fact sheet of palm oil
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Fact sheet of Palm OilTRANSCRIPT
Fact Sheets
Malaysian Palm Oil
Fact Sheets
Malaysian
Palm O
il
Malaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi,
43000 Kajang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
Tel : +6(03) 8925 4400 Fax : +6(03) 8925 9446
Homepage : www.mpob.gov.my
Malaysian Palm Oil Council (192835-K)
2nd Floor, Wisma Sawit, Lot 6, SS6, Jalan Perbandaran, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Selangor Darul Ehsam, Malaysia
Tel : +6(03) 7806 4097, Fax : +6(03) 7806 2272Websites : www.mpoc.org.my, www.malaysiapalmoil.org
For further information please contact:
Mon
ogra
ph #
6
Copyright © 2007All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any forms or means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of both the Malaysian Palm Oil Council and Malaysian Palm Oil Board.
Reprinted 2008
Publishers
MALAYSIAN PALM OIL COUNCIL (192835-K)2nd Floor, Wisma Sawit, Lot 6, SS6, Jalan Perbandaran, 47301 Kelana Jaya,Selangor, Malaysia
and
MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARDNo. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang,Selangor, Malaysia
Fact Sheets
Malaysian Palm Oil
1
Contents
Foreword 02
Part I: The Oil Palm 03
Part II: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil 09
Part III: Techno-Economic Advantages of Palm Oil 25
Part IV: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil Applications 33
Part V: Palm Oil Nutritional Benefi ts 37
Part VI: Oil Palm & The Environment 45
Part VII: The Malaysian Oil Palm Industry 57
Related Organisations 59
References 60
Further Readings 63
Acknowledgement 63
3
Part I: The Oil Palm
Source: IJM, Cede
4
HistoryFact 1: Archaeological evidence on palm oil consumption was found in an Egyptian tomb in Abydos. As no palm oil was ever produced in the country, the evidence implied that the oil had been traded during the time of the Pharaohs, which is about 5,000 years ago.Source: Friedel (1897)
Fact 2: Oil palm [Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.] originated from West Africa in a belt from Angola to Senegal.Source: MPOC (2005a)
Fact 3: Oil palm was introduced to the peninsula of Malaysia, then Malaya, as an ornamental plant by the British in the 1870s.Source: MPOC (2005b)
Fact 4: In 1917, Henri Fauconnier planted the palm for its oil at Tennamaran Estate in Batang Berjuntai, Selangor, Malaysia.Source: MPOC (2005b)
Source: MPOB
The original fi ve steps used to extract palm oilStep 1: Cooking the bunchStep 2: Removing fruitlets from the bunchStep 3: Macerating the fruitletsStep 4: Pressing out oil from the fruitletsStep 5: Collecting the oil
One of the four original palms from which Fauconnier obtained seedlings to plant oil palms at Tennamaran Estate
Oil palms in wild groves in West Africa
1
2
3
4
5
Malaysia
5
Fact 5: Oil palm’s economic potential was fi rst realised in the 1960s when the Malaysian Government embarked on a poverty eradication programme through agricultural diversifi cation by planting this crop to complement rubber.
The establishment of land schemes by the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) and the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA) has resettled landless farmers on holdings by mainly growing oil palm. Today, FELDA manages about 853,000 hectares of plantations, providing employment for 112,635 farmers.1 The land schemes are provided with basic amenities such as piped water, electricity, communications, roads, schools, healthcare facilities as well as greater employment opportunities in the economic activities spawned. 1 Source: FELDA (2008)
Currently, the Malaysian oil palm industry as a whole including the downstream sectors employs 860,000 people, both directly and indirectly.
Example of a Typical Worker’s House at a FELDA’s Oil Palm Estate
Source: MPOC
6Source: MPOC (1995a)
Background
Fact 6: The oil palm fi rst planted in Tennamaran Estate was Dura - the fruit type with a thick shell. There are two other fruit types - Pisifera with no shell and Tenera with a thinner shell. Obviously, the thicker the shell, the less would be the oil-bearing mesocarp and the less the oil yield. Ideally, Pisifera should be planted, but it is largely female sterile and produces very few bunches. In practice, Tenera is planted as a compromise. At that time, the genetics of shell type was not known, but it was later discovered that Tenera is just a hybrid between Dura and Pisifera i.e. Dura x Pisifera = Tenera.
Oil Palm (Tenera): Basic Facts
Origin West AfricaAverage height increment (present palms) ~ 60cm/yearTrunk diameter ~ 60cmNo. of fronds produced per year ~ 24Average length of frond 3 - 4mLeaf colour GreenColour of ripe fruit Usually yellowish red (there are also other colours)Nursery period 12 - 18 months1st harvesting ~ 30 months after fi eld plantingHarvesting cycle 2 - 3 weeksNo. of bunches produced per palm 10 - 15 per yearAverage weight of bunch 10 - 20 kgNo. of fruits per bunch 1000 - 3000Shape of bunch Round or ovalFruit size (l x b) 5cm x 2cmFruit weight ~ 10gKernel content 3-8% per fruitletOil extraction rate 20%Palm oil yield ~ 4 tonnes/ha/yearPlanting density 136 - 160 palms/haEconomic lifespan 20 - 30 years
8
Fact 10: Oil palm is the most effi cient oil-bearing crop in the world.
The table below shows that in comparison with other major oil crops, oil palm produces the highest tonnage of oil per hectare per year with minimum use of land area.
Oil Palm vs Other Major Oil Crops
Oil Crop Oil Production (mil tonnes)
% of Total Oil Production
Average Oil Yield
(t/ha/year)
Harvested Area (mil ha)
% of Total Harvested Area
Soyabean 37.49 31.82 0.40 94.62 42.61Sunfl ower 10.91 9.26 0.45 24.08 10.84Rapeseed 18.71 15.88 0.69 27.15 12.23Oil Palm (mesocarp) 38.31 32.51 3.63 10.55 4.75Totala 117.83 222.08
Note: a only for the seven major oil cropsSource: Oil World (2008)
Oil Palm 3.63
Rapeseed 0.69Sunfl ower 0.45
Soyabean 0.40
Average Oil Yield (t/ha/year)
9
A) OILS & FATS TRADE
Part II: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil
Source: MPOC
10
Fact 11: The roles of palm oil and palm kernel oil in the global oils and fats scenario are prominent.
i) Palm oil and palm kernel oil contributed the highest percentage (28%) of the total global production of oils and fats in 2007.
World Production of Oils & Fats in 2007 (Million Tonnes)
Total Production: 153.83 mil tonnes
Source: Oil World (2008a)
Oils & Fats Trade
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil27.7%
Soyabean Oil24.3%
Rapeseed Oil12.2%
Lard & Tallow10.7%
Others10.0%
Coconut Oil2.0%
Corn Oil1.5%
Sunfl ower Oil7.1%
Butter4.5%
11
ii) Palm oil and palm kernel oil were the most traded oils in the global oils and fats market with a market share of 56% in 2007.
