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An-Najah National University

Faculty of Economics and social sciences

E-Marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine

Made by:

Handalah Rasheed & Abdallah Kahen

Table of contents

Contents Page number

Abstract………………………………………………………….. 3

Part 1

1.Introduction…………………………………………………….. 4

2.Research problem……………………………………………... 5

3.Research goal………………………………………………….. 5

4.Hypothesis………………………………………………………. 6

5.Research Importance………………………………………….. 6

6.Terminology……………………………………………………... 6

7.Limitations………………………………………………………. 8

Part 2

1.Literature review……………………………………………….. 9

2.Previous studies……………………………………………….. 10

3.Commentary…………………………………………………….. 12

Part 3

1.Research methodology………………………………………. 14

2.Study Population…………………………………………........ 14

3.Study sample…………………………………………………... 14

4.Research tools……………………………………………….... 14

Part 4

1.Methodology, design and population sample……………. 15

2.Instrumentation……………………………………………... 17

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3.Statistical analysis…………………………………………... 18

4.Procedures……………………………………………………. 19

5.Discussion of the Results………………………………….. 20

6.Testing the Study Hypothesis……………………………... 27

7.Recommendations…………………………………………... 31

8.References……………………………………………………... 32

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting tourism (including the ministry of

tourism) in Palestine, particularly the West Bank. To identify those factors, citations

and literature reviews have been made first to track the most important aspects that

need to be analyzed, which leads to making a survey of questionnaires and

interviews that address the most important issues tourists face, a questionnaire

composed of (28) items, which were distributed to 50 individuals, 47 were

confirmed as valid and reliable by a panel of arbitrators of specialists, and after the

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distribution of questionnaires, the results were processed, collected, encoded and

inserted into the computer,

statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study showed that:

No statistical significant differences were found at the significance level (= 0.05) the

factors affecting the number of tourists is attributable to the following variables (sex,

academic qualification, job status and the perceived value of Palestine as a touristic

country)

the study also tries to answer the following question, is it possible to revitalize

tourism in Palestine using E-marketing? The results have shown a significant

potential for E-marketing to highlight Palestine as a touristic country.

1.Introduction

With the increasing importance of tourism not only as a source of income, but also as a source of international existence itself amongst nations, we come to realize that despite the many historical and religious places within the Palestinian territories, we still lack the appropriate number of tourists (PCBS, West Bank, 2015,Hotel activity) compared to Israel which had 7 times more tourists (CBS, ISRAEL, 2016, Tourism activities). Surely the Israeli occupation and weaknesses in the financial capacity takes a huge blame of the problem here, but it isn’t the only reason, as looking through the international tourism market, we come to realize that many countries E-market themselves into the world, each offering its culture, arts and events in the right places at the right times. By studying the efforts of the Palestinian ministry of tourism we have concluded that not enough efforts are made digital wise. And thus we have

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offered E-marketing as the possible optimal solution in order to revitalize tourism in Palestine.

Through strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis), this research will point out the main external and internal obstacles facing the Palestinian tourism industry, and how to overcome them using various corrective actions in correlation with E-marketing as a main tool of development, which will further help the decision makers in the Palestinian ministry of tourism to take into account modern marketing methods.

2. Research problem

No doubt that the Palestinian tourism industry is facing many challenges that affect Palestine’s economic, social and political situation, this situation itself is a series of obstacles that the Palestinian tourism is facing, the weakness of the financial capacity of the country, the policies of the Israeli occupation, rules and regulations, and perhaps the propagated negative image of traveling to Palestine are some of the most important factors of not having a “convincible” number of tourist visiting the country, this leads us to the following research questions:

1.Is it possible to revitalize the Palestinian tourism industry?

2.How can E-Marketing be helpful in the case of Palestine?

3.Is it possible to counter the negative propagated image using E-Marketing?

