faba bean - grdc€¦ · ix ˚˛˝˙ˆ˝ˇ˘ ˜ ˜˚˛˝˙ˆˇ˘ june 2018 contents faba bean 4.6.3...

SOUTHERNJUNE 2018

CONTENTS

FABA BEAN

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Contents

Contents faba bean

1 Introduction1.1 Faba bean in Australia ................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Why grow faba bean? ................................................................................................ 2

1.2.1 Weeds ...........................................................................................................................2

1.2.2 Disease .........................................................................................................................3

1.2.3 Nitrogen ........................................................................................................................3

1.3 Key points for successfully growing faba bean .................................................... 4

1.4 Plant physiology ......................................................................................................... 5

1.4.1 Suitable environments ..............................................................................................6

1.5 Products and uses ..................................................................................................... 6

1.5.1 Human consumption .................................................................................................6

1.5.2 Animal feed ..................................................................................................................6

1.6 Market ...........................................................................................................................7

1.6.1 Faba bean .................................................................................................................... 7

1.6.2 Broad bean ..................................................................................................................8

1.7 Faba bean research ................................................................................................... 9

2 Planning and paddock preparationKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

2.1 Paddock selection ...................................................................................................... 2

2.1.1 Paddock selection: key points ...............................................................................2

2.1.2 Soil types ......................................................................................................................3Soil structure ........................................................................................................................................3

Soil pH ...................................................................................................................................................5

Hostile soils ..........................................................................................................................................5

Evenness of soil surface ..................................................................................................................5

2.1.3 Paddock selection to reduce disease risk ..........................................................5

2.1.4 Paddock selection based on weed status ..........................................................6

2.2 Paddock history and rotation ................................................................................... 6

2.2.1 Rotational benefits of pulses ................................................................................... 7

Contents

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Yield gains in subsequent crops ...................................................................................................7

Financial benefits over the rotation .............................................................................................8

Managing weeds including herbicide-resistant weeds ........................................................8

Nitrogen fixation ................................................................................................................................8

Residual water .....................................................................................................................................9

Cereal disease management ...................................................................................................... 10

Take-all................................................................................................................................................. 10

Crown rot............................................................................................................................................. 10

Root-lesion nematode .................................................................................................................... 10

Cereal foliar disease ........................................................................................................................ 11

2.2.2 Rotational disadvantages of pulses ..................................................................... 11

2.3 Stubble and summer weed management ............................................................11

2.3.1 Stubble management .............................................................................................. 12

2.3.2 Wide rows with retained stubble ..........................................................................13

2.4 Herbicide residue management .............................................................................15

2.4.1 Management of SU residues in faba bean ........................................................ 15

2.4.2 Management of ‘IMI’ residues in faba bean ...................................................... 15

2.4.3 Management of triazine residues in faba bean ............................................... 16

2.4.4 Management of Group I foliar herbicide residues ...........................................17

2.4.5 Testing for herbicide carryover .............................................................................17

2.5 Seedbed requirements .............................................................................................18

2.6 Irrigation layout and planning .................................................................................19

2.6.1 Paddocks and irrigation layout ............................................................................. 19

2.6.2 Sowing irrigated faba bean ................................................................................... 19

2.6.3 Irrigated faba bean crop management ............................................................. 20

2.6.4 Irrigation management .......................................................................................... 20

2.7 Yields and yield targets ...........................................................................................22

2.7.1 Seasonal outlook .................................................................................................... 22The Break newsletter (Victoria) ..................................................................................................22

Understanding weather and climate drivers .........................................................................22

CliMate ................................................................................................................................................22

Bureau of Meteorology .................................................................................................................22

HowWet? ............................................................................................................................................23

2.7.2 Stored soil moisture ............................................................................................... 23Measure stored soil moisture ....................................................................................................23

Plant-available water capacity ...................................................................................................23

2.7.3 Water use efficiency ............................................................................................... 24

2.7.4 Setting target yields ............................................................................................... 24French-Schultz model .................................................................................................................... 24

APSIM ..................................................................................................................................................26

2.8 Nematode status ......................................................................................................26

2.9 Post-harvest grazing of faba bean crops ............................................................. 27

2.9.1 Nutritional value of faba bean ..............................................................................27

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2.9.2 Introducing livestock to faba bean stubble .......................................................27

2.9.3 Calculating grain residues ................................................................................... 28

2.9.4 Withholding periods and export slaughter intervals ...................................... 28

3 Pre-plantingKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

3.1 Bean types ................................................................................................................... 2

3.1.1 Faba bean types .........................................................................................................2

3.1.2 Broad bean types .......................................................................................................2

3.2 Variety selection ......................................................................................................... 3

3.2.1 Introducing a new variety ........................................................................................3

3.3 Area of adaption ......................................................................................................... 4

3.4 Variety performance and yield ................................................................................. 5

3.5 NVT apps for comparing varieties .......................................................................... 6

3.5.1 Yield app ......................................................................................................................6

