factors affecting hatchability
TRANSCRIPT
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Hatchability Determining Factors
Fertility Metabolism of chick embryo Temperature during incubation Humidity during incubation Incubation at high altitude Air requirement during incubation
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Egg selection & handling of hatching eggs
Position of egg during incubation Nutrition Genetics Diseases Other factors affecting hatchability
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1-Fertility What is Fertility
Fertility refers to the capacity to reproduce Role of male in fertility
Induce the sperm in female reproductive system after mating Fertile eggs start after 2 week of mating(In some cases fertile eggs start after 24 hours of mating ) Infertile eggs start --- after 1 week of removal of male from flock
Role of female in fertilityAfter receiving sperm fertilize egg in female reproductive tractSafe the germ plasma after fertilization
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Factors affecting the fertilityMale to female ratio (number of female mated to one male)Male to female ratio (1:5)Age of breederMating behaviorSaving eggs for hatchabilityManagement Practices
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Losses of Infertility Chances of infertility 10% (USA based data)Economic losses Occupy valuable incubator spaceRequire time consuming labor & handling Hatchery maintaining cost
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Important Considerations Fertility can’t be predetermined
Can’t differentiate b/w fertile & nonfertile eggs prior incubationWith Special light system-check after few hour of incubationwith Commercial chandlers- check after several days of incubation
Egg must be broken to determine true fertilityCandling is crude method
Fertility inheritedStrains differenceIndividual differenceBetter fertility through genetic selection in breeds
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2-Metabolism of Chick Embryo What is Metabolism
Necessary for growth & lifePhysical & chemical processes
occurring within a living cell or animals that are necessary for life
Anabolism (biosynthesis)Catabolism (breakdown)
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Metabolism in chick embryoMetabolic rate of chick embryo is the result of temperature Higher optimal temperature accelerate growthLower temperature retard / delay growth As metabolism cell of embryo demand more O2 to metabolize the fats, CH2O & other components which in turn produce CO2 & water, or vice versa Balance reversible reaction is a indicator of correct temperature Optimal temperature of setter is 99.7oF (37.5oC)
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Importance of water loss from eggTo control the loss of metabolic water fromMust maintain the hatchery humidity 50-60% Egg water elimination enhance O2 entrance
Problems of high humidityLess water elimination causes Less O2 entrance in eggReduce O2 suffocate the embryoCause— Early embryonic death Chic hatch late Week Chicks
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Problems of high humidityMore H2O will be eliminated from embryoMore Water loss from yolk & albumenCause- Early embryonic death Chick hatch late Week & small Chicks General loss of whole egg---12% (within 19 days)Daily losses ----- 0.632%(at 50-60% humidity
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Egg weighing to determine weight loss
weigh the empty tray weigh the tray with eggsweight the tray at the end of 19th dayYou can also weigh at any day of
incubation calculation----
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3-Temperature During Incubation What is temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance
Physiological ZeroTemp. below which embryonic growth is arrested 750F (23.9 0C)PZ temp. varies with strains & varieties
Optimum temp. for IncubationRange b/w 950 to 1050F (350 t0 40.50C)
Consequences of Low & High Temp. during Incubation
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Conti… Three Optimum Temperature
Prior to egg laying body temp. of Broody hen 950 to 1070F (46.60 to 41.70C) during first 19 day of incubation 99.50F(36.70C) during 20th & 21st days of Incubation890 to 990F (36.70C to 37.20C)
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Conti… Optimum incubation temp. is not same
for all eggs due to following factors …..