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3.Research’s Goal

The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate with the world, the incredible number of people you can reach in a very short amount of time has changed how associations and companies market their products and services. Around 40% of the world population has an internet connection today (as internetlivestats.com shows), that’s more than 3.5 billion users (increased by 2.5 billion since 2005, which indicates that the number is increasing rapidly.

Electronic Marketing (known as E-Marketing) is simply using electronic media such as the internet (which includes search marketing, email marketing, eCRM and social media marketing) to market products and services to customers and consumers, due to the importance of E-marketing today, this research aims to:

1-Provide evidence and suggestions on how and why should we use E-marketing to reach a higher number of tourists around the world.

2-Suggest a list of countries that has more potential tourists than others.

4.Hypothesis

Based on the study problem, and in the light of what previous studies have shown, this research will test the validity of the following hypothesis:

1 There is no relationship between the Israeli barriers and the gender of the tourist

2-There is no relationship between the number of tourists visiting Palestine, and which country we target.

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3-There is no relationship between the number of tourists and the reason of visit.

5.Research’s importance

This research’s importance lies in that tourism is one of the core identifications of any country, and since E-Marketing is relatively a contemporary method of advertising, this study is anticipated to provide information to different tourism related activities in:

1-Expanding the multinational range of their customers.

2-Communicate Better with tourists around the world.

Furthermore this research will provide essential information to the Palestinian ministry of tourism through providing the following information:

1- How to connect personally with travelers around the world.

2- point out some of the weaknesses that Palestinian tourism is facing.

3- How to revitalise the overall number of tourists visiting Palestine.

6.Terminology

In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics while our research would study the inbound tourism, we’ll define all three of them for further understanding:

Domestic tourism: involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.

Inbound tourism: involving non-residents traveling in the given country.

Outbound tourism: involving residents traveling in another country.

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1-Tourism: the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.

2-Tourist: someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while on holiday.

3-E-Marketing: using electronic media such as the internet (which includes search marketing, email marketing, eCRM and social media marketing) to market products and services to customers and consumers4- Inbound tourism: involving non-residents traveling in the given country

7.Limitations

1- Time: First semester of the year 2016/2017.2- Place: Westbank, Palestine.3- People: Foreign visitors in the Palestinian territories.

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Part 2

1.Literature review

E-Marketing:

E-Marketing is a new concept in the world of marketing, with the growing number of communication technology users (particularly internet users), marketers have recently been investing more of their efforts into the electronic world, by analyzing some of the literature on hand, definitions of E-Marketing has varied, Nina Vucy has defined it as “a new philosophy and a modern business practice involved with the marketing of goods, services, information and ideas via the Internet and other electronic Means.” (Vucy, 2010), while Strauss and Frost have seen it as “The use of electronic data and applications for planning and executing the conception, distribution and pricing of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals” (Strauss and Frost, 2001: 454)

Tourism in Palestine:

Even though tourism has quite a history in Palestine, the region still suffers a lack of touristic services which would increase the touristic activities, it is noticed that the tourist facilities have not been developed well enough to polarize investments in the field of tourism(...)while addressing the tourism industry in Palestine we should bare in mind the enormous lack of references and books of the matter, while on the other hand we find quite a lot of books, booklets, brochures and journals published by Israel that deals with the jewish history in the region in order to attract tourists to Israel (Qaisi, 2000).

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Source:http://home.birzeit.edu/cds/new-cds/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/tourism.pdf

Tourism is an important but underexploited contributor to the Palestinian GDP as the economic contribution of the Palestinian tourism sector is minimal. in 2013, the GDP contribution amounted to ILS 3.6 Billion, constituting a GDP share of about 14% (ICC, 2013) the number of workers in the tourism industry was 15200 (Falah, 2012), on the other hand, the total contribution of Travel & Tourism to the Israeli GDP was ILS 77.3 Billion (7.3% of GDP) in 2013 with a number of workers exceeding 200,000 persons.(Worldbank, 2015).