3.5.2 Disease app .................................................................................................................6

3.6 Quality traits .................................................................................................................7

3.7 Southern faba bean varieties ................................................................................... 8

3.7.1 Fiesta VF .......................................................................................................................8

3.7.2 FarahA ...........................................................................................................................9

3.7.3 NuraA ........................................................................................................................... 10

3.7.4 PBA RanaA .................................................................................................................. 11

3.7.5 PBA SamiraA .............................................................................................................. 12

3.7.6 PBA ZahraA .................................................................................................................13

3.8 Southern broad bean varieties ...............................................................................14

3.8.1 Aquadulce ..................................................................................................................14

3.8.2 PBA KareemaA .......................................................................................................... 15

3.9 Faba bean variety seed availability........................................................................16

3.10 Seed quality ................................................................................................................16

3.10.1 Sowing grower-retained seed ...............................................................................17

3.10.2 Seed storage ............................................................................................................. 18

3.11 Seed testing ...............................................................................................................18

3.11.1 Germination testing ................................................................................................. 18Doing your own germination test ............................................................................................... 18

Vigour testing .................................................................................................................................... 19

Accelerated ageing vigour test ..................................................................................................20

Conductivity vigour test .................................................................................................................20

Cool germination and cold tests ................................................................................................20

Tetrazolium test as a vigour test ................................................................................................20

Other vigour tests ............................................................................................................................20

3.11.2 Weed-contamination testing ................................................................................. 21

3.11.3 Disease testing and major pathogens identified in seed tests ................... 21

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3.11.4 Agencies offering seed testing ............................................................................ 21

4 PlantingKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

4.1 Time of sowing ............................................................................................................ 2

4.1.1 Optimal time of sowing in southern Australia .....................................................2

4.1.2 Sowing too early.........................................................................................................4

4.1.3 Sowing too late ...........................................................................................................5

4.1.4 Disease risk with early sowing ...............................................................................5

4.1.5 Early weed control v. early sowing ........................................................................6

4.1.6 Variety and time of sowing interaction .................................................................6

4.1.7 Low-rainfall-zone time of sowing ...........................................................................6

4.1.8 Medium-rainfall-zone time of sowing .................................................................... 7

4.1.9 High-rainfall-zone time of sowing ..........................................................................9

4.1.10 Spring sowing in the high-rainfall zone ...............................................................13

4.2 Sowing rates and plant density ..............................................................................13

4.2.1 Recommended sowing rates and plant density ..............................................13

4.2.2 Calculating sowing rate .......................................................................................... 15Sowing rate calculation .................................................................................................................. 16

4.2.3 Plant density x time of sowing interaction ......................................................... 16

4.2.4 Plant density x row spacing interaction ............................................................. 18

4.2.5 Plant density x disease interaction ...................................................................... 18

4.2.6 Plant density effect on ease of harvest .............................................................. 18

4.3 Row spacing ...............................................................................................................19

4.3.1 Range of row spacing ............................................................................................. 19

4.3.2 Calibration of seeder with wide rows ................................................................. 19

4.3.3 Time of sowing x row spacing .............................................................................. 19

4.4 Inoculation .................................................................................................................20

4.4.1 Rhizobia and nitrogen fixation ............................................................................. 20

4.4.2 Inoculants for faba bean ....................................................................................... 20

4.4.3 Inoculation in practice ............................................................................................. 21

4.4.4 Types of inoculant ................................................................................................... 22

4.4.5 Storing inoculants ................................................................................................... 22

4.4.6 Inoculation methods ............................................................................................... 22Peat inoculants.................................................................................................................................23

Freeze-dried inoculants ................................................................................................................23

Granular inoculants .......................................................................................................................23

4.5 Inoculant compatibility with pesticides ................................................................24

4.6 Check for nodulation ...............................................................................................24

4.6.1 Sampling and processing ..................................................................................... 24

4.6.2 Nodule number and distribution ......................................................................... 24

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4.6.3 Nodule appearance ................................................................................................ 25

4.7 Seed treatments .......................................................................................................26

4.8 Sowing depth ...........................................................................................................26

4.8.1 Recommended sowing depth.............................................................................. 26

4.8.2 Deep sowing ............................................................................................................ 26

4.8.3 Preventing crop damage from herbicides by sowing depth ....................... 26

4.9 Sowing equipment ................................................................................................... 27

4.9.1 Modifying seeders ...................................................................................................27

4.9.2 Air seeders .................................................................................................................27

4.9.3 Combines .................................................................................................................. 28

4.9.4 Seeder and tyne comparisons ........................................................................... 28Handling faba bean seed ............................................................................................................30

4.10 Rolling .........................................................................................................................30

4.11 Dry sowing ..................................................................................................................31

4.11.1 Avoiding nodulation failure when dry sowing ...................................................31

4.12 Irrigation ....................................................................................................................32

