1

fla~er~~7~an'ems'~n~u~s~r~abner%~~epa~~11u^aaida

fl?91d91n Pseudomonas cepacia

Factors affecting on production of biodiesel using immobilized lipase

from Pseudornonas cepacia

f la~u~7~an'ema'~n~ds~~~a~ner14~~Pa~c11~^aainla

flT93d31 f l Pseudomonas cepacia

Factors affecting on production of biodiesel using immobilized lipase

from Pseudomonas cepacia

- ~ u ~ o f l i a a n " o ~ i ~ u i ~ o i w ~ d ~ ~ ~ o i n n i r w ~ n ~ ~ u d ~ n " ~ u i ~ r i u ~ i o n i n o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u r z ~ ~ i t ~ i ~

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- 0 a O d B l ~ ~ ~ % b 9 1 b ~ ? t l l 6 (kinetics)

- naiuntnuuociou?.a6~azmr$in

3 J.. yield u o ~ l ~ o a ~ n ~ o n m o ~ ~ d 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ I 1 ~ " 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ z t ~ a z ~ e , ~ I o 1 1 0 ~ " a n 1 ~ ~ F i 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 19

4 25

3 nisrb~dtsu%clru"baidami~~nai%1~itwiz & . "

4 fl15~2Fl Extracellular lipase two93un13didljnP?ui Methanolysis

5 " i s~a ' c l Intracellular lipase tLWd~~~~mmdldfi~?~i ~ e t h a n o l ~ s i ; 11

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9 Y

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d L L d. y o d

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&

n i w i i d ~ ~ S u i ~ 1 n u d i a o ~ ~ a S ~ ~ n ~ u ~ z ~ 1 - d i ~ ! n ~ n ~ ~ ~ a ! ~ 6 n " u ~ ~ ~ a n 6 a ~ 6

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n W 4

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d o d l u z d m r n r a i u n r n n 4 0 ~ ~ c 6 a i i ~ d ~ i i i u i ~ i ~ u u o c o $ t J.r f i . l cmu.a~nl iau~n~ozod~u~d

son!.a6vod~a~:

T ~ T u ~ ~ L w I 136 (monoglyceride) ?mni?i%o!s6 (diglyceride) i i a & f l f i i % ~ ~ ~ ~ l (glycerol) Tmu!aidnoz mlnroM' id~ i i ?u11~1~a l~~ ia~av0~ lnsn i ? i~o1 r ( ; 0~9unmw oil-water interface - iiazginnisiiinis Au;uwuTnr~nfiamuu'Z~a~LI1aidnw~~i uiiaarlfsd~iiiui (active site) voaoulaiozfjmuh

% J A + a'iddln6 d M ' i n u i ~ l ~ d u d i 0 ~ ~ ~ . 1 u ~ i a 0 l i i ~ v o ~ i 0 u ~ ~ a 6 a ° ~ d i ~ ~ i ~ u ~ v ~ i n i ~ i s n

iYutiu3'unmrn'lA ~numclw oa ' idd lw6~~zdaznouA2unsnoz~1 '~~dlu ' i j& (hydrophobic amino

acid) i8uriauln$ ikazumnii~uin~liaiiuusm (a -helical lid) lnudl~mio:0rlil~o0ni~odue~"arn"p1

uiiamdiguiiaiauszvii9aiawiyouki (hydrophilic) ~I I ;U~~U~IJ .~OU& (hydrophobic) LL~LRS.I 4 p r d l uii?ariisd~n'7uivs~ioul~6oz~n~mozGFwG7u (serine) ( a c ~ i w u i n i s s J ~ n ' ~ u i v ~ ~ i ~ w ~ ~ ~ 6

~anoinnsns:Glu37uiidaGcwunsmozG%u~n 2 21ih88 %lGdu (histidine) i b a ~ f l ~ ~ i i 6 f f ~ l ~ n

(aspartic acid) di~udi?d~unisdi9 iuuo9nrnoz~~u37ud~1?iami i~~o~iou?a (Balcao, 1996 $19

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mrciounaiuionknoi (hydrolysis) iiarflirri-lmrl:&oniwo~ (synthesis) d a d ~ S i ~ ~ n i s

$;r~nsi:dioninofmuisnii i~ooni8u 4 au'mn"o o:GlalaSn (acidolysis) ionimo?TI~nJ~ -

(esterification) ~ U L F I B ~ i ~ f l i ~ ~ ? q i f l $ U (interesterification) iia:l~oa fl8 818?a$n (alcoholysis) h m ~

~ ~ d ~ n " ? ~ i ~ b d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a " ~ ~ f l ~ % J b ~ ~ ~ < ~ i i a : ~ # ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ a r " i ~ ~ i ~ 8 ? ~ i ~ ~ ~ d (transesterification) Ika:

IAQdi5iuio:GTuln3n (arninolysis) a~Iun~ui~u~iiunsiuar"ioarino?~in~uAau

iou~.aljlaidna:aiu~uii~~idunim~'vIiau~w~~~~a:aiu~i msiiddin'?uio:m~~i5nin"~

l$~iu?iaorw'a~uw'ns:.ndisiilriu?iunasn (oil in water) iu"oiinirkwuiitau1cailn~dam~nro

n~n'aua:di.11ulA~luA~dia:aiuo'un8b~~lA~ms4iioi$adia:aiuo'~n~~u~9.aY1~niri~n"~~.ni I va.3 i$eiw"u~uitia~u~nr:n

3. Transesterification

3.1 Acidolysis

3.2 Alcoholysis ' "

C C

I I 11 R-C-O-R', + HO-R', - R-C-O-R', + HO-R',

3.3 Ester Exchange (Interesterification)

3.4 Aminolysis

C C

i I II

R-C-O-R', + H?N-R', . R,-C-O-R', + HO-R', mwA 2 ~~Wiuirnr~i~iu~ssiouIvu"aa~Pln

Gul : Yarnane (1987 i$ld%$?~?fl l '2s, 2546)

