factors considered in the method study
TRANSCRIPT
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FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE METHOD STUDY
Three important factors, which govern the selection process, are:
(i) Economic considerations
(ii) Technical considerations
(iii) Human reactions
Economic Considerations
Economic considerations in method-study include:
Cost of study
Time loss due to investigation
Costs associated with the implementation of changes in the present methods
The considerations for a!ove three costs are important, as the method-study is primarily
!ased on the principle of economic use of resources (such as human e"ort, machine utili#ation,
material handling, e"orts, etc) $ome process, though poorly planned, may not %t into the economic
via!ility of motion-study &n e'ample could !e processes for a product, which is unliely to have
repeat order n the contrary, a process in an assem!ly line, which is liely to !e repeated for ne't
few years, would score !etter on economic via!ility, despite o"ering marginal improvements
Features warranting need to undertake metod!stud"
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Item Features warranting need to undertake metod!stud"
*o! +roduction !ottlenec
+oor design for assem!ly
High reect rate
High fatigue
a!or intensive o!
a!or High la!or turn-over
E'cessive overt-time needed
High rela'ation allowance needed
a!or complaining a!out di.culty in handling o!, machines, etc
rder /epetitive, long-running
0uality High variation in 1uality
2nsafe woring conditions
+roductivity 3ne.cient use of resources (man, machine, material space, etc)
ong distance for material movement !etween processes
High wor-in-process inventory
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ac of !alance in la!or-intensive team-wor o!s, lie assem!ly line
$ystem +oor production planning and control
4o previous method-study conducted
/ecurrent dispute in incentive5wage schemes
Tecnica# Considerations
3t is important to understand that re1uisite technical now-how must !e availa!le to suggest
improvements 3n this, we must consider two areas
Tecnica# Considerations
Area $ur%ose E&am%#e
$ill, competence and
training of wor-study
practitioners
To handle the present assignment The assem!ly line is running
porrly due to !ad line
!alancing The wor-study
e'perts must have the
e'pertise in individual wor-
element and line !alancing at
the !ottlenec station
Technical limitation of
process
&void landing at unwora!le
alternates
4o need to invent a new
process5machine
The machine tool is not cutting
at optimal condition of speed
There is a need to devise new
tools, !ut tool material is not
availa!le in maret Hence,
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Esta!lishing the non-availa!ility of
appropriate technical e'pertise
e'pert advice is needed,
otherwise a!andon this item
from study
Human Reactions
& lot of emphasis is needed in the selection step on understanding the human reactions to
the tas undertaen 6or-study can only !e implemented with active cooperation with worers and
supervisors 7or this, some understanding of human reactions to wor-study is needed ne need is
to handle mental and emotional !locs in the mind of worer +roper scheme to handle resistance-
to-change is needed 7or this, we need to do the following:
8 Consultation, meeting with worers and union
9 e%ning o!ectives, scope and needs
; +roper written and oral communication with worers
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economic tecnica# ( uman considerations in metod stud" and can e'plain the di"erent
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F#ow Diagram
$tring iagram3t is a scale diagram on which color threads are wrapped around pins or pegs, which are used to
indicate the paths taen !y either worer or material or e1uipment when processing is done on
material from start to %nish
e%nition (as per >$ ;8;?)& scale plan or model on which a thread is used to trace and measure the paths of worers,
materials or e1uipment during a speci%ed se1uence of events
Amount o+ Detai#s
nly the nature of movement within the wor area
&pplication 7or studying layout of the plant
3ndicates !actracing in material movement, conestion, !ottlenec and over5under
utili#ation of shop-@oor
The pattern of material movement, as indicated !y the strings, is helpful in the modi%cation
in plant and machinery
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String Diagram
F#ow $rocess Cart
3t helps in setting out the se1uence of the @ow of a product or a procedure !y recording all events
under review using appropriate process chart sym!ols 3t covers sym!ols for operation, inspection,
storage, delay and transportation
T"%es o+ F#ow $rocess Carts
(i) 7low process chart for worers: +resents the process in terms of activities of the person
De/nition 0as %er 'S 12134
& process chart is setting out the se1uence of @ow of a product or a procedure !y recording all