5 Plant growth and physiologyKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

5.1 Developmental stages ............................................................................................... 2

5.1.1 Germination and emergence ..................................................................................3

5.1.2 Vegetative phase .......................................................................................................4

5.1.3 Reproductive phase ..................................................................................................5Flower development .........................................................................................................................5

Pod and seed development ...........................................................................................................6

5.1.4 Pod and stem senescence ......................................................................................8

5.2 Factors affecting development ................................................................................ 8

5.2.1 Thermal time ...............................................................................................................9Thermal time effect on vegetative phase ..................................................................................9

Thermal time effect on reproductive phase ..............................................................................9

5.2.2 Daylength ................................................................................................................... 10

5.2.3 Vernalisation .............................................................................................................. 10

5.3 Nodulation ...................................................................................................................11

5.3.1 Temperature effects on nodulation ..................................................................... 12

5.3.2 Mineral nitrogen effects on nodulation .............................................................. 12

5.3.3 Waterlogging effects on nodulation .................................................................... 12

5.4 Pollination ...................................................................................................................12

5.4.1 Pollination efficiency ............................................................................................... 12

5.4.2 Bee activity .................................................................................................................14

5.4.3 Hive management.....................................................................................................14

5.4.4 Pesticide sprays .........................................................................................................17

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5.5 Effect of environment on yield components ........................................................18

5.5.1 Low temperature ..................................................................................................... 18

5.5.2 Frost ............................................................................................................................. 19

5.5.3 High temperature and wind ................................................................................. 20

5.5.4 Drought ..................................................................................................................... 23

5.5.5 Low light ................................................................................................................... 23

5.5.6 Humidity..................................................................................................................... 24

5.5.7 Waterlogging ............................................................................................................ 24

5.5.8 Disease ...................................................................................................................... 24

5.5.9 Agronomic factors ................................................................................................... 24

5.6 Genetic variation ......................................................................................................25

5.6.1 Varietal differences ................................................................................................ 25

5.6.2 Breeding determinate varieties ........................................................................... 25

6 nutrition and fertiliserKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

6.1 Declining soil fertility ................................................................................................. 2

6.2 Nutrient requirements and fertiliser recommendations ..................................... 2

6.2.1 Nutrient removal .........................................................................................................3

6.2.2 Nutrient budgeting ....................................................................................................5

6.2.3 Acid fertilisers reduce nodulation ..........................................................................6

6.3 Soil testing ................................................................................................................... 6

6.3.1 Critical values and ranges ....................................................................................... 7

6.4 Plant tissue testing ..................................................................................................... 9

6.4.1 Critical nutrient levels ...............................................................................................9

6.5 Nutrient disorders ....................................................................................................10

6.5.1 Diagnosing nutrient deficiency............................................................................. 10

6.5.2 Nutrient toxicity ......................................................................................................... 12Soil acidity ......................................................................................................................................... 13

Manganese toxicity .......................................................................................................................... 15

Aluminium toxicity ............................................................................................................................. 15

Boron toxicity, salinity and sodicity ............................................................................................. 16

6.6 Nitrogen ...................................................................................................................... 17

6.6.1 Nutrition effects on following crop ......................................................................17

6.6.2 Nitrogen fertiliser ..................................................................................................... 18

6.6.3 Nitrogen deficiency symptoms ............................................................................. 19Nodulation failure ............................................................................................................................. 19

6.7 Phosphorus................................................................................................................22

6.7.1 Occurrence of phosphorus deficiency .............................................................. 22

6.7.2 Phosphorus deficiency symptoms ...................................................................... 22

6.7.3 Phosphorus management .................................................................................... 23

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6.7.4 Fertiliser placement and fertiliser toxicity ......................................................... 25

6.7.5 AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi effects on phosphorus and zinc ....... 25

6.8 Potassium ..................................................................................................................26

6.8.1 Occurrence of potassium deficiency ................................................................. 26

6.8.2 Potassium deficiency symptoms ......................................................................... 26

6.8.3 Potassium management ........................................................................................ 29

6.9 Sulfur ...........................................................................................................................30

6.9.1 Occurrence of sulfur deficiency .......................................................................... 30

6.9.2 Sulfur deficiency symptoms ................................................................................. 30

6.9.3 Sulfur management ..................................................................................................31

6.10 Micronutrients (trace elements) .............................................................................31

6.10.1 Micronutrient application ...................................................................................... 32

6.10.2 Zinc ..............................................................................................................................33Zinc deficiency symptoms ............................................................................................................ 33

Zinc management ........................................................................................................................... 35

Solid zinc fertiliser treatments ..................................................................................................... 35

Foliar zinc sprays ............................................................................................................................. 36

Zinc seed treatments ..................................................................................................................... 36

6.10.3 Iron ..............................................................................................................................37Occurrence of iron deficiency ..................................................................................................... 37

Iron deficiency symptoms ............................................................................................................. 37

Iron management ............................................................................................................................ 38