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viid~WluiTnoinwi:iumiuoa vdijuusanoesnnu~o?&in]?uuq~ 6bu iisirngn Zqolnuljn'md 1 Y

4- w

n~uniwi~n:~nijAiHui:nuf;o~ilutLoanoao6~ZmuTdni~uou~uMdqnL~a:i~u~o~~waamuuaq~

d~iaurw"u~s i~ f? lun i5 i iP l f i~~u i t7" '~ lm5n~~~ol5n"b&uin iqn Tnuwis~~u~uaY?nuqauaanis

u o t P l ~ W i u i ~ n a " n u 8 i u w ~ ~ o a , ~ m o i ~ a u ~ 5 d & o ~ P l r : n o 3 ~ ~ a u ~ ~ 1 ~ i a i a ~ a F u a ~ o ~ a r i ~ k ~ ~ u 3 tio 1 9 -9

5 : ~ i 1 ~ ~ a n n n s a o ~ i ~ n ~ i v o l 5 & i~~Su~i.rn]~uwwuiid~n"iui~~dou6iuw~ion~w~~aiuis~e~"una"u b y In n ~ ~ u ~ i & e ~ m r ~ ~ m ~ m o l n ~ ~ o n ~ ~ a ~ o n ~ w o i ~ o t n s n l u ~ u n ' f o ~ i l i u t i a a 9 a n i w u i n ~ u & o . r ~ w " u s,

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m B o u u " i u r c ~ ~ o n ~ n n i a i u i ~ 0 l W d u ~ m 5 i i t 3 4 ~ u ~ ~ ~ i ~ d ~ ~ ~ u i ~ a i u v ~ ~ ~ l iu "5" d i d ~3o1oul.aGf

li -

aiinvodoidrrnnpSpdp?~i

Macrae (1983 BiqT~uTni?fl, 2544)6i~~6ou?.ai?aida0'in~~u9/1?~~19~fla1uii~~1:do

diiiiw~~uukrn8i.ao!r6o8ni~u 3 n4u R'o \

4 :,ci ndud I i~uioul.afiaidnniuun3iuiiiwizdniiimu'suuTutaQavo~lmsnBiaols6 Tau

$iou!.aiwan~aiu1so~ou?mrn~1.ab?s6?~auy5~a" n'c~uoz!hns?ufiuisazn8l.aosoai$u d a .a w % m h ? i iolawu?mn~iao?5~ia~~u'bun~i.ao!s6i8u~u~m~ru1mm (intermediate) g~d@?tJl

1; i ' h l ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ? ! f i i d ~ ~ l f l Candida cylindracen, Corynebacteriurn acnes i l a z S t n p h y l ~ c ~ c c ~ ~ aweus ndu l2 i8uiou!.aunlaldndii~aiu

R'cooFH2 CH;OH CH,COOR' I R'COOCH + RCOOCH 2RCOOH t LHdOOR7 i CHOH

I I . I I R"COOCH, RWCOOCH, CH,COOR CH,COOR

I

4 ~ 1 : Macrae LLi3ZflBdE (1983 819Tfl~?f113~, 2546)

4.1 ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ c ~ I B J ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Fukuda 6iaznt-u:: (2001 &aTnu?niaii, 2546) ?t;tiC~ni~l4laidni~u~ai4-1d~K?ui~ondu

2 aiuun"~

4.1.1 n 1 5 1 C l n i d f i ~ ~ d n i ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ a a " (extracellular lipase) i ~ u r n s i ~ l a i d n ~ ~ n n n " m o ~ n u i s n a a p , act m u u o n i . a r r a " u o d ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ i ~ ~ d 5 " , ~ u v ~ ~ n u n k u o n n o L o u ~ . a l i d ~ ~ i n ~ i u u ~ ~ w < ~ d i i a z

d s 4 d d rnuirilnauqurrm~~luni~i~d~E~ui~A4iu~-diYaidar~o~ni~luiaaagaodw5u iuo.roindiu

~unouu~~ni rv i i l~u~ui~n< i inz~ iu in i~

Cultivation

Immobilization (BSPs)

mwd 5 m a w a ' m intracellular lipase ~ & ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ i r d i d f j f l ~ u i methanolPis

hJ1 : Fukuda ilnzn6Ldz (2001 f?ld%flfJ%la~, 2546)

I .Alkali-catalysis process Lipase-catalysis process I Reaction temperature 60-70°C 30-40°C I Free fatty acids in raw materials Saponified products Methyl ester

Water in raw materials Interference with the reaction No influence

Yield of methyl esters Normal Higher

Recovery of glycerol Difficult Easy

I Purification of methyl esters Repeated washing None Production cost of catalyst Cheap Relatively expensive

$lrl : Fukuda i lain~d: (2001 6 1 3 1 f l ~ ? f l l 3 ~ , 2546)

Transesterification OiLI Separation of reaction mixture Wastewater

I I Evaporation I

of MeOH

(Upper phase)

j+zzf MeOH i 1 (Lower phase)

washing

Purification

of glycerol

8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I

Saponified

mwM" 6 ii~u~UPns:u~uniswa"ml~~ToB~.aaTnulAoul.a~nidni$u~aii~n]~~~ui

'hi: Fukuda 6ia:fla: (2001 819~Glu?fi113~, 2546)

ioul .a6idjuu~in]a.r ld i l tu~ i i fo .rn ird iu iw~aanir (mass transfer) iuds.rmntYunmrwll;i3uido

i ~ u ~ ~ u n 4 o i i ~ n ~ a r : i i u a u a s ~ i i a : Y ~ n i n 1 r d u i ~ s u 1 d s . r o i n t a ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 o t a ~ ~ ~ i i d ~ ~ ~ u 1 ~ ~ 1