World Exports of Oils & Fats in 2007 (Million Tonnes)
Total Exports: 57.72 mil tonnes
Source: Oil World (2008a)
Rapeseed Oil3.5%
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil55.8%
Sunfl ower Oil7.3%
Lard & Tallow4.1%
Corn Oil1.2%
Butter1.3%
Others4.2%
Coconut Oil3.3%
Soyabean Oil19.3%
12
iii) Of the total 154.69 million tonnes of oils and fats consumed in 2007, palm oil and palm kernel oil constituted the highest percentage (28%) of the total.
World Consumption of Oils & Fats in 2007 (Million Tonnes)
Total Consumption: 154.69 mil tonnes
Source: Oil World (2008a)
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil27.5%
Rapeseed Oil12.4%
Soyabean Oil24.2%
Sunfl ower Oil7.2%
Lard & Tallow10.6%
Others10.0% Butter
4.5% Coconut Oil2.1%
Corn Oil1.5%
13
Fact 12: Malaysia is one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world.
In 2007, Malaysia produced about 15.82 million tonnes of palm oil from a mere 4.30 million hectares of planted area. The production and export of Malaysian palm oil is expected to increase in the future through improved planting materials and better plantation management.
A Comparison of Annual Production of Palm Oil between Malaysia and Other Producers from 2003 - 2007 (Million Tonnes)
Source: Oil World (2008a)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ann
ual P
rodu
ctio
n of
Pal
m O
il(m
il to
nnes
)
OthersIndonesiaMalaysia
2006 2005 2004 2003
14.96
14.07
4.70
13.97
12.38
4.60
13.35
10.60
4.23
2007
15.8816.05
5.21
15.8216.70
5.61
14
Source: Oil World (2008a)
A Comparison of Annual Exports of Palm Oil between Malaysia and Other Exporters from 2003 - 2007 (Million Tonnes)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ann
ual E
xpor
ts o
f Pal
m O
il(m
il to
nnes
)
2006 2005 2004 2003
OthersIndonesiaMalaysia
2.67
10.44
13.4412.58
9.00
2.62
12.22
7.37
2.32
14.40
11.95
2.86
2007
13.75
12.40
3.49
15
Fact 13: Since domestic consumption of vegetable oils is relatively low in the country, Malaysia exports most of its palm oil and palm kernel oil. In 2007, Malaysia had the biggest market share in the global vegetable oils and fats trade with P.R of China emerging as the largest importer of its palm oil.
Malaysia’s Share (%) of the Global Oils and Fats Trade in 2007
Total Trade: 57.72 mil tonnesMalaysia’s Share: 15.14 mil tonnes
Source: Oil World (2008a)
Malaysia26.2%
Indonesia25.0%
Others27.6%
Argentina13.1%
USA5.4%
EU-272.7%
16
Total Export of Malaysian Palm Oil: 13.75 mil tonnes
Source: MPOB (2008)
Major Export Destinations for Malaysian Palm Oil in 2007
Others39.7%
P.R of China27.9%
Pakistan7.8%
USA5.8%
EU15.0%
Japan3.8%
17
Fact 14: The Malaysian palm oil industry being the major player in the global oils and fats trade, has contributed billions of ringgit in export earnings to the country. In 2007, palm oil was the third largest contributor to Malaysia’s external trade after Electrical & Electronic Products and Crude Petroleum & Its Products.
Export Earnings from Malaysian Palm Oil Industry from 2000 - 2007 (RM billion)
Source: MPOB (2008)
40
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Exp
ort E
arni
ngs (
RM
bil)
2007
31.8
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
30.4
26.2
19.6
14.2 14.9
28.6
45
35
45.2
18
Malaysia’s External Trade in 2007 (RM billion)
Exports
Total Trade: RM 605.2 bil
Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2008)
Electrical & Electronic Products44.0%
Crude Petroleum & Its Products8.7%
Timber & Timber-based Products3.8%
Palm Oil & Palm-based Products7.5%
Liquefi ed Natural Gas (LNG)3.8%
Others32.2%
19
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil Processing Flow Chart
Fact 15: Palm oil processing fl ow chart
Palm Oil Processing Flow Chart
Note: FFB= Fresh Fruit BunchSources: MPOB (1992)
OIL EXTRACTION AT MILL
Sterilisation in large pressurevessels/cages
Stripping in rotating drum“Stripper”
Extraction in a homogenous oilmash using screw press
Purifi cation in a continuousclarifi cation tank
Transportation of FFBs
FFBs enter the plant forprocessing
RBDPalm Oil
Physical (Steam) Refi ning
Degumming and Pre-Bleaching
Deacidifi cation and Deodorisation
Degumming/Neutralisation
Bleaching Deodorisation
Fatty Acid Distillate
Soap Stock Acid Oil
DNBDPalm OilPalm O
ChemicalRefi ningR
EFIN
ING
CRUDE PALM OIL
20
Fact 16: Palm kernel oil processing fl ow chart
Palm Kernel Oil Processing Flow Chart (Mechanical Extraction)
Source: MPOB (1992)
(A) Direct screw pressing without kernel pre-treatment(B) Partial kernel pre-treatment followed by screw pressing(C) Complete pre-treatment followed by screw pressing
PALM KERNEL
Cleaning
Size Reduction
Flaking
Steam Conditioning
Screw Pressing
Expeller CakeCoarse Screen Filter
Filter Press Storage
Palm Kernel Oil
Storage
(A)
(C)
(B)
21
Fact 17: Physical characteristics of Malaysian palm oil
Physical Characteristics of Malaysian Palm Oil
Characteristic Mean (of 215 samples) RangeApparent density @ 50°C (*) (g/ml) 0.889 0.888 - 0.889Refractive Index @ (*) 50°C 1.455 1.455 - 1.456Solid fat content (+)
5°C 60.5 50.7 - 68.010°C 49.6 40.0 - 55.215°C 34.7 27.2 - 39.720°C 22.5 14.7 - 27.925°C 13.5 6.5 - 18.530°C 9.2 4.5 - 14.135°C 6.6 1.8 - 11.740°C 4.0 0.0 - 7.545°C 0.7 0.0 - 4.5
Slip melting point [°C] (+) 34.2 31.1 - 37.6Source: * Chin, et al (1980) (+) Tan & Oh (1981)
Physical Characteristics of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
22
Fact 18: Physical characteristics of palm kernel oil
Physical Characteristics of Palm Kernel Oil
Characteristic Mean Value
Refractive Index 1.4509Slip melting point [oC] 27.3Colour (Lovibond 5 ¼” cell) 5.5R 50YColour (FAC) -Carotene content (from absorption at 446nm) 7.6Solid fat content by Wideline NMR (%) at 5°C 72.8 10°C 67.6 15°C 55.7 20°C 40.1 25°C 17.1 30°C -
Source: Siew and Berger (1981)
23
Infrastructure of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry
Fact 19: The infrastructure for the Malaysian oil palm industry is rapidly developing to keep pace with the high global demand for palm oil, oleochemicals, and biodiesel.
