faculty of medicine international programme the skeleton- bones, joint, and muscle the skeleton-...

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FACULTY OF MEDICINE International Programme The Skeleton- The Skeleton- Bones, Joint, and Bones, Joint, and muscle muscle dr. E dr. E . . Suryadi, S.U. Suryadi, S.U. Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Embryology and Anthropology Anthropology

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FACULTY OF MEDICINE

International Programme

The Skeleton-The Skeleton-Bones, Joint, and Bones, Joint, and

musclemuscle

dr. Edr. E.. Suryadi, S.U. Suryadi, S.U.

Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Anthropology Embryology and Anthropology

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

International Programme

Selected Key TermsSelected Key Terms

AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosis BursaBursa CircumductionCircumduction DiaphysisDiaphysis DiarthrosisDiarthrosis EndosteumEndosteum EpiphysisEpiphysis FontanelFontanel OrigoOrigo

JointJoint OsteoblastOsteoblast OsteoclastOsteoclast OsteocyteOsteocyte PeriosteumPeriosteum ResorptionResorption SynarthrosisSynarthrosis SynovialSynovial InsertioInsertio

The following terms are defined in the The following terms are defined in the glossary:glossary:

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Role osteology in the medical Role osteology in the medical science learningscience learning

OsteologyOsteology !!

Anatomy (included Human biology)Anatomy (included Human biology) !!

PhysiologyPhysiology !!

PathologyPathology !!

Clinical sciencesClinical sciences

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For exampleFor example

Low back pain that be caused nucleus Low back pain that be caused nucleus pulposus herniapulposus hernia Pain spreading from Pain spreading from lumbar region until in leg or foot lumbar region until in leg or foot

Fracture middle clavicle, surgical neck Fracture middle clavicle, surgical neck humerihumeri

To lie stetoscope when Aucultation of To lie stetoscope when Aucultation of heartheart

Palpation of the lever and the appendix Palpation of the lever and the appendix

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Bone structureBone structure CellsCells

1.1. Osteoblasts Osteoblasts

Bone forming cellsBone forming cells

2.2. OsteocytesOsteocytes

mature bone cells that maintain mature bone cells that maintain bonebone

3.3. OsteoclastsOsteoclasts

cells that break down (resorp) bonecells that break down (resorp) bone

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TissueTissue

1.1. CompactCompact

shaft (diaphysis) of long bones; shaft (diaphysis) of long bones; outside of other bonesoutside of other bones

2.2. SpongySpongy

end (epiphysis) of long bones; end (epiphysis) of long bones; center of other bonescenter of other bones

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MarrowMarrow– RedRed

ends of long bones, center of ends of long bones, center of other bonesother bones

– YellowYellow

center of long bonescenter of long bones

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MembranesMembranes

contain bone-forming cellscontain bone-forming cells

1.1. PeriosteumPeriosteum

covers bonescovers bones

2.2. EndosteumEndosteum

lines marrow cavitieslines marrow cavities

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begins in center of shaft and continues at begins in center of shaft and continues at ends of bone; growing area forms line ends of bone; growing area forms line across epiphysis (epiphysios disc)across epiphysis (epiphysios disc)

LONG BONE GROWTH

BONE FUNCTIONS

serve as body framework; protect organs; serve as body framework; protect organs; serve as levers; store calcium; form blood serve as levers; store calcium; form blood cellscells

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Divisions of the skeletonDivisions of the skeleton

1.1. HeadHeada.a. Cranial (neurocranium)Cranial (neurocranium)

frontal, parietals, temporal bones, frontal, parietals, temporal bones, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipitalethmoid, sphenoid, occipital

b. Facial (viscerocranium)b. Facial (viscerocranium)mandible, maxillae, zygomatic bones, mandible, maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, vomer, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, vomer, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae.palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae.

