fad indx 01cnan/bowle/22477_indx.pdf · 2010-06-19 · design of 1075 laterally loaded 1081 load...

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Index

Index terms Links

A Abutment wing walls 698

Active earth pressure 589 in cellular cofferdam 842 Coulomb theory for 594

tables of 597 from earthquakes 640

Mononobe-Okabe Ka 641 in limited backfill zone 620 683 location of resultant 611

resultant not at ⅓ point 614 Trapezoid pressure profile 614

Rankine theory for 601 tables of 603

rupture wedge angle p 591 594 616 with sloping backfill 594 622 soil parameters for 617 from soil with cohesion 605 Theory of Elasticity by 629 663 wall movements for 592

Adhesion of clay on: base of footings 226 686 drilled piers 1066 1068 piles 885 889 walls 620

Aging, soil 22

1170 Index terms Links

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Alignment: of piers 1063 of piles 106

Allowable concrete stresses (see Reinforced concrete)

Anchor bolts 425 431 for ring 493

Anchored sheetpiling 745 anchors 771 block anchors for 775 778

locating 779 tieback anchors 762 775 proof-testing 777 779

computer program for 741 free-earth method for 725 Rowe’s moment reduction 738 safety factors for 737 746 soil state (drained, undrained) 734

Angle of internal friction ∅ 90 100 180 594 686

in cofferdam fill 836 correlation chart for 180 for grain in silos, table of 647 Ip, based on 108 plane strain 99 633

versus triaxial 99 SPT, based on 163 table of ∅ values 108 values based on CPT 180

versus γ and Dr 100 pressure dependent 101

Angle of wall friction δ 599 609 841 table of values 619



Anisotropic soil 127 147 257 284 814

consolidation of 92

Arching, soil 621 772 789 790 concrete 929

Area ratio 150 for Piezocone 174

ASCE Code for timber piles 874

Atterberg limits 24 for cv 89 for volume change 382 391

Auger boring 144 354

B Backfill:

for buildings 701 compaction of 613 drainage of 618 692 702 734 limited zone behind walls 617 620 683 program FFACTOR for sloping 596 for retaining walls 683 694 surcharges on 622

Base plates 425 with large moments 437 441 thickness for prying 445

Basement walls 701

Bases, tilting of 227 310 586 688

Beam-on-Elastic foundation 506 boundary conditions for 516 FEM for 517 Hetenyi solution for 506 lateral pile as 931 ring foundation as 523



Beam-on-Elastic foundation (Continued) spring coupling 517

Bearing capacity 214 696 building code values 274 of cohesive soil 220 226 393 controlled by settlement 264

equations for 220 CPT, using 180 266 factors: shape, depth, inclination 222 226 241 on layered soil 251 and passive pressure 242 from pier/pile ledges 907 1065 for piles [see Pile(s)] from plate load tests 267

Housel’s method 269 reductions for eccentricity 236 for retaining walls 672 675 696 for rock 277

for horizontal/inclined loads 227 241 696 sloping base soil 227 tilted base 227 245 water table 249

size effects on 230 236 318 slopes, footings on 258

N-factor table for 260 table of equations for 220 theoretical, using su 220 qu, using 235 SPT, using 263 with uplift (or tension) 270

Bell, drilled pier 393

Borehole shear test 189



Borings, core 202 data presentation of 208 depth of 205

and frost penetration 370 number of 205 soil 136 water table location in 204

Bottom heave of excavation 542 808

Boulders 35 874 881 1062

Boussinesq equations 287 computer program for 291 lateral pressure by 629 Newmark influence chart 290 vertical pressure bulbs 292

Braced excavations 785 789 794 bottom stability of 811 components of 785 finite element analysis 798 806 808 ground loss behind 803 lateral pressure on 791 pressure (Peck and Tschebotarioff) diagrams 793 secant piles for 789 sheeting, analysis of 796

Buckling of piles 953

Bunkers, pressure in 646

Building codes (see Reference List)

C Caissons (see Drilled piers)

