f unction a rchitecture c onnections t opographydavid/courses/sm12/lectures/movshon/ns2-extra… ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: F unction A rchitecture C onnections T opographydavid/courses/sm12/Lectures/movshon/ns2-extra… · MDP MIP PO MT V4 VIP LIP MST FST 7a STPp CIT STPa AIT O V T D P Wallisch & Movshon,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042122/5e9d40d12bb7ff364a154f84/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Van Essen et al., 1992
F unctionA rchitectureC onnectionsT opography
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Adelson & Bergen, 1990
PIT
V1 V2 V3
PIP
V3a
MDP
MIP
PO
MT
V4
VIP
LIP
MST
FST7a
STPp
CIT
STPa
AIT
OV
T
DP
Wallisch & Movshon, 2008
after Felleman & Van Essen, 1991
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Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982
Object discriminationLandmark discrimination
Macaque visual cortex
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V1
V2
MT
FST
AITv
CITv
7a
STP
LIP, VIP
MST
DP
V4
PITd
PITvCITd
AITd
VOTVP
FEF
Visualinput
Record
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Hubel and Wiesel, 1968
V1
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0% coherence 50% coherence 100% coherence
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Coherence controls visibility
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Newsome and Paré, 1988
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Downing and Movshon, 1989
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V1
V2
MT
FST
AITv
CITv
7a
STP
LIP, VIP
MST
DP
V4
PITd
PITvCITd
AITd
VOTVP
FEF
Visualinput
Record
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Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983
MT
Hubel and Wiesel, 1968
V1
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0% coherence 50% coherence 100% coherence
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Visualstimulus
Neuronalresponse
Behavioraljudgement
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FixationPoint
Pref target
Null target
10 deg
Receptive field
DotsAperture
Fix Pt
Dots
Targets
1 sec
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Britten, Shadlen, Newsome & Movshon, 1992
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Barlow, Levick & Yoon, 1971
Britten, Shadlen, Newsome & Movshon, 1992
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Britten, Shadlen, Newsome & Movshon, 1992
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0
20
40
60
Num
ber
of c
ells
0.1 1 10Threshold ratio (neuron/behavior)
Britten, Shadlen, Newsome & Movshon, 1992
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Neuronal threshold, choice (%)
Neu
rona
l thr
esho
ld, f
ixat
ion
(%)
1 10 1001
10
100
Britten, Shadlen, Newsome & Movshon, 1992
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Visualstimulus
Neuronalresponse
Behavioraljudgement
Neurometric function Psychometric function
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Visualstimulus
Neuronalresponse
Behavioraljudgement
Neurometric function Psychometric function
?
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0.1 1 10 100
Motion strength (% coherence)10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Trial number
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Res
pons
e (im
puls
es/s
ec)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Pro
port
ion
corr
ect
NeuronBehavior
Correct trialsError trials
Shadlen, Britten, Newsome & Movshon, 1996
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Britten, Newsome, Shadlen, Celebrini & Movshon, 1996
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Britten, Newsome, Shadlen, Celebrini & Movshon, 1996
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010
2030
40
0
20
40
Pro
ba
bili
ty
PREF resp
NULL resp
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0.3 1 3 10
Response ratio ("preferred"/"null")
0.0
0.5
1.0
Choic
e p
robabili
ty
0.0
0.2P
roport
ion o
f tr
ials
1.066
0.0 0.2
Proportion of trials
0.548
C
Britten, Newsome, Shadlen, Celebrini & Movshon, 1996
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0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (msec)
0.0
0.2
0.4
Mean n
orm
aliz
ed r
esponse
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (msec)
-0.1
0.0
0.1
Diffe
rence in n
orm
aliz
ed r
esponse
Britten, Newsome, Shadlen, Celebrini & Movshon, 1996
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Britten, Newsome, Shadlen, Celebrini & Movshon, 1996
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Visualstimulus
Neuronalresponse
Behavioraljudgement
Neurometric function Psychometric function
Choice probability
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Albright, 1984
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V1
V2
MT
FST
AITv
CITv
7a
STP
LIP, VIP
MST
DP
V4
PITd
PITvCITd
AITd
VOTVP
FEF
Visualinput
Stimulate
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FixationPoint
Pref target
Null target
10 deg
Receptive field
DotsAperture
Fix Pt
Dots
Targets
1 sec
ElectStim
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Salzman, Murasugi, Britten and Newsome, 1992
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Salzman, Murasugi, Britten and Newsome, 1992
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Salzman, Murasugi, Britten and Newsome, 1992
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Salzman, Murasugi, Britten and Newsome, 1992
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Visualstimulus
Neuronalresponse
Behavioraljudgement
Neurometric function Psychometric function
Choice probability
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0 90 180
Difference in preferred direction (deg)
0.0
0.5
Inte
rneuro
nal corr
ela
tion
MT neuron pairs (Zohary et al.)