c. Otherc. Otherossicles (of ear), hyoid boneossicles (of ear), hyoid bone

AXIAL

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2. Trunk2. Trunka.a. Vertebral columnVertebral column

cervical (VC), thoracic (VTh) , lumbar (VL), cervical (VC), thoracic (VTh) , lumbar (VL), sacral (VS), coccygeal (V Co)sacral (VS), coccygeal (V Co)

b. thoraxb. thorax

(1) Sternum(1) Sternum(2) Ribs =costae(2) Ribs =costae

– True = costa veraTrue = costa verafirst seven pairsfirst seven pairs

– False = costa spuria and fluctuantesFalse = costa spuria and fluctuantesremaining five pairs, including two remaining five pairs, including two floating ribsfloating ribs

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1.1. shoulder girdle (cingulum superius)shoulder girdle (cingulum superius)

clavicle, scapulaclavicle, scapula

2.2. upper extremity (arm) upper extremity (arm)

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalangesmetacarpals, phalanges

3.3. pelvic girdle (cingulum inferius)pelvic girdle (cingulum inferius)

ilium, ischium, pubisilium, ischium, pubis

4.4. lower extremity (leg) lower extremity (leg)

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalangesmetatarsal bones, phalanges

B. APPENDICULARB. APPENDICULAR

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The carpal bones = ossa carpaliaThe carpal bones = ossa carpalia

Scapoid = navicularScapoid = navicular LunatumLunatum TriquetrumTriquetrum PisiformPisiform

Trapezium = multanguli majorTrapezium = multanguli major Trapezoid = multanguli minorTrapezoid = multanguli minor CapitatumCapitatum hamatum hamatum

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The tarsal bones = ossa tarsaliaThe tarsal bones = ossa tarsalia

Os TalusOs Talus Os CalcaneumOs Calcaneum Os NaviculareOs Naviculare Os cuboideumOs cuboideum Os medial cuneiforme (primus]Os medial cuneiforme (primus] Os intermediate Os intermediate

cuneiforme( secundus)cuneiforme( secundus) Os lateral cuneiforme (tertius) Os lateral cuneiforme (tertius)

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Joint classificationJoint classification

SynarthrosisSynarthrosisimmovableimmovable

AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosisslightly moveableslightly moveable

diarthrosis (synovial joints) diarthrosis (synovial joints) freely movablefreely movable

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Structure Structure of synovial jointsof synovial joints

Joint capsule (ligaments) Joint capsule (ligaments) holds joint togetherholds joint together

CartilageCartilagecover ends of bonescover ends of bones

Joint cavityJoint cavityfilled with synovial fluidfilled with synovial fluid

BursaeBursaefluid-filled sacs nearer joints; cushion and protect fluid-filled sacs nearer joints; cushion and protect joints and surrounding tissuejoints and surrounding tissue

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gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socketball-and-socket

Types Types of synovial jointsof synovial joints

Movement at synovial jointsMovement at synovial joints

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, supination, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion.pronation, inversion, eversion.

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Landmark of bonesLandmark of bones ProcessesProcesses

mastoid process, acromion process, olecranon mastoid process, acromion process, olecranon process, iliac crest, iliac spines, ishical spine process, iliac crest, iliac spines, ishical spine and tuberosity, trochanters, malleoliand tuberosity, trochanters, malleoli

ForaminaForaminaforamen magnum, intervertebral foramina, foramen magnum, intervertebral foramina, obturator foraminaobturator foramina

Fossae and groovesFossae and grooves

FontanelsFontanelsanterior and others in infant skullanterior and others in infant skull

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

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TERM of MORPHOLOGI at TERM of MORPHOLOGI at BONE/SKELETONBONE/SKELETON

