fall of the ottoman empire began in the 1700’s with the loss of greece and north africa wwi:...
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Fall of the Ottoman Empire• Began in the 1700’s with the loss
of Greece and North Africa
• WWI: Ottomans & Germans were allies
• Ottomans killed a million Christian Armenians – Armenian Genocide
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Fall of the Ottoman Empire• British and French forces convince Arabs
to revolt against the Ottomans
• At the end of WWI, the Ottoman Empire collapsed
• Turkey was all that was left under Ottoman control
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Modernization of Turkey• By 1923, the Last
Ottoman Sultan was driven out of Turkey
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk became President and transformed Turkey into a modern state
• Kemal modernized the Turkish Language
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Modernization of Turkey• Kemal forced people to adopt last names
• Kemal outlawed all Muslim customs & traditions
• Kemal gave equal rights to women the right to vote
• Kemal’s changes to Turkey were lasting and profound
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The Beginning of Modern Iran• A similar process was
underway in Persia
• In 1908 oil was discovered in Persia - foreign investors flooded the country – most of the money was taken by
foreigners
• This led to a Persian nationalist movement
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The Beginning of Modern Iran• 1925- Reza Khan takes over
the government and becomes Shah – Reza Shah Pahlavi
• Khan follows Kemal’s example and modernizes Persia - renames country Iran
• During WWII the Shah harbors a large number of Nazi’s in Iran
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Different Kind of Conflict
• Different kind of conflict erupted in Iran
• Revolution ousted shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Society Changed
• By 1970s, Iran had changed from traditional rural society
• Had become more industrialized, urban society
Westernization of Iran
• Shah had close ties with Western governments, oil companies
• Iran westernized, foreign influence grew
Islamists Opposed Shah
• Islamists opposed shah because he promoted a culture of greed and materialism (Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini)
Revolution in Iran
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• 1979, Iranian revolutionaries seized U.S. embassy in Tehran, took 66 Americans hostage
• Iranians demanded shah be returned to Iran, stand trial
• Shah left U.S., but Iranians held hostages until January, 1981
American Hostages
• Under Khomeini, government suppressed political opposition, enforced strict social religious values
• Foreign policy strongly anti-Western, especially after shah went to U.S. for medical treatment
Khomeini’s Reign
Khomeini’s Reign
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As Iran’s new government was dealing with the hostage crisis, it found itself at war with its neighbor, Iraq.
• 1980, Iraq attacked Iran because of border disputes
• War long, costly; as many as 500,000 dead on both sides - Iraq used chemical weapons
• 1988, both sides agreed to cease-fire
Iran-Iraq War
• After cease-fire, Saddam Hussein continued to build up Iraq’s military
• 1990, Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into Iraqi oil field, stealing oil
• Hussein used this as excuse to invade Kuwait
Persian Gulf War
Conflict in Iraq
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Insurgent attacks by different groups from both inside and outside Iraq caused a greater number of casualties.
• After attacks of September 11, 2001, some U.S. leaders believed Saddam Hussein posed a greater threat to America than before
• Hussein might have deadly weapons he could give to terrorists
• UN weapons inspections did not find stockpiles of chemical, biological, nuclear weapons
• Iraq again did not fully cooperate
• Some U.S. officials convinced Hussein hiding weapons
Weapons Inspections
The Iraq War
• 2003, another U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq, forcing Hussein out
• Efforts to restore peace thwarted
• Growing insurgency targeted coalition forces, Iraqi allies, innocent civilians
Growing Insurgency
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Coalition Government
Meanwhile, coalition worked to create new, democratic government in Iraq
• 2004, power transferred to Iraqis
• 2005, Iraqis voted in country’s first multiparty election in fifty years
– Later approved new constitution to make Iraq Islamic federal democracy
• Continued violence, potential for civil war made country’s future highly uncertain
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Arab Nationalism• Arabs are a group of people united by language
• Promised independence after WWI
• Britain and France end up controlling the Arab mandates of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria
• These mandates controlled everything
• This began the cry for Arab Unity
• 1932 Saudi Arabia is formed and is very poor
• 1930’s oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia and soon became very wealthy
• 1958 to 1961 – United Arab Republic formed between Egypt and Syria
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Islamic Revivalism
• Movement to reassert Muslim identity and values
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The “Problem” of Palestine • Great Britain controlled the
mandate of Palestine after WWI*
• 1917 - Britain issues the Balfour Declaration which supports the idea of a Jewish homeland
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The “Problem” of Palestine cont.
• Palestine at the time was 98% Muslim and they were angry
• Jewish settlers begin to arrive as Nazi persecution increased
• Tensions between Jews and Muslims also increased in Palestine
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Arab-Israeli War of 1948• UN Resolution proposed that would create a
Arab state and a Jewish state by dividing the Palestine mandate
• 14 May 1948: Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion declares that Israel is an independent state.
• Fate of 700k Palestinian refugees is left undecided – creation of a Palestinian state is still an important issue
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Suez War of 1956• Israelis feel threatened by arms build up and
launch pre-emptive strike against Egypt.– Attack and seize the Sinai and Gaza Strip.
• Relinquished in 1957.
• French and British retake Suez Canal which Egypt (under Nasser) had seized several months earlier.
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Six Day War• 5-10 June 1967• Egypt, Jordan, and Syria begin military
mobilization.• Israel launches surprise pre-emptive
strike.• UN arranges cease-fire, but terms did
not specify exactly what land Israel was required to give up.
Land added to Israel: Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, and Golan Heights = tripled it’s size
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Yom Kippur War• 6 Oct 1973 Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack on holiest
day of Jewish year.
• How does this affect the rest of the world?– OPEC raises prices for foreign countries
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Arafat and the PLO• Yasir Arafat forms Al-Fatah (Palestinian
National Liberation Front) in 1959.– Goal was to liberate Palestine from Israel
through guerilla warfare.
• Variety of Palestinian factions form the militant group - Palestinian Liberation Organization in 1964.– Arafat becomes chairman in 1969.– Charter calls for elimination of state of Israel –
militant group.
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Peace Accords• Camp David 1979
– Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist.
• Oslo Accords 1993– Israel and PLO accept each
other’s right to exist.
• Wye River Accords 1998– Arafat agrees to crack down on
terrorists.– Israel will pull troops back from
occupied territories.
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Security Wall
• Temporary security measure?
• Route to further annexation of “Palestinian land”?
• Justifiable? Just?
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What does the wall look like? Here it is!
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Hamas Victory in Palestinian Elections
• Fundamentalist group that wants to establish an Islamic state on what it considers "historic Palestine," including modern-day Israel.
• Political wing won a landslide victory in Palestinian parliamentary elections
• Charter calls for Israel’s destruction
• Should Hamas be recognized by the international community?
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On-going violence since 2000
• According to BBC:– 3,300 Palestinians killed by
Israelis
– 1,000 Israelis killed by Palestinians
– Most Pal. deaths by Israeli military
– Most Israeli deaths by acts of terrorism
• Can peace be made while violence persists?
• What will stop the violence?
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How Should the U.S. Effectively Use its Power?
• Policeman?– Enforcer of laws
• Nation-builder?– Democratization
• Humanitarian?• Imperialist?• Peace Keeper?
– Disinterested 3rd Party
• Stay out!