1-Egg size2-Shell quality3-Gnetics (breed/ strain)
4-Age of when it is set5-Humidity of air during incubation
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Conti… Embryonic effect from
Overheating Exposure of 16 hours embryos for 24 hours to 1040F (400C)-No detrimental effect on hatchability Exposure for 6 hours to 1100F (43.30C) .. Hatchability Exposure for 9 hours to 1100F (43.30C) .. Severe Hatchability Exposure for 3 hours to 1150F (46.10C) ..orExposure for 1 hours to 1200F (48.60C) .. Killed all embryossevere heat stress causes …clubbed down & unsteady gait
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Embryonic effect from coolingFirst 3 day quite resistant against low temp. Hatching chick are more resistant to cold than heat
Consequences of cooling Lengthen the incubation period
Increase the chances of malposition of embryoMajor prob. due to reduction in 20C for last day days
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What happen when electric power failsHeat not equally distribute (due to fan )More heat will be at topAt top—more heat-embryo overheated At bottom—less heat/ chilling of embryos
So emergency electric supply is necessary for successful hatchery operation
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Thermometers should be checked oftenTo check the ThermometersPlace in refrigerator for 30 min & shake mercury down or Place in warm water & shake the mercury down
Reuniting separated mercury when mercury in thermometer separates, temp. reading s are incorrect
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4-Humidity during Incubation What is Humidity
Percentage of moisture in air Measuring relative Humidity
HygrometerBy comparing the thermometers recorded by wet & dry bulbsDry bulb…..recorded normallyWet bulb…..recorded ..bulb covered with a water-moist wick
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Hygrometer
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Consequences of high humidity in setter (1-19 days)Lengthen the incubation time
Consequences of low humidity No pipping due to beak sticking
Egg shell quality & humidity requirementPoor shell quality-more moisture movement/ losses Thick dense shells –low moisture movement/losses
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Cracked eggs & humidity requirement2% egg cracked -out of total egg set1.1% -Cracked when trayed , 0.9% cracked at transferMore Humidity due to cracked eggsRequire more air flow for normal O2 requirementMore losses due to CO2
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5-Incubation at High Altitude What is Altitude
Distance measured above sea level 1944 North Reported the difference of
hatchability at different altitudes Hatchability & Altitude is inversely proportional Highest at sea level up 90-92% Optimum altitude
2500 ft (760 m)hatchability 80-85%at 3500 ft (1067 m) –acute problems
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Problems at high altitude Reduced wt of O2
Low air pressurewhat happen low availability of O2
lower hemoglobin concentration in bloodParti. at 13-14 days of incubationlower / delayed hemoglobin productionlow supply for embryo developmentresult …….heavy embryonic death
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Increasing air pressure restore normal hatchIncrease air pressure artificially Pressurized atmosphere in incubator
Oxygen injection a better methodConcentration of O2
Hatchability can be improved by supplying O2 How to inject oxygen
Inject both in setter & HatcherApparatus to determine the %age of O2 conc.
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6-Air requirement during Incubation Composition of air
Oxygen …………21%
Oxygen in air & its importance It is impossible to increase the O2 in incubatorEach1% drop in O2–decreses the 5% hatchability
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Normal air supply generally adequateWith the increase of age –embryo require more O2 & (more CO2 given off) The process of O2 requirement increase 100 times at 21st day as compare to 1st day Generally O2 requirement increases 8 time after every 3 days of incubation life
How we increase the O2 in incubatorsBy increasing air circulationBy O2 supplying (not applicable / expensive)
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Conti..
Gaseous exchange during incubation per 1000 eggs Day of Incubation Absorption of O2
ft3Expulsion of CO2
ft3
1 0.5 0.295 1.17 0.5810 3.79 1.9215 22.70 11.5018 30.00 15.4021 45.40 23.00
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Conti…
Carbon dioxide toleranceAt laying CO2 release from egg and turn egg contents to alkalineNormal pH of Egg contents at laying…. Albumen pH 7.6 after one week 9.5Yolk pH 6.0 after one week 6.8CO2 concentration must be in range limit in setter & hatcherTolerance level first 4 week……0.03%At 1% …Significant reduction in hatchabilityAt 5% .... Completely lethal for hatchability
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7-Egg selection & care & storage, handling of
hatching eggs Exterior quality
Genetic parental characters has great role in production of good hatching quality eggEgg size Normal size (53 gm, WLH) -Range 54-64 gmEgg shape3 types (Oval, Oblong & round)oval is desirable shapeOblong & round not desirable
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Egg shell colorWhite vs white with tintsDark brown vs light brown Shell textureShell thickness …0.33 – 0.35 mmweak shell thickness….. 0.27 mmThin shell thickness was due to deficiency of Vit D or CaSmooth shell vs Porous shell
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Interior qualityPosition of yolk Yolk should be in center of hatching eggs Yolk was not in center in older egg- Causes of low hatchability was due to sticking of embryo with shell Size of air shellLarge air shell has low hatchability which was due to older egg Blood & meat spots ..has no any effect on hatchability Poor shell condition A small crack has zero hatchability
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Care & Storage of hatching eggsHatching egg quality may be deteriorate due to following reasons…Improper temperatureImproper HandlingImproper humidityAge of eggsCleanliness of shell
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Position & Turning of egg during incubation Broader end at top due to air cell
If pointed end at top 60% .. Wrong position& 10% dead embryos
Egg rotate at 45 degree Clock wise rupture the allantoises
membranes Angle turned to each
side of vertical Hatch of fertile eggs
200 69.3300 78.9400 84.6
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Daily turning of egg and hatchability
Time Turned daily Hatching of fertile eggs
2 78.14 85.36 92.08 92.210 92.1
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Nutrition Vit. A……Failure to develop the blood system
Embryonic malpositions Vit. D……Ricket (lack of P) Stunted chicks
Soft bones resulting from improper Calcification Vit. E…….Reduced fertility, Inadequate
embryonic vascular system, embryonic mortality 1-3 d
Vit. K……Prolonged embryonic blood clotting time Hemorrahages & blood clots in embryo & Extra embryonic blood vessels. Hemorrhagic syndrome of embryo & Chick
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Conti…
Riboflavin……High mortality 9-14 days. Edema, Atrophied leg muscles, clubbed down, curled toes, enlarge of sciatic nerve sheaths, reduced hatchability 2 after breeder ration become deficient.