Foramen =holeForamen =hole Foramina = many holeForamina = many hole Fissura = FissureFissura = Fissure Aditus = Hole Into = To Come ToAditus = Hole Into = To Come To Exitus = Hole Out OfExitus = Hole Out Of Fenestra = WindowFenestra = Window Apertura = Hole intoApertura = Hole into Hiatus = An OpeningHiatus = An Opening Rima = A CleftRima = A Cleft Ostium = A door = An EntranceOstium = A door = An Entrance OrificiumOrificium Porus =poros =pori = a narrow passasePorus =poros =pori = a narrow passase

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ROOM / SPACEROOM / SPACE

Cavum = CavityCavum = Cavity Sinus = HollowSinus = Hollow Recessus = Recess = Hiding PlaceRecessus = Recess = Hiding Place Meatus = PassageMeatus = Passage Vestibulum = The Entrance Region of Vestibulum = The Entrance Region of

TubeTube Cellulae = Small CompartmentCellulae = Small Compartment Saccus = SACSaccus = SAC Atrium = An Entrance RoomAtrium = An Entrance Room

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PROTRUSIONPROTRUSION

Processus = ProcessProcessus = Process Condylus = knob Condylus = knob Spina = thornSpina = thorn Tuber = a humpTuber = a hump Tuberculum = TubercleTuberculum = Tubercle

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Crista = CrestCrista = Crest Linea = LineLinea = Line Eminentia = Eminence = HillEminentia = Eminence = Hill Protuberantia = ProtuberanceProtuberantia = Protuberance Tuberosity : Rough TuberTuberosity : Rough Tuber Hamulus = A hookHamulus = A hook Trochanter = a great protrusionTrochanter = a great protrusion

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CANALCANAL

Canalis = CanalCanalis = Canal Canaliculi = a small canalCanaliculi = a small canal Ductus = a canal which be Ductus = a canal which be

through something through something Ductuli = a small ductDuctuli = a small duct Tubus = a pipe shape duct Tubus = a pipe shape duct Tubuli = a small tube Tubuli = a small tube

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VALLEY/PLANEVALLEY/PLANE

Fossa = A Slope ValleyFossa = A Slope Valley Fovea = A Steep ValleyFovea = A Steep Valley Foveola = A small foveaFoveola = A small fovea Facies = Facet = faceFacies = Facet = face Planum = SurfacePlanum = Surface Sulcus = GrooveSulcus = Groove Incisura = NotchIncisura = Notch Impressio = a hollow because be Impressio = a hollow because be

crushed somethingcrushed something

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OTHERSOTHERS

Caput = Cephale = headCaput = Cephale = head Capitulum = a small headCapitulum = a small head Angulus = AngleAngulus = Angle Arcus = Arch = Curve = BendArcus = Arch = Curve = Bend Collum = Cervix = NeckCollum = Cervix = Neck Spatium = SpaceSpatium = Space Corpus = Truncus = Body = trunkCorpus = Truncus = Body = trunk Radix = root Radix = root Apex = topApex = top Basis = base Basis = base

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Ramus = BranchRamus = Branch Clivus = Steep = A slopeClivus = Steep = A slope Discus = Quoit = DiscDiscus = Quoit = Disc Stylo = PencilStylo = Pencil Mast = BreastMast = Breast Ala = WingAla = Wing Saeptum = A Barrier = EnclosureSaeptum = A Barrier = Enclosure Margo = BorderMargo = Border Cornu = Horn ShapedCornu = Horn Shaped

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Atrium = a small chamberAtrium = a small chamber Cingulum = a girdleCingulum = a girdle Cornu = horn shapeCornu = horn shape Malleus = a hammerMalleus = a hammer Olecranon = the point of the elbowOlecranon = the point of the elbow Acromion = the point of the shoulderAcromion = the point of the shoulder Diastema = an interval; distance Diastema = an interval; distance

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Direction Direction Superior = aboveSuperior = above Supra = overSupra = over Inferior = below Inferior = below Infra = underInfra = under Anterior = before = to front Anterior = before = to front Posterior = after = to back Posterior = after = to back Lateral = to sideLateral = to side Medial = to middleMedial = to middle Cranial = to headCranial = to head Caudal = to tail Caudal = to tail