4.2 ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l % ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ! b 0 d ~ C 1 1 ~ l ~ ~ i d ~ ~ ? d ~ d

i ~ u d ~ " ~ u i ~ d n a i u ~ i i w i z i o n i s ~ ( u " i q i i i d ~ n ' 3 u i d ~ ~ $ w a " m ~ ~ n " $ i n a ~ u ~ ~ ? ~ w ~ ~ ~ aaz l r i

rio~lim~nmsdIriEiodnisoinnis~"idi~~ui ii~n'nisltunwa"nfil"a~biaznisW"iu?~w~aiuisnw"i~~

j i u uonoifl&isdiciuunctou'I.au'~muiroin'~l6Iunni~rdl$~uus;l (mild reaction) 50; q o l n ~ ~ d n a ' n i r n a u q u a n i ? z u o d n i r ~ i d ~ n ' ? u i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u iiar$aioul.ai~Sumro'uwlboin

&~i35mb~aiuirindouaaiul~lu&~iia'na"ou

~ s w l r f i a i d a n ' i c ~ d

wuiu04d ioul .a~ld~ni i~nunyladi~l;nd' luuouiun$~irin.oiniTuia~aln~$un~~ums

idouriuazmiin3olii;riwarinii a z m u i i l & i n $ u n l o l r i l $ l a u iwnii'ln~ioul.audidduuain

n m u z r i ? ~ ~ ~ d ~ n ' ? u i d ~ ~ u ~ o ~ i ~ a a n a i u ~ ~ u ~ a i ~ ~ d ~ n " ? u i k ~ ~ u u o ~ i i ~ ~ u ~ z w " i d ~ ~ ? t n l r i nza iu

& t i i l l i ~ i u i o m s 1 4 ~ i u lmurou"16~ukn~iiSonrruod aiu~snuunioulainfiuilGInrilM

naiunfdiiaz161ldl4luszuudoi~od

ni r~u~diou?.a~$~nmfd ip1a iu i ip1u lnu%%od Kennedy l lnr Cabral (1987 6 i ~ l a u

?nia?i, 2546)

nism2sioulvu"

.=a d

I 7 6 ~ 9 ~ 1 8 ~ ~ l 6 ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ M ~ d 9 1 0 4 6 1 $ 4 (insoluble)

-a d d P , * I

3Bm5sl8odl~lrbll~~~lfdzdfl15a:alU (soluble)

u a= %, 4 sa I P, 360llU6.l (binding) I m 8 y l . J (;ntrapping) ,

I =.a* P, P, ?Sllo{uAauiea ?$vio(u&widu%u aswoyunauiand~a

(cross-link) (carrier binding) (gel entrapping) (fiber entrapping) (microencapsulation) I

(physical adsorption) (ionic binding) (metal binding) (covalent binding)

Gar1 : Kennedy Ibaz Cabral(1987 6l~Ttw?nl?;, 2546) 1 Cg, nu I

f l l 3n?dm~ ' l%~naUab~~$81 (Entrapment method) d 9 9 iilumrn'icioulaitnr~lhiu%unie~di.ruo~mipiiuwat~uoin'iuw'o~u~oul.aul~n~ui~o

ui~duoulNYijaisui~n"a~iiuLG1oonlA (semipermeable membrane) T n u o ~ u o u l n ' i i n i ~ ~ i ~ i i ~ i ~ o n 9d d d 9 -4 uad~uraQn

diilrinnumlnsolumrnsz~ud~n"?ui91o~ioulviana~i~n~~u~~oi~u'~]n"uni~(jl?~~oulvi$l4

Y h 6 Z i f l G 4'

msdefuicnidulaa (Gel-entrapment Method) * A ~ ~ u n i ~ v i ~ 9 ~ u i a r l a u o ~ i o u ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ d o ~ l u ~ o ~ m i s i i u u o ~ w o ~ i u o ~ ~ l d a z a i u b i vdmi i iu

wotiuoi$im?uul&o1nnisitu&u (precursor) d i g u ~ u ~ u i u o i I ~ ~ P T ~ ~ Z ~ ; W ~ ~ O W D ~ I U D ~ ki82$1l$ 1n"nnisad

Lipase ource organism

R

AK

P S

M

A

FAP

G

N

AY

Panicillium roqueforti

~seudomonai sp.

Pseudomonas sp.

Mucor sp.

Aspergillus niger

Rhizopus oryzae

Penicillium camemberittii

R hizopus niveus

Candida rugosa

&Jl : Noureddini llfiLFI(U:: (2005)

TnoGuiouIru' 250 u'afinsiraaluiumiuoa 3 niu ( 4 5 i d ~ u r ~ w i i c l u m u ~ a i o i i f i u

& ~ H B O ~ L Y ; I ~ ~ U 8.2) i i u i ~ i ~ ~ ~ ? o i i u m ^ l p d l a ~ ~ ~ r n u ~ ~ u G i ~ u ~ l ~ ~ ~ u i t ~ u & u 0.5 niu a ~ a ~ i i ~ u

0 PS A hl 4 A ' C; FAP R N

Lipases

methylesters

free fatty acids

mwd a w a u o ; r . a ~ n ~ o u ~ e l r u ' I a ~ ~ a r m ? ~ ~ ~ l ~ i n ~ f i u ~ ~ o " ? ~ ~ ~ i i ~ ~ '%Jl : Noureddini LbtlLflSld:: (2005)

'Jm

8

E E2 6 as z 8 VG 3 a'v 3

G

a 5

-us '"6 a ac Gx UG 3

"7 2

F

-a; C

I

7

P

3

E! C

"G

C a

u m

a c

'B G3

-7

-us c

C

I7

a Z 5 5 4 a !5 !Z P

a

'E 4 8 B b

-

5

as

B C 3 Y

%. n

B N

. - - . d 5: a 0 X - * 0 C w B C 3 u C 3 8 BC 3 ac "7 C -6

aa C

" C

C

h

3 e

h

V]

b d

w

2 ffi a . - - 9 0 9 t u 5 -14

a a 5

4

Yield (Oh, i ii zed )

