SUBMITTED BY:KOKAB JABEEN

Factors affecting urbanization process and how urbanization

can be controlled

Urbanization

Urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

Natural increase of urbanization can occur if the natural population growth in the cities is higher than in the rural areas.

Urbanization began during

Industrial revolution

Workers moved commercial hubs

Agricultural jobs less

ACCORDING TO LONG 1998 A country is considered to urbanize when over 50

per cent of its population live in the urban areas (Long 1998).

An urban area is spatial concentration of people who are working in non-agricultural activities.

Positive factors

Growing center for modern production and

industryFinancial services

Internal commerce and foreign trade

Education and govt.

differences between rural and urban live style

Rural areaEducation Health Safe drinking waterElectricity Fresh FoodEntertainment JobsLow income people.

Urban areaHigh level of educationBetter facilities of healthDrinking waterElectricityFoodEntertainmentJobs opportunityHigh level of income

Worldwide the scale and depth of poverty in rural

areas are higher. In general, higher the level of

urbanization, lower the level of absolutely poverty.

(HABITAT 1996, Bilsborrow 1998).

Factors that encourage urbanization

Population

growth

Factor that are because of Urbanization

Environmental

pollution

Air pollution

Waternoise

To be cont……..

food

traffic

Solid waste

TO BE CONT……..

healthHousing and homelessnes

s

unempoyment

To be cont……..

unemployment

crime

poverty

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

political attention.

One problem is to integrate land- and water use planning to provide food and water security (UNEP 1999).

Over population

90 million babies are born each year

At this rate, by the year 2050, global population will reach 10 billion.

FOOD PROBLEM

Growing demand for food and facilities

•Rapid population growth not only lessens available calorie supply from food per person but also risks the present food production with pollution.

Problem to food production

•Agricultural food•Industrial food

Air pollutionacid

precipitation

acidity of waters

photochemical pollutants

Lead

co

TRAFFIC

Traffic Traffic jam

Respiratory diseases

Pollution due to

burning of fuel

Water pollution

SOLID WASTES Solid waste management means proper

collection, transfer, recycling and disposal of solid wastes.

The people end up to the illegal dump on streets, open spaces, wastelands, drains or rivers. Sometimes they are collected to the land sites but the protection of water bodies and groundwater is not active (HABITAT 1996, Ogu 2000).

Noise

Sources of noise

.

Industrial operation

Highway traffic

Construction activities

Air crafts

WATER RESOURCES water is not geographically equally

divided and seasonal changes are extensive.

In Africa, 14 countries already experience water stress or water shortage. Another 11 countries will join that list in the next 25 years (Somlyódy et al. 2001, Postel 1992). 20% of

the world’s pop fall short to

safe water

Health Environmental

problems

•Environment-related diseases or accidents remain among the major causes of illness, injury, and premature death.

link between environment and health is

evident.

•Poor environment, housing and living conditions are the main reasons to the diseases and poor health

Crime At least once every five years, more

than a half of the world’s population living in the cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants are victims of a crime of some kind.

Only in Asia this proportion is

under 50 percent.

urban violence is

estimated to grow 3 to 5

percent every year

HOUSING AND HOMELESSNESS . The houses are

often small and overcrowded and also lack facilities like; piped water supplies, the removal of excreta and solid wastes, drainage and roads.

33 to 67 per cent of the population

lives in housing units

that are in poor condition.

UNEMPLOYMENT

driving motorbike taxis, selling low-cost meals, driving tuc-tucs (open taxis) or collecting garbage.

Informal sector

To be cont…..

It means that a person might be full-time employed, but the task performed promotes little to

social welfare.

misemployment

Poverty Reasons

of poverty in urban

areasLack of jobs

Unskilled population

Over population

unemployment

Inflation

Problem Focus - Challenges of Urbanization

Environmental Implica

tion

Waste Recycling -

New Challenges

of Sustainabilit

y

Poverty

Policy Responses and Tools

to manage Urbanizatio

n

Policy Responses and Tools to manage Urbanization

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Intra-urban management to cope with urbanization problems

Participation, Partnership and Governance

Tool to manage

MODEL TO CONTROL URBANIZATION

Socialist model

South African model

• Socialism•People were not allowed

to permanently move from the place of birth to

urban area.

• This method was not to control the migration of

single people but decrease migration with

families