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Proximal = base =upper courseProximal = base =upper course Distal = tip =lower courseDistal = tip =lower course Profundal = to deeper Profundal = to deeper Superficial = to outer (to surface)Superficial = to outer (to surface) Major = bigger = greaterMajor = bigger = greater Minor = lesser Minor = lesser Dorsal = to backDorsal = to back Ventral = to frontVentral = to front Transversal = transverse Transversal = transverse Longitudinal = longLongitudinal = long

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The samples of term in the part of The samples of term in the part of bonebone

Foramen occipitale magnumForamen occipitale magnum Processus styloideus radiiProcessus styloideus radii Tuber ischiadicumTuber ischiadicum Canalis mandibularisCanalis mandibularis Crista tuberculi majoris humeriCrista tuberculi majoris humeri Sulcus nervi ulnalisSulcus nervi ulnalis Incisura scapulaeIncisura scapulae Caput femorisCaput femoris Collum costaeCollum costae Protuberantia occipitalis externa Protuberantia occipitalis externa Spina iliaca anterior superiorSpina iliaca anterior superior

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Processus mastoideusProcessus mastoideus Impressio trigemini Impressio trigemini Fossa supra spinosus scapulaeFossa supra spinosus scapulae Foramen infra orbitaleForamen infra orbitale Porus acusticus externusPorus acusticus externus Crista iliaca externaCrista iliaca externa Linea intertrochanterica Linea intertrochanterica Apertura canaliculi tympanici superior Apertura canaliculi tympanici superior Angulus sterniAngulus sterni Fovea petrosaFovea petrosa

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NAMES OF JOINTNAMES OF JOINT

Articulatio Articulatio Temporo MandibularisTemporo Mandibularis Articulatio Articulatio Atlanto OccipitalisAtlanto Occipitalis Articulatio Articulatio IntervertebralisIntervertebralis Articulatio Articulatio Sterno ClavicularisSterno Clavicularis Articulatio Articulatio Acromio ClavicularisAcromio Clavicularis Articulatio Articulatio HumeriHumeri Articulatio Articulatio CubitiCubiti Articulatio Articulatio Radio CarpaeRadio Carpae Articulatio Articulatio CoxaeCoxae Articulatio Articulatio GenuGenu Articulatio Articulatio Talo CruralisTalo Cruralis

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NAMES OF LIGAMENTUMNAMES OF LIGAMENTUM

BASED ON BASED ON ATTACHED: LIG. CORACO ACROMIALEATTACHED: LIG. CORACO ACROMIALE POSITION : LIG. COLATERALE MEDIALEPOSITION : LIG. COLATERALE MEDIALE SHAPE : LIG. ANNULARESHAPE : LIG. ANNULARE LIE : LIG. SUPRA SPINALELIE : LIG. SUPRA SPINALE DIRECTION : LIG. TRANSVERSUM DIRECTION : LIG. TRANSVERSUM

CARPICARPI

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ARTHROSESARTICULATIONESJUNCTURAE

DIARTHOSES(SYNOVIAL JOINTS)

SYNARTHROSES

ARTICULATIONESFIBROSAE

ARTICULATIONESCARTILAGINEAESYNOSTOSES

AMPHIARTHOSES

UNIAXIAL

BIAXIAL

MULTIAXIAL(TRI/POLY)

-SUTURES-SYNDESMOSE-GOMPHOSES

SYNCHONOROSES

SYMPHYSES

PLANEGINGLYMUS/HINGEBICONDYLARTROCOID/PIVOT

ELLIPSOID

SELLAR/SADOLEL

SPHEROIDENARTHOSIS = BALL & SOCKET

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Musculus

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Penamaan (terminologi) otot didasarkan pada Penamaan (terminologi) otot didasarkan pada karakteristik tertentu misalnya : karakteristik tertentu misalnya :