Cantilever concrete retaining wall 683 bearing pressure for 696

Cantilever sheetpiling 683 745 finite element analysis of 741 767



Cantilever sheetpiling (Continued) safety factor for 771

Capillary water 46 380

Cast-in-place concrete piles 870 878

Cellular cofferdams 829 850 bearing capacity for 849 berms in 840 bursting tension in 844 cell fill 836

K-factor for shear 842 cloverleaf cells 864 connections, piling 836 computer program for 853 design of 834 837

Cummings method 847 TVA method 838

diaphragm cell design 835 853 interlock friction 843 pile interlock tension, table of values for 844 saturation line in 852 settlement of cell 849 sheet-pile sections and joints 832 850 weep holes in 851

Cementation, soil 22

Chemicals for soil stabilization 345 364

Circular mats 576 computer program for 578 settlement of 578

Clays 23 35 adhesion of (see Adhesion of clay on) cohesion of 95 605 depth/shape factors in 226 fissured 23 104



Clays (Continued) intact 23 names, common 37 normally consolidated 109

preconsolidated 73 103 remolded 82 sensitivity of 112 shear strength correlations 107 stability of excavation in 811

Coal bunkers, pressure in 647

Coefficient of consolidation, cv 58 permeability, k 46 restitution for piles 980

Cofferdams: braced (see Braced excavations) cellular (see Cellular cofferdams)

Cohesion 90 footings, on base of 226 reduction from exposure 794 retaining walls, on base of 686 694 skin resistance on:

piers 1068 piles 899

Cohesive soils, bearing capacity of (see Bearing capacity) tension cracks in 615 797

Column: base plates for 425 computer program for 439 with moment 437 sand columns 356 soil-cement 360 stone columns 358

Column fixity to footing 452



Combined footings 472 cantilever (or strap) 486 criteria for rigid 508 finite-element analysis of 509 517

matrix-methods in 510 Hetenyi method for 506 rectangular 472 trapezoidal 481

Compaction, of fill 345 347 dynamic 345 350

Compression index, Cc 72 81 correction for disturbance 81 empirical equations for, table of 89 index Cc for 58 72 81

correlations for 88 89 ratio C’c for 72 81

preconsolidation pressure p’c 73 recompression of heave 542 808 811 recompression index, Cr 81 sample disturbance, correcting for 82 secondary 87 settlements 329 383 stress paths for 118

Concrete (see Reinforced concrete)

Concrete airport runways 551 using program AIRPAVE 551

Cone penetrometer test (CPT) 166 correlations for 172 356

for OCR 177 friction ratio 172 qc/N ratio 181 su by 175



Consistency, soil 31 SPT for 165

Consolidation: with large strains 84

hyperbolic method for 85 mv for 59 with preconsolidation p’c 89

Casagrande’s method 74 log-log method 79 what to use 80

controlled rate of strain (CRS) 62 test for 1-D 61 time factors:

equations for 60 tables of 60

time for primary 63 methods for estimating time 66 semilog plot for 63

Contraction joints in walls 691

Core boring in rock 202 RQD defined with 203

Correlations: Cc 81 OCR 43 44 ∅ -angle 108 su/P’o 111

Corrosion of steel piling 376 883

Coulomb earth pressure theory 594 coefficients, tables of 597 passive values for 604 732 for retaining walls 695 for sheet-pile walls 732 for sloping dredge line 738



Counterfort retaining wall 700 FGM as plate fixed on three edges 700

Critical: excavation depth 788 hydraulic gradient 50 void ratio, ec 105

Cross-anisotropic soil 128

Cross-hole shock test for G’ 1108

Culmann’s analysis (see Trial wedge method)