Pantothenic acid…… Abnormal feathering, S/c hemorrhages in embryo, Chick hatch in weak condition & most fail to survive.
Biotin…….Perosis, Short long bone (micromelia), shortended & twisted bone of feet, wing & skull. High mortality b/w 1 -7 days.
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Vit. B12Embryonic mal position, edema, short beak, poor muscles development, High embryonic mortality 8-14 days
Folacin Similar to biotin deficiency, Chick die after pipping the shell
B6Reduced hatchability
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Contii….
Calcium……Ricket Reduced hatchability, Short & thick leg & wing & lower mandible,
Pliable peak, leg & neck, edema Phosphorus…Ricket, soft leg & beak, high
embryonic mortality b/w 14-16 days Manganese…skeletal Abnormalities, Short
wing & legs, abnormal head & parrot beak (Chondrodystrophy)
Imperfect development of inner ear. Retarded growth, Edema
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Contii…
Zinc….Micromelia , skeletal deformities (absence of rump, wing, legs & toes), underdeveloped eyes, newly hatch chicks are weak, & cannot stand, eat or drink, chick mortality increases soon after hatching.
Selenium…subcutaneous fluid, exudative diathesis (edema), degeneration of pancreas, reduced hatchability, selenium deficiency enhanced when the breeder diet is low in vitamin E
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Excessive items
Selenium….toxic at high level, edema, crooked toes & high embryonic mortalities
Nicarbazin…….Brown eggshells lose their pigment, hatchability decreases up to 32%
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Genetics Impossible to predetremined sex
No method to determining the sex of living embryo at the time the egg is laidShape , position of air cell, gravity or other factors has no any effect on sex ratio
Sex ratio Following factors effect on sex ratioGenetics……..strains' & varieties Lethal genes…some lethal genes are associated with sex Physical factors..environmental condition Time of egg laying..more male in hot weather Correct sex ratio….No fix ratio due variation in egg production
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Diseases Diseases of breeder flock affect the
hatchabilityPullorum disease Infectious bronchitisArzona disease Newcastle diseaseFowl typhoid Avian Encephalomyelitis Paratyphoid Mycoplasma gallisepticum Aspergilliosis Mycoplasma synoviae Omphalitis Aflatoxisis (toxin poisoning)Escherichia coli infectionLaryngotracheitis
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Other factors affecting hatchability
Egg laying pattern and hatchability 1st & 1st week had low hatchability Early & Later laid has low hatchabilityMaximum Hatchability at 13 – 14 week of egg production
Egg in start of clutch has low hatchability as comp. to end of clutch High production has higher hatchability as compare to low & medium production
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Weather affects hatchabilityLower hatchability in extreme weather condition b/c heat & cold effect breeder performancelow intake, Hatchability..5% less in may & June
Factors affecting the length of incubation periodCertain diseases.. Increase incubation periodLonger egg formation time..Reduce Incub. period WLH has lower incubation period than meat type breeders Egg produced in warmer season has shorter incubation
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Smaller breeder has short incubation period
Similarly small egg hatch sooner than larger egg
Noise & hatchabilityNo effect on hatchability even sonic boom
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Conti…
Age of breeder affects hatchabilityIncreasing age of breeder effect the hatchabilityOlder breeder take more egg formation time with strong egg shell ..increase hatching timePosition of embryo in eggNormal position…Embryo with head in larger end of egg (near air cell) & with its head under right wing
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Conti..
Description of some male positionChances of malposition 1-4%Head between thighsHead in small end of eggHead under left wingFeet over headBeak above right wing instead under
Hatching %age of malposition chick