Bentuk (quadratus femoris), Bentuk (quadratus femoris), Fungsi (levator scapulae), Fungsi (levator scapulae), Posisi (latisimus dorsi), Posisi (latisimus dorsi), perlekatan (coracobrachialis), perlekatan (coracobrachialis), Panjang dan pendeknya (peroneus longus Panjang dan pendeknya (peroneus longus

and peroneus brevis) , and peroneus brevis) , Besar dan kecilnya (gluteus maximus) , and Besar dan kecilnya (gluteus maximus) , and Jumlah origo (biceps brachii) dan jumlah Jumlah origo (biceps brachii) dan jumlah

perut (digastricus venter anterior)perut (digastricus venter anterior)

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Bagian ujung ototBagian ujung otot They are properly called voluntary, They are properly called voluntary,

skeletal, or striated muscles. skeletal, or striated muscles. Setiap otot(musculus) mempunyai dua Setiap otot(musculus) mempunyai dua

ujung, keduanya mereka melekat pada ujung, keduanya mereka melekat pada bagian tulang atau jaringan yang satu bagian tulang atau jaringan yang satu ujung disebut origo dan yang lain ujung disebut origo dan yang lain disebut insertio.disebut insertio.

Origo adalah berposisi tetap dan ujung Origo adalah berposisi tetap dan ujung proximal atau punctum fixum, proximal atau punctum fixum,

Insertio berposisi bergerak dan bagian Insertio berposisi bergerak dan bagian ujung atau punctum mobile. ujung atau punctum mobile.

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Nama gerak tubuhNama gerak tubuh

Flexi : anteflexi, retroflexi/dorsoflexiFlexi : anteflexi, retroflexi/dorsoflexi ExtensiExtensi AbduksiAbduksi AdduksiAdduksi Rotasi: pronasi- supinasi; endorotasi –Rotasi: pronasi- supinasi; endorotasi –

exorotasi, inversi -eversiexorotasi, inversi -eversi Elevasi, Elevasi, DepressiDepressi Aposisi, reposisiAposisi, reposisi

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Bagian-bagian ototBagian-bagian otot Bagian origo otot dinamakan kepala Bagian origo otot dinamakan kepala

(cephal) dan di bagian insertio (cephal) dan di bagian insertio dinamakan ekor (caudal), dan bagian dinamakan ekor (caudal), dan bagian tengah otot dinamakan venter.tengah otot dinamakan venter.

Tendo dan aponeurosis adalah bagian Tendo dan aponeurosis adalah bagian otot yang tidak mengandung serabut otot yang tidak mengandung serabut otot dan sebagian besar mengandung otot dan sebagian besar mengandung jaringan colagen. jaringan colagen.

Mereka merupakan perpanjangan otot Mereka merupakan perpanjangan otot untuk melekat pada tulang dan tidak untuk melekat pada tulang dan tidak mengandung serabut kontraktil mengandung serabut kontraktil

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Behavioral ObjectiveBehavioral Objective Name the three different types of bone cells Name the three different types of bone cells

and describe the function of each.and describe the function of each.

Differentiate between compact bone and Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect structure and spongy bone with respect structure and location.location.

Describe the structure of a long boneDescribe the structure of a long bone

Explain how a long bone growsExplain how a long bone grows

Differentiate between red and yellow Differentiate between red and yellow marrow with respect to function and marrow with respect to function and location.location.

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List the bones in the axial skeletonList the bones in the axial skeleton

List the bones in the appendicular List the bones in the appendicular skeletonskeleton

Define the three types of joints based Define the three types of joints based on type of movementon type of movement

Describe the structure of a synovial Describe the structure of a synovial joint and give six examples of joint and give six examples of synovial jointssynovial joints

Define six types of movement that Define six types of movement that occur at synovial joints.occur at synovial joints.