fallout shelter management course mmrs - aug 2006 final- generic

8/4/2019 Fallout Shelter Management Course MMRS - Aug 2006 Final- Generic

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Fallout Shelter Management Course for

MMRS Medical Facilities

August 2006


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Fallout Shelter Management Course

Disclaimer/Waiver of Liability

The use of or adaptation of any materials or any presentation techniques by any entity and/or

individual signifies that the user and/or adaptor understands the inherent risks involved and

further assumes any and all liability that may result. The City of _________, _________, the

_________ County Commission, and the _________ Emergency Management Agency

express that reasonable care and good faith were exercised in development of the materials

and presentation techniques; nevertheless, use of these materials or presentation techniques is

at the sole risk and liability of the user. The City of _________, _________, the _________

County Commission, the _________ County Emergency Management Agency, and the federal

government specifically disclaim any and all responsibility or liability for any damages to

person or property resulting from the use of these materials or presentations. Materials and

presentation techniques include any materials and/or presentations, outline instructions and

actions which are generally accepted as typical for recovery from the detonation of a nuclearweapon or dispersal of radiological isotopes. However, the conditions created by such events

cannot be foreseen, thus, any entity and/or individual implementing the instruction materials

may suffer property damages as well as serious injury up to and including death.


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Housekeeping

-Parking & building access

-Classroom

-Refreshments

-Restrooms-Schedule: breaks and session lengths

-Smoking

-Outlines/course materials

-Student manuals

-Test

-Graduation & certificate


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Course Plan

Introduction 1.0 hour

Module 1, Public vs. Medical Fallout Shelters 3.0 hours

Module 2, Organizing for Survival 3.0 hours

Module 3, Managing Critical Resources 3.0 hours

Module 4, Review and exercise 1.5 hours

Test & Evaluation .5 hours

TOTAL 12.0 hours


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CEUs for Nurses

The SPH Nursing Division has been approved by the _________ State NursesAssociation (_SNA) and the _________ Board of Nursing (_BN) to provide:

7.2 CEUs for nurses for completion on August 30

7.2 CEUs for nurses for completion on August 31 (14.4 CEUs total)

Physicians, Administrators and others will receive a Certificate of Attendance


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Pre-course SurveyYes No

1. I want to survive a nuclear attack. ____ ____

2. Survival from a nuclear attack is possible. ____ ____

3. The Government has made all necessary preparations to protect me . ____ ____4. Protection against nuclear weapon effects is possible. ____ ____

5. In a nuclear war, the earth will be destroyed. ____ ____

6. In a Fallout Shelter, purposeful leadership is as important as protection

from radiation or food and water. ____ ____

7. Combining my skills and resources with those of others will enable us

to survive. ____ ____

8. How long will lethal radiation last? 1 week ____1 month ____1 year ____forever ____

9. How long will it take to regain our present standard of living? 1 week ____

1 month ____1 year ____never ____

10. What portion of our population will be alive 1-year after an attack? 75-100% ____50-75% ____25-50% ____

0-25% ____


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This is not refighting the Cold War but adapting to the threat of global terrorismand the spread of nuclear weapons to nations who will use them if they get them.

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), under the Metropolitan MedicalResponse System (MMRS) established a three-phased program against attackwith Biological and Chemical agents and Nuclear/Radiological attack.

MMRS requires _________ County to be capable to respond to an attack,postulating a small-yield (10 KT) weapon, and/or a Radiological DispersionDevice (RDD; incorrectly called Dirty Bomb) that produces:

- 7,500 immediate deaths

- 25,000 contaminated victims (10,000 acute & 15,000 moderate)- 100,000 displaced persons

Having and using Fallout Shelters would minimize these casualties.

Fallout Shelter Management in the

21st Century


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Upon completion of the course, you will be able to:1. Know what a Fallout Shelter is and how it protects people.

2. List the three principles of radiation protection and how they are embodied ina Fallout Shelter.

3. Know the Duties of a Fallout Shelter Manager and how the Shelter wouldoperate within the _______ County Shelter System.

4. Know how to create a shelter staff and organize the shelter population.

5. Integrate Fallout Shelter & staff operations with medical facility operations.

6. Operate a Fallout Shelter during the three phases of shelter life.7. Know the importance of an orderly preparation for life in the post- attack

recovery period.

8. Describe the emergency, expedient plans for stocking, equipping andupgrading the protection of Fallout Shelters.

Course Objectives


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Duties of the Fallout Shelter Manager

1. Fill the shelter rapidly and orderly to capacity.

2. Protect the shelter against weapons effects.

3. Satisfy basic human needs: Air; Water; Sanitation & Hygiene; Sleep; Food;Psychological and Medical support.

4. Establish a Shelter Organization and Schedule to carry out all activities.

5. Maintain order and uphold the highest social standard of society.

6. Train the shelter population for post-attack living.

7. Keep morale high.

8. Prepare for in-shelter emergencies.

9. Prepare for both temporary and permanent shelter exit.

10. Work with hospital management to continue medical operations.


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Nuclear Attack in the 21st Century

A nuclear attack may:

be on all major urban, industrial, economic, transport, communications & military targets.

be only on selected targets such as military bases with offensive weapons.

be a single up to a few dozen detonations on specific or random targets.

be on armed forces outside the United States, e.g. the far East; the Mid East; Europe;the Balkans; naval forces at sea or air battles.

be an act by a non-state, i.e. a terrorist group such as Al Qadea.

be threatened to bring about a military or political result or to bend the will of the people.

involve a detonation (fission/fusion) or release via an RDD

involve nations or armed forces other than the United States.

occur all in one attackor recur over weeks, months, even years.


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Protective Options

Evacuation

Feasible if completed before fallout/contamination arrives. Area would have to be small and time adequate. Detonation effects (blast/thermal/EMP) may impede evacuation. Evacuees may be exposed and/or contaminated.

Shelter In Place

Critical facilities that can not evacuate, e.g., hospitals, must continue to operate. Necessary if fallout/contamination will arrive before evacuation complete Fallout Shelters needed to protect against high level radiation/detonation. Shelter-in-place (not necessarily Fallout Shelter) near RDD/very low level.

Shelter stay would range from a few days to 2 weeks. Authorities outside affected area can organize rescue/evacuation effort. Shelterees may be exposed and/or contaminated.


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Protective Options: Critical Facilities

Evacuation

Feasible only if all staff and patients/clients can evacuate before fallout/contamination

arrives and operations transferred to an alternate facility.

Shelter In Place

Necessary if operations can not be transferred or if staff & clients can not evacuate.

Necessary if needed to support operations of other response agencies.

Must have Radiological Monitoring & Exposure Control capabilities

Critical Facilities may be used to shelter families of the staff.

Critical Facilities will not be used to shelter the general public.


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Module 1

Public vs. Medical Fallout Shelters


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The Fallout Shelter is the core of the _________ County Population Protection

Program.

The mission of the Fallout Shelter Manager: Protect the lives of as many

people as possible and assist them to enter the post-attack world well enough

in mind and body to begin reconstruction of society.

In MMRS Medical Facilities with Fallout Shelter space, enable medical

operations during high level radiation conditions.

Within the Fallout Shelter, the Shelter Manager works as an extension of cityor county government.