Distribution of the Malaysian Oil Palm Business and Ownership in 2007
Source: MPOB (2008)
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
1
SARAWAK
SABAH
OWNERSHIP OF PLANTED AREA
24
Status of Malaysian Oil Palm Processing
Sector2006 2007
No. Capacity No. CapacityMills (tonnes FFB/year) 397 86,243,600 406 89,282,800Refi neries (tonnes CPO/year) 51 18,506,400 52 19,192,200Kernel Crushers (tonnes palm kernel/year) 41 5,239,100 40 5,459,100Storage Capacity* from Bulking Installations (tonnes) 33 1,160,950 31 1,164,720
Note: * excluding bulking capacities at Bintulu Edible Oil, Sandakan Edible Oil and Lahad Datu Edible OilSource: MPOB (2008)
Status of Oleochemical Plants & Capacity in Malaysia at End 2007 (Tonnes/Year)
StateIn Operation Under Planning Total
No. Capacity No. Capacity No. CapacityJohor 7 608,900 1 62,000 8 670,900Penang 3 791,325 0 0 3 791,325Selangor 6 817,746 0 0 6 817,746Others 2 381,000 1 60,000 3 441,000Total 18 2,598,971 2 122,000 20 2,720,971
Source: MPOB (2008)
25
Part III: Techno-Economic Advantages of Palm Oil
Source: MPOC
Fact 20: The oil palm ensures a consistent and renewable supply of vegetable oil to meet the ever-increasing demand for oils and fats.
On average, one hectare of oil palm produces 3.63 tonnes of palm oil per annum, with best fi elds producing up to 7-8 tonnes annually. The long natural economic lifespan of the oil palm tree ensures a consistent supply of palm oil to meet consumer demand.
Example of High-Yielding Palms
Source: UP Berhad
26
27
Fact 21: Palm oil is the least expensive vegetable oil to produce.
Comparative Cost of Production of Selected Oils (USD/tonne)
Oil Cost (USD/tonne) Country/RegionPalm 228 MalaysiaSoyabean 400 USARapeseed 648 CanadaRapeseed 900 Europe
Note: USD 1 = RM 3.80 (2004)Source: MPOB (2005)
Comparative Processing Costs for Palm, Soyabean and Sunfl ower Oils (RM)
ChemicalSoyabean Oil/Sunfl owerseed Oil RBD Palm OilQuantity (kg) Cost (RM) Quantity (kg) Cost (RM)
Phosphoric Acid @ RM 2000/tonne 2 4.00 - -Caustic Soda Solid @ RM 1400/tonne 2.5 3.50 - -Bleaching Earth @ RM 800/tonne 30 24.00 10 8.00Nickel Catalyst @ RM 26/kg 1 26.00 - -TOTAL COST 57.50 8.00Savings for RBD Palm Oil 49.50 per tonne
Note: USD 1 = RM 3.80 (2004)Source: MPOB (2005)
28
Fact 22: Palm oil is the most versatile oil as it can be used in various food applications without or with only minimal modifi cation, as well as in non-food products such as oleochemicals, soaps and biodiesel.
i) Palm oil has many of the required characteristics suitable for food applications. Being semi-solid at room temperature, it can be fractionated to produce downstream products such as olein, stearin, super olein, and palm mid fraction, which are used in various food products.
Food Uses of Palm Oil and Its Downstream Products
Product Palm Oil Palm Olein
Double Fractionated
Palm Oil (Super Olein)
IV1 > 60
Palm Mid Fraction (Soft)
Palm Mid Fraction (Hard)
Palm Stearin (Soft)
IV > 30
Palm Stearin (Hard)
IV 20 - 30
Premium Stearin (Hard) IV < 20
Cooking Oil ӨFrying FatsShortening/Dough FatsVegetable Ghee Ө ӨMargarineSpecialty Fats for Coatings Ө *
Ice cream Fats ӨChocolate Fats ӨMilk Fat ReplacersButter Oil SubstitutesConfectionery FatsNon-dairy Creamer● highly suitable ө suitable * minor application only Note: 1 Iodine ValueSource: MPOC (2005b)
29
ii) In the oleochemical industry, palm oil and palm kernel oil are used to produce various chemical feedstock, such as fatty acids and fatty esters, which are required in the manufacturing of various non-food products. In addition, palm oil can also be directly used to produce biofuel. The Malaysian Government has implemented the National Biofuel Policy mandating the use of B5, a type of biofuel containing a mixture of 5% RBD palm olein and 95% diesel, for transport. The product has been launched as Envo Diesel.
Non-Food Applications of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
Source: MPOB (2005)
Direct Route
PALM OIL & PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleochemical Route
Biodiesel
pSoap
pExpoxidised Palm Oil
Polyols
Polyurethanes
Polyacrylates
yFatty Acids
yFatty Esters
yFatty Alcohols
y g pFatty Nitrogen Compounds
yFatty Alcohols
Intermediate
ConsumerProducts
yGlycerine
30
Fact 23: Malaysia guarantees the quality of its palm oil to meet customer requirements.
The Malaysian palm oil producers and exporters are keenly aware that the quality of their palm oil is their sine qua non for future sales. In Malaysia, strict quality control is observed throughout the supply chain, i.e. from production to processing, refi ning and shipping. The industry is regulated by various quality and food safety standards, such as the PORAM Specifi cations for Processed Palm Oil and Ministry of Health Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) standards.
Fact 24: Malaysian palm oil offers a wide range of specifi cations to meet various requirements.
New technologies allow the Malaysian palm oil industry to diversify its downstream products such as processed palm oil, high-carotene palm oil (red palm oil), palm kernel cake and oleochemicals to satisfy requirements. Products which are not ‘on the shelf’ can be tailor-made for specifi c uses.
31
Fact 25: Of the major oils and fats, palm oil is the most competitively priced.
Palm oil is competitively priced vis-a-vis other vegetable oils. With its guaranteed consistent supply, its price competitiveness is likely to continue into the future.
Price Performance of Palm Oil and Other Oils (USD/tonne)
Note: * CIF, Rotterdam + FOB, Rotterdam 0 FOB, EUSource: Oil World (2000-2008)
Pric
e (U
SD/to
nne)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Jan
08
Jul 0
7
Jan
07
Jul 0
6
Jan
06
Jul 0
5
Jan
05
Jul 0
4
Jan
04
Jul 0
3
Jan
03
Jul 0
2
Jan
02
Jul 0
1
Jan
01
Jul 0
0
Jan
00
Sunfl ower Oil+
Rapeseed Oil0Crude Degummed Soyabean Oil+
Crude Palm Oil*
1800
32
Fact 26: The oil palm produces renewable and sustainable raw materials for manufacturing other useful products.