I mwd 9 d s z i i n i m n u o ~ i e u l ~ 6 ~ u n n 1 ~ z d i ~ ~ fhJ1 : Shah LiaZflSld: (2007)

1 oinniwd 9 i~nn.r 9/, yield u o ~ i o n i ~ o ~ l ~ u l & o u ? . a u " a a ~ d ~ 9 ~ a 1 u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~&iou?.a6?a 1 4 I 1dnn7s~doin Pseudomonas eepacia Iuzlm3z untuned (not lyophilized) 91 % yield infl?inb?n"fl 62 % 1 I (wiw) I I 2. fi8116~16~!%&

dd V P , diuimuoskoul.a~naiudu~uin"pIdiuimai3id$u TnuJ3u imuo~~ou!vu~a i l l~1~~~

~ i n w o A o & a i u i r n i ~ d u u n i s k ~ $ u $ ~ n ~ ~ X f ~ a i u i f i u w ~ m ~ s ~ ~ d u ~ n $ ~ n i & s . r o i n r n n ~ d i u ~ ~ i u ~ ~ Y d

I8ul~hiaZm3~dnPdW~~iW%Il,"fl%JLia"3 O:ifiRflll~UidLOU1~61nUd14id~u (substrate inhibition)

diPiilou1.au~Gmln~n~1~1u1Aoeii~i~%~J:~niniw $~linif in~uludfl 'W?oin15~a"ni .ulo~~va dd 9 Y

Tno'lC w w i u u i u d?uimioul.auw1rnio~n1u~duo.r&n~fl~ou~v6~io~i9~ Jnms Y 9, 9, dd Y a 9, 6 ~ n " u n " o i 1 C ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' l ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ a ~ " ~ ~ ~ C 1 ~ J n i ~ ~ 1 ~ u ~ l ~ i ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ n l ? ~ 1 ~ m ~ 6 ~ G i u

Y

Noureddini iiagnmz (2005) 1A~inis~n~iwauo~d?uimio0dlv6lunis~i ind~Wiui luJir iu

kalndod Tnul~d?uim~oul.aii1ainlaGa,~: 0-700 rng i ia r i~u?.audra~dan~~~d 0-3.5 g (aou1v6

Ia~dnn7a~1.J 1 g ijriiiriin".uioul.a6laidzlSns: 158 mg) n31uib~u"Uodiumu0ab~in"~1 8.2 Meq

aiaz~a~ui$u$uu~diowiuoaiw'in"~~ 9.5 Meq

Anlount of Lipase PS (mg)

* free lipase PS; 3 g of methanol A, immobilized lipase PS; 3 g of methanol

W free lipase PS; 5 g of ethanol reaction

'n immobilized lipase PS; 5 g of ethanol

:xll : Noureddini biaEflSldE (2005)

o~nmwd l o wuiireodisnolioulr&iniud?tnoliioa~aronlnoio:uin$u iia:o:

iw"udniiq#i7iio~ilnoliouY.a6uinJu ino mol% uo.riionn'a~oninoi~u"a'la'ieu1.aGlniJaa7q

Edo~im"iioulailaida5nr:$oi~o!#iou"b~61aidna?~2dL~a:~ouL~v3J"'1aidar5a~~oz1A

ru~aionmoi65 iia: 41mol% miuii i i L ~ 0 1 / i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i d ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ d i L ~ : 6 ~ ~ ~ C H ~ ~ a b d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 : 1 ~

60fiEilt3~inb; 63 Ha: 36 mol % mluilgu L ~ ~ ~ L ~ B ~ ~ ~ I S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ W " U P I ~ I J W ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U I ~ '

iaul.a6latdnn~.r2di~a:ioul.all"laidn5nr:oz1Awawa"qvo~iufiai~nmoiuinnnii~on'aionm&

i u " n ~ c i n m s ~ ~ i u n i u o a i ~ u n i r R n ~ u o : i i m ~ v u ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ i ~ a : m ~ i s n ~ i i n ~ ~ ~ ~ u i ~ ~ ~ i u nirla'

ioul.aG~a~dnnl.r~d~~uti?ii~d~R?ui~:lAwawn'mv~~l~~oGi.aau~nniiiu"o~ainiou~ri'la~dn

nicEdszi;w q ~ ~ 3 5 ~ n 4 $ iia:~~ol~lllin'$o"~8IJ"b"~ah-J (lipophilic) iUd0.IOinh$iI0a~nq~ sol-gel 014 r'

nisin~rienn'ao'nrzh sol-gel di'l#ii;rolnuuniilu lipophilic 8~o:did~~~cnn'uiou"b.a~!aidn 0 Y

999 P C I

di~n"~Rnrnsns:~uuo~dQr7rui~wuw"a rnr;?mnufli%fh lipophilic diln~riinniruanidaUV d d u

r:uii~rnr5unrunu&af ~dfjii?u~mi.r$aniwIAG

1 1 Shah !ia:nol: (2007) l ~ i v i i n i ~ f l n l n w a u u t d ? u i w a u l ~ 6 l u m s i ~ n d ~ ~ i u i l u ~ i l i u n ~ t i i

12.5 25 50 75 100

Amount of lipase (mg)

mwd I I wnunadiu~olroula6donl~n"?tliw~iu$ion~wo?~Lw~uIu~~s~"u~~~i

dul : Shah unmolz (2007)

oinniwd 1 1 riama s/. yield uosionrvlo~~~ad?ui6uboub1c116iit~u lm~i(d?ilim1ou!c116

0.075-0.10 g (75-100 rng) dal~ud?si'l$~awa"w"u8aLboa?aiod~mo$~dBfl

- 70

67 63 ........ ........ ........ .....:. ...::. '.:.:.'. . . ..:.:.:. ........ ;>:::::: ........ ........ ........ 55 .:.I.:.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:.:.:.; . .