events under review using appropriate process chart-sym!ols This chart gives a record of all events
associated with the worer
Amount o+ Detai#s
peration, inspection, movement and delay associated with the worers
A%%#ication
Aenerally used as a principal means of recording wor methods
Helps to understand the overall nature of the system !eing studied
Helps to eliminate @ow patterns that are not suita!le
Helps to allow storage space ade1uate to support the production rate Helps to eliminate costly errors !y analy#ing the material @ow
Helps to allow ade1uate space to avoid safety pro!lems
Helps to locate and si#e aisles appropriate for product handled
Helps to avoid !actracing of the material
Helps to identify the possi!ility of com!ining operations !y grouping di"erent machines or
operations to avoid handling, storage, and delays
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Helps to decide whether product @ow or process @ow layout of factory will !e useful
$rocess Cart S"m5o#
+rocess charts use %ve common sym!ols for recording the nature of events These were developed
!y &$BE (&merican $ociety of Bechanical Engineers) in 8
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S"m5o#
Resu#t
Out#ine
F#ow %rocess cart Two anded
0or o%erator4Man t"%e Materia# t"%e
peration peration peration peration +roduces,
&ccomplishes,
7urthers the
process
7 G Transportation Transportation Transportation Travels
7 3nspection 3nspection 3nspection G eri%es
1uantities
and5or 1uality
G G $torage Hold Holds, Ieeps,
/etains
7 G elay elay elay 3nterferes or
elays
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$rocess cart s"m5o#s and some e&am%#es
F#ow $rocess Cart
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)i*e On#ine Tutor He#% +or ;uestions on F#ow $rocess Cart
Transtutors has a vast panel of e'perienced industrial management tutors who speciali#e in@ow
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with our industrial management tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your
pro!lems in your school, college or university level industria# management ur tutors will mae
sure that you achieve the highest grades for your industrial management assignments 6e will mae
sure that you get the !est help possi!le for e'ams such as the A$, AS, A #e*e#, -CSE, I-CSE, I',
Round S.uareetc
MOTION ECONOMY
Botion economy provides a set of well-structures guidelines for analy#ing and designing (or
improving) the o!s 3t encompasses a wide set of guidelines for the scienti%c use of human !ody,
tolls and wor-place arrangement to increase the e.ciency of the man-machine system 3t also
covers the aspects for reducing wor-related fatigue Ta!le 9< presents the principle of motion
economy 3t is segmented into three !road areas:
(i) +rinciples related to the use of human !ody
(ii) +rinciples related to the arrangement of the wor-place
(iii) +rinciples related to the design of tools and e1uipment
$rinci%#es o+ motion econom"< use o+ te worker=s 5od" and design o+ te work%#ace, too#s
and e.ui%ment Use o+ te worker=s 5od"
8 Ensure to wor with two hands rather than one, as it is easier and natural
9 Ensure that the two hands should !egin and complete their movements at the same time
; Ensure that the motion of the arms should !e in opposite directions and should !e madesimultaneously and symmetrically
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Ensure that head, arm and !ody movements should !e con%rmed to the lowest classi%cation with
which it is possi!le to perform the wor satisfactorily, eg Ail!erthJs classi%cation of hand
movements:
(a) %ngers
(!) %ngers and wrists
(c) %ngers, wrists and forearms
(d) %ngers, wrists, forearms and upper arms
(e) %ngers, wrists, forearms, upper arms and shoulders
K Ensure that wor should !e arranged to permit natural ha!itual movements
D Ensure that movements should !e continuous and smooth with no sharp changes in direction or
speed
? Ensure that the two hands should not, e'cept during rest periods, !e idle at the same time
Ensure that, whenever possi!le, momentum should !e employed to assist the wor and,
minimi#ed if it must !e overcome !y the worer
8F Ensure that !allistic movements are faster, easier and more accurate than controlled (%'ation)
movements
88 Ensure that the need to %' and focus the eyes on an o!ect should !e minimi#ed and, when this
is necessary, the occasions should occur as close together as possi!le
Arrangement o+ te work%#ace
89 Ensure that there should !e a de%nite and %'ed position for all tools, e1uipment and materials
8; Ensure that all tools, e1uipment and materials should !e located as near as possi!le to the
worplace
8
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8 Ensure that tools, e1uipment and materials should !e conveniently located in order to provide
the !est se1uence of operations
8K Ensure that illumination levels and !rightness ratios !etween o!ects and surroundings should