The oil palm fronds can be fed to cattle and the trunk sawn into timber, or used to make medium-density fi breboard (MDF) and pulp. The empty fruit bunches (EFBs) can be used to make fi bre or to mulch the palms (natural fertiliser).
Example of Furniture Made from Palm-based MDF
Source: MPOB
3333
Part IV: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil Applications
Source: MPOC
34
Fact 27: A fl ow chart on the versatility of palm oil and palm kernel oil in food and non-food applications
Versatility of Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil in Food and Non-Food Applications
Source: Pantzaris (1997)
Crushing
Fatty Acids
Fractionation andRefi ning
Stearin
Olein
Hydrogenation
MargarinesConfectioneryIce CreamBiscuit Creams
Refi ning
Technical Usessuch as soap
Fractionation and Refi ning
Refi ning
MargarinesShorteningsVanaspatiFrying FatsIce Cream
MillingCRUDE PALM OIL
FRESH FRUIT BUNCHES
RBD Palm Oil
Splitting
KERNELSCRUDE PALM KERNEL OIL
Glycerol
35
Fact 28: Palm oil is an excellent frying oil. Because of its lower unsaturation and high antioxidant content, palm oil does not oxidise or polymerise as readily as other liquid oils in continuous high temperature use, conferring on it a longer life for frying. When used as frying oil, palm oil is non-sticky, non-foaming and offers a longer shelf life for products.
Frying Oils – Time to Reach End of Useful Life
Oil Acid Value 2.5 (hours)
Oxidised Acids 1% (hours)
Palm oil 130 103Hardened groundnut oil 140 92Coconut oil 100 125Groundnut oil 140 63Soyabean oil 160 55Hardened fi sh oil 130 100
Note: Taking the two criteria together, palm oil has the longest shelf lifeof 103 hours.Source: Berger (2005)
Soap
H.P.K.O.H.P.K. Olein
Fatty Alcohol Amines Amides
Emulsifi ersHumectantsExplosives
Margarines
Confectionery Fats
RBD Olein
RBD Stearin
Frying, Cooking, Shortenings, Margarines
PalmMid-Fraction
Blending Cocoa Butter Equivalent
Biodiesel
ShorteningsMargarines
Soap
Splitting Fatty Acids Soaps, Food, Emulsifi ers
ConfectioneryCoffee WhitenerFilled MilkCoating Fats
36
Fact 29: Palm oil and palm kernel oil can be fractionated into, inter alia, olein, stearin, and palm mid fraction (PMF) for different food applications. Interesterifi cation can be used to make even more products for other uses.
Fractionation of Palm Oil
Fractionation of Palm Kernel Oil
Source: MPOB (1992)
RBD Palm OilIV 50 550IV 50 - 550
StearinIV 28 - 45
OleinIV 56 60IV 56 - 60
Palm MidFraction (PMF)
IV 45 495IV 45 - 495
Super OleinIV 60 66IV 60 - 66
Hard PMFIV 26IV 26
Soft PMFIV 46IV 46
Super PMFIV 35IV 35
Mid OleinIV 50IV 50
Soft StearinIV 42 - 50
Hard StearinIV 15 - 25
Crude Palm Kernel OilIV 17 18IV 17-18
Crude Palm Kernel StearinIV 6.5-7.5
Crude Palm Kernel OleinIV 23-26
37
Part V: Palm Oil Nutritional Benefi ts
Source: MPOC
3838
Fact 30: Unlike other oils, palm oil is a balanced oil as it contains equal amounts of both unsaturated (mainly oleic) and saturated (mainly palmitic) fatty acids, with the former constituted mostly by the preferred monounsaturates.
Composition of Fatty Acids in Selected Oils
Oil Monounsaturates (%) Polyunsaturates (%) Saturates (%)Palm 40 10 50Peanut 39 42 19Olive 75 10 15Corn 30 54 16Soyabean 25 60 15Saffl ower 13 77 10Coconut 5 1 94
Source: MPOC (1991)
Fact 31: The main saturated fatty acid in palm oil is palmitic acid which is neutral and does not raise blood cholesterol levels. Other saturated fatty acids, in particular myristic, are known for their cholesterol-raising effects.
Fatty Acid Composition of Palm Oil and Its Effects on Blood Cholesterol
Fatty Acid Composition (%) Effect on Blood CholesterolLauric (12:0) 0.2 Negative or neutralMyristic (14:0) 1.1 Cholesterol-raisingPalmitic (16:0) 44.3 NeutralStearic (18:0) 4.6 NeutralOleic (18:1) 39.0 Lowersa
Linoleic (18:2) 10.5 Lowersa
Others (16:1, 18:3) 0.3 Lowersa
Total in palm oil 100.00 Lowersa
Note: a means cholesterol-reducingSource: Ong and Goh (2002)
39
Fact 32: As a result of its natural semi-solid state at room temperature, palm oil does not require hydrogenation in most food uses, thus obviating the problem of trans-fatty acids and uncommon cis-fatty acids, which are detrimental to health, in solid fat products. Source: Sundram, K, et al (2003)
Fact 33: A collaboration between researchers at the MPOB and Brandeis University, USA, has produced a blend of natural and cholesterol-free fats that readily meets the ideal balance of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (1:1:1 ratio). This fatty acid ratio is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) in its effort to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).2 Today, this blend of fats is commercially available as the Smart Balance products.2Source: Sundram, K, et al (1996)
Source: GFA Brands Inc.
Smart Balance® Range of Products
40
Fact 34: Numerous studies comparing the health effects of palm olein and olive oil (both high in oleic acid) have shown that palm olein and olive oil have similar benefi cial cholesterol modulating effects in protecting humans against CVDs.
A Comparison between Palm Olein and Olive Oil onTheir Effects on Cholesterol Modulation
Source: Ng, et al (1992) Source: Choudhury, et al (1995)
Note: Both studies showed that palm olein and olive oil have comparable effects on total cholesterol (TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and ratio of low-density/high-density cholesterol (L/H).
200
150
100
50
0
mg/
dl
mg/
dl
180
120
100
40
0
160
140
80
60
20
Palm OleinOlive Oil
TC LDL-C HDL-C L/H Ratio TC LDL-C HDL-C L/H Ratio
Palm OleinOlive Oil
41
Fact 35: Palm oil is one of the 17 edible oils which have been accepted as meeting the FAO/WHO Food Standard requirements under the CODEX Alimentarius Commission Programme.Source: CODEX Alimentarius (1983)
Fact 36: Like all vegetable oils, palm oil is cholesterol-free.