:::.:.:. ....... . . . . ....:.. :.:.:.:. . . . . . . . .,.; . ........ '.'.:.;. . . . . . . . . ........ .:..:: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:.:.::: ........ ........ ..:.:.:. : ........ . . . . ....... ........ ... 42 :.:.:.:. :.:,:.:- :.:.: ...:.:.: ....... . , . . .:.:.:.: . . . . . . . . . ......: . . . :,.: , . , . . . . ........ ....... . : . : , . : ...... ......: . . . . .:.:.:.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:.:.::: . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . ........ .:::::.: .:_:..:- I.:.:.:. . . . . . . ...: :.: : .:: . . . . . . . . ....:: ........ ...::. . . . . . . . . :.:.:.:. ........ ........ ........ ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.,. . . . . . ........ . . ........ ...::. .....: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :: . . . . .:.:.:.: . . . . . . . . :... :.:.;.:. ........ . . . . : ._ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..:.:.: . . . . . . . . . . . ..:.:... . . . .:.:.:.: .....:. . . . . . . . .: :..: .:::. ..:.:: . . . . .,.; . ..:.:.:. . .:.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...;... . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . ........ ..:.:.I. . . :.. . . . . . . .:.:.::: . . . . . . . . .,.; . . . . . . . . . . ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . ........ :::::::: . . . . . . . . . : : . . . . . . . . . .

~ l n t d 3 ./, yield ~0dbl~~n'~LD~~~~i~~1~l~~~U6!~Id~~fl5:ibW:b~2!~!c11u"1~~~~F1~.l~1~

1

Alcohol Lipase Yield '!b(w/w) - ~ ~ p ~ ~~p ~

AR ethanol Free Pseudomonas cepacia

:.:.:.;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .::::.:. ........ ........ ...:_:.. :. . . . ........ ..:.:.:. . . . . . ..:.:.:. ...... :. . . .

Crude ethanol Free Pseudomorlas cepacia 64

AR ethanol Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on celite 9 1

. . I.:.:::: ..::. . . . . :.;.:.;. . . , . . . . _:::.::: ....... ....:.:. . . . . . . . . . . ........ .:.:_:.; . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . : . , . .

Crude ethanol Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on celite 92

%Jl : Shah bii3zflSld: (2007)

o i o n n s d 3 wuiiiou!a61nudnn3~adoin Pseuciomonas cepacio ~:I$d?uituUia

io~'nionneimnd~m .

. . . . . . : . : . : .~ . . . : . . . . . . _ . : _ . . . . .:.:.:.. .....:. ........ '. ' . ' .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .:.... : ...:.. . . . . ..:.... ....::

. . . .:... . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . ::..: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . ..:.:.:. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..:.:.:. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,: . : . . . . . . . . . . ......: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.:.:.:. . . . . ..:.._._

. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .. . . _:.:

0 10 20 30 40 50 GO

Tirne (h)

free Pse~ldomonas cepacia (PS)

Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized on celite (PS-L)

mw$ 12 i~nid~~~uni~i~nd~n"?uiiomiIu~aciiaImuI$iou~.aG?aiPla~as:ita:iou?.aunla~danl~

&J1 : Shah Lill:R81: (2007)

o~nmwA 12 wuiidnaiiZu2Ku % yield u ~ ~ t i a a f l n i o a m ~ ~ 1 ~ u l $ i o u 1 ~ u ~ a i ~ a , n ~ ~ ~ d

a:uinniinir'l4iaul.ailaidno'ns: iu"s~oimoulr6laidaml~~do:inisn"anrruvo~~aii~

df f?ui~unm?:$?u'lirnsa:mu?$~nii 1nun~uu'u~iu~iidoo~1u~duociou1%sJ"~~nn?.rot.~

iudE~uod~2iid$lW$nilM"llw"in"ndfn"?u11$;nil 01

3. e l ~ a J 1 ~ ~ 1

~ i i 8 u ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ u d a ~ i ~ i i d 1 j n ' ? u i l u m s w a ' n ~ u ~ s ~ i r a ~ n u n i s ~ ~ i ~ u l . a r i idodo~nrnsrii

dljn"iuiun.rioul.ai;n~adoi5u&idug~$2u 113ui~~~G~ad0rn5did~n43ul; io n"ens5uvo~n~n:

~ n n " o : d ~ u n ~ r r ~ u ~ a u a ~ ~ u n i n 5 ~ i i a : n ~ s i S a u d o n " u s : ~ i i ~ ~ u ~ a v o ~ ~ i ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 3 ~ " u InunYi 2

diuiol~ii;lw'uuub1o:do~u&an"u~i~ui~uwun (oil-water droplets) $uin& ~ldi~umfiWduffudk~ v I

uot i in"u i1h othd!s8rnu d?umiiiM"uinin"'tb1d8o~M"ilXin"md~n"?uiluFmslaCiia (hydrolysis) A d doto1niouY.aPilainlno~n~:~ulXin"md~n"?ui1uIn5la5nnisau'u T~ud~n"?vilsk~laCiia,~:~n"~

1~ri~~utiud~n"?uin~iuar"~oaLw~33in4oaouns:~~d~ii?ui?s~ms~a3nin"mnaiunu~a d1l$in"anis 1 .

tinnd~i~unsn?vGuj~~as:$uin

. .. Noureddini tia:nm: (2005) Y t i i i n i s ~ n ~ i ~ a ~ o ~ d ? u i ~ l ~ i l n u d ? u i m ~ d ~ n p ~ i o , ~ l u i a ~

L

2 s o '

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 Water C'o t ice~~ t ra t io~~ (g)

W ~nethyl esters

+ free frltt). acid ; 3 g methanol

ethyl esters

A free fatty acid ; 8 g ethanol

m w d 13 w a u e ~ ~ i . l n o l & ~ a ~ ~ ~ u i n r i u ~ i o a n o ? ~ ~ n ~ u 1 u h ~ u 8 ~ m ~