Zohary, Shadlen and Newsome, 1994
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Xup
1
Xup
2
Xup
3
!
!
!
Xup
N
Pooled MT Signal
! X "up
Xdown
1
Xdown
2
Xdown
3
!
!
!
Xdown
N
! X "
Pooled MT Signal
down
Decisionup
! X " ! X "down
>
Shadlen, Britten, Newsome & Movshon, 1996
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1 10 100 1
10
Thr
esho
ld (
% c
oher
ence
)
1 10 1000.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Number of neurons
Cho
ice
prob
abili
ty
1 100.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Threshold (% coherence)
Cho
ice
prob
abili
ty
4
16256
16
4
!" Decision
Pooled "up" signal
Pooled "down" signal
MT neuron pool
r = 0
r = 0.18
r = 0
r = 0.18
Shadlen, Britten, Newsome & Movshon, 1996
1 10 100 1
10
Thr
esho
ld (
% c
oher
ence
)
1 10 1000.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Number of neurons
Cho
ice
prob
abili
ty
1 100.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Threshold (% coherence)
Cho
ice
prob
abili
ty
4
16256
16
4
!" Decision
Pooled "up" signal
Pooled "down" signal
MT neuron pool
r = 0
r = 0.18
r = 0
r = 0.18
!" Decision
Pooled "up" signal
Pooled "down" signal
MT neuron pool
+
+
Pooling noise
Pooling noise
1 100.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
Cho
ice
prob
abili
ty
Threshold (% coherence)
A
B
C
D
Jazayeri & Movshon, 2006
Computing the likelihood of each direction
log L ( )
log L ( )
= 180o
MT
population
activity
Pooling
connections
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Saccade Vector Map
RightwardLeftward
Direction of Motion Map
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● ●
✙
● ●
✙
● ●
Fixate350 msec
Targets appear 500 msec
Random dot motion2 sec
Delay500-1000 msec
Saccade
✙
● ●Target 2Target 1
✙
task_panels_vert_noMF.isl
● ●Target 2Target 1
✙ FP
A
B
Shadlen and Newsome, 2001
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0 1 20
50
-1 0 0 1 20
50
-1 0
0 1 20
50
-1 0 0 1 20
50
-1 0
0 1 20
50
-1 0 0 1 20
50
-1 0
Time (s)
sp/s
51.2%
12.8%
0%
Shadlen and Newsome, 2001
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-0.5 0 0.5 1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
-0.5 0 0.5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Time (s)
motion onset saccadeM
ean
resp
onse
(sp
/s)
51.2%25.6%12.8%6.4%0%
N=106
Mike Shadlen
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-0.5 0 0.5 10.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time from motion onset (s)
Pro
babi
lity
(mea
n)
-0.5 0 0.50.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time from saccade
51.2%25.6%12.8%6.4%0%
N=106Correct choicesMike Shadlen
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Responses in a reaction-time version of the direction discrimination task
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Average LIP activity in a reaction-time task shows evidence of integration to a “decision boundary”
Roitman & Shadlen (2002)
choose Tin
choose Tout
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High motion strength
High motio
n strength
Low motion strength
Time
~1 secStimulus
onStimulus
off
Spikes/s
Time
~1 secStimulus
onStimulus
off
Spikes/s
Low motion strength
MT neurons represent ongoing motion, while LIP neurons seem to represent the output of a neural integrator that accumulates evidence for decision making
MT – sensory evidenceMotion energy “step”
LIP – decision formationAccumulation of evidence “ramp”
Threshold
Mike Shadlen
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Momentary evidencee.g.,
∆Spike rate:MTRight– MTLeft
Accumulated evidencefor Rightward
andagainst Leftward
Criterion to answer “Right”
Criterion to answer “Left”
Diffusion to bound model
Palmer et al (2005) Shadlen et al (2006)
�
µ = kC
C is motion strength (coherence)
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P =1
1+ e−2k C B
�
t(C) = BkCtanh(BkC) + tnd
Responses in a reaction-time version of the direction discrimination taskare well described by the “race” model of integration to a decision boundary