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Fallout Shelter Profile

_________ Co. has more than 150 federally surveyed and approved PublicFallout Shelters. Total capacity is 000,000+ persons.

MMRS medical facilities - _________have a combined capacity of 00,000

spaces reserved for medical operations and sheltering of staff, patients and their

families, not for public sheltering.

_________ has reserved a few federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters

for use in Direction and Control, Medical and Recovery operations.

Some of these are privately owned.

Hundreds of privately owned Tornado/Fallout shelters exist.

A number of unsurveyed but potential shelters exist that could augment existing

federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters.


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Fallout Shelter Program Overview, Contd

Fallout Shelters protect against radiation based on the size, mass andlocation or site of the building and its surroundings.

Fallout Sheltersare not intendedto protect against other (blast, heat)

effects of a nuclear detonation, explosions or Chemical & Biological Agents.

Such a capabilitymay exist in a building due to its size, mass & location.

Fallout Sheltersare not intendedfor use after use of a RDD (but may be).

Contamination from a RDD can be expected to cover a few up to a few

hundred acres with low-level radioactive material;

A nuclear detonation may affect large areas (10-100 sq. miles) damaged by

direct effects and 100s to 1,000s of sq. miles withradioactive fallout.


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Principles of Leadership

The Shelter Manager must:

Assume command rapidly

Act with authority

Delegate authority

Organize people into task teams to meet needs Refrain from personal over involvement with shelterees.

Establish priorities

Set a schedule

Be an example of model shelteree behavior

Recognize the changing needs of the shelterees Keep people informed

Motivate people

In critical and medical facilities, integrate operations with COO.


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The Three Phases of Shelter Stay

Entry The time from opening until a routine is established.

Routine A daily living pattern exists along with training &

preparation for post-shelter living; medical operations

resume.

Emergence The period from when preparations are complete and

it is safe to exit to begin work of reconstruction until

people can leave shelter permanently. Medical operations

expand.


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Fallout Shelter Areas in MMRS Medical

Facilities


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Shelter Emergencies

The Shelter Manager may be faced with life-threatening emergencies and

must plan to cope with them. Examples are:

Structural damage to the shelter from a nearby detonation.

Fire in the shelter.

Dangerously high radiation levels. Severely high temperatures and humidity.

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide imbalance in the shelter.

Depletion of essential supplies.

Disease and injury among staff, patients & families.

Unrest, anxiety, crime or defiance of order or authority.


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The Shelter Mangers Responsibilities

in Radiological Protection1. Have the Radiological Monitor locate, by use of monitoring instruments,

the best protected areas in the shelter.

2. Keep the people in the shelter until outside radiation rates are low enough

to leave safely.

3. Keep the shelter, people and supplies from being contaminated.


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Nuclear Vs. Conventional Weapons

Conventional explosives produce- Heat- Blast/Shockand are measured intons of explosive force.

Radiation Dispersion Device, RDD or Dirty Bomb- May use conventional explosive to spread radioisotope-Radioisotopes may be placed or spread without any explosion!- No fission involvedjust exposure/contamination.

Nuclear explosions produce

- Heat- Blast/Shock- Initial Nuclear Radiation- Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and- Residual Nuclear Radiation or Falloutand are measures inKilotons (1,000s of tons) or

Megatons (1,000,000s of tons) of explosive force.


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Weapon Effects

Nuclear Weapons produce effects in a time sequence. In order of occurrenceand duration, they are:

Initial Nuclear Radiation - less than 1 second

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) - first few seconds

Heat - few to 90 seconds

Blast/Shock - up to 60 seconds

Residual Nuclear Radiation or FALLOUT - diminishes very rapidly

at first, then slowly over

. . . hours,

days,

weeks,years . . .


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Weapons Effects video


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Weapon Effects, Contd


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Where does the Energy Go?


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The Electromagnetic Spectrum


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Effects Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum


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Understanding Radiation &

Radioactivity Elements are substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances

by chemical means.

There are 116 identified elements; each has unique properties.

An atom is the simplest unit an element can be divided into and still keeps itsunique properties.

Atoms which emit ionizing radiation are said to beradioactive.

Ionizing radiation produces charged particles, ions, in anything it strikes. Itdamages molecules in both living cells and inanimate mater.

Radiation refers to all sources of energy emissions, such as visible light, radioand sound waves as well as ionizing radiation.


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Nuclear or Ionizing Radiation


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Types of Radiation

Alpha Particles- Largest, heaviest and most highly charged type of radiation

- Least penetrating; stopped by 1 sheet of paper or single layer of clothing.

- Range 3-7 inches in air

- Normally, only an Internal Contamination Hazard

Beta Particles- Smaller, lighter, faster & less charge than Alpha (equivalent to an

electron)

- Moderate penetration; about 0.05 in flesh, about 0.10 of Aluminum

- Range 10 feet in air- Internal more than an External Contamination Hazard


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Types of Radiation, Contd

Gamma rays- Least charged

- Most penetrating; stopped by dense, thick shielding (e.g., 8 of lead)

- Range 1 mile in air

- Both an Internal and External Contamination hazard

Neutrons- Ejected from the nuclei of atoms

- Very penetrating

- Range 3000 in air

- ONLY radiation type that makes other matter radioactive!


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Biological Injury Caused by Radiation

Gamma X Rays 1 unit of damage

Beta Particles 1x

Neutrons 2-10x

Alpha Particles 20x


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Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Level of Biological Important Radiation EffectsOrganization

Molecular Damage to enzymes, DNA, RNA, etc. and interferenceto biological pathways

Cellular Damage to cell membranes, nucleus, chromosomes, etc.Inhibition of cell division, cell death; transformed tomalignant state.

Tissues & Damage and disruption to intestinal tract, bone marrow,

Organs capillaries, thyroid, central nervous system, etc.Cancers induced.

Whole Body Radiation Lifeshortening & death.

Populations Changes in the genetic characteristics of individuals.


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Radiation Measurement Terms/Units

Four measurements used to describe radiation, radiation exposure and thedamage it can do to living beings.

Activity (quantity)

Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy)

Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate (absorbed energy)

Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate


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Activity (quantity)

Term: Curie, Ci

Measures decay activity and is expressed asdisintegrationsper second, DPS orcounts per minute, CPM.

Alpha & beta radiation rates are typically expressed in CPM

1 Ci = 3.7 billion DPS

System International (SI) Term: Becquerel, Bq

1 Bq = 1 DPS (3.7 gBg = 1 Ci)


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Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy)

Term: Roentgen, R, R/hrMeasures energy of gamma and X-radiation in air.Does not apply to beta or alpha radiation

SI Term: Coulomb/Kg, C/Kg/hr


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Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate (absorbed energy)

Term: RAD, RAD/hr (Radiation Absorbed Dose)Measures energy of any radiation in any mater.

SI Term: Gray, Gy, Gy/hr 1 Gy = 100 RAD


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Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate

Term: REM, REM/hr (Roentgen Equivalent Man)Measures energy of any radiation in people.

SI Term: Sievert, Sv, Sv/hr 1 Sv = 100 REM


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Real Life Radiation Measurement

For our purposes, 1 R = 1 RAD = 1 REM

1 R/hr = 1 RAD/hr = 1 REM/hr

Available radiation measuring instruments are calibrated in CPM and R/hr.