4 ~ 1 : Noureddini LLagnSld: (2005) Y ,

a inmwd 13 w u i l ~ d o ~ i l n o n j ~ ~ ~ ~ : i i l r l ' n " ~ n s ~ u u ~ ~ ~ o u Y t l l ~ ~ h u ~ i d ? u i m i i w n d d 2 2

o:$ilrl'd?lnol~orriwo3bwuuu d ~ u i o r & d ~ ~ l n ~ n u i ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ w ~ u a a ~ o 0.5 n?u Y t i d 3 u i a m n n o i

n t q n 62 rnol % n ~ ~ ~ 1 n ~ u i u " o d ? ~ i o l ~ ~ W d ~ d d ? i l i ~ i o n i m o ~ s ~ ~ W d ~ ~ u d 6 u % ~ i n ~ i a : d ~ u i o ~ n s m ~uliu;rrs:s:iw"uduign~ou ?i?ud?u1ni~ldllru~:auiio14io'v1iuoa~o 0 . 3 nTu 1 W i u i m

ionmeiqdqm 65 mol% n ~ ~ n i ~ ~ u ~ 8 o d i u i m l i ' i 1 ~ u B ~ 1 d ~ ~ i m i o a ~ ~ a i ~ : a m a ~ Y

4. $~1sia/aoa~:~$idiia~naa~dn'aQ1sJ"u

i i o a n o a o h ' i 8 u % q n ' u ~ ~ n 3 ~ ~ d i 6 f i \ ? ~ ~ n i ~ ~ i n u n ~ ~ m ~ o d ~ u ~ o ~ i v a d e r a " m ~ ~ Imu?i?u dd pl

9n~iioannaoaml.a9uni~era"m1~1lo~~va~zi$ui~oano~~~niudu~ (short chain alcohol) iqu iuni

uoa i omuoa Twswiuoa u'-amua'a iar itat.~=vfqv~ndigumum3d (linear alcohol) i i a % ~ i u $

iLPlnilVU4 (branched chain alcohol) i i o a n o ~ o h ' ~ b ~ u i : a ~ ~ u n 1 ~ i i d ~ n " ? u l ~ o branched alcohol ilh

Noureddini biaznm:: (2005) 1di~ilnls~in~iwa~8d~n~1a'aus::wildbb8ano81oa"d8i1sJ"u T R U Y .

I ~ d ; J 3 u i m ~ u w i ~ a u a 2.7-13.7 Meq i m z ~ ? u i [ ~ 6 o w i u o 1 1 ~ u i a d 5.7-26.7 Meq lCd?uimGinati

(1 - 3 10 15 20 25 30

Molar Ratio (Alcohol : Soybean Oil)

methyl esters

free fatty acid ; 0.5 g water

3 ethyl esters

A. free fatty acid ; 0.3 g water d l

mw'i 14 w ~ ~ 8 d ~ n s i d ~ u s z w ~ i d b ~ o a n 8 ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ i s J " u ~ a m ~ ; 8 d ~ u d ~ n " ~ ~ i ~ / 1 ~ i u a r " b 8 a b ~ 0 ? ~ 6 n ~ u

WdUl : Noureddini LbaZnSMz (2005) d a a"

oinrnvlff 14 v ~ j i ~ d o i i u a u ~ u a p l r o ~ m n o ~ o a i w ~ ~ u ~ziiwaii i I11Yd?uim~0~m~i ' 1 B I ¶ / 4

iw'uuu 1 m u ~ n d ~ u s z n ~ i . r u u w i u 8 a ~ o i l ~ u d ~ w u l z a u ~ o 7.5 : i .ado- i m d r m \ u i u i i a ~ o d

67 moI % ~ ~ a r ~ m ~ ~ d a u s z ~ < ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ u o a d o ~ i s ~ " u ~ ~ w u ~ z a u ~ 15.25 : I $dot l6d?u1~

b 0 ? i a ~ 8 ~ 6 ~ 8 ~ 65 mol

1: 1 1: 2 1: 3 1: 4 1: 5 1: 6

Grease to alcohol mole ratio

ethyl esters

'7 methyl esters

mu; 15 waue~6~s~?iaus:nil~ii~an~a8a"~i~lpd~i~u~l4ii~alpdd~n"?u1w~iuar"~~nis/la?~bn~u

;MI : Hsu !SW:nfXE (2003) d l

~ i n n i w i l j ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ l ? i ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ ~ 1 d ~ b 0 ~ ~ 0 8 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ d $ i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 1:4 $SOCSW"P~:BJI~

n " 3 V ? l ~ : ~ l u ~ ' U W ? ~ In"6if-i a8%w u (heptane) L8flltHU (hexane) !tlllRcjlbflb%~ (cyclohexane) 0 8niMW

(octane) ?0bcll00fliVled (isooatane) ? W ? ~ % c H % w 3$2$Lll0; (diisopropyl ether) ~ P J U ~ U (benzene)

esG1n.u (acetone) ioi?ngino; (ethylether) i ~ a s 1 ~ l s T w s w i u s a (isopropanol) l n ~ ~ a 6 ~ 8 . 1 a d A 4 I

6 a i i a ~ a i u ~ u m s u w u m ~ i 0 u ~ ~ G ~ ~ / 1 a i u ~ i p d ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ i u i s ~ l u n i s i i e i ~ ~ u ~ u ~ ~ u I v G ~ ~ i ~ ~ i i ~ i :

ioi-sc iiri~n'uiou?aiIumrCun"pJ~pInim~w iilN'mrK~nai~i~nn~ainl~uui~da~nu~avo~ai~lu I

d i n ' i u i n ~ o o i a * i i d ~ j ~ i u ~ n " u ~ o u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n u ~ n ] ~ u u i ~ n ] a ~ ~ f i r ~ a r ~ i a v o ~ i o u ~ ~ n i i i a z a i u b u n - f b ~

muiznu9ud~iiitnnircinunaiulvliuiiaz~iriu~nu94ioul.aunlainlnt~uK~ii.rn"o. n'?ri iazaiu cl ddcl 9 .