Cushions for pile driving 968 988

D Damping ratio 1093

Density, unit ρ 18

Dewatering of cofferdams 851 excavations 816 well hydraulics for 818

Differential settlements 338 541 table of values 339

Dilatometer, flat 190 correlations for 193

Direct shear test 95 simple shear test DSS 94 110

Down-hole shock test for G’ 1108

Drainage: of foundations 376 467 horizontal, during preloading 353 of retaining wall backfill 734 vertical: using sand drains 353

using wick drains 355

Drill ship 153

Drilled piers 1055 alignment of 1063



Drilled piers (Continued) belling of 1064 capacity, equations for 1065

for ledges (diameter changes) 1065 computer program for 1071 concrete quality for 1063 defined 1055 design of 1075 laterally loaded 1081 load testing of 1086 settlement of 1072 when to use 1062

Drilling, augers for 145 mud used for 141

Driving points for piles 882

Dry unit weight yd 20 348

Durability of piles 869 883 sheet piles 731 883

Dutch cone test (see Cone penetrometer test)

Dynamic pile capacity equations 975 ENR equations 979 Hiley equation 977

Dynamic shear modulus G’ 1104 1106

E Earth pressure:

at-rest (Ko) 40 590 593

Earth walls, reinforced (see Reinforced earth)

Earthquake, lateral pressure from 640

Effective pressure 47 73 376 599 734

stress path for 114



Equations for: OCR 43 44 su/P’o 109

Erosion, soil 375 737 fines from 693

Euler equation for pile buckling 961

Expansive soil 380 393 suction in 384

F Factors, influence (see Influence factors)

Factors, safety (see Safety factors)

Fill, compacted 349 structures on 337 346 393

Finite-element solution: for beam-on-elastic foundation 509 for braced excavations 808 for laterally loaded piles 930 for mat foundations 558

plate fixed on three edges 700 for ring foundations 523 for sheet-pile walls 743

Fixed-earth support, method of 725 727 Rowe’s moment reduction with 738

Flat dilatometer test (DMT) 190

Flow net, plan 818 vertical section 54

Foil sampler 151

Footings: adhesion of clay on base of 226 bearing pressure for, allowable 214 bearing-capacity factors for 222 depth of 370 412



Footings: (Continued) design loads for 403 eccentrically loaded 226 449

soil pressure from 449 with e out of middle third 464

erosion beneath 375 industrial 473 489 on layered soil 251 location of 372 with notch 570 with overturning moment 449 452 on sand 251 263 377 settlements of (see Settlement(s)) on slopes 228

slope bearing-capacity factors 260 sizing of 414 sliding of 226 242 on soft soil (clay/silt) 395 stresses beneath 374 404 tension 270 unsymmetrical 465 wall 466 (See also Combined footings)

Footings, design, USD 406 ACI Code USD summary table 413

by ADM 406 412 base plate design for 425

anchor bolts for 431 441 grouting of 429

bending moments for use in 414 effective depth equations for shear 412 equations, select 412

factors, β, ∅ 407



Footings, design, USD (Continued) factors for, tables of 407

pedestals for 433 with moment 415 rebar Ld 409 rebar percent pb, table of 409 of rectangular 445 shear stress 410

table of allowable values 412

Free-earth method 725

Friction, angle of internal (see Angle of internal friction)

Friction on base of footing 686

Frost depth 371 698

G Geotextiles 345 367

for earth reinforcement 367

Glacial soil 23

Glötzl cell for Ko 198

Grain silos, pressure in 646 methods for computing 648 650

Grain size 36 181 347 sieve sizes used for (table) 27

Gravity, specific for soil 29

Gravity retaining walls 657 681

Ground loss in excavations 803 squeezing into pier shafts 1064

Groundwater 24 204 368

Grouting: for base plates 429 jet grouting 363 366 for soil stabilization 364



H HP piles:

table of properties of 1136

Heave of excavations 542 808 811 expansive soil 394 from pile driving 1002 stability against 393 811

table of bearing-capacity factors N’ 813

Hooke’s stress-strain law 121

Hydraulic conductivity 15

Hydraulic fracture test 199

Hydraulic gradient 50 815 critical ic, defined 50

I Ice lenses 640

Index tests 24

Industrial footings 473 489

Influence chart, Newmark’s 290 pressure bulbs for 292

Inertia, I, moment of 449 487 490 503 506 511 526 528 541 563 577 828 935 954 961 1027 1036 1083 1100 1116 1129

of mass 528 561 1041 1044 torsion J 528 561 1041 1044

Influence factors: base rotation 311 Fox chart for depth 303 program FFACTOR for 306 program SMNMWEST for 302