SI units not used.

N t ll O i L li d


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Naturally Occurring, Long-lived

Radionuclides in the Human Body

Isotope: Activity, pCi(Pico curies)

238U, Uranium 26226Ra, Radium 120

228Ra, Radium 50210Pb, Lead 600210Po, Polonium 20040K, Potassium 130,00014C , Carbon 87,0003

H, Tritium 27,70087Rb, Rubidium 29,00090Sr, Strontium 2,886

The total radioactivity in the

body is 277,582 pCi.

- 10,270 DPS- 887,374,138 disintegrations per day

Each radioactive decay produces a

radiation effect.

Sources: Radiation Protection (pages 56, 370),

Shapiro, 1990, Harvard Press.


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Natural Radioactivity in a Banana

Bananas are a good source of potassium, a very important nutrient.

Natural potassium contains 0.0117% potassium-40 (40K) a radioactive isotope.

A medium size banana contains about 451 mg of potassium. The amount of40

K in it is 0.0528 mg.

This is equivalent to 14 DPS or 0.00037 uCi.

The dose equivalent from eating a banana is about 0.01 mREM, sometimes,

this is called the banana equivalent dose.

Sources: Food Values of Portion Commonly Used, 16th edition, Bosen and Church. Chart of Nuclide, F. William

Walker et al.


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Medical effects of radiation video


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Types of Nuclear Detonations

High Altitude Air Burst Surface Burst Subsurface BurstBurst


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Types of Nuclear DetonationsHigh Altitude Air Burst Surface Burst Subsurface Burst

(100,000+) fireball does fireball touches fireball does notnot touch surface break surface ofSurface ground or water.

Not to scale

Heat minimal maximized moderate nilBlast nil maximized moderate nilShock nil nil moderate maximizedEMP maximized moderate moderate minimalINR none nil maximized minimalFallout nil minimal maximized minimal


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EMP from a High Altitude Burst


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EMP from High Altitude Bursts

The Reach of 500 KT 1 MT &


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The Reach of 500 KT, 1 MT &

5 MT Weapons

Weapon Yield Ground Burst Air Burst

*500 KT 4 miles 7 miles

1 MT 5 miles 8 miles

5 MT 8 miles 13 miles

Doubling yield does notdouble the reach. * Average size Russian weapon.


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Weather Patterns


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Fallout Pattern -Time/Wind effects


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Fallout Decay


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7/10 Rule for Fallout Decay

The 7/10 rule approximates decay for a single detonation during any period in

its history.

For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold.

Rate/Time Time % Remaining

2800 R/Hr at H+1 (0; time starts at H+1) 100%

280 R/Hr at H+8 7 10%

28 R/Hr at H+49 7x7 1%

2.8 R/Hr at H+343 7x7x7 .10%

Expected Effects of Short Term


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Expected Effects of Short Term

Gamma Radiation Doses

Dose, inRoentgens Effect

0 - 50 No obvious effect; lab exam necessary to determine.

80170 Vomiting & nausea for about 1 day in 25% of people; no deaths expected.

180220 Vomiting & nausea; 50% of people sick; no deaths expected.

270330 100% of people sick; up to 20% deaths. Survivors convalesce 3 months.

400500 50% deaths; survivors convalescent about 6 months.

550750 Up to 100% deaths; few survivors convalescent 6+ mos.

Radiation Sickness is NOT contagious ~ Victims are NOT radioactive!


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Principles of Protection

Time Fallout radiation intensity decays rapidly;90% in just the first 7

hours.

The less time you spend in a radiation field, the less dose received.

Distance The farther you are from a source, the less dose you receive.

Shielding Denser (heavier, massive) materials absorb more radiation.

Greater thickness of any given material absorbs more radiation.


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Selecting Fallout Shelter Space


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Fallout Shelter Space


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Fallout Protection Factor, FPF

FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE theshelter. Outside 50 R/hr

Insideor

12.5 R/hr= 4 FPF

A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate.

Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the insiderates if the outside rates are:

Time Rate Outside the Shelter

1000 1 R/hr

1100 100 R/hr1200 500 R/hr

1300 440 R/hr

1400 50 R/hr2400 40 R/hr


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Fallout Protection Factor, FPF

FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE the

shelter. Outside 50 R/hr

Insideor

12.5 R/hr= 4 FPF

A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate.

Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the insiderates if the outside rates are:

Time Rate Outside Rate Inside the Shelter

1000 1 R/hr 0.025 R/hr

1100 100 R/hr 2.51200 500 R/hr 12.5

1300 440 R/hr 11

1400 50 R/hr 1.252400 40 R/hr 1


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Protection Factors & Mass of Materials

How Much Protection?

PF Lead Steel Concrete EarthWater Wood

2 .3" .7" 2.0" 3.3" 5" 9"

4 .5" 1.5" 5.0" 7.0" 10" 15"

8 1.0" 2.0" 6.5" 10.0" 15" 27"

16 1.2" 3.0" 9.0" 14.0" 20" 3 ft

32 1.5" 4.0" 1 ft 15.0" 2 ft 4 ft

64 2.0" 4.2" 13.2" 19.8" 2.5ft 4.5 ft

128 2.1" 5.0" 15.0" 2 ft 3 ft 5 ft

1000 3.0" 7.0" 22.0" 33.0" 4 ft -

2000 3.3" 7.7" 2 ft 3 ft 4.5 ft -

Radiation is reduced on an increasing scale. For example, 1 ft of concrete

reduces 800 R/hr 32-fold to 50 R/hr; 2 reduces it 2,000-fold to .4 R/hr.

(Much better than if proportional & reduction of 64-fold ensued.)


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Possible FPFs in Example Buildings


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Applying the 7/10 Rule


Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the

shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.

What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours

(Start Time of H+5 x 1 Factor 7; 5x7 or H+35)?

In 10 days, 5 hours (Start Time of H+5 x 2 Factor 7s; 5x7x7 or H+245)?

If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate

forward.


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Applying the 7/10 Rule




What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours?

In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)?


forward.


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Answers: Applying the 7/10 Rule




What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours?

Inside is 35 R/hr10 = 3.5 R/hr. Outside; 35 R/hr x 55 = 1925 R/hr

In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)?

Inside is 35 R/hr1010 = 0.35 R/hr. Outside; 0.35 R/hr x 55 = 19.25 R/hr


forward.


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Accumulated Exposures

The following readings are taken outside: Time R/hr Accum.

0400 1

0415 25

0430 100

0445 300

0500 4000600 168

0700 106

0800 80

0900 68

1000 58

1100 46

1200 40


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Questions: Accumulated Exposures


0400 1

0415 25

0430 100

0445 300

0500 4000600 168

0700 106

0800 80

What dose will a person who is outside 0900 68

the shelter until 0500 accumulate? 1000 58

1100 46

1200 40


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0400 1

0415 25

0430 100

0445 300

0500 4000600 168

0700 106

0800 80

What dose will a person who is outside 0900 68

the shelter until 0500 accumulate? 1000 58

If PF is 40? 1100 46

1200 40


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0400 1

0415 25

0430 100

0445 300

0500 4000600 168

0700 106

0800 80

0900 68

1000 58

What dose would a person accumulate 1100 46

in the shelter until noon if the FPF is 10? 1200 40

A A l d


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Answers: Accumulated Exposures


0400 1 -

0415 25 6.5 R

0430 100 22

0445 300 72

0500 400 1600600 168 444

0700 106 581

0800 80 674

What dose will a person who is outside 0900 68 748

the shelter until 0500 accumulate? 1000 58 811

If PF is 40? 1100 46 863

What dose would a person accumulate 1200 40 906

in the shelter until noon if the FPF is 10?