Cholesterol Content in Selected Oils and Fats
Oil/Fat Range (ppm or mg/kg) Mean (ppm or mg/kg)Palm (mesocarp) 13 - 19 18Palm (kernel) 9 - 40 17Sunfl ower 8 - 44 17Soyabean 20 - 35 28Rapeseed 25 - 80 53Cottonseed 28 - 108 44Coconut 5 - 24 14Maize 18 - 95 50Cocoa Butter* n.a 59Beef Tallow* 800 - 1400 1100Butter* 2200 - 4100 3150Lard* 3000 - 4000 3500
Note:* Gunstone, F.D, et al (1986)Source: Downes, M.J (1982, 1983, 1984, 1985)
Fact 37: A number of recent controlled human studies in Europe, the USA and Asia have confi rmed that there is no signifi cant rise in serum total cholesterol when palm oil, providing most of the dietary fat, is used as an alternative to other fats in the habitual diet. In these studies, the level of HDL cholesterol, regarded as benefi cial, was unaltered or signifi cantly raised.Source: Sundram, K, et al (1992)
Fact 38: The content of Lipoprotein (a) in blood plasma, a potent risk factor for coronary heart disease, was signifi cantly reduced when palm oil provided most of the dietary fat.Source: Honstra, G, et al (1991)
42
Fact 39: Refi ned palm oil, as used in foods, is a rich source of tocotrienols and tocopherols having Vitamin E activity. Refi ned palm oil still contains a high amount of Vitamin E, up to 500 ppm.
Tocopherols (T) and Tocotrienols (T3) Determined in Vegetable Oils (mg/kg)
Oil α-T β-T γ-T δ-T α-T3 γ-T3 δ-T3Cocoa butter 11 - 170 17 2 - -Coconut* - - - 3 20 - -Corn* 134 18 412 39 - - -Cottonseed 573 40 317 10 - - -Groundnut 169 5 144 13 - - -Mustard 75 - 494 31 - - -Olive 93 - 7 - - - -Palm 150 - - - 117 297 80Palm* 133 - - - 130 204 45Rape* 70 16 178 7 - - -Rice bran* 249 15 47 - 167 141 -Saffl ower 477 - 44 10 - - -Soyabean* 116 34 737 275 - - -Sunfl ower* 608 17 11 - - -
Note:* Refi ned oilsSource: Ong A.S.H (1993)
Fact 40: Palm tocotrienols have been demonstrated in human and animal studies to reduce the production of cholesterol in the body. A study at the University of Wisconsin, USA, showed that palm tocotrienols inhibit the action of enzymes that are responsible for the production of cholesterol in the body. Source: Qureshi, A, et al (1995)
Fact 41: Palm tocotrienols are also showing much promise in cancer research. A number of studies have demonstrated that palm tocotrienols can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.Source: Nesaretnam, K, et al (2005)
43
Fact 42: Compared to a number of other edible oils, dietary palm oil reduces the number of chemically-induced tumours in rats.
Effect of Palm Oil and Other Fats on Cancer Development
Note: A 20% palm oil diet was protective and comparable to a low fat (5%) corn oil diet than the 20% lard and 20% beef fat diets.Source: Sylvester, P.W, et al (1986)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Tum
our
Inci
denc
e (%
)
5% Corn oil 20% Lard20% Palm oil 20% Beef Fat
44
Fact 43: Red palm oil (RPO) is the only commercially-available refi ned oil that contains substantial amounts of carotenoids as well as Vitamin E. There is a bouquet of more than 20 carotenes in red palm oil which explains its deep red colour. RPO contains about 50 milligrams of carotenes in every 100 grams of oil (500 ppm), mostly as beta-carotene (55%) and alpha-carotene (35%).
Carotene Composition of Refi ned Red Palm Oil and Crude Palm Oil
Carotene Refi ned Red Palm Oil (%) Crude Palm Oil (%)Phytoene 2.0 1.3Phytofl uene 1.2 0.1Cis-ß-carotene 0.8 0.7ß-carotene 47.4 56.0ά-carotene 37.0 35.1Cis- ά-carotene 6.9 2.5γ-carotene 1.3 0.7ζ-carotene 0.5 0.3δ-carotene 0.6 0.8Neurosporene trace 0.3ß-Zeacarotene 0.5 0.7α-Zeacarotene 0.3 0.2Lycopene 1.5 1.3Total (ppm) 545 673
Source: Ooi, C and Choo, Y.M (1994)
Fact 44: Like other edible oils and fats, palm oil is readily digested, absorbed and utilised as a source of ready energy. Refi ned palm oil and its processed fractions, palm olein and palm stearin, are in fact 95-97% digestible, which is within the digestibility range of 93-99% for most edible oils and fats.Source: Ng, et al (1988,1987)
45
Part VI: Oil Palm & The Environment
Source: IJM, Cede
46
Fact 45: An oil palm plantation is more effective than the rainforest in generating new biomass, which is a potential renewable fuel.
A comparative study by Henson [1999] showed that an oil palm plantation assimilated up to 36.5 tonnes of dry matter/ha/year, which is better than the 25.7 tonnes assimilated by natural rainforest.
Fact 46: Oil palm plantations are as effective as rainforests in acting as a carbon sink to absorb carbon dioxide.
The same study by Henson also showed that the oil palm plantation is capable of accumulating up to 8.3 tonnes of biomass/year, which is higher than 5.8 tonnes accumulated by the rainforest.
A Comparison of Some Physiological Parameters of Oil Palm and Tropical Rainforest
Parameter Oil Palm (plantation) Rainforest
Gross assimilation (t CO2/ha/yr) 161.0 163.5Total respiration (t CO2/ha/yr) 96.5 121.1Net assimilation (t CO2/ha/yr) 64.5 42.4Leaf area index 5.6 7.3Photosynthetic effi ciency (%) 3.18 1.73Radiation conversion effi ciency (g/M) 1.68 0.86Standing biomass (t/ha) 100 431Biomass increment/yr (t) 8.3 5.8Dry matter productivity/yr (t) 36.5 25.7
Source: Henson (1999)
47
Fact 47: Oil palm is an energy-effi cient crop that requires the least energy input to produce a tonne of oil.
In comparison to all other oil crops, the cultivation of oil palm requires the least inputs of agrochemicals and fossil fuel.
Input-Output in Cultivating Oil Palm and Other Oil Crops
Item and unit Inputs to produce one tonne of oil by the cropPalm Oil Soyabean Oil Sunfl ower Oil Rapeseed Oil
Seed/fruit for extraction (kg) 4500* 5000 2500 2500Inputsi) Nitrogen (kg N) 47 315 96 99ii) Phosphate (kg P2O5) 8 77 72 42iii) Pesticides and herbicides (kg) 2 29 28 11iv) Others (kg) 88 117 150 124v) Energy (GJ) 0.5 2.9 0.2 0.7Outputsa) Emission to soil and water
i) Nitrogen 5 32 10 10ii) Phosphates 2 23 22 13iii) Pesticides/herbicides 0.4 23 22 9
b) Emission to air (kg) - NOX 0.5 4 0.3 0.8 - SO2 0.2 2 0.1 0.2 - CO2 32 205 16 50 - Pesticides/herbicides 0.1 6 6 2
Note: * Fruit bunches Source: FAO (1996)
48
Input-Output in Processing Oil Palm Fruits and Other Oilseeds to Vegetable Oils and Meals
Item and unit Input-output per tonne of oilPalm Oil Soyabean Oil Sunfl ower Oil Rapeseed Oil
Seed/fruit for extraction (kg) 4500 FFB* 5000 2500 2500Final Product : oil (kg) 1000 1000 100 1000
: meal 200 1500 1500 4000Input for extractionSolvent (Hexane) (kg) nil 4.3 4 4
Energy (GJ)1 a 2.2 3 3Emission to air (kg) - Solvents nil 4.3 3.8 3.9 - NOX - 0.1 0.3 0.3 - SO2 - 0.2 0.7 0.7 - CO2 - 56 164 164
Emission to water (kg) - COD2 2 Negligible Negligible Negligible
Notes: * Fruit bunchesa The fuel for producing all the steam required to process the fruits is the fruit residues, e.g. fi bre and shell1 Total is underestimated, as the energy for producing the solvent (hexane) is not included.2 COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand.Source: Singh (1999)
49
Fact 48: Oil palm leads other crop in terms of energy balance.