Influence factors: (Continued) settlement 304 for vertical stress 288 302

Boussinesq 287 Westergaard 302

Immediate settlements 284 equation for 306 influence, factors for 303 Fox depth factors for 303 size effects on 316

Interlock tension 844 tabulated values for 844

Iowa stepped-blade shear test 198

Isotropic, compression 92 soil 127 594

J J-factor, torsion 528 1041 1044

Jansen’s silo theory 649

Jetting soil 363 366 878 880

Joints in retaining walls 691 sheet piles 731

sealing of 731

K Ko, definition of 39

empirical equations for 43 measurement in situ 196 198 pile design, used in 899 902

L Landfill, foundations on 397

piles in 398



Lateral earth pressure: active (see Active earth pressure) Boussinesq equation for 629 on braced excavations 791

Peck and Tschebotarioff diagrams for 793 compaction, caused 613 616 640 earthquakes, due to 640

Mononobe-Okabe equations 642 check values for 644

by Elasticity, Theory of 629 computer method for 634 plane strain µ’, using 633 for surcharges 631

expansive soil, due to 640 ice, due to 640 from ∅ -c soils 605 by Plasticity, Theory of 609 resultant, location of 612

with surcharge 612 on retaining walls 611

sheet-pile walls 734 by trial wedge 624

computer program for 627

Lateral piles 929 constants for 3-D group analysis 947 953 finite-element analysis for 930 lateral ks for 932 938

ks adjustments for: front 936 batter 944 nonlinear 941 side 936 slope 944 spacing 945



Lateral piles (Continued) table of typical values 938

P-∆ effect 942 p-y method of Reese 930 pile shape factors for 936

table of shape factors 936 required length of 947

Laterally loaded drilled piers 1081

Laterites 38

Limited zone for backfill (see Backfill)

Line load surcharge 631

Liquefaction of soils 49 366 815 caused by large h/L 815 table for estimating potential 366

Liquidity index IL 25

Load settlement curve: pile-load test 996 interpretation of 997

plate-load test 269

Location of footings 372

Loess 38 foundations on 378

M Marine sampling (see Underwater sampling)

Mats: bearing capacity for 539 boundary conditions, with 558 563 576 578

587 circular 576 design of 548

by approximate elastic method 549 by finite-difference FDM 552 by finite-element FEM 557



Mats: (Continued) by finite grid method FGM 558

band width in 563 torsion factor J for 561

differential settlement of 541 excavation heave 542 on expansive soil 394 542 ks for 544

including consolidation settlement 548 spring coupling in 545 571

Mean normal stress 99 101 164 892 894

Mindlin (Geddes) soil stresses from piles 1012

Modulus of elasticity of concrete 413

Modulus of elasticity of soil 56 124 286 313 316

bulk modulus Eb 123 constrained modulus 59 286 CPT used for 316 effect of OCR on 315 empirical equations for 127 314 316 foundation width effect on 303 hyperbolic (Kondor’s) equation for 126 SPT used for 316

table for CPT/SPT, Es 316 stress-strain curves for 103 typical values of 125 unconfined compression test for 313 use of, for immediate settlements 303 weighted average 308 543

Modulus of subgrade reaction ks 122 124 501 bearing-capacity equation for 503 for continuous footing design 502



Modulus of subgrade reaction ks (Continued) coupling of 517 empirical equations for 502 for lateral piles 932

shape factors for 936 limiting for deformation 501

for depth 504 mat foundations 544 relationship to Es 503 secant/tangent values for 124 501 sheet piles 736 soil springs, using for 513 516 562 table of typical values 505