F d l F ll Sh l S d d


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Federal Fallout Shelter Standards

To meet federal standards, a public Fallout Shelter must have:

10 sq. ft./person with a 3 cfm/person ventilation rate, or

500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated.

A Fallout Protection Factor, FPF, of 10 or more and

A capacity of 50 persons ormore.

Other, best available (but still federally approved) shelters must offer:

The same area/volume & FPF characteristics,

A capacity ofless than 50 persons.

County Fallout Shelter


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_________ County Fallout Shelter

Summary_________ County, has ~150 public Fallout Shelters

with a total nominal capacity of ~000,000 persons available for the public.

Shelters are divided geographically into 9 groups for administration and

mutual support.

MMRS medical facilities have XX,000+ additional places:

MMRS medical facilities are reserved for staff, patients and their families and

will not be used as public shelters.


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Fallout Shelters in MMRS Facilities

Th R di l i l M i J b


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The Radiological Monitors Job

The Radiological Monitor, RM, surveys the shelter and reports his

findings to the Shelter Manager, SM, to:

Locate the best protected areas of the shelter (highest FPF)

Record the total accumulated dose of the shelter population.

Advise the SM how to rotate shelterees between different areas to

equalize exposure to radiation and accumulated doses.

Set time limits for those working outside the shelter (Exposure Control.)

R di i L l d Sh l E i


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Radiation Levels and Shelter ExitIf outside

rate is:

Suggested Limits for Shelter Exit - Recommendations

More than100 R/r

Outdoor activities more than a few minutes long may result in sickness ordeath. The only occasions which might justify this are: (1) risk of death orserious injury in present shelter from fire or collapse, or (2) present shelter isgreatly inadequate-may result in fatalities-and better shelter is only a fewminutes away.

10-100R/hr Time outside shelter should be held to a few minutes and limited to the mostessential tasks that cannot be postponed for at least one more day. All peopleshould stay in the best protected area no matter how uncomfortable.

2-10 R/hr Very short periods (less than 1 hour per day) outdoors are tolerable for themost essential purposes. Rotate outdoor tasks among shelterees to minimizeexposure.

0.5-2 R/hr Outdoor activity up to a few hours a day is tolerable for essential purposes.Eating, sleeping and all other activities should be done in the best protectedarea.

Less than0.5 R/hr

No special precautions except to sleep in the shelter.

D t i ti E t i d


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Decontamination, Entering and

Leaving the Shelter After fallout arrives, decontaminate people and supplies by:

Brushing

Shaking

Washing

Sweeping particles from shelter entrances

Filtering water

Coordinate trips outside the shelter with EMA or your RM.

Set Exposure Limits: Plan the destination, the route, time allowed outsideand who can go.

A ti ti f F ll t Sh lt


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Activation of Fallout Shelters

Fallout Shelters may be activated:

As a result of escalating international tensions (Increased Readiness)

Upon the Attack Warning from the federal government

Upon a detonation with no warning

Public instructed to bring water, food, medicine, bedding, etc. with them.

If time allows, the shelters would be staffed and efforts made to stock them

with water, first aid kits, sanitation/hygiene supplies and food.

The public enters public shelters only upon the Attack Warning;MMRS Facilities secured, operated as a shelter.

Command & Support of Fallout


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Command & Support of Fallout

Shelters

Emergency Operations Center

Executive Group

_______________

Mayor/ Chairman, _________

County Commission

EMA

SCH 1

16 Shelters

SCH 2

15 Shelters

SCH 3

22 Shelters

SCH 4

22 Shelters

SCH 5

11 Shelters

SCH 6

14 Shelters

SCH 7

14 Shelters

SCH 8

24 Shelters

SCH 9

15 Shelters

Critical

Facilities

Medical

Law Enf.Fire

Rescue

Engineering

Utilities

SCH = Shelter Complex Headquarters

Number of shelters grouped in each SCH

U di F ll t P t ti


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Upgrading Fallout Protection

Increase shielding by:

First: Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances.

Second: Add wooden supports on each story.Third: Add a maximum of 12 dirt on upper floors/roof.Forth: Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets.

Last: Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.

U di F ll t P t ti


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Increase shielding by:

First: Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances.

Second: Add wooden supports on each story.

Third: Add a maximum of 12 dirt on upper floors/roof.Forth: Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets.

Last: Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.

A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and

200 x 200 in size. It has a 6 wide double door in front and a3 wide single door in back.

It is decided to pile dirt 12 high on the roof & 6 high; 6 wide at base slopingevenly up to the 6 mark- around the exterior except at the doors.

How much dirt is needed?

U di F ll t P t ti


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How much dirt is needed? Is it practical?

A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and 200 x 200 in size. It has a 6wide double door in front and a 3 wide single door in back.

Dirt is to be piled 12 high on the roof & 6 high; 6 wide at base sloping evenly up

to the 6 mark around the exterior except at the doors.

Roof : calculate volume as 200 x 200 x 1 = 4,000 cu ft of dirt Sides: calculate volume using area of triangle x liner feet

6 x 6 x .5 = 18 cu ft per linear foot 200 + 200 + 200+ 200 9 = 791 linear feet.

18 x 791 = 14,238 cu ft Total volume needed = 18, 238 cu ft or 676 cu yds (56 dump trucks @ 12 cu yd) Other materials needed: plywood to cover 22 windows & 225 support posts.

F ll t Sh lt R di


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Fallout Shelter Readiness

Operational Readiness means your shelter is ready for use. To do this:

1. Determine what shielding capabilities the structure has. Upgrade the

shielding if practical.

2. Integrate Medical Operations & Shelter Operations with Chief Ops Officer.

3. Select, train and assign Shelter Managers and Radiological Monitors.

4. As available, stock shelters with water, sanitation/hygiene & first aid

supplies & food plus radiological monitoring instruments provided by EMA.

5. SM fills all shelter staff positions and begin Shelter Team training/functions.

6. Coordinate Shelter Readiness activities with EMA.


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Improvising Radiation Protection video

Attack Warning Signals Methods


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Attack Warning Signals - Methods

EAS, Emergency Alert System

TV

Radio

NOAA Weather Radio

Outdoor Warning Sirens

Cable & Satellite TV/Radio

Internet, Blackberry, etc.

Pager, PDA, etc., etc

Attack Warning Signals


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Attack Warning Signals

Outdoor Warning Sirens

Attack Warning Signal - a 3 to 5 minute wavering siren means

that an actual attack or missile launch against the US has been

detected;take protective action immediately.This signal will be

used for no other purpose and will have no other meaning.

Alert Signal - is a 3 to 5 minute steady siren means turn on your

radio or television and listen for emergency information and

instructions. This signal is typically used to during Tornado

Warnings or other peacetime emergencies such as a HazardousMaterial release.



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The EOC serves as the seat of government during an emergency.

