.55 for
Iran) reveals that there is a direct relation between cooperation variable of couples and
couples' relationship which says that as the participation between couples enhances,
couples relationship toward adjustment would increase as well.
6. To what extent does the couple’s sexual satisfaction indicators included in the
model act as predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? Table 4.51,
examines the relation between sexual satisfaction and couples' adjustment. The given
hypothesis in this project is that, as the couple’s sexual satisfaction in each other rises
their adjustment will rise also. Since the sexual satisfaction variable and the variable
of relations between husband and wife are at the interval measurement level, so to
![Page 18: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
obtain the correlation between these variables, Pearson statistic was used. According
to the correlation coefficient between these two variables, hypothesis 1 is confirmed
and the correlation between these two variables is 0.76 (for India) and 0.67 (for Iran).
This correlation is direct and it’s Sig = 0.000 is significant; it means it could be
generalized to statistical population and this is not by chance or random. For this
hypothesis, simple regression has also been used. It can be deduced from the table
4.52 and 4.53, that determination coefficient shows that 0.57(for India) and 0.45 (for
Iran) of variance changes of the dependent variable is due to the sexual satisfaction
variable in spouses. Considering T value (18.283 for India) and (14.124 for Iran) and
their significant level (Sig = 0.000), in a level higher than 99 percent is significant, it
says that, the more the trust between spouses increases the adjustment between
spouses positively increases.
7. Is there any significant relation between knowledge couples before marriage about
each other and wife-husband relationship in Aligarh and Rasht?
The given hypothesis was that, the more knowledge of couples have before marriage
the more adjustment they experience in their life. Since both dependent and
independent variables are at the measured interval level, Pearson correlation
coefficient was used for measuring the correlation between these two variables. It was
deduced from the table, correlation coefficient between these two variables for India
is very low (0.013) and its significant level is not acceptable (sig=0.84). In the other
words, for India there isn’t any relation between these two variables.
But the correlation coefficient between premarital knowledge variable and couples
relations (0.27) and its significant level (Sig=0.000) is acceptable and could be
generalized to statistical population. But the degree of this variable's relation is
![Page 19: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
average. This hypothesis has been confirmed for Iran population but not for India
(table 4.47).
8. Is there any significant difference in wife-husband relationship between couples of
Aligarh and Rasht? Responding to this question was availed through Independent T-
test. One of the assumptions of independent T-test that was tested is normal
distribution of variable in both groups. For testing of this assumption one sample
kolmogrov-smirnov was run (table 4.56).
The scores of wife-husband relationship violated the criterion of normal distribution,
so Mann-Whitney U test is run (table 4.57). As we can see in table 4.57, Iranian
couples have higher mean score in comparison with Indian couples in personal
accomplishment scale (p=0.000<0.01) which is 99 percent confidence.
9. Is there any significant difference in social capital between couples of Aligarh and
Rasht?
To gain insight into the comparison of wife-husband relationship’s differences in
Aligarh and Rasht, statistic of Mann-Whitney U test was conducted. Before that
normality test was run for it (table 4.59). The scores of social capital violated the
criterion of normal distribution, so Mann-Whitney U test was run for it (table 4.60).
Because of (p=0.842<0.05) for Trust, (p=0.858<0.05) for Participation and
(p=0.088<0.05) for solidarity (Three dimensions of social capital).There wasn’t any
significant difference between Indian and Iranian couples in the scores of three
dimensions of social capital. For test of total variable (social capital) normality test
was run. Table 4.61, shows that the scores of Social capital violated the criterion of
normal distribution, and then Mann-Whitney U test was run.
![Page 20: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
In total P value for social capital is run. P =0.254 total p value is more than 0.05,
which shows the social capital difference between Indian and Iranian couples is not
significant. In other words there is not any difference between Indian and Iranian
couples in view of social capital. (See table 4.62)
10. Is there any significant difference in knowledge of couples from each other among
couples of Aligarh and Rasht?
Responding to this question was gathered to “Is there significant difference between
the scores of knowledge of each other with consideration of country”. Independent T-
test was run. One of the assumptions of independent T-test which was tested was
normal distribution of variable in both groups. For testing of this assumption one
sample kolmogrov-smirnov was run (table 4.64). Table 4.64, shows the scores of
knowledge of couples from each other satisfied the criterion of normal distribution,
then Independent T- test was run. Because of (p=0.000<0.01)Iranian couples are said
to have higher mean score in comparison with Indian couples in personal
accomplishment scale 99 percent confidence.(see table 4.65)
Trust in spouse was examined in this study. In another research it would be suitable to
study about distrust due to many reasons. The second suggestion is that in addition to
this research, by further research and study, an assessment should be reached so that
that adjustment and maladjustment of couples could be calibrated and could be
assessed with high assurance, and through couple’s test the couples would be scored
and their weaknesses and strengths would be recognized, and according to the
weaknesses and deficiencies a counseling would be arranged for them, considering
the fact that researcher is aware of many complexities in life and knows that there are
exceptions, specially the trust variable, the changes is of which today one apparent
![Page 21: Family is an important institution of the society. It is a ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11403/7/07_summary.pdfFamily is an important institution of the society. It](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051914/60051ee813fdd7142e6ce9cd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
among the couples. This study has been done in two small cities in Iran and India. It is
therefore, suggested that another research be done on couples' relations and
assessment of their adjustment-maladjustment, in the capitals of these two countries.
Absolutely after doing the suggested research, a comparison between its results and
the results of the current research will be noticeable. According to Coleman, social
capital is neutral in terms of norms and morality; in words it's neither desired nor
undesired, it can be directed both positively and negatively. So the effect of social
capital in couples' relations may range from a process of full permanency and stability
to the destruction of couples life. Social capital is somehow the facilitator of husband
and wife relations; in other words it prepares financial and human capital for couples'
adjustment. Allocating some time for a couple to be with each other may increase
attention between couples and strengthen their bonds.
With these modest suggestions the thesis is concluded.