6.10.4 Manganese deficiency........................................................................................... 39Occurrence of manganese deficiency..................................................................................... 39

Manganese deficiency symptoms ............................................................................................. 39

Manganese management ............................................................................................................40

6.10.5 Copper ........................................................................................................................41Occurrence of copper deficiency ............................................................................................... 41

Copper deficiency symptoms ...................................................................................................... 41

Management..................................................................................................................................... 43

6.10.6 Molybdenum ............................................................................................................43Occurrence of molybdenum deficiency .................................................................................. 43

Molybdenum deficiency symptoms ........................................................................................... 43

Molybdenum management .......................................................................................................... 43

6.10.7 Cobalt ..........................................................................................................................44

6.10.8 Boron ...........................................................................................................................44Occurrence of boron deficiency ................................................................................................ 44

Boron deficiency symptoms ........................................................................................................ 44

Management of boron deficiency ............................................................................................. 45

7 Weed controlKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

7.1 Impact/cost of weeds ................................................................................................ 2

7.2 Key points for managing weeds in faba bean ...................................................... 3

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7.3 Using pulse crops for strategic weed control ....................................................... 3

7.3.1 Grass weeds ................................................................................................................4

7.3.2 Broadleaf weeds ........................................................................................................4

7.4 Integrated weed management (IWM) ..................................................................... 5

7.4.1 Strategy – paddock choice and crop rotation ....................................................5

7.4.2 Good agronomic practice ........................................................................................5

7.4.3 Pre-plant weed control .............................................................................................5

7.4.4 In-crop weed control ................................................................................................6

7.4.5 Selective grazing ........................................................................................................6

7.4.6 Managing weeds at harvest .................................................................................... 7

7.4.7 Alternatives to harvesting the crop .......................................................................8

7.5 Decision-support tools .............................................................................................. 9

7.6 Free alert services for weeds ................................................................................... 9National .................................................................................................................................................9

Victoria ...................................................................................................................................................9

7.7 Using herbicides ........................................................................................................10

7.7.1 Residual and non-residual herbicides ................................................................ 10

7.7.2 Post-emergent and pre-emergent ...................................................................... 10

7.7.3 Current minor use permits (MUP) ......................................................................... 11

7.8 Herbicide-resistant weeds ........................................................................................11there are four main factors that influence the evolution of resistance: ................................................................................................................. 13

1. The intensity of selection pressure. ....................................................................................... 13

2. The frequency of use of one herbicide or mode of action group. ............................ 13

3. The frequency of resistance present in untreated populations. ................................ 13

4. The biology and density of the weed. ................................................................................. 13

7.8.1 Glyphosate (Group M) ..............................................................................................13

7.8.2 Paraquat (Group L) ....................................................................................................13

7.8.3 Other herbicides........................................................................................................14Annual ryegrass is highly competitive against faba bean. ................................................ 14

7.8.4 Managing herbicide resistance .............................................................................14

7.8.5 Herbicide-resistance testing ................................................................................. 15

7.9 Risk of herbicide damage .......................................................................................16

7.9.1 Herbicide residues .................................................................................................. 16

7.9.2 Drift ...............................................................................................................................17

7.9.3 Spray tank contamination with sulfonylurea herbicides .................................17

7.9.4 Minimising damage from pre- and post-emergent herbicides .....................17

7.9.5 Symptoms of herbicide damage .......................................................................... 18

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Group A ............................................................................................................................................... 18

Group B ................................................................................................................................................ 19

Group C ............................................................................................................................................... 19

Group D ..............................................................................................................................................20

Group F ...............................................................................................................................................20

Group G ............................................................................................................................................... 21

Group I ................................................................................................................................................. 21

Group J ...............................................................................................................................................22

Group L ...............................................................................................................................................23

Group M .............................................................................................................................................. 24

7.9.6 Herbicide tolerance trials ...................................................................................... 25

7.9.7 Breeding for improved tolerance........................................................................ 26

7.10 Knockdown herbicides ............................................................................................26

7.11 Pre-emergent herbicides ........................................................................................ 27

7.11.1 Imazethapyr (Group B) ............................................................................................27

7.11.2 Trifluralin and pendimethalin (Group D) ............................................................ 28

7.11.3 Triallate (Group J) .................................................................................................... 28

7.11.4 Cyanazine (Group C) .............................................................................................. 28

7.11.5 Simazine (Group C) ................................................................................................. 28

7.11.6 Terbuthylazine (Group C) ...................................................................................... 28

7.11.7 Metribuzin (Group C) .............................................................................................. 28

7.11.8 Diuron (Group C) ..................................................................................................... 28

7.12 Post-emergent herbicides ....................................................................................29

7.12.1 Broadleaf herbicides (Group B) ........................................................................... 29

7.12.2 Grass herbicides (Group A) .................................................................................. 30

7.13 Directed sprays .........................................................................................................30

7.14 Crop-topping ..............................................................................................................31