An EOC must have:

Protection from fallout radiation (FPF of 100 recommended; new EOC is ~ 60)

Warning systems to notify the public. The EOC can activate the EAS and has

outdoor warning siren coverage of ~80% county population.

Communications with local and state government agencies and with Fallout

Shelters through the Shelter Complex Headquarters. (phones, radios & runners)

Trained staff from local government agencies & RACES

Equipment & supplies (if time allows, shelters stocked during Increased

Readinessotherwise everyone brings their own supplies!)



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Module 2

Organizing for Survival

Shelter Organization


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Shelter Organization

The Shelter Manager is responsible for organizing shelterees into

specialized teams capable of group survival.

These teams are:

Leadership Teams

Management (Task) Teams

Groups of people (your families plus patients & their families)

2.2A and 2.2A1

Organization at Entry and After


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Organization at Entry and After . . .

At entry, the shelter organization need not be in its final, permanent

form since it exists only to meet the requirements of the shelter

Entry period. These requirements are:

Security & Traffic teams to screen people coming into the shelter (fill

innermost areas first, working back to entrance) and take head count.

Traffic Assistants to aid the Leader & direct traffic.

Security, Medical, Communications, Safety and Sanitation Teams.

Other required team(s), depending on circumstances.

2.2B1

F ll t Sh lt M Kit


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Fallout Shelter Managers Kit

A written plan on how to organize your shelter.

Shelter Groups


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Shelter Groups

The needs of everyone are met by organizing and exerting leadership

through four groups:

Core Management Staff

Task Teams

Community Groups

Advisory Committee

2.2Cx

Tailoring: Meeting Your Needs


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Tailoring: Meeting Your Needs

The Form your shelter organization will take depends on:

The size of the shelter;

The shape of the shelter and contiguous shelter areas (e.g. separated building wings

or floors, etc.);

Capability of the shelter as limited by its structure (e.g., an unventilated basement)and its supplies (e.g., ample vs. scarce water);

Availability of trained people for team positions;

The shelterees themselves; how well they know each other, community spirit, etc. . .

For Critical Facilitiesyour mission.2.2D2

Shelter Organization Chart (ICS compliant)


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g ( p )

Relationships Between Shelter Groups


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Relationships Between Shelter Groups

Community Groups

The Community Group head is responsible to see that shelterees participate inshelter activities.

In Critical Facilities, these can be workers arranged in their work units.

2.E 3-5

Task Teams


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Task Teams

Task Teams plan and implement activities such as training, feeding, medical

care, etc.

The Task Team Chief is responsible to assign, train, schedule & supervisemembers of his team. He is responsible for members while they are on dutywith the team.

Considerations for team assignments:

Assign off-duty staff Reunite family or friends Rotate assignments or unpleasant tasks Give variety to the routine Gain better cooperation

Give it a rest!

In Critical Facilitiesto accomplish the mission.

S l D il S h d l


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Sample Daily SchedulesSample Daily Schedule

0700 Wake up

0730 * Breakfast0830 Clean up

0900 Sick Call0930 Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation

1000 Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate1030 Training1100 Training. Education for school children1130 Free time for quiet activities

Noon * Lunch1230

1300 Clean up

1330 Information and Training session1400 Education for school children

1430 Emergency Drill1500 Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate1530 Recreation activities1600

16301700 * Dinner

17301800 Clean up

1830 Daily Briefing1900 Training session

1930 Recreation activities

2000

2030 Free time for quiet activities2100

2130 Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate2200 Free time for quiet activities

2230 Prepare for sleep

2300 Lights out

If water is rationed, include Water Distribution,Washing and Hygiene periods.

* If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals,with smaller portions, for morale purposes.

Sample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts

Shift A

Sleep

Wake up

BreakfastClean upSick CallGroup meeting or Sick CallCoffee BreakTrainingTraining or EducationFree time for quiet activitiesLunch

Clean upTraining

Coffee BreakQuiet recreation

Free time

Dinner

Clean upFree timeRecreation

Daily briefingTraining

Emergency DrillCoffee Break

Free time for quiet activities

Prepare for sleep

Sleep

Time

003001000130020002300300033004000430050005300600063007000730

08000830090009301000103011001130Noon1230130013301400143015001530160016301700173018001830190019302000203021002130220022302300

23302400

Shift B


Free time for quiet activitiesDinner

Clean upTrainingTraining or EducationFree time for quiet activities

Group meetingCoffee BreakQuiet recreation

Free time for quiet activitiesPrepare for sleepSleep

Wake upBreakfast

Clean upSick Call


Emergency DrillCoffee BreakFree time for quiet activitiesLunch

Clean up

Training

Shift A

Sleep

Wake up

BreakfastClean upSick CallGroup meeting or Sick CallCoffee BreakTrainingTraining or EducationFree time for quiet activitiesLunch

Clean upTraining


Free time

Dinner





Prepare for sleep

Sleep

Time

003001000130020002300300033004000430050005300600063007000730

08000830090009301000103011001130Noon1230130013301400143015001530160016301700173018001830190019302000203021002130220022302300

23302400

Shift B






Wake upBreakfast

Clean upSick Call



Clean up

Training

Registration


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Registration

Registration is the best means for obtaining information to:

Identify & define skills & talents among the shelterees (in addition to jobskills.)

Provide data for assigning people to Task Teams & Community Groups.

Aid in reuniting families, return of personal property & taking the sheltercensus.

The Administrative Team keeps shelter records. At entry, get only theessential information; wait for a more appropriate time to completeRegistration Forms.

In Critical Facilities, spouses, children, relatives & friends of employeesmust be expected, accommodated and organized! Put them to use!

2F

_________ Department of Human Resources


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p

Form EWS-1

Shelter Staff Identification


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Shelter Staff Identification

The Shelter Manager and his staff should be identified by some

distinctive method. People will instinctively look to you for help &direction.

Such distinctive methods include labeled headgear, vests or armbands.Labels are included in the Shelter Kit.

Individual Shelterees should be identified by a name tag or improvisedlabel. This helps break the ice and makes it easier for people to worktogether.

In Critical Facilities, the Shelter Manager may be the Director or thefunction may be delegated.

2FB

Organizing Shelter Resources


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Organizing Shelter Resources

1. Centralized supply management.

2. Decentralized Supply Management

- Functional

- Area

3. Combined Supply Management

2G

Managing Shelter Supplies


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Managing Shelter Supplies

Sources of Supplies:

Supplies normally kept in the building

Supplies belonging to and brought in by shelterees

Supplies stocked during Increased Readiness

Improvised supplies

External sources, when safe

2.H23

Managing Shelter Supplies Contd


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Managing Shelter Supplies, Cont d

Inventorying Supplies:

The Shelter Manager should inventory all supplies and materials as

soon as possible after entry.

Prepare to ration supplies for a 14 day stay

Develop multiple uses for supplies & materials

2.H23

Managing Shelter Supplies Contd


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Managing Shelter Supplies, Cont d

Distributing Shelter Supplies:

1. Fixed Point method

2. Moving Point Method

3. Combined method

2.H23

Shelter Records - 1


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Shelter Records 1

A Shelter Log is kept by the Administrative Team to record:

1. Changes in vital statistics: census; births & deaths

2. Medical events & treatments

3. Serious violations of Shelter Rules

4. Major management decisions5. Daily summary of shelter status & problems

2.I4-6

Shelter Records - 2


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Shelter Records 2

A Communications Log is Kept by the Communications Team

1. Allmessages are entered in the log.

2. Keep separate logs for Incoming and Outgoing messages.

Shelter Records - 3


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Shelter Records 3

Medical records are kept by the Medical Team

1. Record the names of those with medical problems, their symptoms,

medication & treatment.