o'uwruwunaiu~bu~a6iiiazia'n~mzariubunivi (branched chain) i ia~iiUU3d1iN3U (cyclic A

hydrocarbon) (aliphatic chain hydrocarbon)

Tnu Kang 6mz Rhee (1989) i~ar~~~f i~~i in i r14?81%oon~wu~iaz"bc11~n~~~n~c11u1f i~ in"on~~'d~6u~d

~ o u I . a f i a i d n d ~ n n 7 q u u sephadei LH-60 foua:: 100 i iaz 84.4 n i ~ B i & ~ ~ U d o i d i u ~ i t i u ~ h m ~ B P I Q

~+ooni~uuaz~sniau~9uninonrr~urYsua- 59.1 i iaz 52.2 rnui i t i i l i i w ~ u ~ ~ i i l a z a i u t u w i i i

m u i r o r 3 u h h h l t i l s i u i 'd~miuaniia-~ewiuna i;waCu~~n'nnsruvo~ioub~v6iw5i-IrjBmsaks

?utrat?luh#iazaiuv~nd ~ i a z ~ ~ v i i a z a i u o ' u w ~ b ~ ~ n d o z ~ ~ ~ i o o n o i n a r i u ~ n ~ ~ a r f i a a i x l ~ ~

T r l r f f u u o ~ i o u l a i d i 9 f i T n r ~ n f i ~ r n u ~ n ' v ~ ~ ~ o u 1 1 ~ i n l ~ u u ~ i n l a ~ uonainiCdviuiiknnrrxlv8q 2 . 4 '

ioul.ahziiuuulmi~"unaiuIai~FavodKaiiazaiudI< a ddci

HSU i taznmz (2003) l ~ r i ~ n i r ~ n ~ i n a i u i n u i z a r u I u n ~ ~ l C ~ a i i a z a i u o ' u w ~ u ~ ~ w a ~ o rd , 2'

n]?'dJiaioniwef 1~uid?uuiM"uud~u1~1~nLw8rwann91u1u~nia~~~ hexane ! ? h 6 3 4 l ~ z a i ~ b ~ ~ ? b

i 6az%i i$~f i ia : :a iu~u~~u" (solvent free)

Incubation time (h)

14 hexane i 8 ~ ~ 3 M ° i a ~ a i ~ ~ ~ ~ ? 6 L l a w

~uumai iazaiuo'uw?6 (solvent free)

n i w i 16 ~l:uimionLwof&o~< hexane i8uKaiiazaiu~uw~6iiaz1unnia-iIdi~asiiia:aiu

Guw?b I u & ~ u d I 4 i i ~ a

4 dd oinniw$ 16 w ~ r ~ i ~ n i a : $ ~ ~ ~ ~ a P ; i ~ a : a i u ~ ~ ~ w ~ u ~ ~ a a i 24 o:Gd?uisuionawo$

u i n n i i a n i - & ~ hexane ~ 3 u ~ ~ i ? d i ~ l : ~ ~ B ~ n ? b d ~ z % ~ i ~ l d 20 % L L P ~ W ~ T J S I T ~ S 4 2 1 ~ 3 0z i id7~1 tu

10~6'?l~5dPJlflfl

0

1 0 40 60 SO

Temperature ("C)

t3 ICeu?riira1dnSaszi8ug3~5'~diii?ui (PS-30)

g951 : Hsu iLa:FlQ6: (2003)

0 10 20 30 40 50

T i e (h)

0 an1a:pqw" 60 osmivai3un . nnia:qangu' 40 osniivaitua dd s 2

niwi 18 ~ a v ~ s ~ a n 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ i a i ~ ~ a ~ ~ n i w o ~ ~ i n ~ ~ u

i ~ l : Hsu b i~%f tBd: (2003)

oinnind 18 ni=Ysianidiuld 10 &J~U-J d l j ~ ? ~ i l ~ n i ~ i d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d a s & l j ~ l d i 3 u i ~ n i ~ ~ f ~

pang; 60 nsmiaa~un o z i d i u u i l d n - ~ l E i i $ a n j i d ~ a ~ ~ ~ 40 osrnmaGea S-~vii~iiii~~:uia

ionmof~sniin's 20 %

28

Noureddini iiazRolz (2005) ?~~ln i3~nlnqcuw~~dbwuiznu~uni5 in"m~~n"?ui Tmu14

30 40 SO 69 Temperature ( "C)

I methyl esters

+ free fatty acid ; 3 g methanol ; 0.5 g water

ethyl esters

A. free fatty acid ; 5 g ethanol ; 0.3 g water

mwd 19 wnuodqolweGdoPl~iiiuiwsiuionlwo?9in~u~u~i~ukaiwa"od

G811 : Noureddini 11WgfltUz (2005)

oinmwg 19 qolwniiiwuiznuiin~'ubuwiuoabiazAowiuoa~o 35 o ~ i i a a t ~ u n bulk;

IlflnoliuGaionmoi 63 mol % iiazd?lnolio$amniwoi 62 mo, % PtoziffuiinisdoolwQ~rldd

ii9Gd?uiolioa,moiama~i~azd?uioln~mluliufnszdud ito.roinddii?uilaTmsla~n1n"m9A;

& p w p G - d c i i a z o i n n s i v l o z i ~ u i i ~ o u l v 6 I a ~ d n m f ~ ~ P l ~ z i m a i u ~ ~ w u ~ o q ~ ~ ~ ~ G ~ ~ l k ; ~ n ~ i d C L d W

ioukuia~dno'nsz i doco in i ou l vdn i~ l nn~d~~ loz~ interaction kwitrnumwiiazinuno uwuaz

laTmsiouiiazGuaz1oooGn

7. ~ ~ O d f l l ~ ~ ~ " u O ~ i ~ O d \ a e l l ~ (Kinetics)

i~un1s~nlnrz~ii~br1naiui~ai~u~uvo~d~n'~uin"'~naiui6u*u~ud~1nmswirinvolzi~u B

lawoiTuai. ~muiudoiou~vi (E) %tn'uthnimm (S) azin"ml9u enzyme-substrate complex (ES) r d d 9 - oionaiur;.1%oulvoJ"n"'~wa"mwa~~ona"'u~u~1ou1r~n"'ud'ua,~m~~nlm ndnunir

k, k,

E+S? ES - E + P

~nn~aiuitauo-rdii;%i (v) ot.~~uriRdaulnuplstn"LInaiuiCv"uCv"u~~t ES knumr

V = dP/dt = k,[ES] -

d~uQnn31ud3q.rqn (vmax) s:i~n~uido~ou1.a35"itwumo~1unniw ES .

