fair value accounting
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Casualty Loss Reserve Seminar. Fair Value Accounting. Mike Grillaert KPMG LLP September 23, 2002. Fair Value at the FASB. FASB began fair value project in 1986 SFAS No. 107, Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments, issued in 1991 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Fair Value AccountingFair Value Accounting
Mike Grillaert
KPMG LLP
September 23, 2002
Mike Grillaert
KPMG LLP
September 23, 2002
Casualty Loss Reserve Seminar
Fair Value at the FASBFair Value at the FASB
FASB began fair value project in 1986
SFAS No. 107, Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments, issued in 1991
SFAS No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, issued in 1993
SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, issued in 1998
FASB Concepts Statement No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value Accounting Measurements, issued in 2000
A comprehensive Exposure Draft to come, but when???
FASB began fair value project in 1986
SFAS No. 107, Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments, issued in 1991
SFAS No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, issued in 1993
SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, issued in 1998
FASB Concepts Statement No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value Accounting Measurements, issued in 2000
A comprehensive Exposure Draft to come, but when???
Fair Value: The FASB’s Ultimate GoalFair Value: The FASB’s Ultimate Goal
Paragraph 334 of Statement 133 . . .
The Board is committed to work diligently toward resolving , in a timely manner, the conceptual and practical issues related to determining the fair values of financial instruments and portfolios of financial instruments. Techniques for refining the measurement of the fair values of all financial instruments continue to develop at a rapid pace, and the Board believes that all financial instruments should be carried in the statement of financial position at fair value when the conceptual and measurement issues are resolved.
Paragraph 334 of Statement 133 . . .
The Board is committed to work diligently toward resolving , in a timely manner, the conceptual and practical issues related to determining the fair values of financial instruments and portfolios of financial instruments. Techniques for refining the measurement of the fair values of all financial instruments continue to develop at a rapid pace, and the Board believes that all financial instruments should be carried in the statement of financial position at fair value when the conceptual and measurement issues are resolved.
Why Is Fair Value Relevant?Why Is Fair Value Relevant?
Investors and Creditors are primarily interested in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of future net cash flows. Information is relevant if it helps with such an assessment.
Information based on prices that reflect the market’s assessment, under current conditions, of the present values of the future cash flows is more relevant than information based on old market prices.
Investors and Creditors are primarily interested in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of future net cash flows. Information is relevant if it helps with such an assessment.
Information based on prices that reflect the market’s assessment, under current conditions, of the present values of the future cash flows is more relevant than information based on old market prices.
What is Fair Value?What is Fair Value?
Since December of 2001, the FASB has made the following decisions:
Fair value of a financial instrument should be an estimated exit price—the price that would have been received or paid if it had been sold, exchanged, or settled on the measurement date.
Commissions paid on acquisitions, originations, sales, incurrences, or settlements of financial instruments should not be included in the determination of fair value; they should be reported as expense in the period in which they are incurred.
The effects of changes in an entity’s own creditworthiness and credit risk premium should be included in determining the fair value of that entity’s liabilities.
Since December of 2001, the FASB has made the following decisions:
Fair value of a financial instrument should be an estimated exit price—the price that would have been received or paid if it had been sold, exchanged, or settled on the measurement date.
Commissions paid on acquisitions, originations, sales, incurrences, or settlements of financial instruments should not be included in the determination of fair value; they should be reported as expense in the period in which they are incurred.
The effects of changes in an entity’s own creditworthiness and credit risk premium should be included in determining the fair value of that entity’s liabilities.
Fair Value and Concept Statement No. 7Fair Value and Concept Statement No. 7
February, 2000—FASB issued Concept Statement No. 107, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements.
Adopted expected value cash flow estimates rather than “most likely” best estimates.
Adopted fair value as measurement objective when employing present value.
Included impact of entity’s own credit standing in the measurement of its liabilities.
February, 2000—FASB issued Concept Statement No. 107, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements.
Adopted expected value cash flow estimates rather than “most likely” best estimates.
Adopted fair value as measurement objective when employing present value.
Included impact of entity’s own credit standing in the measurement of its liabilities.