2.Previous studies

Many studies agreed upon a set of constraints facing the tourism industry in Palestine, in a study conducted by the ICC by the name: “Palestine Tourism Sector”, they stated that: “the tourists perception of safety and history of cultural sites in Palestine”, is aggregated from foreign sources and is shaped mostly by foreign media, whereas Palestinian sources are taken as secondary information” (ICC, 2013). While a study in the International Journal of Business and Management argued that: “In terms of health and environmental issues in Palestine, these factors have weakness and the general appeal of Palestine to be unsatisfactory due to poor cleanliness and also inadequate

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attention given to the environmental issues such as unawareness of nature protection, disposal of garbage and high pollution that emitted from cars and factories results in causing health problems to the Palestinian people and tourists” (Subhi, Mohamed, 2010), while Subhi and Mohamed’s arguments do cover important points in relation to the weakness in the tourism sector in Palestine, their argument on the health issues tends to be exaggerated, whereas the research in hand covers more vital issues such as the lack of information about Palestine as a country and the negative propagated image.

The majority of researchers agree that the main barrier to Palestinian tourism is the political factors that are caused by the Israeli occupation (Sizer, 1999; ATG, 2005; Hammad & Hammad, 2008; Isaac, 2010; Pattullo & Minelli, 2006).

Page and Connell said in their study “Tourism: A modern Synthesis (2nd Ed)” that the impact of instability can have a direct impact on tourism, negative images about Palestine will spread amongst tourists. Government policies and the media will convert the trend of travel behavior for them as well as lead to the decline in the number of visitors, the authors explained these influences through political turmoil upon tourism in some countries (e.g. Fiji, China, Tibet , Peru and Northern Ireland). (Page and Connell, 2006).

Goeldner and Ritchie showed in their research by the name: “Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies (10th ed.)” that the tourism industry plays a vital role in the economy for all of the countries of the world, providing employment, incomes, taxes revenues and foreign exchange. All of these features accompany the tourists when visiting Palestine, whereas the visitors will play a role in the income of the economy and increasing the GDP. At the same time, these benefits would not be achieved without political stability. There are a lot of things which affect tourist destinations such as wars, conflicts, crises, terrorism and SARS (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2006).

Seddighi also said in his journal “Tourism Management” that the Political instability related with tourism can have very negative effects on tourism destinations that will result in the decline of the number of tourists who visit the destinations, and also will bring negative effect to the tourism industry

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because tourism is a sensitive and a volatile industry and all of these effects from political instability such as armed attacks, civil wars, bombings, attacks on tourists, wars, change in government, threat of war with another country, which will deter or obstruct the image of the destination through media reporting and government policies and even word of mouth reporting (Seddighi et al, 2001).Ben White said in an article by the name: “Tourism and Human Rights”, that: “Palestine should not have problems attracting tourists, with its rich blend of history, religious significance, local culture, as well as the varied and breathtaking scenery. But of course, the political context of the Israeli occupation means that the vast majority of tourists in the “Holy Land” only see Palestinians through the window of a tour bus, as they dash in and out of Bethlehem for a couple of hours.” As for Gaza he also said: ”Virtually no tourists, if any, go to the Gaza Strip, which has been under Israeli-imposed closure for several years.”

3.Commentary

Going through the different studies and articles found regarding tourism in Palestine, we can see a clear pattern of the major obstacles facing the Palestinian tourism industry, the Israeli occupation and its forced limitations, in addition to the propagated image about the Palestinian territories. While it’s confirmed that the israeli occupation does have a negative impact on the Palestinian tourism industry, in this research we’ll be focusing on the controllable elements basing our work on E-marketing as a way of promoting Palestine through the international market.In the study performed by the ICC and Friedrich Naumann organization, the researcher conducted purposive interviews with tourism and governmental related personnel in addition to gathering data from secondary sources, The researcher then did a SWOT analysis to come up with a set of recommendations mostly regarding internal governmental policies.