Mohr’s circle 95 842 principal stresses σ1, σ3 from 92 Krynine’s K for cofferdam shear stress 842

Muck, defined 38

N Nailing, soil 668

Negative skin resistance 1029 neutral point for, in piles 1031

Net allowable pressure for footings 373 vs. gross allowable 374

Newmark’s influence chart 290 equation for vertical stress 293 method for computing soil springs 516

Normally consolidated soil: (see applications where considered) clay 101 sand 22

Normalized soil parameters 107

Numerical integration by trapezoidal rule 326 330



O Octagon, properties of 490

Organic soil 31 34

Overconsolidation ratio (OCR) 22 43 49 73 83 103 315

correlation charts for 165 179 189 193 determination of 74 equations for OCR 43 44 177

Overturning of cofferdams 837 840 footings 449 464 retaining walls 710

P Passive earth pressure 591 593

Coulomb 594 596 plasticity theory for 609

table of values 612 program FFACTOR for 596 table of values 598 603 Rankine 602 wall movements to develop 592

Peat 31 34 335

Pedestal, design of 425 433 anchorage 437 fixity to base 578

Penetration test methods 166 (see also Standard penetration test, Cone penetration test)

Permafrost 399 piles in 399 921

Permeability, coefficient of 52 determination of 53

pH values in pile corrosion 376 883

Piers, bridge, drilled (see Drilled piers)



Piezocone 169 170 correcting for ∆u 174 correlations 175

Pile(s): alignment of 1002 buckling of 953

computer program for 960 capacity, dynamic, driving 968 975 capacity, static 883 885 capacity in tension 393 885

in calcareous sand 885 in clay 895

cast-in-place 929 in compression 904 computer program for 904

example using 919 concrete 876

cast-in-place 878 929 pickup points for 878 floating piles 867 885 in marine environments 877 prestressed 877 table of sections 1143 in tension 885

K-values for 903 929 laterally loaded (see Laterally loaded piles) load transfer 925 plugs from driving 890

in HP-sections 891 point bearing 892

displacement to develop 887 figure for area 888 methods for: CPT 896



Pile(s): (Continued) Janbu 894 SPT 895 Vesic 893

secant piles for walls 89 settlements of 907 skin resistance 887 898 905

α-method 889 β-method 891 λ-method 890 spacing s of 923 steel piles 880 corrosion of 883 points for 882 splices for 881 tapered 904 stresses, allowable for 80 883

table of general data 870 table of HP-sections 1136 table of Janbu and Vesić N’-factors 895

computer FFACTOR for 895 in tension 904 928 vibration control, used for 867

Pile buckling analysis 953 computer program for 960

Pile capacity formulas: dynamic 972 973 static 885 892

Pile corrosion 870 883

Pile, driving of 968 cushions for 980 factors for: elastic compression k1 980

quake, k3 980



Pile, driving of (Continued) PuL/AE, k2 980

including plug weight Wp in 981 with jetting 971 stresses from 999

using FFACTOR for Hiley 1002

Pile, extraction of 971

Pile groups 1006 batter piles used in 1029 1044 caps for 127

analysis of 1028 1051 efficiency of 1008 negative skin friction 1029 patterns of, typical 1007

laterally loaded 1035 ks for 1036

reduction for s’/D ratio 1039 spacing in 1007

settlements of 1020 stresses on underlying strata 1011

stress coefficients, table of 1116 computer program FFACTOR for 1015

three-dimensional analysis of 1040 computer program for 3-D analysis 1048 pile constants for 947 1042

Pile hammers, data table for 1137 efficiency of 979 types 970 vibratory 972

Pile, heave from driving 1002

Pile-load tests 996

Pile plugs from driving 981 inclusion of, in pile weight 981



Pile points 882

Pile, soil-cement 362 822

Pile spacing 945 1007 1038

Plane strain 123 ∅ -angle for 99 versus traxial 123

Plate, circular 267 501 576

Plate-load tests 136 267 501 size effects on 267 501

Pocket penetrometer 161 1086

Poisson’s ratio µ 121 303 for plane strain µ’ 123 table of typical values 123

Pore water pressure: excess ∆u 49 175 using piezocone 174

Porosity, n 17

Pre- and post-yield stresses 76

Preconsolidation (see Over-consolidation ratio)