!e arranged to avoid visual fatigue
8D Ensure that the height of the worplace and the seating should ena!le comforta!le sitting or
standing during wor
8? Ensure that seating should permit a good posture and ade1uate LcoverageM of the wor area
8 Ensure that the worplace should !e clean and ade1uately ventilated and heated
9F Ensure that noise and vi!ration, !oth local and general, should !e minimi#ed
Design o+ too#s and e.ui%ment
98 The hands should !e relieved of all wor that can !e done more advantageously !y a ig a
%'ture, or a foot-operated device
99 Two or more tools should !e com!ined wherever possi!le
9; Tools and materials should !e pre-positioned wherever possi!le
9
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and we will mae sure that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost e"ective
ur tutors are availa!le round the cloc to help you out in any way with industrial management
)i*e On#ine Tutor He#% +or Motion Econom"
Transtutors has a vast panel of e'perienced industrial management tutors who speciali#e inmotion
economy whocan e'plain the di"erent concepts to you e"ectively =ou can also interact directly with
our industrial management tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your pro!lems in
your school, college or university level industria# management ur tutors will mae sure that you
achieve the highest grades for your industrial management assignments 6e will mae sure that you
get the !est help possi!le for e'ams such as the A$, AS, A #e*e#, -CSE, I-CSE, I', Round S.uareetc
Mu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart
Man!macine cart +or o#e %uncing o%eration
Out#ine $rocess Cart
3n records principle operations and inspection of the processes
De/nition 0as %er 'S 12134
& process chart giving an overall picture !y recording in se1uence only the main operations and
inspections
Amount o+ Detai#s3t shows only two principal elements:
(i) perations, and
(ii) 3nspection
A%%#ication
2sed in the preliminary investigation
6hen operation activities are su!ect to fre1uent changes or a more detailed analysis
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Out#ine $rocess Cart +or Re%airing a $unctured Scooter
Some Con*entions in Out#ine $rocess Cart
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Acti*it" > and ins%ection 2 occurs +our times, 5ut te num5er used in re%eat #ine is a#wa"s
one #ess tan te tota# as te /rst occasion is a#read" %#otted 5e+ore te re%eat 5reak 0Hence
te 0n!24 ru#e4
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S"m5o#s sowing du%#icate o%eration >
S"m5o# sowing dismant#ing and re!assem5#"
Emai# 'ased Homework Assignment He#% in ;uestions on Mu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart
Transtutors is the !est place to get answers to all your dou!ts regardingMu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart=ou can su!mit your school, college or university level homewor or assignment to us and we will
mae sure that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost e"ective ur tutors
are availa!le round the cloc to help you out in any way with industrial management
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Transtutors has a vast panel of e'perienced industrial management tutors who speciali#e
inMu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart whocan e'plain the di"erent concepts to you e"ectively =ou can also
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interact directly with our industrial management tutors for a one to one session and get answers to
all your pro!lems in your school, college or university level industria# management ur tutors will
mae sure that you achieve the highest grades for your industrial management assignments 6e will
mae sure that you get the !est help possi!le for e'ams such as the A$, AS, A #e*e#, -CSE, I-CSE,
I', Round S.uareetc
$rocedure o+ Metod Stud"
Bethod-study is a well esta!lished approach for systematic recording and critical
e'amination of e'isting and proposed ways of doing wor, as a means of developing and applying
easier and more e"ective methods and reducing cost $till, the greatest thing a!out this approach is
its @e'i!ility with which it may !e used in di"erent situations 7ollowing se1uence of phases are
involved in it:
$ase 2E) system Training of the personnel,
rearrangement of machine, arrangement of tools and reorientation of worplace are some e"orts to
install the new system 3n general, four-phased strategy is needed:
0i4 Se##ing te %ro%osa#
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0i*4 Commencement o+ new metod
0*4 Initia# monitoring o+ insta##ation acti*ities
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ata and facts o!tained in the previous step are to !e e'amined and analy#ed Critically
challenge everything that is done Consider the purpose of the activity, place and se1uence of the
o! and, persons and means to perform the o!