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Page and Connell have discussed the instability of the political situation in the Palestinian territories and correlated that with the negative image that arises with the situation itself, as for the sampling method, they have used the Simple Random Sample to distribute questionnaires to tourists from all over the world in Palestine, using SPSS to conduct the statistical, descriptive and correlative analysis.

Many governments warn their citizens from unnecessary travels to the West Bank, Gaza and East of Jerusalem ranging from cautious tips to temporarily prevention, for Example on the website of the United States bureau of consular affairs we find many alerts and warnings regarding traveling to Palestine such as:

Source:https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings/israel-travel-warning.html

Part 3

1.Research Methodology.

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This research follows the applied-descriptive approaches which describes the phenomena of tourism in Palestine, and how to revitalize it, by gathering data and information from the study sample, references, journals, researches and studies, by interpreting this information to reach the desired goals.

2. Study Population.

The study population consists of every foreigner who has visited or either planning on visiting Palestine for the purpose of traveling and tourism.

3. Study Sample.

50 surveys will be distributed and collected using the purposive sampling method.

4. Research tools.

Two types of surveys will be used in order to reach a wide range of tourists who are or have been in Palestine which are the Face-to-face interviews and written questionnaires.

Part 4

Methodology:This chapter was devoted to specify the steps and the methodology taken in carrying out the research endeavour. The researcher presents research

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design, study population and sample, instrument and its validity and reliability, data collection procedures, and the statistical analysis.

Study Design:This is a cross-sectional, questionnaire based study which involves observation of a representative sample of Tourists in 2016. It employs descriptive and inferential design. Moreover, the study documents the world as it exists. The primary goal is to try to provide a complete description as possible, whereas the cross sectional is obtained on individuals at a fixed event during life.

Population & Sample of the Study: This study will be conducted on foreign tourists. The study population includes all Tourists who visit Palestine in 2016. The study sampling frame will be restricted to register Tourists.

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Table (1) distribution of the study sample according gender.

What is your gender?Frequenc

yPercent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid

male 31 66.0 66.0 66.0female

16 34.0 34.0 100.0

Total 47 100.0 100.0

Table (2) distribution of the study sample according nationality.

nationalityFrequen

cyPercent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Australia 1 2.1 2.1 2.1Belgium 4 8.5 8.5 10.6china 1 2.1 2.1 12.8Finland 1 2.1 2.1 14.9France 3 6.4 6.4 21.3Germany 4 8.5 8.5 29.8Greek 2 4.3 4.3 34.0Hungary 1 2.1 2.1 36.2Italy 3 6.4 6.4 42.6Japan 2 4.3 4.3 46.8n/y 6 12.8 12.8 59.6Netherlands

2 4.3 4.3 63.8

North Ko 1 2.1 2.1 66.0Portugal 1 2.1 2.1 68.1South Ko 2 4.3 4.3 72.3Spain 4 8.5 8.5 80.9Sweden 2 4.3 4.3 85.1Turkey 2 4.3 4.3 89.4UK 2 4.3 4.3 93.6USA 3 6.4 6.4 100.0

Total 47 100.0 100.0

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Table (3) distribution of the study sample according age.

What is your age?Frequenc


Percent

Valid

18-24

12 25.5 25.5 25.5

25-34

22 46.8 46.8 72.3

35-44

7 14.9 14.9 87.2

45-54

4 8.5 8.5 95.7

55-64

1 2.1 2.1 97.9

65-74

1 2.1 2.1 100.0

Total 47 100.0 100.0

Table (4) distribution of the study sample according Reason of visit.

Reason of visitFrequenc


Percent

Valid

work 2 4.3 4.3 4.3Tourism 9 19.1 19.1 23.4Freelancing 6 12.8 12.8 36.2volunteer 22 46.8 46.8 83.0Religious reasons 4 8.5 8.5 91.5other 4 8.5 8.5 100.0

Total 47 100.0 100.0

Instrumentation.