Preloading of site 346 352

Pressure bulbs 292

Pressure diagrams for braced sheeting 793

Pressuremeter test (PMT) 194 shear modulus G’ from 196

R Raft foundation (see Mats)

Rankine earth pressures 601 614 active 601 passive 602

error in use of Kp 604 for retaining walls 687



Rankine earth pressures (Continued) table of values for 603 wedge angle ρ 616 662

Recovery ratio 152 202 RQD 203

Rectangular footing 445

Reimberts silo theory 648

Reinforced concrete: ADM design: footings 406

retaining walls 702 design check summary table 413 equations for footing depth 412 maximum percent steel 409 minimum rebar cover 413 423 tables for: maximum % steel 409

∅ -factors 407 shear stress 410 412

USD design 406

Reinforced earth 658 665 computer program for 675 fill for walls 658 661 geotextiles for 661 666

used in wall design 667 676 walls with surcharges 644

Relative consistency, IC 25

Relative density Dr 28 100 164 estimate using: CPT 178

SPT 163 used for liquefaction estimate 366

pile capacity 903 905

Remolded clay 82

Residual soil defined 17 foundations on 397



Residual strength 95 105 design parameters from 106

Restitution, coefficient of, for piles 980

Resultant location, when specified 614

Resultant pressure (see Lateral earth pressure)

Retaining walls, concrete 657 695 active earth pressure on 688 695 ADM recommended for design 681 702 allowable bearing pressure for 696 angle of wall friction 8 688 690 common proportions of 684 drainage of backfill 692 forces acting on 685 of geotextiles 661

(See also Reinforced earth) inclination factors ii 696 joints in 691 p angle 617 621 663 soil properties for 617 693 stability of 686

base key for 688 sloping base for 690 stem ledges used for 690

trial circle analysis for 687 704 USD load factor for 681 wall tilt 688

Rigidity index (Vesić), Ir 893

Ring foundation 523 computer program FADRING for 527 FEM example 529 settlement example 328

Rock, bearing capacity of 277 adjusted for RQD 278



Rock coring 202 RQD used in 203 table of bit sizes for 202

Rock quality designation (RQD) 203

Rotation of footing 310 program FADMATFD used for 311

Rupture angle ρ of Rankine wedge 617 621 691 Coulomb wedge ρ 616 passive pressure ρ 616

S Safety factors:

for clay 102 for cofferdams 837 for excavation heave 812 814 for footings 275 for foundation elements, table for 276 for piers 1065 1070 1075 for piles 886 915 for retaining walls 685 for sheet-pile walls 737

Sampling disturbance 82 141 145

Sand drains 356 columns 356

Sand islands 836

Sanitary landfill 397 piles in 398

Saturation S, degree of 18

Scour, from flowing water 375

Secondary compression 87 335 352 Ca for 87 for organic soil 88

Seismic cone for G’ 1109



Sensitivity St of clay 112

Settlement(s) 269 323 allowable 338 from consolidation 285 329

using CC for 83 330 differential 339 of drilled piers 1069 1071 estimated: by CPT 313 316

by SPT 264 on fills 337 immediate (see Immediate settlements) in layered soil 308 326 of mats 540 for pile groups 1015 1019 reliability of 337 retaining walls 697 ratio for size 316 Schmertmann’s method 323 secondary 335 stone columns, reduced by 361 stress-path method 324 theory of elasticity methods for 303

Shape factors for footings 226 242 lateral piles 936

Shear modulus G’, static 121 123 128 dynamic 1104

Shear strength 90 angle of internal friction ∅ for 90 836 correlations for 107 from CPT 172 design values for 106 drained vs. undrained 92 laboratory tests for 92