Fair Value and Concept Statement No. 7 (cont.)
Fair Value and Concept Statement No. 7 (cont.)
Concept statement not an accounting standard, but used to develop new and revised accounting standards.
Concept Statement has been controversial.
FASB has issued 4 “Understanding the Issues” papers to explain its position.
Concept statement not an accounting standard, but used to develop new and revised accounting standards.
Concept Statement has been controversial.
FASB has issued 4 “Understanding the Issues” papers to explain its position.
FASB’s Next StepsFASB’s Next Steps
In March 2002, the Board temporarily suspended deliberations to focus on other, higher priority projects.
In September 2002, the Board expects to recommence deliberations on the scope of the proposed standard. This issue includes:The definition of financial instrumentsNonfinancial instruments that may be included in the
scopeFinancial instruments that may be excluded from the
scopeContracts that are very similar to specific financial
instruments.
In March 2002, the Board temporarily suspended deliberations to focus on other, higher priority projects.
In September 2002, the Board expects to recommence deliberations on the scope of the proposed standard. This issue includes:The definition of financial instrumentsNonfinancial instruments that may be included in the
scopeFinancial instruments that may be excluded from the
scopeContracts that are very similar to specific financial
instruments.
FASB’s Next Steps (cont.)FASB’s Next Steps (cont.)
Other Issues to be addressed in the proposed Exposure Draft:
Form and content of the required disclosure including presentation of changes in fair value
Disclosure of other matters, for example risk exposures, measurement sensitivity, and valuation policies and methods.
Other Issues to be addressed in the proposed Exposure Draft:
Form and content of the required disclosure including presentation of changes in fair value
Disclosure of other matters, for example risk exposures, measurement sensitivity, and valuation policies and methods.
Brief History of IASBrief History of IAS
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has been working since the late 1980s to develop a financial reporting model for all companies.
Framework completed in 1989Standards (IAS) developed since thenAn insurance standard has not been issued
Insurance project started in 1997 “Issues Papers” delivered in 1999 Draft Statement of Principles (DSOP) developed end of 2001 DSOP revision targeted for 2002, most likely end of 2003
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has been working since the late 1980s to develop a financial reporting model for all companies.
Framework completed in 1989Standards (IAS) developed since thenAn insurance standard has not been issued
Insurance project started in 1997 “Issues Papers” delivered in 1999 Draft Statement of Principles (DSOP) developed end of 2001 DSOP revision targeted for 2002, most likely end of 2003
Possible Insurance Contract TreatmentPossible Insurance Contract Treatment
The treatment described in the following slides are mostly the compilations of the thoughts surrounding the direction of IAS for insurance contracts.
Most of the items look to the Draft Statement of Principles and also look to the general IAS Framework for consistency with IAS objectives.
The final insurance contract accounting will likely differ from what is described herein and the differences could be significant.
IAS Definition of Insurance ContractIAS Definition of Insurance Contract
An insurance contract is a contract that exposes the insurer to identified risks of loss from events or circumstances occurring or discovered within a specified period, including death, survival (annuity), sickness, disability, property damage, injury to others, and business interruption.
Deferral & Matching vs Asset/Liability Approach
Deferral & Matching vs Asset/Liability Approach
Deferral and Matching
Not supported in DSOP
Asset & Liability ApproachSupported in DSOP
Fair ValueEntity Specific Value
Under each method, total profit is the same, but the emergence of profit is markedly different
Entity Specific Value – IAS Approach• Value of asset/liability to the firm
that holds it• May reflect factors not available or
relevant to the market• PV = costs firm will incur in settling
liability with PH/beneficiaries• Consistent with IAS 39
Comparison of MethodsComparison of Methods
Deferral & Matching• Emphasis on income statement• Expenses are deferred to match
future income• Profit emerges over term of
contract• No gain on sale
Fair Value – FASB Approach• Value for which asset/liability could
be exchanged between knowledgeable persons in an arms length transaction.
• PV = amount firm would have to pay a third party to assume liability.