A Comparison of Energy Input & Output for Producing Palm, Soyabean and Rapeseed Oils (GJ/ha)
Oil palm is the most effi cient crop, producing the highest energy output:input ratio. In absolute terms, oil palm also requires the lowest inputs of pesticides, fertilisers, and fuel for unit production of oil.
Source: Wood and Corley (1991)
Output
Input
Soyabean Rapeseed
Ene
rgy,
GJ/
ha
180
120
100
40
0
160
140
80
60
20
200
182
19
50
20
70
23
Oil palm
50
Fact 49: The Malaysian oil palm industry uses sustainable practices to ensure that the environment and biodiversity are not harmed by the cultivation of the crop. Indeed, the Malaysian oil palm plantations have adopted a set of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) to minimise the impact of their activities on the environment.
i) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) minimises the use of pesticides by depending more on biological control to protect the palm trees. Some examples are the barn owl to control rats; parasitoids, predatory insects and entomofungi against leaf-defoliating insects, as well as the Cassia Cobanensis plant that attracts the bagworm’s natural predator (insects). The fewer chemicals used, the less the environment is damaged.
A Predatory Insect and Barn Owl in An Oil Palm Field
Source: MPOC
51
ii) Biological control is also used in weed control, for example, grazing ruminants under the palms, and by planting a legume cover to fi x nitrogen and smother weeds. The leguminous cover also prevents soil erosion and improves the soil tilth and rainfall retention.
A Leguminous Cover Plant in an Oil Palm Field
Source: UP Berhad
52
iii) Zero-burning is practised in clearing the old stand of trees during replanting, i.e. the old palms are pushed over and shredded and left to decompose in situ. There is, therefore, no air pollution from burning the old palms and most importantly, the nutrients in the old crop are recycled into the new.
Zero-burning During Replanting
Shredding Mulching Two months after replanting
Six months after replanting High-yielding oil palms
Source: UP Berhad
53
Available Nutrients and Fertiliser Equivalent in Oil Palm Biomass at Replanting (per ha basis)
Palm Residue Dry Matter (tonne/ha) N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha) K (kg/ha) Mg (kg/ha)Above-ground 85 577 50 1255 141Below-ground 16 65 8 129 15Total 101 642 58 1384 156
A/S CIRP MOP KIESFertiliser Equivalent (kg) 3060 370 2770 1000*Monetary value (RM 5,603) 2142 159 2742 560
A/S = Ammonium Sulphate CIRP = Christmas Island Rock Phosphate MOP = Muriate of Potash KIES = KieseriteNote: *Based on fertiliser price in Jan 2005: A/S: RM 700/tonne, CIRP: RM 430/tonne, MOP: RM 990/tonne, KIES: RM 560/tonne.Source: Khalid, et al (1999a and 1999b)
iv) Hilly land is contoured with back slopes for planting. The terraces are mulched along their length with a line of pruned fronds to minimise soil erosion and water run-off.
Example of Terracing in an Oil Palm Plantation
Source: IJM, Cede
54
Fact 50: The expansion of oil palm cultivation in Malaysia does not encroach into forest areas.
The increase in oil palm areas in Malaysia is either through the planting of idle land or conversion from other crops. By end 2007, 1.02 mil ha of land, which used to be under other crops, had been converted to oil palm. Oil palm is planted on 4.30 mil ha, which is about 13% of the total land area of Malaysia. The country has at least 18.55 million hectares, or 56.5% of its total land area, under forest and in national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and nature reserves.
Permanent Forests in Malaysia at End 2006e (Million hectares)
Region Protection Forest
Production Forest
National Park,Wildlife
Sanctuary and Nature
Reserves
Stateland Forest
Total of Forested Area, NationalPark, Wildlife
Sanctuary and Nature
Reserves
Total Land Area
Peninsular Malaysia
1.52 3.18 0.74 - 5.44 13.16
Sabah 0.59 3.00 0.28 - 3.87 7.37Sarawak 1.00 5.00 1.00 2.24 9.24 12.32Total 3.11 11.18 2.02 2.24 18.55 32.85
Note: e = estimated Source: Forestry Department Peninsular, Forestry Department Sarawak, and Forestry Department Sabah (2006)
Changes in Area under the Main Tree Crops in Malaysia (Million hectares) Year Oil Palm Rubber Cocoa Coconut Total
2001 3.499 1.389 0.058 0.151 5.0972002 3.670 1.348 0.048 0.137 5.2032003 3.802 1.315 0.045 0.140 5.3022004 3.875 1.282 0.042 0.143 5.3422005 4.051 1.250 0.033 0.121 5.4492006 4.165 1.225 0.033 0.115 5.5382007 4.305 1.200 0.030 0.109 5.644
Source: Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities (2008) and MPOB (2008)
55
Changes in Land Use under Selected Tree Crops in Malaysia
CropTotal Planted Area (Million ha)
Year 1990 Year 2007
Oil palm 2.029 4.305Rubber 1.836 1.200Cocoa 0.393 0.030Coconut 0.134 0.109Total 4.392 5.644
Collectively, rubber, cocoa and coconut had lost 1.024 mil ha, which were mainly converted to oil palmSource: Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities (2008) and MPOB (2008)
1990 = 4.392 million ha 2007 = 5.644 million ha
Oil Palm46.2%
Rubber41.8%
Coconut3.1%
Cocoa8.9%
Rubber21.3%
Coconut1.9%
Cocoa0.5%
Oil Palm76.3%
56
Fact 51: Malaysia provides a sustainable source for vegetable oils to meet the world’s ever-increasing demand for oils and fats.
In 2007, Malaysian oil palm produced 17.73 million tonnes of oils, accounting for almost 14% of global production of vegetable oils. This was achieved with only 4.30 million hectares of planted area, which represents less than 1.85% of the total planted area of the world’s oilseeds.