7.15 Selective sprayer technology ..................................................................................31

7.15.1 Permits for herbicides using weed detectors .................................................. 32

7.16 Exotic weeds of faba bean .....................................................................................33

7.16.1 Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) ...................................................33Description and life cycle ............................................................................................................ 33

8 Pest managementKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

8.1 Integrated pest management (IPM) ...................................................................... 2

8.1.1 IPM definition ..............................................................................................................2

8.1.2 Problems with pesticides .........................................................................................2

8.1.3 IPM, organics and biological control .....................................................................2

8.1.4 Soft v. hard pesticides ..............................................................................................2

8.1.5 IPM process .................................................................................................................3

8.1.6 IPM system ...................................................................................................................4

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Acceptable pest levels .....................................................................................................................4

Preventative cultural practices .....................................................................................................4

Monitoring faba bean crops ...........................................................................................................4

Biological and environmental control .........................................................................................5

Responsible chemical use ..............................................................................................................6

8.1.7 Monitoring methods ..................................................................................................6Sweep net monitoring.......................................................................................................................6

Crop inspection ...................................................................................................................................6

Quadrats ...............................................................................................................................................7

Tiles, hessian bags and slug traps ...............................................................................................7

8.2 Identifying pests ..........................................................................................................7

8.2.1 Correct identification of insect species ................................................................ 7Sending insect samples for diagnostics .....................................................................................7

8.2.2 Insect ID: The Ute Guide ..........................................................................................8

8.2.3 GrowNotes™ Alerts .....................................................................................................8

8.3 Key pests of faba bean .............................................................................................. 9

8.3.1 Helicoverpa species: native budworm and corn earworm (Helicoverpa punctigera and H. armigera) .................................................................9Distribution of Helicoverpa spp. ...................................................................................................9

Pest status of Helicoverpa spp. .................................................................................................. 10

Identification of Helicoverpa spp. eggs and larvae ............................................................. 10

Distinguishing Helicoverpa spp. from other caterpillars .................................................... 12

Identification of Helicoverpa spp. moths ................................................................................. 13

Life cycle of Helicoverpa spp. ..................................................................................................... 14

Diapause in Helicoverpa spp. ..................................................................................................... 14

Damage by Helicoverpa spp. ..................................................................................................... 15

Monitoring Helicoverpa spp. larvae .......................................................................................... 16

Monitoring Helicoverpa punctigera (native budworm) moth flights .............................. 18

Control thresholds for Helicoverpa spp. .................................................................................. 19

Helicoverpa punctigera (native budworm) control ...........................................................20

Helicoverpa armigera control ..................................................................................................20

8.3.2 Snails ........................................................................................................................... 21White snails or round snails (Cernuella virgata and Theba pisana) ............................. 21

Conical snails or pointed snails or (Cochlicella acuta and Cochlicella barbara) ....22

Damage by snails ...........................................................................................................................23

Life cycle of snails ........................................................................................................................... 24

Monitoring snails ............................................................................................................................. 24

Snail control ......................................................................................................................................25

8.3.3 Slugs (Deroceras reticulatum, Milax gagates and others) ........................ 26Slug species identification ...........................................................................................................26

Damage by slugs ............................................................................................................................ 27

Life cycle of slugs ............................................................................................................................ 27

Monitoring of slugs ........................................................................................................................28

Slug control .......................................................................................................................................28

8.3.4 Aphids ........................................................................................................................ 30

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Aphids and virus transmission ....................................................................................................30

Cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) ............................................................................................. 31

Bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) ............................................................................. 32

Monitoring aphids ........................................................................................................................... 33

Aphid control for viruses ............................................................................................................... 34

Aphid control for direct feeding damage ............................................................................... 35

8.4 Other pests of faba bean ........................................................................................36

8.4.1 Redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) ............................................. 36RLEM identification ......................................................................................................................... 36

RLEM damage .................................................................................................................................. 37

RLEM life cycle ................................................................................................................................. 38

RLEM monitoring ............................................................................................................................. 38

RLEM control and insecticide resistance management ..................................................... 38

Chemical control of RLEM ............................................................................................................ 38

Biological control of RLEM ........................................................................................................... 39

Cultural control of RLEM ............................................................................................................... 39

8.4.2 Lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) ....................................................................... 40Lucerne flea identification ............................................................................................................40

Lucerne flea damage ....................................................................................................................40

Lucerne flea life cycle ..................................................................................................................... 41

Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................... 41

Chemical control of lucerne flea ................................................................................................. 41

Biological and cultural control of lucerne flea ....................................................................... 42

8.4.3 Blue oat mite (Penthaleus spp.) ...........................................................................43Blue oat mite identification .......................................................................................................... 43

Blue oat mite damage ................................................................................................................... 43

Blue oat mite life cycle .................................................................................................................. 43

Blue oat mite monitoring ............................................................................................................... 43

Chemical control .............................................................................................................................. 43

Biological & cultural control ......................................................................................................... 44