After conducting an extensive literature review on E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine, data were collected via a structured questionnaire developed in English language which consists of (21) items organized to measure E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine:

A- First, it includes the informed respondent of the objectives and the importance of the study, and assured that the data collected are for scientific purposes only.

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B-The second, it includes the collected demographic information (gender, age).

C-The third part was devised to collect information on E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine.

Reliability of the Instrument

To determine the reliability of three sub- questionnaires alpha formula was used as in table (4).

Table (5) alpha formula of instrument reliability.

DomainReliability

total score0.66

The results of table (4) show that the ranges of reliability (0.66), these values are suitable for conducting such a study.

Validity of the Instrument:

The questionnaire was reviewed by a group of experts in the field of the study. They have deleted, and rephrased some items until the study instrument reached its final form.

Statistical Analysis:The Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 was used for

data analysis. Various statistical tests and procedures were used including (means, frequencies, standard deviation, cross-tabulation, t-test for independent samples, ANOVA, post hoc Schaffer’s test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov z to test the normality of distribution). P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was used to test the significance in testing study hypotheses.

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ProceduresThe researcher conducted the following procedures:

1. The researcher collates the literature review that is related to the topic of the study to construct the study questionnaire.

2. The researcher distributed and collected the questionnaire on the study sample.

3. The researcher entered the questionnaires on SPSS and analyzed the results.

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Discussion of the Results

The purpose of this study is to investigate E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine. Results of the study questions and hypotheses will present in this chapter. Results will be presented in two parts. The first part deals with the descriptive analysis of E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine. The second part is dedicated to test the validity of the study hypothesis, and to discuss the role of the variables of (gender, age, reason of visit) in the premarketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine.

Results related to the first part:The first part deals with the descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation, and percentages) of participants' responses on the of E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine.

What is E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine among Tourists?

The following tables (6) show the results:

Mean

Std. Deviatio

n

%

I don't see the Israeli measures as a potential threat to my tour in Palestine.1.89

.89 37.87

I worry about my own safety in case of a sudden political tension arising during my stay in the west bank.

3.47

.83 69.36

When crossing from Israel to Palestine, i worry about the complications that might arise at the airport/roadblock.

3.49

.78 69.79

Most of my accommodation reservations are in Israel in order for me to have a proof of my stay in Israel at the airport.

3.36

.94 67.23

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I tend to cut down on the shopping of Palestinian souvenirs/gifts in order to avoid complications from the security at Ben Gurion's airport.

3.74

.79 74.89

In general, I believe that Palestine is a dangerous place to visit.2.68

1.07 53.62

I was constantly warned by a family member/friend about traveling to Palestine.

3.04

1.30 60.85

At the airport, the security give me discomfort for going to Palestine or once leaving from Palestine.

3.64

.76 72.77

Israeli measures3.16

.50 63.30

Image of Palestine

Mean

Std. Deviation

%

I believe that the propagated image about Palestine is exaggerated.4.04

.88 80.85

The international image of Palestine as a touristic country isn't attractive.3.89

.76 77.87

My personal opinion regarding Palestine is to some point influenced by my government's political stance on the situation.

2.57

1.16 51.49

Ads catch my attention while surfing the internet.2.15

1.22 42.98

I rarely see any advertisements encouraging tourism to Palestine.2.45

1.60 48.94

I believe in the credibility of advertisements about traveling.3.15

1.44 62.98

Palestine needs an appropriate online guideline to ease up the traveling experience.