Palm Oil - A Malaysian Sustainable Achievement
Total Planted Area (mil ha) Total Oil Production (mil tonnes)Malaysian Oil Palm 4.30 17.73a
World’s Oilseeds 234.00 129.35Note: a for both palm and palm kernel oilsSource: Oil World (2008a) and MPOB (2008)
57
Part VII: The Malaysian Oil Palm Industry
Source: MPOC
58
The oil palm industry has been the backbone of Malaysia’s social and economic development. Since more than 90% of its production is exported, the industry is one of the top earners for the country, contributing about RM 45.2 billion in foreign exchange in 2007. It also gives employment to about 860,000 people.
From its humble beginnings in the 1960s, the Malaysian oil palm industry has expanded and fl ourished while learning its way about to its present state of excellence. Today, the industry is well-developed and at its strongest ever. Currently, the sector is under the Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities, under which two agencies are responsible for its progress and promotion - the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and the Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC). These agencies undertake R&D, promotion and marketing, regulatory and enforcement functions, as well as provide economic and technical advisory services. This is done to ensure that the industry will continually achieve higher yields, offer more products as well as increase its share of the global oils and fats market.
The industry can be divided into three levels - plantation, milling, and refi ning - represented by their respective association(s) to coordinate mutual and separate interests. The Malaysian Palm Oil Association (MPOA) represents the planters or growers and the Federation of Palm Oil Millers’ Associations of Malaysia (POMA) speaks for the millers. The refi ners are represented by the Palm Oil Refi ners’ Association of Malaysia (PORAM). The oil palm industry is closely linked to its sister industry - the oleochemical sector - represented by the Malaysian Oleochemicals Manufacturers’ Group (MOMG).
To ensure that all the activities do not pose problems, the industry is subject to several laws and regulations, making it one of the most regulated industries in the world. Some of the laws and regulations include the Land Acquisition Act 1960, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 1978, Pesticides Act 1974 (Pesticides Registration) Rules 1976, Labour Law, Workers’ Minimum Standard of Housing and Amenities Act, Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Occupational Safety and Health Act 1977.
Through its long, colourful and historic journey, the Malaysian oil palm industry has and will continue to prosper while continuing to assume a signifi cant role in the country. The good demand for the oil as well as new opportunities in the form of biodiesel as an alternative fuel will ensure that the journey forward will be equally exciting.
The Malaysian oil palm industry is undoubtedly the pride of the nation.
The Malaysian Oil Palm Industry
��
1) Ministry of Plantation Industries & Commodities (MPIC) Flr 6-13, No. 15, Persiaran Perdana, Precinct 2 Federal Government Administrative Center 62654 Putrajaya Tel: +6(03) 8880 3300 Fax: +6(03) 8880 3482
2) Malaysian Palm Oil Association (MPOA) 12th Flr, Bangunan Getah Asli (Menara) No. 148, Jalan Ampang 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +6(03) 2710 5680 Fax: +6(03) 2710 5679
3) Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Kajang, Selangor Tel: +6(03) 8769 4400 Fax: +6(03) 8925 9446
4) Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC) 2nd Flr, Wisma Sawit Lot 6, SS6, Jalan Perbandaran 47301 Kelana Jaya, Selangor Tel: +6(03) 7806 4097 Fax: +6(03) 7806 2272
5) The Malayan Edible Oil Manufacturers’ Association (MEOMA) No. 134 -1, 1st Flr, Wisma MEOMA Jalan Tun Sambanthan 50470 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +6(03) 2274 7420 Fax: +6(03) 2070 6698
6) Malaysian Oleochemical Manufacturers’ Group (MOMG) Wisma FMM No. 3, Persiaran Dagang, PJU 9 Bandar Sri Damansara 52200 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +6(03) 6276 1211 Fax: +6(03) 6277 6714
7) National Association of Smallholders Malaysia (NASH) 2-5-14, Prima Peninsula Jalan Setiawangsa 11, Taman Setiawangsa 54200 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +6(03) 4256 6299 Fax: +6(03) 4257 3513
8) The Federation of Palm Oil Millers’ Associations of Malaysia (POMA) No. 26, Jalan Istana 41000 Klang, Selangor Tel: +6(03) 3371 0611 Fax: +6(03) 3371 2886
9) Palm Oil Refiners’ Association of Malaysia (PORAM) 801C/802A, Block B, Executive Suites Kelana Business Centre No. 97, Jalan SS7/2 47301 Kelana Jaya, Selangor Tel: +6(03) 7492 0006 Fax: +6(03) 7492 0128
related Organisations
60
1) Berger, K. (2005). “Review of Literature on Frying in Palm Oil.” In The Use of Palm Oil In Frying. Malaysian Palm Oil Council. Kelana Jaya. pp. 72.
2) Chin, AHG., et al. (1980). Report on studies on the identity characteristics of Malaysian palm oil undertaken during 1977-70. MARDI Research Bulletin (in press).
3) Choudhury, N., et al. (1995). “Comparison of palm olein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults.” Am J. Clin. Nutr. 61. pp. 1043-51.
4) CODEX Alimentarius Vol XI. FAO/WHO, Rome (1983). Introduction and pp. 115-130.
5) Department of Statistics, Malaysia. (2008). As in “Key Statistics” at www.statistics.gov.my.
6) Downes, M.J. Leatherhead Food Research Association. Report No. 781 (1982), No. 436 and 411 (1983), No. 455 and 487 (1984), No. 516, 518 and 519 (1985).
7) FAO (1996). Environment, Sustainability and Trade Linkages for Basic Food Stuffs. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp. 51.
8) Federal Land Development Authority. (2008). As in”Statistics” at www.felda.net.my.
9) Friedel, M.C. (1897). On fatty materials found in an Egyptian tomb at Abydos. Comptes Rendus. Vol. 24, pp. 648-51.
10) Gunstone, F.D., J.L. Harwood, and F.B. Padley. (1986). In “Lipid Handbook”. Chapman and Hall, London, p. 104 and 455 (1984), 516, 518 and 519 (1985).
11) Henson, I.E. (1999). “Comparative ecophysiology of oil palm and tropical rainforest.” In Oil Palm & the Environment: A Malaysian Perspective (Gurmit Singh et al., eds.) Malaysian Oil Palm Growers Council, Kuala Lumpur. pp. 9-39.
12) Honstra, G., et al. (1991). “A palm oil-enriched diet lowers serum cholesterol (a) in normocholesterolemic volunteers.” Artheriosclerosis. 90: pp. 91-93.
13) Khalid, H., et al. (1999a). “Quantifi cation of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in a mature plantation. I, Above-ground Biomass” Journal of Oil Palm Research, Vol. II No. 1. pp. 23-32.
14) Khalid, H., et al. (1999b). “Quantifi cation of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in a mature plantation. II, Below-ground Biomass”, Journal of Oil Palm Research, Vol. II No. 2. pp. 63-71.