8.4.4 Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) .................................... 45Australian plague locust identification ..................................................................................... 45

Australian plague locust damage ............................................................................................. 45

Australian plague locust life cycle ............................................................................................. 45

Control ................................................................................................................................................ 46

8.5 Occasional pests of faba bean ..............................................................................46

8.5.1 Cutworms: Common cutworm or Bogong moth, black cutworm, brown or pink cutworm and herringbone cutworm (Agrotis infusa, Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis munda and other Agrotis species) ...................................................................................................................................46Cutworm identification and life cycle........................................................................................ 46

Cutworm monitoring, damage and control............................................................................. 46

8.5.2 Balaustium mite (Balaustium medicagoense) ................................................47

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Balaustium mite identification and life cycle ......................................................................... 47

Balaustium mite monitoring, damage and control ............................................................... 47

8.5.3 Clover mite or Bryobia mite (Bryobia spp.) .......................................................47Bryobia mite identification and life cycle ............................................................................... 47

Bryobia mite monitoring, damage and control ..................................................................... 47

8.5.4 Other occasional pests of faba bean ................................................................. 48Earwigs ............................................................................................................................................... 48

Mandalotus weevil ......................................................................................................................... 48

Onion thrips, plague thrips, & western flower thrips .......................................................... 48

Brown pasture looper ................................................................................................................... 49

Looper caterpillar ........................................................................................................................... 49

Bronze field beetle ........................................................................................................................ 49

False wireworm ............................................................................................................................... 49

Onion seedling maggot ............................................................................................................... 49

8.6 Exotic faba bean insects – biosecurity threats ...................................................50

8.6.1 Exotic seed beetles/bruchids (Coleoptera: Family: Chrysomelidae, sub-family: Bruchinae) ................................................................................................................. 50

8.6.2 Exotic leafminers (Diptera: family Agromyzidae) ........................................... 50

8.7 Beneficial species.....................................................................................................50Beetles ................................................................................................................................................. 51

Bugs ...................................................................................................................................................... 51

Flies ....................................................................................................................................................... 51

Lacewings ........................................................................................................................................... 51

Mites ..................................................................................................................................................... 51

Caterpillar wasps.............................................................................................................................52

Aphid wasps .....................................................................................................................................52

Spiders ................................................................................................................................................52

Insect diseases – viral & fungal .................................................................................................52

8.8 Registered insecticides, commonly used ............................................................53

8.8.1 Comments on insecticides ................................................................................... 54

9 DiseasesKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

9.1 Impact and cost of diseases ..................................................................................... 2

9.2 Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies ..................................................... 3

9.3 Select a resistant variety .......................................................................................... 5

9.4 Paddock selection ..................................................................................................... 6Rotational crops and weeds ...........................................................................................................6

Herbicide interaction .........................................................................................................................8

9.5 Good hygiene ............................................................................................................. 9

9.6 Use clean seed .........................................................................................................10

9.6.1 Seed dressings ......................................................................................................... 10

9.7 Sowing ..........................................................................................................................11

9.7.1 Sowing date ................................................................................................................ 11

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9.7.2 Sowing rate and row spacing ................................................................................ 11

9.8 Risk assessment .......................................................................................................12

9.9 Symptom sorter .........................................................................................................12

9.10 Crop monitoring .........................................................................................................14

9.10.1 Ascochyta blight ........................................................................................................14

9.10.2 Chocolate spot...........................................................................................................14

9.10.3 Cercospora leaf spot ............................................................................................... 15

9.10.4 Rust .............................................................................................................................. 15

9.11 Free alert services for diseases ..............................................................................16

9.12 Using fungicides ........................................................................................................ 17

9.12.1 Registered products ................................................................................................17

9.12.2 Current minor use permits (MUP) ........................................................................ 19

9.12.3 The critical periods for fungicide use ................................................................ 19First critical period ...........................................................................................................................20

Second critical period ....................................................................................................................20

Third critical period .......................................................................................................................... 21

9.13 Correctly identifying diseases ...............................................................................22

9.13.1 Diagnostic skills ....................................................................................................... 22

9.13.2 Sending samples for disease diagnosis .......................................................... 23Selection of specimens .................................................................................................................23

Preservation ......................................................................................................................................23

Packaging ..........................................................................................................................................23

Labelling ............................................................................................................................................. 24

Dispatch ............................................................................................................................................. 24

Relevant contacts ............................................................................................................................25

9.14 Ascochyta blight (AB) (Ascochyta fabae) ............................................................26

9.14.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 26

9.14.2 Economic importance ........................................................................................... 28

9.14.3 Disease cycle ........................................................................................................... 29

9.14.4 Management options ............................................................................................ 30

9.15 Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) ............................................................................31

9.15.1 Symptoms ...................................................................................................................31

9.15.2 Economic importance ............................................................................................34

9.15.3 Disease cycle ...........................................................................................................34

9.15.4 Management options ............................................................................................. 35