4.30

1.02 85.96

I got most of my information about traveling to Palestine on the Internet.4.09

1.14 81.70

image_of_Palestine3.33

.54 66.60

How many times have you visited Palestine before?Frequenc


PercentVali never before 25 53.2 53.2 53.2

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d1-2 times 13 27.7 27.7 80.93-5 times 5 10.6 10.6 91.5more than 5 times 4 8.5 8.5 100.0

Total 47 100.0 100.0

Did your trip to the West Bank meet your expectation?Frequenc


Percent

Valid

yes 40 85.1 85.1 85.1no 7 14.9 14.9 100.0Total

47 100.0 100.0

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For how long is your stay in Palestine?Frequenc


Percent

Valid

less than 7 days 11 23.4 23.4 23.48-14 days 23 48.9 48.9 72.315-30 days 6 12.8 12.8 85.1more than a month 7 14.9 14.9 100.0

Total 47 100.0 100.0

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Perceived value;

I am planning on visiting Palestine again.

Frequency

Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid

yes 40 85.1 85.1 85.1

no 7 14.9 14.9 100.0

Total

47 100.0 100.0

I enjoyed my visit in Palestine.

Frequency

Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid

yes 42 89.4 89.4 89.4

no 5 10.6 10.6 100.0

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Total

47 100.0 100.0

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Testing the Study Hypothesis.The second part is dedicated to test the validity of the study hypothesis,

and to discuss the role of the variables of (gender, age, reason of visit ) in E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine.

Results of the first hypothesis:H0: There are no differences that are statistically significant on P value = (0.05) which means we accept H1: there is a relationship between the israeli measures and the Palestinian tourism industry regardless of the gender.

An independent-samples t-test was computed to compare E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine Tourists in females and male tourists.

Table (7): T-test test was conducted to compare E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine Tourists in females and males.

What is your gender? Mean Std. Deviatio

n

t Sig. (2-tailed)

Israeli_measuersmale 3.1774 .47079 .235 .815

female 3.1406 .57712

image_of_Palestinemale 3.2984 .56058 -.551- .585

female 3.3906 .51006

There was no significant difference in the scores for males and females on the total score domain.

Results of the second hypothesis:H0: There are no differences that statistically significant on P value = 0.05) in the number of tourists visiting Palestine and the targeted country.

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“ANOVA Test was conducted to compare E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine due to country of origin

Table (8 ): ANOVA Test of E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in palestine due to targeted country.

N Mean Std. Deviation

Israeli_measuers

Spain 12 2.9792 .41912Germany

22 3.2273 .50685

France 7 3.2321 .55635UK 4 3.3125 .73951China 1 2.7500 .Belgium 1 3.3750 .Total 47 3.1649 .50346

image_of_Palestine

Spain 12 3.4167 .31231Germany

22 3.2727 .63461

France 7 3.2857 .22493UK 4 3.1250 .85999China 1 3.7500 .Belgium 1 4.2500 .Total 47 3.3298 .54012

ANOVASum of

Squaresdf Mean Square F Sig.

Israeli_measuers

Between Groups .835 5 .167 .632 .676

Within Groups 10.825 41 .264

Total 11.660 46

image_of_Palestine

Between Groups 1.367 5 .273 .930 .472


Total 13.420 46

There was no significant differences in E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in palestine due to targeted country.

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Results of the third hypothesis:H0: There are no differences that statistically significant on p value = 0.05) in E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine due to reason of visit.

“ANOVA Test was conducted to compare E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in Palestine due to reason of visit.

Table (8 ): ANOVA Test of E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in palestine due to reason of visit.

N Mean Std. Deviation

Israeli_measuers

work 2 2.8750 .00000Tourism 9 3.5139 .24562Freelancing 6 3.0000 .48734volunteer 22 3.1534 .58875Religious reasons 4 3.1875 .50518other 4 2.8125 .07217Total 47 3.1649 .50346

image_of_Palestine

work 2 3.2500 .00000Tourism 9 3.6111 .46538Freelancing 6 3.3750 .48734volunteer 22 3.1364 .60861Religious reasons 4 3.6250 .00000other 4 3.4375 .50518Total 47 3.3298 .54012

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ANOVA

Sum of Squares

df Mean Square F Sig.