2. Deaths and circumstances are recorded

Shelter Records - 4


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Shelter Records 4

A Supply Status Summary is kept by the Supply Team:

1. Record the Inventory of all Shelter Supplies

2. Provide a running account (e.g. at end of each day) of all supplies.

Shelter Records - 5


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Shelter Records 5

A Radiation Monitoring Log is kept by the Radiological Monitor

1. Enter shelter survey dose rates, best protected area and FPF data.

2. Enter readings, by area on radiation levels & accumulated exposures.

3. Record the daily and accumulated dose for each shelteree.

Shelter Records - 5A


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Shelter Records 5A

Survey Shelter Meter Reading Chart

(add chart)

Video - Using Radiological Instruments in a Fallout Shelter

Management of Private Property


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a ag va p y

Bulky items should be excluded to save space; store in non-shelter areas.

Pets should be excluded from the occupied shelter area for sanitation &

safety reasonsBUTmay be put in surplus shelter areas or non-shelter

areas. Alternate: leave pets in cars

Care & feeding by owners should be allowed & encouraged.

Encourage the donation of personal items if they help achieve the goal of

group survival.

Drugs, alcohol and weapons can be viewed positively as survival

supplies rather than as dangerous or personal possessions.

Private Property, Contd


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p y,

Personal items that may be useful include:

Beverages Notebooks Shovels Clothing

Gloves Cell phones, Blackberries Axes Medicine

Pens & pencils Knives Games Rope, wire, string

Utensils Radios, DVDs, iPods Hammers Books

Cleaners Flashlights Tools ToysBatteries Laptops, PDAs Diapers Soap

Towels Nails, nuts & bolts Bedding Food

Whats in your car? 2.J

Social Control in a Shelter


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Social Control in a ShelterHint: This Is the Most Important Concept in This Course!

Every society has rules.

Social Controlis the way the group makes, communicates & enforces these rules.

The Shelter Manager must develop a plan for shelter living containing a Scheduleand set of Rules encompassing all shelter activities.

This plan must be presented to and accepted by the shelterees!

TheAdvisory Committee is the key to success. The Advisory Committee, made upof mature, grounded individuals selected from the Community Groups, can be a

focus of feedback from the Community Groups - and a source of information to thegroups. The Advisory Committee can exert calm, purpose, leadership, persuasion,morale building & moral authority, etc. to support the Manger.

The Importance of Social Control


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p

The Shelter Plan evokes confidence & a sense of security among

shelterees by assuring them the highest standards of society willgovern their stay.

It also makes the future somewhat predictable by showing what they

must do to increase their chances of survival.

2.K.

Establishing Shelter Rules


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g

Every aspect of shelter living should be governed by rules, including:

1. Entering and leaving the shelter.

2. The use of all equipment and tools.

3. All daily activities: meals; recreation; sanitation, sleeping . . .

4. Potential troublesome behavior: fighting, quarreling, gambling; gang

activity; alcohol or drug use; smoking, sexual behavior, etc.

2.L.1

Developing Shelter Rules


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p g

1. Develop rules early, in advance of a problem.

Proactive is much better than reactive.

2. Some rules may be elective, others prescribed.

3. Determine if a rule fulfills its intended purpose.

4. Coordinate rules so they don't conflict.

5. Make only necessary rules. If it aint broke . . .

2.L.2

Maintaining Order in the Shelter


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g

Identify and respond to potential problems before a rule is broken.

Evaluate the seriousness of a rule violation.

Corrective action should be in proportion to the offense.

Reproof Physical Restraint .

Counsel Arrest

Make clear you are concerned with group survival, not punishing

one individual.

Violent responses or expulsion from the Shelter arenot recommended.

If restraint is warranted, wrap person in sheets & bind with belts, rope, etc.

and set a 24/7 watch on him/them in a isolated, secure area.

2.M

The Shelter Schedule


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The schedule should be developed by your core management staff as soon as

possible after Entry.

Guidelines:

1. Limit activities to an hour or less because of reduced attention span & fatigue.

2. Spread activities throughout the day for variety.

3. Schedule training when shelterees are most alert.

4. Allow daytime nap & rest periods.

5. Provide several snack breaks.

2.N.1-2

Shelter Schedule - 1 Shift


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Shelter Schedule 1 ShiftSample Daily Schedule

0700 Wake up

0730 * Breakfast0830 Clean up0900 Sick Call0930 Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation

1000 Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate1030 Training1100 Training. Education for school children1130 Free time for quiet activitiesNoon * Lunch12301300 Clean up

1330 Information and Training session

1400 Education for school children1430 Emergency Drill1500 Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate1530 Recreation activities1600

16301700 * Dinner17301800 Clean up1830 Daily Briefing1900 Training session1930 Recreation activities

20002030 Free time for quiet activities21002130 Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate2200 Free time for quiet activities2230 Prepare for sleep

2300 Lights out

If water is rationed, include Water Distribution,Washing and Hygiene periods.

* If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals,with smaller portions, for morale purposes.

Shelter Schedule - 2 Shifts


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Shelter Schedule 2 ShiftsSample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts

Shift A

Sleep

Wake upBreakfastClean upSick CallGroup meeting or Sick CallCoffee BreakTrainingTraining or EducationFree time for quiet activitiesLunch

Clean upTraining


Free time

Dinner





Prepare for sleepSleep

Time003001000130

02000230030003300400043005000530060006300700073008000830090009301000103011001130Noon1230130013301400143015001530160016301700

17301800183019001930200020302100213022002230230023302400

Shift BCoffee BreakQuiet recreation





Wake up

Breakfast

Clean upSick Call



Clean upTraining

Shift A

Sleep

Wake upBreakfastClean upSick CallGroup meeting or Sick CallCoffee BreakTrainingTraining or EducationFree time for quiet activitiesLunch

Clean upTraining


Free time

Dinner





Prepare for sleepSleep

Time003001000130

02000230030003300400043005000530060006300700073008000830090009301000103011001130Noon1230130013301400143015001530160016301700

17301800183019001930200020302100213022002230230023302400

Shift BCoffee BreakQuiet recreation





Wake up

Breakfast

Clean upSick Call



Clean upTraining



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g

Module 3

Managing Critical Resources

Atmosphere and Temperature


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p p

Three goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Maintain the temperature of the shelter within survival limits.

2. Control critical components in the atmosphere.

3. Control potentially lethal or noxious substances.

3.A2-3

Atmosphere and Temperature - 2


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Air exchange is by means of:

1. Natural ventilation

2. Forced ventilation

Effective Temperature, ET


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ET is a measure of temperature, humidity and air movement combined.

People are much more comfortable at high temperature with low humidity

and air movement than in high humidity or still air.

ET may greatly lower the shelter capacity - far, far below nominal capacity!

Managing Effective Temperature in


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a Shelter

One average size male produces 70,000 calories/hour or 288 BTU/hr at rest.