9.16 Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) ..............................................................................38

9.16.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................ 38


9.16.3 Disease cycle .......................................................................................................... 39

9.16.4 Management options ............................................................................................ 39

9.17 Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora zonata) .........................................................40

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Contents faba bean

9.17.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................ 40

9.17.2 Economic importance .............................................................................................41

9.17.3 Disease cycle .............................................................................................................41

9.17.4 Management options ...............................................................................................41

9.18 Alternaria (Alternaria alternata) ...........................................................................42

9.18.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 42


9.18.3 Disease cycle ........................................................................................................... 42


9.19 Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum var. fabae, S. sclerotiorum, S. minor) .......................................................................................43

9.19.1 Symptoms ..................................................................................................................43


9.19.3 Disease cycle ............................................................................................................43

9.19.4 Control ........................................................................................................................43

9.20 Botrytis grey mould (BGM) (Botrytis cinerea) .....................................................44

9.20.1 Symptoms ..................................................................................................................44


9.20.3 Disease cycle ............................................................................................................44

9.20.4 Management options ..............................................................................................44

9.21 Aphanomyces root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches f.sp. phaseoli) ...................45

9.21.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 45


9.21.3 Disease cycle ........................................................................................................... 45


9.22 Other root rots, including Phoma blight and damping-off (Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium spp. and Phoma medicaginis var pinodella) ..............46

9.22.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 46


9.22.3 Disease cycle ........................................................................................................... 46


9.23 Stemphylium blight (Stemphylium botryosum) .................................................. 47

9.23.1 Symptoms ..................................................................................................................47


9.23.3 Disease cycle ............................................................................................................47


9.24 Stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) .................................................................48

9.24.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 48


9.24.3 Life cycle.................................................................................................................... 49


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Contents faba bean

9.25 Root-lesion nematodes (RLN) (Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei and other Pratylenchus spp) ...............................................................49

9.25.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 49


9.25.3 Life cycle .................................................................................................................. 50


9.26 Viruses ........................................................................................................................51

9.26.1 Viruses in pulses ..................................................................................................... 51

9.26.2 How viruses spread ................................................................................................ 53Persistent transmission ..................................................................................................................53

Non-persistent transmission .......................................................................................................53

9.26.3 Symptoms ................................................................................................................. 54


9.26.5 Disease cycle ............................................................................................................ 61

9.26.6 Management options .............................................................................................. 61

9.26.7 Virus testing ............................................................................................................. 63

9.27 Exotic diseases with potential to impact on Australian crops .......................64

9.27.1 Downy mildew (Peronospora viciae-fabae) .................................................... 64

9.27.2 Fusarium wilt (Fusarium avenaceum f. sp. fabae and F. oxysporum f. sp. fabae) ..................................................................................... 65

9.27.3 Red clover vein mosaic virus (carlavirus) ......................................................... 65

10 Plant growth regulators and canopy managementKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

10.1 Canopy management in faba bean and broad bean ........................................... 2

10.2 Plant growth regulators ............................................................................................. 3

10.2.1 Survey of the use of PGRs in Australia .................................................................3

10.2.2 Plant growth regulator trials in faba bean and broad bean ............................3

11 Pre-harvest treatmentsKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

11.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 2

11.2 Correct timing based on seed and pod development ........................................ 3

11.3 Desiccation .................................................................................................................. 4

11.4 Windrowing ............................................................................................................... 5

11.5 Crop-topping ............................................................................................................... 8

11.6 Chemical products registered for use in faba bean ............................................11

12 HarvestKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

12.1 Harvesting for seed crops ........................................................................................ 2

12.2 The impact of delayed harvest on profitability ..................................................... 2

12.2.1 Yield losses .................................................................................................................3

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12.2.2 Quality losses ..............................................................................................................3Marketing ..............................................................................................................................................3

Cracking ...............................................................................................................................................4

Darkening ............................................................................................................................................4

Pests and diseases ............................................................................................................................4

12.2.3 Missed marketing opportunities ...........................................................................6

12.2.4 A more difficult harvest.............................................................................................6

12.3 Plan ahead for successful early harvest ................................................................ 6Sowing ...................................................................................................................................................6

In-crop management .........................................................................................................................7

Harvest management .......................................................................................................................7

12.4 Paddock preparation .................................................................................................7

12.5 Moisture content and temperature ..........................................................................7

12.6 Harvester set-up ......................................................................................................... 8

12.7 Harvesting windrows ................................................................................................10

12.8 Lodged crops .............................................................................................................10

12.9 Managing snails .........................................................................................................10

12.9.1 Plan ahead for harvesting crops with snails .................................................... 10

12.9.2 Limiting intake of snails at harvest: ..................................................................... 11

12.9.3 Post-harvest grain cleaning ................................................................................... 12

12.9.4 Post-harvest paddock management for snails ................................................. 12

12.10 Assessing harvest loss .............................................................................................13