Vm,, = k,[Eol

T h e (min)

W methyl esters

free fatty acid ; 3 g methanol ; 0.5 g water

* ethyl esters A. free fatty acid ; 5 g ethanol ; 0.3 g water

mwd 20 0 ~ 1 i I ~ m ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ i i ~ t n n ~ i u a i l a a ~ n n i ~ i r l ~ u

z811 : Noureddini i iQt . f lWt . (2005)

rinnlwd 20 il~~iu1nriudioni~l0~~~~~u11~1~14iu~i~~a1u~:~t.ii~ni~~aionm~iot. I 1 1

iw~u~uot i i~~.m$aniu~u 30 u i i i wfioiniuot.iBu&ocii-r4i7iiat.diaai 90 u i ~ ot.iidiuiol

iu~nionmoilnnd~m~"a 65 mol% d~~d~i;?uinsiu~ioni~~?~in~uImul4i~~iuoaot.i~iuaI~u

mu'auriunirlhmuoan'o d n a i 90 uli? o t . i jd iu io l io4~ ion i~o~%1ind~m~o 63 mol % tinrot.

iw"u$uitbuc 4 % nnja~n 210 uibidiuld d~ud?uimnrmYuliu5n~zozi s mol./. i . r 2 nrG

Noureddini LL~IL~OI: (2005) ! f f $ i m r 8 n ~ i n 1 r i i iou!~$nguui1~~1~i j~adod7ui01 dc; , 2

- ion~no~ninnuu~~u~4~owiuoa~~unirk~$u

70

40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

Number of Uses

A i ~ w i u s a 6 nfu

x L8VlIU6517 f l ? ~ P, oY A 4

n i w d 21 wnuo~nir~i~ouir;nriuuilr.ainuwadod~uimioninoilu~i~sak?in~o~~do14

'%.ll : Noureddini LiaznOI: (2005)

o inmwG21 iianrruuo~mul.afia~dnm?~~nlo:a~a~ido~nirii~ooa1.a6na"'uuiP.a"~i TRU i i r n r r u o z n n a ~ i ~ i u ~ i ~ n ~ o u ~ r z ~ ' ~ ~ L o ~ i u o a 5 n?u n'o anad 5 m01 % i d o ~ m r i i n r i u u i ~ . a " ~ i 11

n!a Aa$usz~u*un~iuL~u~~uuosiionnooo6iL$urzriudiin?iunu~arzniidnirii1~1.a~i~u Y W

m r ~ . r ~ u n a z k k m r ~ i ~ i u v o ~ a o u 1 ~ G inu l .a l i i i~ rnr runma~oio~do~uio in~marus~"~uo~

i ou I .a r i la idndgnmrtu i . r (deactivation) ita:~aul~unlaidnmj1~~do:iid5:iinimwann.1Qazdou

r z n < i . a n s z u ~ u n i r

Nourkddini IiazROIz (2005) ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ Y l f l l l ~ l L ~ ~ " b ~ ~ ~ ~ ' L I ~ l ~ . a " ~ l d ~ H ~ d ~ d ~ ~ l Q a dA , BY

mnino rn inovu ~nu~+iu;uniuoai~unitka~u

20 1 Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

Number of Uses

LOJ~IUOR 3.0 n?a u .' A d

niad 22 wauo~mr~itouln;lnidarna"uoJil~elliwoJwa~od?uiaioarLwo~1uljYis~'ukaiva"o~idol4

iamuoadumrk~u

hJ1 : Noureddini LLRZflQIZ (2005)

ainniad22 n~onrrauonoulroJ?aidarm?~~d~~amaqt~o~n~rii~ou"bellina"uoJll4ii lnrr

K o n r ~ u u o ~ i o u l e l l ~ l a ~ d a r m ? ~ ~ d l u e l ~ n ' ? t l 1 ~ o ~ i u ~ i u o a 0 ~ a m a ~ 9 ~ i n n a ' 1 ~ u p l ~ n " ? ~ 1 ~ o ~ i o w i ~ o a

8~o1a~~u~wri~iou'1ell0~"aaidn~n~~lk~1m~n1r1~~%1~iuoa~inni1n1~14i~~1uoa '

Hsu, A. F., Jones, K. C., Foglia, T. A. and Marmer, W. N. 2003. Optimization of alkyl ester production

from grease using a phyllosilicate sol-gel immobilized lipase. Biotechnol. 25: 1713-1716.

Hsu, A. F., Jones, K. C., Foglia, T. A. and Manner, W. N. 2004. Transesterification activity of lipases

immobilized in a phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix. Biotechnol. 26: 917-921.

Kaieda, M., Samukawa, T., Kondo, A. and Fukuda, H. 2001. Effect of methanol and water contents on

production of biodiesel fuel from plant oil catalyzed by various lipases in a solvent-free system.

biosci and bioeng. 9 1 : 12- 15.

Noureddini, H., Gao, X., and Philkana, R. S. 2005. Immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for

biodiesel fuel production from soybean oil. Bioresource Technol. 96: 769-777.

Shah, S. and Gupta, M. N. 2007. Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatrophaoil in a solvent

free system. Process Biochem. 42: 409-4 14.