One hundred average-size males can produce 28,800+ BTU/hr.

The output of the average home heating system is 30-40,000 BTU/hr.

In a shelter, people are allotted space at the rate of 10 sq. ft/person; 100

people in 1,000 sq. ft. Imagine the constant heat output of the average

house in 1/2 its volume!

-Where does the excess heat go?

-How does it affect people?

-How do you manage it?

Heat build up will be tremendous in areas with restricted airflow!

Comfort Fatigue Irritability Health Heat stroke & death possible.

Zones of Equal Ventilation Rates in CFM per Person for 90%

Reliability of Not Exceeding 82o ET


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Reliability of Not Exceeding 82 ET

Capacity Vs. Temperature &

V til ti


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Ventilation

Federal Fallout Shelter Standards for ventilation = 3 cfm/person ventilationrate, or 500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated.

Higher than optimum Effective Temperature can lower shelter capacity to

the number of shelterees that do not produce excess temperatures.

Lower than optimum ventilation can lower shelter capacity to the number

of shelterees that dont exceed O2 or CO2 imbalance.

If you must reduce the number of people in your shelter, where

will you send them?

Effective Temperature Ranges


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The range of comfort for Effective Temperature:

50E ET Lower tolerance level if food & clothing available

67-72E ET Normally the most comfortable range

78-85E ET Tolerable, even for long periods

85-90E ET Heat stress progressively worsens

>95E ET Circulatory system collapse, death.

Temperature Control


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Control high temperatures by:

Avoiding heat producing activities

Utilize the initial coolness of the shelter

Ventilation

Control low temperature with:

Warm food & beverages

Body coverings

Physical activity

Bundling

Ventilation Techniques


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Kearny Fan


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Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Imbalance


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Content: Symptoms: Inhale ExhaleO2 21% is normal. 21% 15.3%

14% is threshold Nails & lips blueof danger. Vision Impaired

Reflexes slowGiddyUnconsciousness

8% is fatal. Death

CO2 .03% is normal. .03% 3.5%2-4% Deep breathing

Nausea10% Uncoordination

Unconsciousness15-30% Diminished respiration

Blood pressure falls

Coma, Death

N2 78.4% - 78.4% 75%H2 O varies - typical example - 0.75% 6.2%

3.A 12-13

Noxious Substances


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Gas: Source: Symptoms:

Carbon Monoxide Engine exhaust Flushed, ruddy skin

Tobacco smoke Poor balance

Open flames Faint

Unconsciousness

Death

Methane , CH4 Decomposing Combines with 02 to

(Explosive!) human waste deplete 02 supply.

Other gasses, Cleaning agents Dangerous in a closed,

fumes, vapors Solvents poorly ventilated shelter

Degreasers

Batteries

Fire Extinguishers, etc.

3.B1-2

Water


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Three goals of the shelter manager:

1. Control the use & distribution of water.2. Secure & make drinkable alternate water sources3. Control water consumption.

1 Quart of water/day/person is the recommended ration.

This is below what people normally need but is acceptable as anaustere ration when:

Temperature and humidity are close to optimum, Physical activity is restricted,

Salty or protein rich foods are eliminated, and Disease/injury that increase the need for water are absent.

3.B 1-2

Water-2


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Water is essential for life. When deprived of water, the physical damage

to the body becomes irreversible; after 4 or 5 days without, water willnot help a person recover.

Symptoms of water deprivation are:

1. Impaired mental function,

2. Confusion, and

3. Hallucination

3.B 1-2A

Water - an Essential Need


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Trips outside the shelter to get water before radiation levels are safe

must be considered.

Control of shelterees may be difficult if the water ration is very low orif they feel distribution is unfair or unwise.

Sources of Water:

1. Containers issued during Increased Readiness.2. Water system of the shelter building.3. Juice in canned foods.4. Water mains, fire hydrants, wells, streams, ponds, etc.

The water may have to be purified, filtered or decontaminated forbiological organisms & hazardous chemicals. Fallout is nearlyinsoluble in water & is easily filtered out with, e.g., a towel.

Water Rationing


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"An Equal Amount For All is generally the best rule.

Exceptions:

1. Team members involved in strenuous physical activity.

2. Diabetics, burn victims, the injured, etc.

3. Infants, nursing mothers, etc.

3.B 8-9

Water Rationing - 2


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Serve at regular intervals, up to 6 times a day.

If practical, keep a "water log" for each individual to allow more

flexibility in rationing.

Issue each individual a drinking cup; mark it keep it in a safe place to

use for the entire shelter stay.

Restrict the use of water for other purposes such as hygiene, sanitation,

fire fighting or decontamination.

Safety


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1. Be able to meet such environmental emergencies as:

- Fire, toxic fumes, smoke, & oxygen depletion

- Structural damage

- Panic among the shelterees

2. Organize a safety program.

3. Prepare shelterees to respond to emergencies.

3.C. 1-3

Safety - Entry Phase


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At entry, inspect the building - both shelter & non-shelter parts - to

eliminate fire hazards; to gather fire extinguishers, tools and othersmaterials and to gain a knowledge of the building layout.

3.C. 1-3A

Safety - Routine Phase:

P i Sh l


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Preparing Shelterees

Emphasize the importance of fire prevention. If necessary, restrict smoking

and use of flammable materials.

Organize able bodied shelterees to upgrade the shelter.

Set up a 24-hour fire watch. Inspect the shelter for: Exposed wiring

Dangerous Machinery

Oxygen containers, first aid kits, foodstuffs & other usable items, etc.

Flammable, volatile substances and other hazards, etc.

Fire exits

Drill shelterees in evacuation procedures3.C. 1-3B

Fire Extinguishers


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Preferred types:

- Dry chemical- Sand

- Water

OxygenFuelHeat

Types to avoid:

- Carbon dioxide

- Halon systems (Oxygen displacing)

- Carbon tetrachloride (Halon 104; now illegal )

- Bromotriflouroumethane (Halon 1301)

- Soda Acid (now illegal but may be in older buildings)

Food


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1. Control and distribute food.

2. Keep food edible.

3. Meet the special needs of infants, the elderly, the sick and the injured.

Sources of Food


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Food may be stocked during Increased Readiness from commercial

suppliers.

Food may be brought by people entering the shelter.

Some food may already be in the shelter building.

Rationing may be required; ashelter census, an inventory and the

estimated length of shelter stay are necessary.

Hold some food in reserve for the unexpected: spoilage, overcrowding

or a longer than expected stay.

Food Rationing


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An equal portion for all is again generally best. The same exceptions

in water rationing may apply.

Meals should be served on a regular schedule, 5 or 6 times a day in

conjunction with the water serving.

Be flexible: if possible, keep a food account for each individual.

Food Preparation Problems


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Extra water needed for preparation & cleanup.

Procedures needed for cleanup, garbage disposal & spoilage prevention.

Some foods may need to be heated.

Individual utensils will be required.

Feeding may have to be done in shifts.

Sleep


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1. Designate a sleep area, group & position the people.

2. Provide bedding and other equipment.

3. Control nighttime disturbances, etc.

Sleeping Arrangements


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A single shift for sleep is best.

Have designated sleep period (s) and control other activities.

Partition or isolate the sleep area from the rest of the shelter.

Group sleepers on the basis of marital status, age and sex.