Shear strength (Continued) shear 93 95 triaxial 94 98 117 recommended 94

Mohr’s circle for 91 590 residual 105 shear tests 93

direct 93 direct simple shear DSS 94 95 qu 97

from SPT 163 total and effective 90 unconfined compression qu 95 160 undrained: su/P’o ratio 43 107 109

chart vs. OCR 110

Sheet-pile sections, tables of 1139

Sheet-pile walls: anchorages for 761 775 778 anchor rods for 771 computer FEM analysis for 741 earth pressure against 732 joints for 731 rotation/overturning of 782 safety factor for 737 782 sloping dredge line, with 738 soil state (drained, undrained) for design 734 wales 772 wall friction δ 735

Sheetpiling: anchored (see Anchored sheetpiling) cantilever (see Cantilever sheetpiling) durability of 728 joints for 732



Sheetpiling: (Continued) materials for 728

tables for interlock tension 844 structural design 746 wall friction angle δ 735

Shrinkage concrete 413 rebars for concrete 414 492 713

Shrinkage limit 29 for swell estimates 382

SI, conversion tables, (see inside back cover)

Silos, pressure in 646 methods: Jansen’s 648

Mackey and Mason 649 Reimbert’s 648

overpressure ACI factors for 650

Silt 36

Size effects: for bearing capacity 319 for ks 501 for settlement 316

Skin resistance: methods for 898 925

α 899 β 901 λ 900

of drilled piers 1066

Slopes, footings on 258 lateral piles on 944 sheetpiling on 738

Sloping backfill 594 dredge line for sheet piles 738 Kp for 598 604 passive forces 738



Sloping backfill (Continued) computer program WEDGE for 739

Slurry 820 cost, relative for walls 823 density of slurry 824 for drilled piers 1058

Soil boring 141

Soil cement 351 for diaphragm walls 363 820 for soil improvement 351 360 for mixed-in-place piles 360

Soil classification, USC 30 32 Dr, using 100

Soil consistency 31

Soil, definition of 17

Soil exploration 136 137 methods summary table 138

Soil pressure (see Lateral earth pressure, Vertical stress)

Soil sampling 145 147 disturbed 147

using split-spoon liner 157 underwater 152 undisturbed 145 150

Soil springs (see Springs, soil)

Specific gravity Gs 18 29 table for 29

Spectral analysis of surface wave 1110

Splices for piles 975 881

Split-spoon sampler 148 other samplers 147 151 using liner with 148 157 159



Springs, soil 513 562 computation of 513 516 527 561

577 933 coupling of 517 544 561 578 ends doubled for combined footings 514 ks for 544 550 553 926

932 with consolidation 548 with footing separation 515 562 577 table of values 505 zoning 546

in parallel with piles 1021

Squeezing of soil: beneath base 253 into excavation 788 into pier shafts 1064

Stability number (see Safety factors)

Standard compaction test 347

Standard penetration test (SPT) 136 154 356 adjustments to 159

for GWT 166 for a liner 157 159 for overburden 158

for bearing capacity 263 correlations for 162 design N 165 356 energy ratio for 156 hammers for 155 refusal 154 relationship to CPT 181

relative density 163 soil consistency 165

standardizing 158



Steel piles (see Piles, steel)

Stepped-blade (Iowa) test 199

Stepped piles/piers 907 1066 Ledge capacity 907 915 1065

Stone columns 358

Strap (cantilever) footing 486

Stress(es): average vertical increase in 292 beneath footings 286

pressure bulbs for 292 beneath pile groups 1011

Geddes/Mindlin solution for 1013 in program FFACTOR 1015

mean normal 99 101 892 894 methods for: Boussinesq 287 296

Newmark’s method 290 293 298 2:1 method 286 Westergaard’s method 301

in piles: allowable 870

(see also Table 16-1) from driving 999

Hiley equation for 1000 wave equation for 992 1000

from negative skin friction 1029 pre- and post-yield 73 for triangular load 296 unit, in concrete (see Reinforced concrete)

Stress paths 113 for settlement 324

Stress-strain modulus (see Modulus of elasticity)

