fair use and the visual arts
TRANSCRIPT
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NORMS-SHIFTING FOR DIGITAL AND ONLINE
ARTS PRACTICEPATRICIA AUFDERHEIDE, ARAM SINNREICH AND LOUISA IMPERIALE
OCTOBER, 2016
ASSOCIATION OF INTERNET RESEARCHERS
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SURVEY• A year after creating Code of Best Practices in Fair
Use for the Visual Arts• C. 1900 U.S. respondents • Via College Art Association • Academics, museum professionals, editors, artists• Early career, mid, veteran • Compare with 2013 survey
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QUESTIONS• How high was awareness?
• Did awareness bring trust?
• Did awareness change behavior?
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MAJORITY USE COPYRIGHTED WORK
10.96
35.11
19.84
13.84
15.74
4.41Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Not sure
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ONE-THIRD OF RESPONDENTS AVOID, ABANDON, AND DELAY PROJECTS DUE TO
COPYRIGHT
Avoided or abandoned Delayed0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never Not Sure
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FAIR USE IS UNDERUSEDMore than four-fifths of CAA members use copyrighted work, but only one-fifth employ fair use
whenever they do.
Al-ways0.41
Frequently0.19
Sometimes0.15
Rarely0.13
Never0.11
Unsure0.04
Used copyrighted works
Always41%
Frequently19%
Sometimes15%
Rarely12%
Never11%
Sought permissionAlways
38%
Frequently27%
Sometimes16%
Rarely6%
Never4% Unsure
9%
Relied on fair use
Didn’t alwaysseek permission
Yes (80%)
(59%)
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Absolut
ely ne
cessar
y for
creato
rs_x00
0d_
very u
seful
somew
hat u
seful
Not sur
e
Somew
hat d
amag
ing
Very da
maging
Total
ly unfa
ir for
creato
rs0%
500%1000%1500%2000%2500%3000%3500%
29% 29%
12%
23%
5% 1% 1%
FAIR USE VALUED BUT...“How useful or damaging do you think fair use rights are for creative expression?”
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MANY SEEK OTHER UNLICENSED OPTIONS
Always3%
Fre-quen
tly11%
Sometimes16%
Rarely9%Never
47%
Unsure14%
Used Open License to Share Own
WorkAlways
3%
Fre-quen
tly19%
Sometim
es26%
Rarely13%
Never26%
Unsure14%
Used Others’Openly Licensed
WorkAlways
6%
Fre-quently
36%
Sometimes32%
Rarely10%
Never10%
Unsure5%
Used Others’Public Domain
Work
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RESPONDENTS VALUE CREATIVE COPYING
Series1
91%
90%
82%
89%
82%
68%
Series1
95%
93%
87%
95%
92%
76%
Creative appropriation can be “original”
Creative appropriation shouldn’t necessarily require permission
CAAMembers
DocumentaryFilmmakers
GeneralPopulation
U.S.
Non-U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
Non-U.S.
Non-U.S.
Non-U.S.
Non-U.S.
Non-U.S.
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RESPONDENTS: UNCERTAINTYLIMITS MY CREATIVITY
Yes43%
No57%
What would change:• More appropriative art• Publish more• Share work online• Improve educational
techniques• Fewer
meetings/calls/emails
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2013/2016•Strongly similar overall patterns
•Licensing is still the norm, despite difficulties
•Visual arts professionals have reasons to find alternatives
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CHANGES SINCE THE CODE WAS ISSUED, FEB. 2015
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AWARENESS AND TRUST
64.1%
35.9%
2/3 HAVE HEARD ABOUT THE CODE
67.2%
32.8%
1/3 HAVE TOLD SOMEONE ABOUT IT
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WHO THEY TOLD ABOUT THE CODE
Colleagues Students Administrators Conference Atendees
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
87%
35% 31% 21%
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ASSOCIATIONS ARE POSITIVE“What words would you associate with fair use?”
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CODE USE LEADS TO CHANGE
Yes63%
No37%
Aware of Code
Yes51%
No49%
Used Code
No
No
No38%
Pre-Code14%
Post-Code3%
Pre & Post21%
N/A24%
No41%
Pre-Code16%
Post-Code1%
Pre & Post22%
N/A20%
No29%
Pre-Code15%
Post-Code8%
Pre & Post36%
N/A12%
Employed Fair Use
Yes
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CONCLUSIONS
• Education matters; behavior changes with knowledge, confidence
• Peer support matters; it validates new knowledge
• Institutional action, well publicized, matters
• The newest are most likely to change quickly, but the most veteran are in the best position to teach
• Teachers need to build into curriculum