Position sleepers head-to-toe.

3.E 3-7

Sleeping Arrangements


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Sanitation


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1. Provide an adequate number of toilets (& TP).

2. Maintain shelter cleanliness.

3. Allow those personal hygiene activities that can be permitted.

Sanitation Considerations . . .


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1. Isolate the toilet area from all other areas and, if possible, near an

exhaust vent to control odors & fumes.

2. Establish these guidelines to insure fire safety, good health, hygiene

and high morale:

Remove trash & garbage from the living areas ASAP.

Hold regular cleanups, especially after each meal.

Devise secondary uses for reusable items.

Do not use water for cleaning or hygiene unless the supply is

unlimited and humidity no problem.

3.F.

Medical


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Four goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Establish a medical capability. Integrate that capability into the facility.

2. Detect sickness, injury & other medical problems.

3. Treat those sicknesses and injuries.

4. Set up a preventive medicine program.

3.GI4A

Medical Supplies


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Hospitals/clinics have extensive array of medical supplies.

Some public shelters will have First Aid supplies already there.

Some supplies, such as bandages, can be improvised.

Some shelterees, such as diabetics, can be expected to bring their ownmedicines and may share them.

First Aid supplies may be distributed in Increased Readiness.

3.GI4B

Managing Medical Supplies


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Medical supplies should be controlled and distributed by one specific

member of the Medical Team.

Keep medicines under a 24-hour watch; keep a running inventory.

Give only the immediate dosage.See that all medicines are taken on the

spot, in the presence of the Medical Team.

Record each patient's medication in the Medical Log.

3.GI4C

Medical Staff


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Identify those with a medical background at Registration. Assign them

based on qualifications.

There is no plan to send doctors, nurses or EMTs to shelters.

3.GI4D

Medical Operations


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A separate "sickbay" should be created and isolated from the Medical Team

examination, diagnosis & treatment area.

This isolated sickbay:1. Allows easier & better care.2. Reduces the spread of contagious diseases.3. Reduces the demoralizing effect of sickness on the rest of the shelterees.

A system for detection & diagnosis should be instituted:1. At entry; screen shelterees by trained medical staff as available.2. After entry; sick persons report to the examination & treatment area.3. Daily; at a scheduled Sick Call.4. Daily; with medical rounds throughout the shelter medical continued.

3.GI4E

Medical Priorities


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Treat all shelterees who have medical problems. But, if there are not

supplies or medical staff to give everyone attention, then the ShelterManager must establish a system of priorities...

Such a system of priority treatment already exists and can be adapted to the

fallout shelter. The system is called Triage(French "to Sort).

Triage categories, in order of treatment priority, are suggested:

Immediate Immediate treatment will save life.

Delayed Non-life threatening injury; treatment can wait.

Expectant Mortally wounded; treatment will not succeed.

Dead Set aside until burial/disposal can be arranged.

3.G 2-13A

Medical - Mortuary


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In event of death:

Record the death & the circumstances in the Shelter Log

Give personal effects to the family or store them

If the family requests, hold a simple religious ceremony

Attach durable identification to the body, wrap it securely and remove it fromthe shelter area.

Protect against vermin/scavengers

Consult with the EOC before burial. EOC will arrange collection when safe.

3.6

Incidence of Illness in The Population


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Chronic Conditions Percent Afflicted

Arthritis and Rheumatism 25-39 (of adults)Asthma and Hay Fever 12High Blood Pressure 11Heart Conditions 7Diabetes 5Chronic Bronchitis 3Peptic Ulcer 2Diabetes 2Pregnancy 2Epilepsy 0.5

Acute Illnesses in 3-month Period Percent Afflicted

Respiratory Ailments, Winter 47Respiratory Ailments, Summer 15Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Winter 7Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Summer 5Digestive Ailments 3Other 16

Light and Power


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Three goals of the Shelter Manager are:

1. Insure as many portable auxiliary lighting devices are brought into the

shelter at entry as possible.

2. Control the use of emergency power should normal power fail.

3. Provide sufficient light in each different shelter area for each particular

shelter task.

Sources of Emergency Lighting


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Auxiliary generators.

Battery powered lighting.

Non-Electric lighting.

If insufficient lighting exists, this means periods of planned darkness.

3.H 145

Communications


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The three goals of the Shelter Manager are:

1. Establish a capability for both in-shelter and external communications.

2. Have regular briefings with the shelter population

3. Allow shelterees to communicate with you

3.I 1-6A

In-shelter Communications


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Megaphone

Written notices "broadsides"

PA system, intercom etc.

Town Cryer

3.I 1-6B

External Communications


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Telephones/cell phones

Two-way radios

Messengers, once it Is safe

3.I 1-6C

Communications Coming Into the Shelter


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1. Emergency Alert System (EAS) radio on AM & FM bands

2. NOAA Weather radio

3. Emergency Operations Center (EOC), or

3. Shelter Complex Headquarters (SCH), or

4. Other shelters.

5. Functioning cell phone, pager, wireless internet & other systems, etc.

The SM's Role in Evaluating Messages


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The Shelter Manager must evaluate all incoming messages & decide whenand how to pass the information on to the shelterees.

The Shelter Manger probably will not have a monopoly on all information

coming into the shelter if cell phones or radio/TV service exists. Shelter

Manager will get information from EOC to enable him to counter rumors &false reports.

Information available to the Shelter Manager pertaining to shelter living,

even if incomplete, should not be withheld. Only technical or other

incidental data should not be relayed.

3.I

Communicating With the ShelterPopulation


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Entry: Tell people where to go in the shelter, what to do and reassurethem about its protective capability. Traffic Assistants and/or

early briefings can accomplish this.

Routine: Hold regular briefings, at least once a day, to update shelterees.

Relay at once emergency information or that requiringimmediate action.

Use a prearranged signal (e.g. whistle) to get attention.

For routine messages, use the chain of command & group sessions.

Emergence: Continue briefings: emphasize the importance of returning tothe shelter to eat & sleep, etc., until it is safe to leave permanently.

3.I 9

Training


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The Two goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Establish a training program.

2. Motivate the shelterees to participate.

The training should:

Provide shelterees with factual information about their current statusand what is likely to occur in the future.

Teach each person how to do his job on a Task Team and how to get

along with other shelterees.

Prepare the people for survival in the post-attack world.

Guidelines for Training


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Course content should be meaningful and useful.

Keep a slow pace; use short, 30-minute sessions, and plan to use theestimated length of shelter stay.

Encourage shelteree participation; vary training methods

Training priorities:1. Core management and Task Teams2. Shelterees, on rules & procedures3. Shelterees, on post-attack living4. Children with normal education.

Begin training sessions after the shelter is organized. the schedule is

working and the Training Team selected and prepared.

3.JA

Psychological Support


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The two goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Help alleviate mental anguish.

2. Prevent problems from becoming overwhelming.

Psychological support makes positive use of the basic human instinct

for self preservation.

3.KA

Sources of Psychological Support


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Effective management builds confidence & trust.

Sympathetic & friendly interaction with others.

Goal oriented behavior.

Use of psychological first aid to treat maladaptive responses.

3.KB

Psychological First Aid


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Psychological first aid is the immediate support given to persons in emotional

fallout shelter management course mmrs - aug 2006 final- generic

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