Israeli_measuers

Between Groups 1.929 5 .386 1.626 .175


Total 11.660 46

image_of_Palestine

Between Groups 1.955 5 .391 1.399 .245


Total 13.420 46

There was no significant differences in E-marketing and the revitalization of tourism in palestine due to reason of visit.

Recommendations:

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1-The ministry of tourism should allot a budget to be used specifically for E-Marketing.

2-The ministry of tourism should initiate a training program for personnel working in the tourism sector.

3-The ministry of tourism should embrace and support the process of marketing voluntary associations.

4-The ministry of tourism should increase the integration of Palestine in the international activities.

5-The ministry of tourism should initiate a program of educating the Palestinian exchange and international students to work as a word of mouth promoters.

6-Utilize Email Marketing: means that the ministry should send direct emails with posters to potential tourists that gives a good idea of what kind of touristic places are there in Palestine.

7-Create a Social Media Presence: Being present as a business on social media is key to getting more eyes on your services and products.

References

1-Alternative Tourism Group (ATG). (2005). Palestine & Palestinians: Guidebook (1 ed.). Ramallah, Palestine.

2-Arillas Korfu http://arillas.de/arillas_questionaire.pdf

3-Cambridge Dictionary http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tourist

4-Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel.(CBS, ISRAEL, 2016, Tourism activities)

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5-http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton67/st23_01.pdf

6-Hammad, A. I., & Hammad, S.d. I. (2008). Studies in the Palestinian Tourism and development (1 ed.). Khan Yunis-Gaza: Al-Qadsiah.

7-ICC Palestinehttp://www.iccpalestine.com/resources/file/publications/WTO%20&%20the%20Palestinian%20Tourism%

8-Internetlivestats http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users

9-Knoema https://knoema.com/atlas/Israel/topics/Tourism/Travel-and-Tourism-Total-Contribution-to-GDP/Total-Contribution-to-GDP-percent-share

10-Knoemahttps://knoema.com/atlas/Israel/topics/Tourism/Travel-and-Tourism-Total-Contribution-to-GDP/Total-Contribution-to-GDP-percent-share

11-Najah Education https://staff.najah.edu/sites/default/files/The%20Case%20of%20the%20Palestinian%20Territories.pdf

12-Najah Scholar https://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/all-thesis/geography_tourism.pdf

13-Palestine’s Central Bureau of Statistics(PCBS, West Bank, 2015,Hotel activity) http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/512/default.aspx?tabID=512&lang=ar&ItemID=1643&mid=3915&wversion=Staging

14-STRAUSS, J. & FROST, R. (2001), E-Marketing, NJ, USA, Prentice Hall.

15-Schools Pages http://schools.ednet.ns.ca/avrsb/071/wdlincoln/tourism_11/tour_terminology.htm

16-Sizer, S.R. (1999). The Ethical Challenges of Managing Pilgrimages to the Holy Land. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11(2-3), 85-90.

17-The Canadian Center of Science and Educationhttp://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/viewFile/7474/796420Sector.pdf

18-Isaac, R. K. (2010). Alternative tourism: new forms of tourism in Bethlehem for the Palestinian tourism industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 13, 21-36.

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19-Pattullo, P. with orely Minelli for tourism concern. (2006). The ethical travel guide, London, sterling, VA. First published. [Online] Available: http://www.pecdar.ps/index.php.

20-Page, S. J., & Connell, J. (2006). Tourism: A modern Synthesis (2nd ed.): Thomson Learning.

21-Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2006). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies (10th ed.): Hoboken, N.J. John Wiley & Sons.

22-Seddighi, H. R., Nuttall, M. W., & Theocharous, A. L. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special reference to political instability. Tourism Management, 22, 181-191.

23-New York Times

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16westbank.html?_r=0

24-United Nations Statistics Division http://unstats.un.org/unsd

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