Asset & Liability• Emphasis on balance sheet• Profit or loss results from change in
value of assets & liabilities• On initial recognition: provision for
risk and uncertainty• Possible gain on sale
Best estimate assumptions
- Stochastic modeling techniques strongly implied- Probability weighted approach- Options measured using option pricing techniques- No reference to underlying assets (except variable)
Asset/Liability - Entity Specific ValuationAsset/Liability - Entity Specific Valuation
Value of Insurance Contract =PV (all future cash flows including policyholder dividends)
Discount rate should be the risk free rate.
Market value margins (MVM) added to best estimate to adjust for risk and uncertainty.
- How to determine the level of MVM is being heavily debated (level prescribed in insurance standard?, left to company to decide?, left to company to decide?)
Impact for US CompaniesImpact for US Companies
Which Companies are affected?
- Companies listed on EU or Australian exchanges- Companies that report to EU or Australian parents- Companies that report to parents where the regulators are
requiring IAS.- Companies that wish to compare to their peer group, where
similar companies report on an IAS basis
Conversions to IAS are expected to take two phases
- IAS standards other than insurance, including IAS 39 work for insurance companies (by year end 2005)
This work has already started at some companies -- now is the time to get large projects started
- Insurance standard conversions once the standard has been set (estimated effective at year end 2007)
Which Companies are affected?
- Companies listed on EU or Australian exchanges- Companies that report to EU or Australian parents- Companies that report to parents where the regulators are
requiring IAS.- Companies that wish to compare to their peer group, where
similar companies report on an IAS basis
Conversions to IAS are expected to take two phases
- IAS standards other than insurance, including IAS 39 work for insurance companies (by year end 2005)
This work has already started at some companies -- now is the time to get large projects started
- Insurance standard conversions once the standard has been set (estimated effective at year end 2007)
FRR 60 – SEC Cautionary Advice Regarding Disclosure About Critical Accounting PoliciesFRR 60 – SEC Cautionary Advice Regarding
Disclosure About Critical Accounting Policies
Describe “critical” accounting policies
MD&A should be balanced and responsive, and linkages to FS effects should be explained in plain English
Audit committees should review accounting policy selection, application, and disclosure before finalization
Describe “critical” accounting policies
MD&A should be balanced and responsive, and linkages to FS effects should be explained in plain English
Audit committees should review accounting policy selection, application, and disclosure before finalization
Proposed Rule – Critical Accounting Policies
Proposed Rule – Critical Accounting Policies
Proposed rule released May 10, 2002
Issued as follow-up to FRR 60 (still in effect)
Would require a separate caption in MD&A section of annual reports, registration statements and proxy and information statements discussing critical accounting estimates and initial adoption of accounting policies
Proposed rule released May 10, 2002
Issued as follow-up to FRR 60 (still in effect)
Would require a separate caption in MD&A section of annual reports, registration statements and proxy and information statements discussing critical accounting estimates and initial adoption of accounting policies
What is Proposed Disclosure for Critical Accounting Estimates?
What is Proposed Disclosure for Critical Accounting Estimates?
For each critical accounting estimate:
- identify and describe the estimate, assumptions and reasonably likely changes
- Disclose significance to the financial statements and, where material, identification of the line items affected by the estimate;
- identify and discuss segments affected by the estimate (if any);
For each critical accounting estimate:
- identify and describe the estimate, assumptions and reasonably likely changes
- Disclose significance to the financial statements and, where material, identification of the line items affected by the estimate;
- identify and discuss segments affected by the estimate (if any);
What is Proposed Disclosure for Critical Accounting Estimates?
What is Proposed Disclosure for Critical Accounting Estimates?
For each critical accounting estimate:
- provide a quantitative discussion of the sensitivity of reported numbers to changes in estimates, either using possible changes in assumption(s) or a range of estimates;
- a quantitative and qualitative discussion of the changes in estimates for the past three years; and
- Disclose whether or not senior management has discussed the selection of estimates with the audit committee.
For each critical accounting estimate:
- provide a quantitative discussion of the sensitivity of reported numbers to changes in estimates, either using possible changes in assumption(s) or a range of estimates;
- a quantitative and qualitative discussion of the changes in estimates for the past three years; and
- Disclose whether or not senior management has discussed the selection of estimates with the audit committee.