15) Malaysian Palm Oil Board. (2008). Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2007. 27th ed. Bangi. pp 4-83
References
61
16) Malaysian Palm Oil Board. (2005). Selected Readings on Palm Oil & Its Uses: In 25th Palm Oil Familiarization Programme, 31 July-10 August 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
17) Malaysian Palm Oil Board. (1992). Selected Readings on Palm Oil and Its Uses: in Palm Oil Familiarization Programme (POFP) (Abdullah Ariffi n et al, eds.), PORIM. Bangi. pp. 24-59.
18) Malaysian Palm Oil Council, et al. (2005a). “A Pillar of Life.” In Malaysian Palm Oil: A Success Story (Khoo Khee Ming et al eds). Malaysian Palm Oil Council & Trans Events Sdn. Bhd., Kelana Jaya. pp. 9-10.
19) Malaysian Palm Oil Council, et al. (2005b). “The Creation of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry.” In Malaysian Palm Oil: A Success Story (Khoo Khee Ming et al eds). Malaysian Palm Oil Council & Trans Events Sdn. Bhd. Kelana Jaya, pp.11-18.
20) Malaysian Palm Oil Council. (1995a). Malaysian Palm Oil. In Palm Oil Information Series, Reprinted 2005. Kelana Jaya. pp. 6.
21) Malaysian Palm Oil Council. (1995b). Malaysian Palm Oil. In Palm Oil Information Series, Reprinted 2005. Kelana Jaya. pp. 25.
22) Malaysian Palm Oil Council. (1991). Basic Background Information On Palm Oil. Kelana Jaya. pp. 19.
23) Ministry of Plantation Industries & Commodities. (2008). Statistics on Commodities 2007. pp 12.
24) Nesaretnam, K., et al. (2005). “Tocotrienol-rich fraction from palm oil affects gene expression in tumors resulting from MCF-7 cell inoculation in athymic mice.” Lipids. 39 (5): pp. 459-467.
25) Ng, T. K. W., K. C. Hayes, et al. (1992). “Dietary palmitic and oleic acids exert similar effects on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein profi les in normocholesterolemic men and women.” J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 11(4): pp. 383-90.
26) Ng, et al. (1988). Pertanika, 11 (3): pp. 399-406
27) Ng, et al. (1987). Pertanika, 10 (3): pp. 305-309.
28) Oil World. (2008). ISTA Mielke GmbH, Hamburg, No. 17, Vol. 51, Apr 25th. pp 204-7.
29) Oil World. (2008a). “Statistics Update.” ISTA Mielke GmbH, Hamburg, Mar 14th. pp 15-68.
30) Oil World. (2000 – 2008). Oil World Monthly
62
31) Ong, ASH. and S.H. Goh. (2002). Palm Oil: A healthful and cost-effective dietary component. Food Nutr. Bull. 23: pp. 11-22.
32) Ong, ASH. (1993). Natural sources of Tocotrienols. In Lester Packer & Jurgen Fuchs (eds), Vitamin E in health and disease. Mercel Dekker, Inc: New York
33) Ooi, C., Y.M. Choo, et al. (1994). “Recovery of carotenoids from palm oil.” JAOCS. 71 (4): pp. 423-426.
34) Pantzaris, T.P. (1997). Pocketbook of Palm Oil Uses. 4th ed. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bangi. pp. 29.
35) Qureshi, A.A., et al. (1995). “Response of hypercholesterolemic subjects to administration of tocotrienols.” Lipids. 30 (12): pp. 1171-7.
36) Siew, WL and K.G. Berger. (1981). Malaysian palm kernel oil chemical and physical characteristics, PORIM Technology No. 6.
37) Singh, Gurmit (1999). The Malaysian oil palm industry: progress towards environmentally sound and sustainable crop production. Industry and Environment Volume 22 No. 2/3, UNEP, Paris. pp. 45-50.
38) Sundram, K., M.A. French, et al. (2003). “Exchanging partially-hydrogenated fat for palmitic acid in the diet increases LDL-cholesterol and endogenous cholesterol synthesis in normocholesterolemic women.” Eur.J.Nutr. 42(4): pp. 188-94.
39) Sundram, K., et al. (1996). U.S. Patents No. 5,578,334 & 5,843,497
40) Sundram, K., et al. (1992). “Replacement of dietary fat with palm oil: Effect on human serum lipid, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins.” Br. J. Nutr. 68: pp.677-692.
41) Sylvester, P.W., et al. (1986). “Comparative effects of different vegetable fats fed before and during carcinogen administration on mammary tumorigenesis, sexual maturation, and endocrine functions in rats.” Cancer Res. 46: pp. 757-62.
42) Tan, BK and FCH Oh. (1981). Malaysian palm oil chemical and physical characteristics. PORIM Technology No. 3.
43) Wood, B.J. and R.H.V. Corley. (1991). The energy balance of oil palm cultivation. Proceedings of 1991 PORIM International Palm Oil Conference. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 130-43.
63
Further Readings
1 Chan, C. K (2002). Oil palm carbon sequestration and carbon accounting: our global strength. Paper presented at the MPOA Seminar 2002: R&D for Competitive Edge in the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry. 19 – 20 March 2002. Bangi. pp. 17.
2 Corley, H (1999). New technologies for plantation crop improvement. Presented at the Tropical Agriculture Association Conference on Advancing Biotechnology in Developing Countries. The Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. 2 December 1999.
3 Davidson, L. Challenge the Critics, Global Oils & Fats, Malaysian Palm Oil Council, Vol. (4), 2006, pp. 12-15.
4 Khairudin, H (2003). MPOA’s endeavor towards sustainable agriculture. Paper presented at the MPOA Seminar 2003: Good Agricultural Practice and Food Safety in the Oil Palm Industry. Malaysian Palm Oil Association, Kuala Lumpur. 24 – 25 February 2003. pp. 15.
5 Malaysian Palm Oil Council (2006). Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil Applications. Kelana Jaya.
6 Pushparajah, E (1998). The oil palm – a very environmentally friendly crop. The Planter, 74 (863): pp. 63 – 72.
7 Spiller, G.A, (2004). The Trans Fat Dilemma and Natural Palm Oil. Pascoe Publishing. California, USA.
Acknowledgement
We wish to thank the Editorial Committee members from MPOC and MPOB and extend special appreciation to the Chief Executive Offi cer of Malaysian Palm Oil Council and Director-General of Malaysian Palm Oil Board.
Fact Sheets
Malaysian Palm Oil
Fact Sheets
Malaysian
Palm O
il
Malaysian Palm Oil Board No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi,
43000 Kajang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
Tel : +6(03) 8925 4400 Fax : +6(03) 8925 9446
Homepage : www.mpob.gov.my
Malaysian Palm Oil Council (192835-K)
2nd Floor, Wisma Sawit, Lot 6, SS6, Jalan Perbandaran, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Selangor Darul Ehsam, Malaysia
Tel : +6(03) 7806 4097, Fax : +6(03) 7806 2272Websites : www.mpoc.org.my, www.malaysiapalmoil.org
For further information please contact:
Mon
ogra
ph #
6