Ste% 8egins when the hand or !ody
mem!er causes parts to !egin to gotogether
Consists of actual assem!ly of parts
of putting together
Ends when hand or !ody mem!er
has caused parts to go together
K isassem!le & ight violet >egins when !ody mem!er causes
integral parts to separate
Consists of taing o!ect apart
Ends when !ody mem!er has
caused complete separationD /elease load / Carmine red >egins when !ody mem!er !egins
to rela' control of o!ect
Consists of letting go of an o!ect
Ends when !ody mem!er has lost
contact with o!ect
? Transport empty TE live green >egins when !ody mem!er !egins
to move without load
Consists of reaching for something
Ends when !ody mem!er touches
part or stops moving Transport loaded T Arass green >egins when !ody mem!er !egins
to move with an o!ect
Consists of !ody mem!erJs changing
location of an o!ect
Ends when !ody mem!er carrying
o!ect arrives at general destination
or movement ceases
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8F $earch $H >lac >egins when !ody mem!er
searches for part
Consists of attempting to %nd an
o!ect
Ends when !ody mem!er has found
location of o!ect
88 $elect $T ight gray >egins when !ody mem!er touches
several o!ects
Consists of locating an individual
o!ect from a group
Ends when !ody mem!er has
located an individual o!ect
89 Hold H Aold ochre >egins when movement of part of
o!ect, which !ody mem!er has
under control, ceases
Consists of holding an o!ect in a%'ed position and location
Ends with any movement
8; 2navoida!le delay 2
=ellow chre >egins when hand or !ody mem!er
is idle
Consists of a delay for other !ody
mem!er or machine when delay is
part of method
Ends when !ody mem!er !egins
any wor
8egins when !ody mem!er deviatesfrom standard method
Consists of some movement or
idleness
Ends when !ody mem!er returns ot
standard position
8 /est for overcoming
fatigue /range >egins when !ody mem!er is idle
Consists of idleness necessary to
overcome fatigue from previous
wor
Ends when !ody mem!er woragain
8K +lan +B
>rown >egins when !ody mem!ers are idle
while worer decides on course of
action
Consists of determining a course of
action
Ends when course of action is
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determined
8D 3nspect Q 3 >urnt ochre >egins when !ody mem!er !egins
to feel or view an o!ect
Consists of determining a 1uality of
an o!ect
Ends when !ody mem!er has
stopped to see an o!ect
Emai# 'ased Homework Assignment He#% in Ter5#ig
Tra*e# Cart 0A#so Ca##ed as Cross Cart4
3t is a more detailed type of movement chart in which the recorded details are lie:
(i) +attern of movement,
(ii) E'tent of movement or volume
De/nition 0as %er 'S 12134
3t is a ta!ular record for presenting 1uantitative data a!out the movement of worers, materials or
e1uipment !etween any num!er of places over any given period of time
Amount o+ Detai#s
olumetric data during travel !etween wor-area
A%%#ication
7or studying layout pro!lem in deciding how to minimi#e total @ow (of material) in the plant or wor-
place
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Tra*e# Cart
Mu#ti%#e Acti*it" Cart
S"non"ms
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(ii) Aroup activities to !e recorded into convenient elements for time-study
(iii) Tae su.cient o!servations of time-study for determining accurate elemental time
(iv) draw in the form of !ar-chart for each activity of the leading operative or machine Tae a
common scale such as time for each activity
(v) 2se di"erent colour codes for di"erent sections within each !ar
(vi) calculate the amount of e"ective wor per cycle in percentage of total time
A%%#ication
(i) 7or preliminary investigation to study the e'tent of accuracy of particular activities
(ii) Helps in !alancing activities
(iii) 3n a situation of one operative running one or several operatives
(iv) 3n a situation of several operatives running one or several machines
(v) & team of operatives or a !an of machines
(i) Helps in e'ploring the possi!ilities of elimination, change in wor se1uence, com!ination and
simpli%cation of wor elements
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Emai# 'ased Homework Assignment He#% in