Subgrade reaction modulus (see Modulus of subgrade reaction)



Surcharge loads: computer program for 634 lateral pressure from 622 resultant pressure from 629

location of on wall 627

Swedish circle analysis 687 704

Swedish weight test 167

Swell, estimate of 382

T Temperature and shrinkage (T & S), rebars for 414 418 698 713

Tension crack, depth of 615 797

Tension footings 270

Tension piles 868 928

Thixotropy 113 999 1012

Theory of Elasticity 405 629 663

Theory of Plasticity for lateral pressure 609

Tieback anchors 745 771 775

Tilt, retaining wall 688

Timber piles 869

Time factors for consolidation 60

Torsion factor J 528 1041 1044

Trapezoidal rule 330

Trench, slurry 820

Trial circle analysis 704

Trial wedge method 624 computer solution for 627

Triaxial tests 117 stress-path plotting of 115 stress-strain modulus from 102



U Ultimate strength design (USD) (see Reinforced concrete)

Unconfined compression tests 97 148

Underconsolidated soil 22

Underwater sampling 152

Undisturbed sampling 141 145

Undrained shear strength 92 95 103 106 109 359 363 938

correlations for 162 165 by CPT 175 unconfined compression qu 92 95 97 148

160 165 207 938 by vane shear test 183

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 30 chart for 32

Unit weight γ of soil: correlations for 163 defined 18 dry and wet 20 determination of 27 28

Unsaturated soil 380

Unsymmetrical footings 465

Uplift, footings with 270

Uplift, hydraulic 50

V Vane shear test 136 183

correction factors for 189 equations for torque 185 relationship to OCR 188

Vertical stress: Boussinesq 287

table of coefficients 288



Vertical stress: (Continued) computer program SMBWVP for 291 Newmark’s integration method 290 293

table of coefficients 294 computer program SMNMWEST for 293

for triangular loading 297 example for 298

by 2:1 method 286 Westergaard 301

table of coefficients 302

Vibrations: coupled 1120 damped 1092 dynamic shear modulus G’ for 1104 1106

correlations for 1110 table of values 1107

in situ 1107 elementary theory for 1092 footing design for 1090

dynamic soil springs for: table of S-factors for K 1104 table of values 1101

Ja factors for 1100 rules-of-thumb 1126

to increase soil density ρ 365 lumped-mass method for 1097 mass moment of inertia of shapes 1098 modification of, by piles 1126

pile dynamic springs 1129 computer program FADDPILE 1127

soil damping 1111 soil properties required for 1104 soil springs for 1101



Vibrations: (Continued) tables of dynamic factors 1101 1104 1105

Vibratory pile hammer 969 972 equation for pile capacity by 972 for Terra-Probe 365 842

Vibroflotation 358 365

Void ratio 17 357 critical 105

Volume change, equations for 383 391 from soil suction 384 related to expansion index 383 related to plasticity index Ip 382

Volumetric strain 122 stress-strain modulus for 59 122

W Wales for sheet-pile walls 772

design for braced walls 795

Wall footings 466

Wall friction, angle δ of 619 table of values 619

Wall pressure resultant location 599 612 specified 614

Wash boring 141

Water content 17 148 to estimate OCR 90

Water table: effect of changes in depth of 376 location in borings 46 reduction of bearing capacity for 166 249

Wave equation 986 capblock/cushion data 991 computer program FADWAVE for 993



Wave equation (Continued) damping coefficients for 991 time intervals for elements 989

Wave velocities, soil 1107

Wedge rupture angle p 616

Weep holes: in cofferdam cells 815 in retaining walls 693

Westergaard vertical stress 301 computer program SMWVP 291 equations for 301

computer program SMNMWEST 302

Wing walls, abutment 698

Winkler foundation 506 544

Wood piles (see Timber piles)

Z Zero-air-voids curve 348

fad indx 01cnan/bowle/22477_indx.pdf · 2010-06-19 · design of 1075 laterally loaded 1081 load...

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