12.11 Harvest fire risk ..........................................................................................................14

12.12 Handling and moving faba bean ............................................................................14

12.13 Receival standards ....................................................................................................15

12.14 Grain Delivery ............................................................................................................16

12.14.1 Faba bean ................................................................................................................. 16Delivery locations ............................................................................................................................ 16

12.14.2 Broad bean and other faba bean classes ........................................................ 16

13 storageKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

13.1 Handling faba and broad bean ................................................................................ 2

13.2 Grain cleaning ............................................................................................................. 3

13.3 Comparing storage options ...................................................................................... 3

13.4 Silos ............................................................................................................................... 5Calculating silo capacity ..................................................................................................................5

13.5 Grain quality ................................................................................................................ 5

13.6 Moisture content and temperature ......................................................................... 6

13.7 Cooling and drying pulses .........................................................................................7

13.8 Aeration cooling ......................................................................................................... 8

13.9 Aeration drying ........................................................................................................... 9

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13.10 Heated air drying ........................................................................................................ 9

13.11 Preventing moisture migration .............................................................................10

13.11.1 Grain ............................................................................................................................ 10

13.11.2 Insects ......................................................................................................................... 10

13.11.3 Condensation ........................................................................................................... 10

13.11.4 Leaks ........................................................................................................................... 10

13.12 Pulse quality risks with grain bags .........................................................................11

13.13 Insect pests in storage .............................................................................................12

13.14 Farm and grain hygiene ...........................................................................................13

13.15 Fumigation in sealed silos .......................................................................................14

13.16 Using phosphine .......................................................................................................15

13.17 Alternative fumigants for pulses ............................................................................ 17

14 environmental issuesKey points................................................................................................................................ 1

14.1 Abiotic stress ............................................................................................................... 2

14.1.1 Drought and heat stress ...........................................................................................2

14.1.2 Waterlogging ...............................................................................................................2

14.1.3 Frost ...............................................................................................................................2

14.1.4 Lack of sunlight ...........................................................................................................2

14.2 Improving the farm resource base .......................................................................... 2

14.2.1 Environmental issues plan .......................................................................................3

14.2.2 Industry issues ............................................................................................................3

14.3 Soil erosion .................................................................................................................. 3

14.3.1 Reducing risk of soil erosion ...................................................................................3Retaining cereal stubbles ...............................................................................................................3

Faba bean stubble management .................................................................................................3

Effect of soil type on erosion risk .................................................................................................4

Agronomic management to reduce erosion risk .....................................................................4

14.4 Water ............................................................................................................................ 4

14.5 Nutrients ...................................................................................................................... 4

14.5.1 Nutrient losses ............................................................................................................4

14.5.2 Nitrogen fixation and changing atmosphere ......................................................5

14.6 Biology .......................................................................................................................... 5

14.6.1 Biosecurity ...................................................................................................................5

14.6.2 Integrated pest management .................................................................................5

14.6.3 Integrated weed management ...............................................................................5

14.6.4 Responsible pesticide stewardship ......................................................................5Legal considerations .........................................................................................................................5

National residue survey ...................................................................................................................6

Prevention of spray drift ...................................................................................................................7

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Contents faba bean

15 Marketing15.1 Selling principles ......................................................................................................... 1

15.1.1 Be prepared.................................................................................................................21. When to sell ......................................................................................................................................2

2. How to sell? .....................................................................................................................................2

15.2 Establish the business risk profile (when to sell) ................................................. 3

15.2.1 Production risk profile of the farm .........................................................................4

15.2.2 Farm costs in their entirety, variable and fixed costs (establishing a target price). .................................................................................. 4

15.2.3 Income requirements ................................................................................................4

15.2 When to sell revised .................................................................................................. 5

15.3 Ensuring access to markets ...................................................................................... 5

15.3.1 Storage and logistics .................................................................................................6

15.3.2 Cost of carrying grain ................................................................................................ 7

15.4 Executing tonnes into cash ...................................................................................... 8

15.4.1 Set up the tool box ....................................................................................................8References: ..........................................................................................................................................8

15.4.2 How to sell for cash ...................................................................................................8

15.4.3 Counterparty risk ....................................................................................................... 11

15.4.4 Relative values ........................................................................................................... 11

15.4.5 Contract allocation ................................................................................................... 12

15.4.6 Read market signals ................................................................................................ 12

15.4 Sales execution revised ...........................................................................................12

15.5 Southern faba bean – market dynamics and execution ....................................13

15.5.1 Price determinants for southern faba beans .....................................................13

15.5.2 Ensuring market access for southern faba bean ..............................................14

15.5.3 Executing tonnes into cash for southern faba bean ....................................... 15

15.6 Marketing plan ...........................................................................................................16

faba bean - grdc€¦ · ix ˚˛˝˙ˆ˝ˇ˘ ˜ ˜˚˛˝˙ˆˇ˘ june 2018 contents faba bean 4.6.3...

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